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Page 1: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

CSE 512 - Data Visualization

Color

Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Page 2: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Identify, Group, Layer, Highlight

Colin Ware

Color in Visualization

Page 3: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

To label To measure To represent and imitate To enliven and decorate

“Above all, do no harm.” - Edward Tufte

Purpose of Color

Page 4: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Perception of Color Light, Visual system, Mental models

Color in Information Visualization Nominal, Ordinal & Quantitative encoding Guidelines for color palette design

Topics

Page 5: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Perception of Color

Page 6: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

What color is this?

Page 7: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

“Yellow”

What color is this?

Page 8: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

What color is this?

Page 9: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

“Blue”

What color is this?

Page 10: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

What color is this?

Page 11: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

“Teal” ?

What color is this?

Page 12: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

A R-G Y-B

+++ +++ +- -

“Yellow”

Light Cone Response Opponent Signals

Color PerceptionColor AppearanceColor Cognition

Perception of Color

Page 13: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Light as electromagnetic wave

Wavelength Energy or “Relative luminance”

A Field Guide to Digital Color, M. Stone

Physicist’s View

Page 14: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Additive (digital displays)

Subtractive (print, e-paper)

Emissive vs. Reflective Light

Page 15: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

A R-G Y-B

+++ +++ +- -

“Yellow”

Light Cone Response Opponent Signals

Color PerceptionColor AppearanceColor Cognition

Perception of Color

Page 16: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Simple Anatomy of the Retina, Helga Kolb

Retina

Page 17: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

LMS (Long, Middle, Short) Cones Sensitive to different wavelength

A Field Guide to Digital Color, M. Stone

As light enters our retina…

Page 18: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

LMS (Long, Middle, Short) Cones Sensitive to different wavelength Integration with input stimulus

A Field Guide to Digital Color, M. Stone

As light enters our retina…

Page 19: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Spectra that stimulate the same LMS response are indistinguishable (a.k.a. “metamers”).

“Tri-stimulus” Computer displays Digital scanners Digital cameras

Effects of Retina Encoding

Page 20: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Standardized in 1931 to mathematically represent tri-stimulus response.

“Standard observer” response curves

CIE XYZ Color Space

Page 21: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Colorfulness vs. Brightness x = X/(X+Y+Z) y = Y/(X+Y+Z)

x

y

CIE Chromaticity Diagram

Page 22: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Spectrum locus

Purple line

Mixture of two lights appears as a straight line.

CIE Chromaticity Diagram

Page 23: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Spectrum locus

Purple line

Mixture of two lights appears as a straight line.

CIE Chromaticity Diagram

Page 24: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Spectrum locus

Purple line

Mixture of two lights appears as a straight line.

CIE Chromaticity Diagram

Page 25: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Spectrum locus

Purple line

Mixture of two lights appears as a straight line.

CIE Chromaticity Diagram

Page 26: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Typically defined by:

3 Colorants

Convex region

Display Gamuts

Page 27: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Deviations from sRGB specification

Display Gamuts

Page 28: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Missing one or more cones or rods in retina.

Color Blindness

Protanope Deuteranope Luminance

Page 29: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Normal Retina Protanopia

Page 30: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Simulate color vision deficiencies Browser plug-ins (NoCoffee, SEE, …) Photoshop plug-ins, etc…

Deuteranope Protanope Tritanope

Color Blindness Simulators

Page 31: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

A R-G Y-B

+++ +++ +- -

“Yellow”

Light Cone Response Opponent Signals

Color PerceptionColor AppearanceColor Cognition

Perception of Color

Page 32: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

To paint “all colors”: Leonardo da Vinci, circa 1500 described in his notebooks a list of simple colors…

Yellow Blue Green Red

Primary Colors

Page 33: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

A R-G Y-B

+++ +

++ +-

-

Fairchild

L M S

Opponent Processing

LMS are combined to create: Lightness Red-green contrast Yellow-blue contrast

Page 34: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Opponent Processing

LMS are combined to create: Lightness Red-green contrast Yellow-blue contrast

Page 35: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Opponent Processing

LMS are combined to create: Lightness Red-green contrast Yellow-blue contrast

Experiments: No reddish-green, no blueish-yellow Color after images

Page 36: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington
Page 37: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington
Page 38: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Standardized in 1976 to mathematically represent opponent processing theory.

Non-linear transformation of CIE XYZ

CIE LAB and LUV Color Spaces

Page 39: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Axes correspond to opponent signals L* = Luminance a* = Red-green contrast b* = Yellow-blue contrast

Much more perceptually uniform than sRGB!

Scaling of axes to represent “color distance” JND = Just noticeable difference (~2.3 units)

D3 includes LAB color space support!

