1. CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONLecture 2:Research in Academic ProjectCS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 2012

2. CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONTodays Lecture Outline1. Concept of Research2. Research Process3. Research Methods and Technique4. Research EthicsCONTENTCS226: BSc ISELecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 20122 3. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH 1.1 What is Research? 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONCSP2.RESEARCH PROCESS1.2 Why research in Academic Project?1.3 Types of Research?3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS1.4 Types of Reasoning in Research1.5 Research Opportunities in ISE ProjectsFormal Definition: Merriam Webster (m-w.com). Encyclopaedia Brittanica.http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/research. Retrieved 13September 2011.The word research derives from Middle French (see French language); itsliteral meaning is to investigate thoroughly.Research can be defined as the search for knowledge, or as anysystematic investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existingproblems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using ascientific method. The primary purpose for basic research (as opposed toapplied research) is discovering, interpreting, and the development ofmethods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on awide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe.From literature review:Drawing from Kuhn (1996) and Lakatos (1978), research can be verygenerally defined as an activity that contributes to the understanding of aphenomenon. CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 2012 3 4. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH 1.1 What is Research? 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONCSP2.RESEARCH PROCESS1.2 Why research in Academic Project?1.3 Types of Research?3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS1.4 Types of Reasoning in Research1.5 Research Opportunities in ISE Projects Theory is a coherent set of generalDimensions of Research:propositions, used as principles of explanation of the amount of theTheories apparent relationships of certain observed phenomenonThe WHAT Concepts DeductiveA proposition is aReasoningstatementconcerned withRESEARCHthe relationshipAbductivebetween concepts Propositions Reasoning The HOWScientific MethodInductive Hypotheses areReasoning propositions which are empirically Hypotheses testable. They are usually concerned Empiricism with the relationships between variables CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 2012 4 5. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH 1.1 What is Research? 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONCSP2.RESEARCH PROCESS1.2 Why research in Academic Project?1.3 Types of Research?3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS1.4 Types of Reasoning in Research1.5 Research Opportunities in ISE ProjectsIn general : to solve problem1 Make-sense-of what is happening: to understand a phenomenon (the problem, methods, used,processes involved in providing the solution).2 Explain what is happening (or validate an explanation): to describe a phenomenon (the problem, the solution, themethod of solving, the outcome).3 Predict what will happen: to analyse a phenomenon and find a pattern.4 Cause something particular to happen: to make a phenomenon exists (to develop a system to beused by users). CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 2012 5 6. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH 1.1 What is Research? 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONCSP2.RESEARCH PROCESS1.2 Why research in Academic Project?1.3 Types of Research?3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS1.4 Types of Reasoning in Research1.5 Research Opportunities in ISE Projects In need of decision-making in deciding the process to solve a problem or to choose alternative opportunities/method of solving the problemWhat is the problem or solution?How much Information is available?What Information is needed?CompleteAbsoluteDecision-MakingCertainty Ambiguity SituationValue of Research CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 2012 6 7. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH 1.1 What is Research? 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONCSP2.RESEARCH PROCESS1.2 Why research in Academic Project?1.3 Types of Research?3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS1.4 Types of Reasoning in Research1.5 Research Opportunities in ISE Projects1. Basic Research (fundamental or pure research) is defined as theoretical/experimental research conducted to develop hypothesis/theories to acquire new knowledge on phenomena/ observable facts without directly giving consideration to specific application/uses. Basic research is exploratory.2. Applied research is done to solve specific, practical questions; its primary aim is not to gain knowledge for its own sake. It can be exploratory, but is usually descriptive. It explores new applications of method which are already in practical application using knowledge discovered through basic research.3. Experimental Development is the utilisation of knowledge acquired from basic/applied research and actual experience and research designed for introduction of new materials, equipment, system or processes and their improvement.BASIC EXPERIMENTAL APPLIEDNon-Specificity Specificity CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 2012 7 8. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH 1.1 What is Research? 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONCSP2.RESEARCH PROCESS1.2 Why research in Academic Project?1.3 Types of Research?3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS1.4 Types of Reasoning in Research1.5 Research Opportunities in ISE Projects THEORY Using deductive reasoning, one HYPOTHESESstarts with a given theory as the basis for which we develop hypotheses and then confirm these with specific data acquired using observationOBSERVATIONor experimentation (Is our theory valid or not?) CONFIRMATION CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 20128 9. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH 1.1 What is Research? 