INDEXING IN THE MIDST OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION

BYMILAGROS SANTOS-ONG

Director, Supreme Court Library Services Seminar-Workshop on Library Management in the

Midst of Technological Innovations”Dao Diamond Bed & Breakfast, Tagbilaran City, November 7-9, 2007.

Indexing in the Midst of Technological Innovation will not deal with the basic concepts of Indexing for the theme of the seminar-workshop and the professional librarians as participants were considered. It will deal more on the indexing and technological Innovations.

An index is a “systematic guide, an indicator or pointer of a location of an

information contained in or concepts derived from a collection of data, reading matter or materials.” It has also been defined as “any ordered list of terms which guides a user in locating recorded information.” Indexing is a procedure for organizing the contents of recorded information for the purpose of easy retrieval and dissemination. Indexes are search tools. The traditional definitions and concepts of Indexing are still applicable this very day. The main difference between the traditional and the Indexing in the midst of the technological innovation is the procedure in producing an index with the use of computers and the latest technology and probably the “nomenclature” or the words used. F. W. Lancaster in his book “Indexing and Abstracting in Theory and Practice,” 2d ed. stated that the “main purpose of indexing and abstracting is to construct representations of published items in a form suitable for inclusion in some type of database” Lancaster noted the important words by italics, that one has to construe. Are these not the same as the one I previously stated

Indexing process involves the analyzing of information content of records of knowledge and expressing the said information content in the language or established/defined standard in indexing system. In doing so, one has to be guided by the basic indexing principles of:

a. exhaustive with regards to the extent to which concepts or the content of records of knowledge are retrievable by way of the indexing terms

b. Consistency and uniformity refers to the terms usedc. Specific or precise

As a practitioner, the following are changes or adjustments observed in the in basic indexing principles:

1. More liberal outlook in indexing - Terms

The primary function of an index is to provide the user an efficient and effective means of retrieving information needed. As a practitioner, I believe that this function should add “ with the use of terms, policies and practices wherein the users are accustomed or “user friendly”

Those in the academe observe strictly the theories and rules. Practitioners are more liberal in implementing these theories and rules to be more effective for they adhere to the policy of “user friendly” vis-a-vis strict adherence to rules. This policy specifically refers to choice of search terms, the “format” (word, phrase, use of punctuations), arrangement and the materials to be included.

In the library school, for search terms, we must use only those prescribed by the multi-volume Library of Congress Subject Headings, Sears List of Subject Headings, UNESCO indexing standards etc. Based on the “user friendly” policy in the choice of search terms, the Library of Congress and Sears are just guides for consistency and uniformity to be able to produce an effective index. The policy will also affect even the choice of arrangement of entries in the index, word by word or letter by letter, etc. Lancaster in his book has in a way also adopted the same liberal indexing policy for he has incorporated in his indexing/abstracting operations two important considerations:

a. “selection from the population of newly published documents that meets defined criteria… This is specially true to those in the highly specialized field wherein those of their particular field of interest must be included.”

“members of the community” or users of these databases or indexes are considered in the use of “search strategy” or what I have previously stated as “Search terms.” The policies and procedure one institution or class group of institutions must be taken into consideration. Take for example for Law. there are more specific legal applications for the Academe, Executive, Judiciary and the Legislative. Let us compare Courts and the Legislature Know your users’ needs for effective information dissemination and retrieval.

After these policies and procedures once set, must be religiously followed

2. Role of indexing vis-à-vis technological innovations

Are indexes still relevant or are they still needed in our libraries with the advent of computers and other technological innovations? Are their relevance to library service not diminished with the availability of the internet Yahoo, Google, Msn, etc. For us librarians, they will forever be a part of our library service.

Despite the advent of computers and all technological innovations, LIBRARIANS AND/OR INFORMATION SPECIALIST are forever the king or queen of the Library/Information Center Kingdom.

“Garbage in, garbage out.” Computers cannot determine, evaluate or construe whether a word in the text or record of knowledge or database is relevant or material to a search or query except at the program devised or adjusted to provide what we librarians call cross reference or keywords.