CIE LAB Color Space

Page 40: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

A R-G Y-B

+++ +++ +- -

“Yellow”

Light Cone Response Opponent Signals

Color PerceptionColor AppearanceColor Cognition

Perception of Color

Page 41: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Developed the first perceptual color system based on his experience as an artist (1905).

Albert Munsell

Page 42: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Hue, Value and Chroma

Page 43: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Hue

Hue, Value and Chroma

Page 44: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Value

Hue, Value and Chroma

Page 45: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Chroma

Hue, Value and Chroma

Page 46: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Perceptually-based Precisely reference a color Intuitive dimensions Look-up table (LUT)

Munsell Color System

Page 47: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Munsell Color System

Page 48: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Color palette

Perceptual Brightness

Page 49: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Color palette

HSL Lightness (Photoshop)

Perceptual Brightness

Page 50: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Color palette

Luminance Y (CIE XYZ)

Perceptual Brightness

Page 51: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Color palette

Munsell Value

Perceptual Brightness

Page 52: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Color palette

Munsell Value L* (CIE LAB)

Perceptual Brightness

Page 53: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Munsell colors in CIE LAB coordinates

Mark Fairchild

Perceptually-Uniform Color Space

Page 54: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

A R-G Y-B

+++ +++ +- -

“Yellow”

Light Cone Response Opponent Signals

Color PerceptionColor AppearanceColor Cognition

Perception of Color

Page 55: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

If we had a perceptually-uniform color space, can we predict how we perceive colors?

Color Appearance

Page 56: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

The inner and outer thin rings are in fact the same physical purple.

Donald MacLeod

Simultaneous Contrast

Page 57: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington
Page 58: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington
Page 59: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Josef Albers

Simultaneous Contrast

Page 60: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Simultaneous Contrast

Josef Albers

Page 61: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Chromatic Adaptation

Page 62: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Chromatic Adaptation

Page 63: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Color appearance depends adjacent colors

Color Appearance Tutorial by Maureen Stone

Bezold Effect

Page 64: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Color Appearance Models, Fairchild

Perceived difference depends on background

Crispening

Page 65: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Spatial frequency The paint chip problem Small text, lines, glyphs Image colors

Adjacent colors blend

Foundations of Vision, Brian Wandell

Spreading

Page 66: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

If we had a perceptually-uniform color space, can we predict how we perceive colors?

Chromatic adaptation Luminance adaptation Simultaneous contrast Spatial effects Viewing angle

Color Appearance

Page 67: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

iCAM (2002) models: Chromatic adaptation Appearance scales Color difference Crispening Spreading HDR tone mapping (see also CIECAM02)

Mark Fairchild

iCAM

Page 68: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

A R-G Y-B

+++ +++ +- -

“Yellow”

Light Cone Response Opponent Signals

Color PerceptionColor AppearanceColor Cognition

Perception of Color

Page 69: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Colors according to XKCD…

Page 70: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Chance discovery by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay.

Basic Color Terms

Page 71: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Chance discovery by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay.

Basic Color Terms

Page 72: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Chance discovery by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay.

Initial study in 1969 ! Surveyed speakers from 20 languages ! Literature from 69 languages

Basic Color Terms

Page 73: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

World Color Survey

Page 74: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

World Color Survey

Page 75: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Naming information from 2616 speakers from 110 languages on 330 Munsell color chips

World Color Survey

Page 76: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Results from WCS

Page 77: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Results from WCS

Page 78: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Basic color terms recur across languages.

White

Grey

Black

Red

Yellow

Green

Blue

Pink

Orange

Brown

Purple

Universal (?) Basic Color Terms

Page 79: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Proposed universal evolution across languages.

Evolution of Basic Color Terms

Page 80: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

We associate and group colors together, often using the name we assign to the colors.

Rainbow Color Map

Page 81: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

We associate and group colors together, often using the name we assign to the colors.

Rainbow Color Map

Page 82: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

We associate and group colors together, often using the name we assign to the colors.

Rainbow Color Map

Page 83: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Color name boundaries

Green Blue

Naming Effects Color Perception

Page 84: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Color Naming Models

Model 3 million responses from XKCD survey

Bins in LAB space sized by saliency:

How much do people agree on color name?

Modeled by entropy of p(name | color)

[Heer & Stone ‘12]

Blue/green confusion

Orange/red boundary

Page 85: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Color names conflict with tree structure!