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONCSP2.RESEARCH PROCESS1.2 Why research in Academic Project?1.3 Types of Research?3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS1.4 Types of Reasoning in Research1.5 Research Opportunities in ISE ProjectsOBSERVATION Using inductive reasoning, onePATTERNstarts with a specific observation as the basis for which we develop a general pattern and tentative hypothesis as the foundationTENTATIVEof a theory HYPOTHESIS THEORY CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 2012 9 10. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH1.1 What is Research? 600- PROJECT FORMULATION CSP2.RESEARCH PROCESS 1.2 Why research in Academic Project? 1.3 Types of Research?3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS 1.4 Types of Reasoning in Research 1.5 Research Opportunities in ISE ProjectsFor ISE PROJECT : Each stage of the complete ISE lifecycle exists elements of research that can beexplored, investigated, utilized or evaluated by a potential academic projectFor example (but not limited to):Schedule of Work & WBSDB Physical & Coding Planning StageDevelopment Stage DApplication Framework Planning MethodologyResources Planning O Database Development Timeline Estimation CCoding and Programming Language Cost Estimation Architecture and Best Practices, ISP U Testing Documentation , User &Requirements StageSRSM System Manual Implementation Stage Stakeholder behaviorE System Testing Requirement Gathering TechniquesN User Testing Requirement Engineering, Requirement Negotiation T System Deployment Requirement Analysis Validation & Verification TechniquesA Change Request, Maintenance ContractSDD & DB Logical T Post-Implementation Stage Design Stage I Upgrading Data modeling, Database Design & Database Maintenance Engineering O User Acceptance Human Computer InteractionN Practice ImprovementSystem DesignModeling LanguageDesign PatternsCase ToolsDatabase Security Project Management, Configuration Management Standard System Development Methodology, Risk Management, Change Management CS226: BSc ISELecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 201210 11. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH1.1CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONDefining the Problem 2.RESEARCH PROCESS 1.2 Planning the Research Design1.3 Gather Data 3.RESEARCH METHODS 4. Introduction RESEARCH ETHICS1.4 Analyze Data1.5 Reporting ResearchGenerally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process. Though step order may varydepending on the subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formalresearch, both basic and applied:DefineConclusions Problem and Report The problem definition process involves the following steps: 1. Get the stakeholders issues/concernPlanning a 2. Understanding the issues/concernResearch Design (Observation, Preliminary Interviews, LiteratureReview) 3. Isolating and identify the problem (not thesymptoms) to be solved Processing and 4. Determining the unit of analysisAnalysing the Data 5. State objectives Gatheringthe DataCS226: BSc ISELecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 2012 11 12. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH 1.1CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONDefining the Problem2.RESEARCH PROCESS1.2 Planning the Research Design1.3 Gather Data3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS1.4 Analyze Data1.5 Reporting ResearchDefine ProblemConclusions and ReportThe planning a research design process involvesthe following steps:1. Conduct Literature Review2. Decide on reasoning methodPlanning a3. Decide on sampling dataResearch Design4. Decide on data collection method5. Decide on data analysis method6. Propose research design (roadmap) Processing andAnalysing the Data Gatheringthe Data CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 201212 13. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH 1.1CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONDefining the Problem2.RESEARCH PROCESS1.2 Planning the Research Design1.3 Gather Data3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS1.4 Analyze Data1.5 Reporting Research DefineProblem Conclusionsand ReportThe data collection process involves the followingsteps:1. Conduct Literature Review2. Prepare data gathering instrument (e.g.Planning a questionnaires, prototype, etc.)Research Design3. Get the stakeholders time for appointment4. Conduct selected data gathering method5. Document and Video TapingProcessing and6. Prepare data for analysis Analysing the Data Gatheringthe Data CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 201213 14. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH 1.1CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONDefining the Problem2.RESEARCH PROCESS1.2 Planning the Research Design1.3 Gather Data3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS1.4 Analyze Data1.5 Reporting ResearchDefine Problem Conclusionsand ReportThe data analysis process involves the followingsteps:1. Conduct Literature Review2. Ensure thorough understanding of the dataPlanning a analysis methodResearch Design3. Find tools for analysis (recommended)4. Conduct ethical analysis5. Synthesize findingsProcessing and6. Prepare findings for reportingAnalysing the Data Gatheringthe Data CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 201214 15. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH 1.1CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONDefining the Problem2.RESEARCH PROCESS1.2 Planning the Research Design1.3 Gather Data3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS1.4 Analyze Data1.5 Reporting Research DefineProblemConclusions and ReportThe reporting process involves the following steps:1. Gather all Literature Review2. Get reporting format3. Decide on citation and referencing formatPlanning a4. Write report according to standard formatResearch Design5. Proof read6. Present and Submit Processing andAnalysing the Data Gatheringthe Data CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 201215 16. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH1.1CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATION Types of Research Method2.RESEARCH PROCESS 1.2 Scientific Method 1.3 Interpretive Method3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS 1.4 Options of research methodsResearch methods and research techniques are almost interchangeably used.However research method (refers to behaviour and instruments used inselecting and constructing techniques) is more general than techniques(behaviour and instruments used in research . Research method is classifiedGalliers(1992 ) specific for information system research as:QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVEScientific ScientificandInterpretive Interpretive Lab ExperimentsAction researchField experimentsSubjective / argumentativeSurveys Descriptive / interpretive Case studies Futures research ForecastingReviewsSimulationGalliers, R., "Choosing Information System Research (Grounded research)Approaches," in Galliers, R. (ed.), Information SystemResearch: Issues, Methods and Practical Guidelines,Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, 1992, pp. 144-162. CS226: BSc ISELecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 2012 17. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH1.1CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATION Types of Research Method2.RESEARCH PROCESS 1.2 Scientific Method 1.3 Interpretive Method3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS 1.4 Options of research methodsThe scientific method concerns with the set of tools, techniques and procedures used by basic andapplied researchers to analyze and understand phenomena and prove or disprove prior conceptionsCharacteristics of the Scientific Method Objectivity Elements of the Systematic Analysis Scientific MethodLogical Interpretation of ResultsEmpirical ApproachObservationsQuestions HypothesesExperimentsBasic General LawsAnalysis Research Scientific ConclusionMethod Replication Applied Information or Research Ideas for alternative Courses of action CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 2012 17 18. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH1.1CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATION Types of Research Method2.RESEARCH PROCESS 1.2 Scientific Method 1.3 Interpretive Method3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS 1.4 Options of research methodsThe scientific method concerns with the set of tools, techniques and procedures used by basic andapplied researchers to analyze and understand phenomena and prove or disprove prior conceptionsCharacteristics of the Scientific Method Objectivity Elements of the Systematic Analysis Scientific MethodLogical Interpretation of ResultsEmpirical ApproachObservationsQuestions HypothesesExperimentsBasic General LawsAnalysis Research Scientific ConclusionMethod Replication Applied Information or Research Ideas for alternative Courses of action CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 2012 18 19. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH 1.1CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONTypes of Research Method2.RESEARCH PROCESS1.2 Scientific Method1.3 Interpretive Method3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS1.4 Options of research methodsProblem Discovery Selection of Secondary (historical) data exploratoryPilot Studyresearch technique Experience SurveyCase StudyProblem Definition (Statement of research objectives)Survey (Interview, Questionnaire)Selection of Experiment (Laboratory, Field) basic researchSecondary Data Studymethod Observation CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 2012 19 20. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH 1.1CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONTypes of Research Method2.RESEARCH PROCESS1.2 Scientific Method1.3 Interpretive Method3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS1.4 Options of research methodsSurvey (Interview, Questionnaire) Experiment (Laboratory, Field) Collection of Data (Fieldwork) Secondary Data Study Observation Editing and Coding Data Sample DesignData Processing and AnalysisInterpretation of FindingsProbabilityNon-ProbabilitySampling Sampling Report CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 2012 20 21. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH 1.1 The Concern of CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONEthics2.RESEARCH PROCESS1.2 Ethical Interfaces1.3 Ethical Consideration3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS Ethics & Morals Students Conduct and Discipline Societal norms and values Divergent perceptions of what is considered ethical and unethical What is ethical in information systems research? Ethical Guidelines and professional associations CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 201221 22. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH1.1 The Concern of CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATION Ethics2.RESEARCH PROCESS 1.2 Ethical Interfaces 1.3 Ethical Consideration3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICSUsers/Stakeholders RightsFacultys Rights Researchers ObligationResearchers ObligationStakeholderResearcher (Student)Project Owner Researchers RightsResearchers RightsStakeholder Obligation Facultys Obligation Stakeholders Rights & Faculty Obligation29 August 2005 Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 2012 CS226: BSc ISE22 23. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH 1.1 The Concern of CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONEthics2.RESEARCH PROCESS1.2 Ethical Interfaces1.3 Ethical Consideration3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS STAKEHOLDERTruthfulness in giving information to the researcher if astakeholder or respondent gives his or her consent toparticipate in a research studySustained cooperativeness with the researcher throughoutthe course of the research studyAdhere to responsibility if informed consent is given to theresearcherState any constraints or limitations in advance CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 201223 24. 1.CONCEPT OF RESEARCH 1.1 The Concern of CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONEthics2.RESEARCH PROCESS1.2 Ethical Interfaces1.3 Ethical Consideration3.RESEARCH METHODS4.IntroductionRESEARCH ETHICS RESEARCHER No deception, be truthful and do not conceal the true purpose of the research Maintain objectivity, courtesy and high professional standards through scientific process No falsification, alteration or misrepresentation of data for self-interest or other purposes Protect the confidentiality of the stakeholder, respondent and project owners No faulty conclusions No inclusion or use of information or ideas contained in competing research proposals CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 201224 25. CSP 600- PROJECT FORMULATIONConclusion : A Point to PonderQUESTIONS ?CS226: BSc ISE Lecture By Dr Ariza Nordin Sept 2011 Jan 201225