Computers can easily be used to retrieve information found in the text of the document or records or in the database. Librarians and only the librarians ALONE who

can decide on the what indexes or database to produced for one’s own library. Yes, we need management approval and we need support of the technical staff even if the librarian is a graduate from a library school with IT . The decision AND supervision still rests on the Librarian. This includes the application of computers and the technological innovations to index which will dependent on:

1. indexing plan Basic factors in Indexing Plan

users documents design – author/title/subject/popular names. etc indexing language

Computer and technological innovations hardware software design/output connectivity etc,

2. library staff – professional librarians and library support staff such as typist, clerks, etc.

3. budget for computer and technological innovations 4. technical support staff

The need and usefulness of computers and other technological innovations is “given” and need not be discussed. The indexing plan must incorporate where computers may be applied which is primarily dependent upon the last to criteria: 3).budget and 4) technical support. The role or work of librarians in indexing using computers and the technological innovations may diminish and new factors may take over such as the technical staff, management or the institution where we are in. Before I will hear protest by this statement, this is due to the fact that librarians have the following more important responsibilities to undertake;

Decision making - decision on the extent of computerizationIt is the Librarian who designs details of the plan, procedures. The responsibility of the IT or technical staff is ONLY to execute the plan of the Librarian. Librarian has the final say. It is suggested that the technical staff should include also a subject specialists.

General SupervisionThe Librarians must know every aspect in the Library including the computerized applications in order to be able to exercise general of over-all supervision. One way to exercise supervision is the actual use of the index.

Direct supervision on computerized applications rests in the head of IT. However, he is answerable to the Librarian.

A. Let us take the scenario, wherein budget for computer and technological innovations is the sky is the limit or budget has no restrictions and all the technical support staff needed can be hired. What will be your indexing plan? We have the following choices:

1. Go Digital2. Subscribe to Online or computerized indexes 3. Combination of both:

1. Decision makinga. Digitize

Full text or Image/pdf– Search engine Document tracking In-House or Outsourcing (with software) What material will be included

b. Subscription What indexes or search tools or sources will one

subscribe – De LaSalle

c. Combination

Those who are using this mode are the:

Supreme Court Digitial

E-Library – full-text digitization for Philippine legal Information

Subscription Westlaw – full-text of foreign legal Information

Manual with IT The National Library Digital Philippine E-Library – Image copy and OPAC of member institutions Subscription EBSCO subscription

2. Who will use the system? Librarians and other library clientle Patrons Public

3. Connectivity - Use of the database or retrieval Will it be online Internet – Broadband/Dial-up Intranet CD, etc

The advantage of full text retrieval is that the computers will do the retrieval of information found in the text of the document or records. No need to think “extra” as to what words to use to get a good search. People will agree that this is the best. However it too has at present its limitations such as:

Computers will not be able to determine whether a word in the text or record of knowledge is relevant or material unless a program devised. Take for example the words: Quasi delict, torts and negligence. They are at times used interchangeably. So in searching the full-text of all Supreme Court decisions for all quasi delict cases, cases using negligence or torts will not be included. So, this may be included in the search or reprogramming be done. Manually, this is dome with the use of CROSS REFERENCE.

In Law another problem are the search for a specific law, cases etc, Take Republic Acts for example. Some cite is as

R.A. No. Rep. Act No. Republic Act No.

So if you use in your search Rep. Act No., your search will not include those which used R.A. No. or Republic Act No.

This is not a problem in the United States for there is the “standard” citation followed, Uniform Manual of Citation by the Harvard University. The Philippines has adopted a similar one, Philippine Manual of Legal Citations by University of the Philippines Law Center but it is not followed or at times known in the legal community. The Supreme Court has also adopted standard citations for the judiciary to use which is incorporated in the Manual of Judicial Writing. There is now a project involving about 200 countries on the International Citations Manual.