Icicle Tree with Rainbow Coloring

Page 86: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

A R-G Y-B

+++ +++ +- -

“Yellow”

Light Cone Response Opponent Signals

Color PerceptionColor AppearanceColor Cognition

Perception of Color

Page 87: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Color Encodings

Page 88: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Value is perceived as ordered ∴ Encode ordinal variables (O)

∴ Encode continuous variables (Q) [not as well]

Hue is normally perceived as unordered ∴ Encode nominal variables (N) using color

Encoding Data with Color

Page 89: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Categorical Color

Page 90: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Gray’s Anatomy

Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries. (http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus520.html)

Page 91: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Allocation of the Radio Spectrum

http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.html

Page 92: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Allocation of the Radio Spectrum

http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.html

Page 93: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Minimize overlap and ambiguity of colors.

http://vis.stanford.edu/color-names

Palette Design & Color Names

Page 94: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

http://vis.stanford.edu/color-names

Minimize overlap and ambiguity of colors.

Palette Design & Color Names

Page 95: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Quantitative Color

Page 96: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Rainbow Color Maps

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Be Wary of Rainbows!

1. People segment colors into classes 2. Hues are not naturally ordered 3. Different lightness emphasizes certain scalar values 4. Low luminance colors (blue) hide high frequencies

Page 98: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Color Brewer: Palettes for Maps

Page 99: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington
Page 100: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Classing Quantitative Data

Age-adjusted mortality rates for the United States. Common option: break into 5 or 7 quantiles.

Page 101: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

1. Equal interval (arithmetic progression) 2. Quantiles (recommended) 3. Standard deviations 4. Clustering (Jenks’ natural breaks / 1D K-Means)

Minimize within group variance Maximize between group variance

Classing Quantitative Data

Page 102: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Quantitative Color Encoding

Sequential color scale Constrain hue, vary luminance/saturation Map higher values to darker colors

Page 103: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Quantitative Color Encoding

Sequential color scale Constrain hue, vary luminance/saturation Map higher values to darker colors

Diverging color scale Useful when data has meaningful “midpoint” Use neutral color (e.g., grey) for midpoint Use saturated colors for endpoints

Page 104: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Quantitative Color Encoding

Sequential color scale Constrain hue, vary luminance/saturation Map higher values to darker colors

Diverging color scale Useful when data has meaningful “midpoint” Use neutral color (e.g., grey) for midpoint Use saturated colors for endpoints

Limit number of steps in color to 3-9

Page 105: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

Designing Sequential Scales

Page 106: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Hue-Lightness (Recommended) Higher values mapped to darker colors ColorBrewer schemes have 3-9 steps

Hue Transition Two hues Neighboring hues interpolate better Couple with change in lightness

Designing Sequential Scales

Page 107: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Diverging Color Scheme

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Designing Diverging Scales

http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

Page 109: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Hue Transition

Carefully Handle Midpoint Choose classes of values Low, Average, High - Average should be gray

Critical Breakpoint Defining value e.g., 0 Positive & negative should use different hues

Extremes saturated, middle desaturated

Designing Diverging Scales

Page 110: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Perceptual Re-designs

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Gene Expression Time-Series [Meyer et al 11]

Color Encoding Position Encoding

Page 112: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Artery Visualization [Borkin et al 11]

Rainbow Palette Diverging Palette

2D

3D

Page 113: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Artery Visualization [Borkin et al 11]

Rainbow Palette Diverging Palette

2D

3D

92%Accuracy: 62%

71%39%

Page 114: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Hints for the Colorist

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Hints for the Colorist

Use only a few colors (~6 ideal)

Page 116: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Hints for the Colorist

Use only a few colors (~6 ideal) Colors should be distinctive and named

Page 117: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Hints for the Colorist

Use only a few colors (~6 ideal) Colors should be distinctive and named Strive for color harmony (natural colors?)

Page 118: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Hints for the Colorist

Use only a few colors (~6 ideal) Colors should be distinctive and named Strive for color harmony (natural colors?) Use cultural conventions; appreciate symbolism

Page 119: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Hints for the Colorist

Use only a few colors (~6 ideal) Colors should be distinctive and named Strive for color harmony (natural colors?) Use cultural conventions; appreciate symbolism Get it right in black and white

Page 120: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Hints for the Colorist

Use only a few colors (~6 ideal) Colors should be distinctive and named Strive for color harmony (natural colors?) Use cultural conventions; appreciate symbolism Get it right in black and white Respect the color blind

Page 121: CSE 512 - Data Visualization Colorirc.cs.sdu.edu.cn/vis/course/ppt/CSE512-Color.pdf · 2019. 11. 11. · CSE 512 - Data Visualization Color Jeffrey Heer University of Washington

Hints for the Colorist

Use only a few colors (~6 ideal) Colors should be distinctive and named Strive for color harmony (natural colors?) Use cultural conventions; appreciate symbolism Get it right in black and white Respect the color blind Take advantage of perceptual color spaces