FOODIt is the basic requirement of life to survive.

It is made up of various kind of energy rich substances like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals, which are known as nutrients.

FUNCTIONS OF FOODFood provide energy for various metabolic activities.

It helps in growth and development of body.

It helps in the replacement of worn out tissues, repair of damaged cells and healing of wounds.

It provide protection against diseases.

SOURCES OF FOOD Cereals

Pulses

Oil seed crops

Fruits and vegetables

CEREALS WHEAT RICE

MAIZE BAJRA

Jowar

PULSESPigeon pea (arhar) Urad

Lentil (masoor) Pea

Black gram

OIL SEED CROPS

Soyabean Groundnut

Sunflower Niger

Sesame Castor

Mustard Linseed

ROOT CROPSTurnip Carrot

Sweet Potato

SUGAR CROPSSugarcane Beet

FIBRE CROPSCotton Jute

PLANTATION CROPSTea Coffee

Coconut Rubber

FODDER CROPS Berseem Elephant Grass

AGRICULTUREIt is the branch of science which deals with the

productions of plants and raising of animals useful to man

Involves soil cultivation, breeding and management of crops and livestock.

CROP When plants of same kind are grown and cultivated at

one place on a large scales, it is called a crop.

Different types of crops require different climate conditions.

TYPES OF CROPKHARIF/RAINY SEASON CROP

RABI / WINTER SEASON CROP

ZAID CROP

Grown during monsoon/rainy season

Grown during winter season

grown during mainly summer season

Require warm and wet weather

Require cold and dry weather

Require warm dry weather

sown in june/ july and harvested in september/october

Sown in october/november and harvested in march/april

Sown in march and harvested in june

Eg…rice, jowar, urad, bajra, cotton, pea, moong, groundnut

Eg…wheat, barley, gram, mustard, potato

Seasonal fruits and vegetables

AGRICULTURE IMPLEMENTSNAME OF IMPLEMENT USES

KHURPA FOR WEEDING

SPADE FOR DIGGING AND BUNDS FORMATION

WOODEN PLOUGH FOR TILLING

SOIL PLANK FOR BREAKING CRUMBS

SEED DRILL FOR SOWING

HARROW FOR WEEDING

SICKLE FOR HARVESTING

SPRAYER FOR SPRAYING INSECTICIDES

COMBINE FOR HARVESTING AND THRESHING

Khurpa Spade

Soil Plank Harrow

CROP PRODUCTION PRACTICESPREPARATION OF SOIL

SOWING

ADDING MANURE AND FERTILIZERS

IRRIGATION

PROTECTION FROM WEEDS

HARVESTING

STORAGE

PREPARATION OF SOILIncludes ploughing and levelling

PLOUGHING / TILLING

process of loosening and turning of soil

done by using a plough

ploughs are made of wood or iron

allows the roots to penetrate deeper easily

soil is overturned and properly aerated by ploughing

PLOUGHWooden Plough Iron Plough

TRADITIONAL PLOUGHING

MODERN PLOUGHING

LEVELLING

process to make soil surface in level for sowing seeds

Done by using a leveller , made of wood or iron

Wooden leveller Iron leveller

TRADITIONAL LEVELLING

MODERN LEVELLING

SOWING Done by broadcaster and seed drill

Before sowing, good quality seeds are selected

Broadcasting Seed Drill

MANUAL SOWING

SOWING BY SEED DRILL

APPLYING MANURE AND FERTILIZERSMANURE FERTILIZER

Organic natural substances , derived from decomposition of biological materials.

organic or inorganic substances.

contain organic matter in largequantities.

organic matter not present.

contain nutrient in small quantities & are needed in large quantities.

Contain much higher amount of nutrients & are required in very small quantities.

they are not nutrient specific. they are nutrient specific.

they are prepared in fields & villages. they are manufactured in factories.

manures are bulky substances. So these are inconvenient to store, use and transport

these are available in concentrated form . So these are easy to store, use and transport.

do not cause pollution cause water pollution

Manure Manure Spreader

MANURE SPREADING

Fertilizer Sprayer

FERTILIZERS SPRAYING

IRRIGATION Process of supplying water to crop plants growing in

the fields by means of canal, reservoir, wells, tube wells, etc.

Water provide essential macronutrients to crop ---hydrogen and oxygen

TYPES OF IRRIGATIONSOIL BASED IRRIGATION

Eg - crop grown in sandy soil require more frequent irrigation than crop grown in clayey soil

CROP BASED IRRIGATION

Eg – paddy crop is transplanted in standing water requires more water supply as compared to wheat, gram, cotton.

METHODS OF IRRIGATIONTRADITIONAL METHODS :-

Moat (pulley system)

Chain pump

Dhekli

Rahat (level system)

Moat System Chain Pump

Rahat System Dhekli System

RAHAT SYSTEM

CHAIN PUMP

DHEKLI SYSTEM

MOAT SYSTEM

MODERN METHODS:-

Drip Irrigation Method

Sprinkler System

Fertigation

Drip Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation

DRIP IRRIGATION

SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

REMOVAL OF WEEDS WEEDS :- undesirable plants with the main crop,

compete with the main crop for water, nutrients, space, light.

WEEDING :- removal of weeds.

WEEDING METHODS METHODS EXAMPLES

BIOLOGICAL METHODS Cassia plant against Parthenium weedHerbivorous fish in paddy fields

CHEMICAL METHODS 2,4-D, Nitrofen, Atrazine

CULTURAL METHODS Crop rotation, Mixed Cropping, Intercropping

MECHANICAL METHODS Ploughing, Flooding, Burning

WEEDING IN BANANA CROP

HARVESTINGCutting of crop after its maturation

Done by sickle or by a machine called harvester

Grains are separated from chaff by a process called threshing

Threshing is carried out by combine (harvester + thresher)

SICKLE HARVESTER

COMBINE

MANUAL HARVESTING

MODERN HARVESTING

STORAGE OF GRAINSAfter threshing, grains are dried in sun and then

packed.

Farmers store food grains in jute bags or metallic bins

Large scale storage is done in silos and granaries and stored in godowns

At domestic level, dried neem leaves are also used

SILOS

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR GRAINS LOSS DURING STORAGEBIOTIC (LIVING) FACTORS:- insects, rodents, birds,

mites

ABIOTIC (NON LIVING) FACTORS:- Temperature, moisture, humidity, material of container

MEASURES TO PREVENT GRAIN LOSSDrying before storage

Maintenance of hygeine

Plant product treatment

Prophylactic treatment

Improved storage structures

DISEASES OF CROPS

CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE AGENT

SYMPTOMS

Seed borne diseases

Ergot of Bajra Claviceps perpuria Fungus infect florets and develops in ovaries, producing sticky liquid called honey dew.

Leaf Spot of Rice Bipolaris oryzae Brown leaf spots occur which are small and circular

Ergot of Bajra Leaf Spot of Rice

CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE AGENT

SYMPTOMS

Soil borne diseases Tikka disease of groundnut

Cercosporidiumpersonatum

Spots are reddish brown to black on upper surface and light brown on the lower surface of leaf.

Smut of bajra Tolyposporium sp. In affected ears, some of grain become deep green which becomes black.

Tikka disease of groundnut Smut of Bajra

CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE AGENT

SYMPTOMS

Water borne disease

Bacterial blight of rice

Xanthomonasoryzae

Leaves of young plant become pale green , whole leaf become whitish, greyish and then die.

Bacterial Blight of Rice

CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVEAGENT

SYMPTOMS

Air borne disease Rust of wheat Puccinia triticana Brown pustules on the stalk and leaves. These pustules burst and release brown powder which consist of spores.

Blast of rice Magnaporthegrisea

White to green lesions with dark border appear on all parts of shoot. Internodalinfection also occur which result in the breakdown of stem.

Rust of wheat Blast of rice

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTUREAgriculture practices that can continue for very long

time without damaging the natural resources

Can be done by:-

Mixed farming

Crop rotation

Mixed cropping

Intercropping

Intercropping

Mixed CroppingThree Sisters(Bean+Squash+Corn)

The spreading, big-leafed squash shades the ground conserving moisture, inhibiting weeds and deterring pests.

The corn acts as a natural beanpole, while the beans contribute nitrogen to the soil for the other crops to use. Together, beans and corn provide a complete protein. In this photo, you can see the light green leaves of a bean plant growing at the base of the cornstalk.

Three Sisters

GREEN REVOLUTIONStarted in 1960 by Dr.

M.S. Swaminathan(father of green revolution)

Main aim was to increase production of wheat by modern agricultural practices

High yield dwarf variety of wheat “Sharbatisonara” was developed in 1967.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRYScience which deals with scientific management of

animals. It includes:-

Breeding

Feeding

Heeding

Weeding

THANKS

Biology Department

Udaipur Study Centre