B. Limited budget and technical support Depending upon the extent of the limitations, librarians can choose which

part of the indexing process will use computers and other technological innovations. Indexing process may be done:

1. entirely manually but the production of the index or retrieval can be done electronically.

2. partly manually and production of the index or retrieval can be done electronically The extent of computerization can be dependent on the technical

support. It is true that there are open source software which can be used but one needs technical support to adjust this software to suit one’s needs. Even though one has gone to a library school which has subjects in IT, technical support is still needed with the ever improving technology. However, we librarians can possess this technical skill by enrolling in special courses or summer institutes which goes into a more in-depth treatment. Seminars and workshops serves to give only an overview or an idea on a topic of interest. With this new found ideas gained in seminars and workshops, librarian can plan and decide how to implement a library service and if this library service is already existing, how one can further improve it.

C. No budget and technical support

Manual indexing wherein one has to observe all the indexing practices and procedures.

A. Quality of the Index

In indexing, one basic ingredient that is needed is to produce a quality index. How can this be done? In every stage of the indexing process, the following virtues must be one’s guide: COMPREHENSION, CONSISTENCY and GOOD JUDGEMENT.

For consistency and uniformity, specific indexing tools may be utilized depending upon the type of indexes. One example of uniformity is “PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES” OR “GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES.” They have the same meaning and may be used interchangeably. So if you started using the first, for uniformity, DO NOT USE the second in your indexes. For the subject index, there are standard foreign tools such as: a) Library of Congress Subject Headings b). Ellinger’s Subject Headings for Literature of Law and International and even those locally produced indexes. For computerized application, there are some software which allows one to develop his own indexing structure or build your own thesaurus. Whether it be manual and/or computerized application, the decision on the choice of subject headings lies in the indexer’s good judgment. There should be flexibility, uniformity and consistency in the choice of subject headings.

The index should be able to accommodate new developments in terminology essential to the user needs and should also allow frequent updating. In this bio-age, there are new terminologies not used in the past such as cloning, biotechnology, GMO and DNA. Take for example DNA. Indexing rules require that it should be spelled out when used as subject. However, who can memorize Deoxyribonucleic acid for DNA The other rule is use a SEE ALSO reference. It is easier to use two subject headings, one for the standard subject heading Deoxyribonucleic acid and another for DNA or “popular name.” If you use a subject heading which you yourself do not understand or is not at ease in using, then your index is bound to fail for it may not serve its primary function, retrieval.

The locally produced indexes may be used as alternate tools to standardize terms Philippine terms which are not used in foreign published subject index, standard foreign subject heading tools or even the thesaurus of computer software. Even for the software like Microsoft WORD, you can see a red line when used which means that as far as their application is concerned, there is something wrong with this local term used. Example of these terms are: abaca, bangus, balikbayan program and even the now famous balikatan, and jueteng.

Local application also may affect “foreign subject headings” such as SEQUESTRATION. If you are indexing Sen. Jovito Salonga’s article at the Kilosbayan entitled “ What PCGG Chairman Elma can do now,” the first subject that will come to your mind is SEQUESTRATION. However, if you will consult the Library of Congress Subject Headings you will see the following:

Sequestration (Attachment and garnishment)USE Attachment and Garnishment

Sequestration (Chemistry) BT Masking (Chemistry)

Separation (Technology) Solution (Chemistry) NT Carbon sequestration Sequestration (Public Finance)

BT Government spending policy

From the above list of Sequestration, the first is the “Sequestration” which is relevant to the article that we are indexing. In this regard, the rule provides that we must use Attachment and Garnishment. However the LC entry provides as follows: Attachment and Garnishment BT Civil procedure

Commercial law Debtor and creditor Execution (Law)

Provisional remedies NT Arrest of aircraft

Arrest of ships Seals (Law) Wages—Exemption

If we follow this rule, our indexing is correct BUT retrieval will be slow you have

to go through all the articles that are listed on “Attachment and Garnishment” to get only those that refers to SEQUESTRATION. After EDSA 1, there have been a lot of articles, newspaper clippings, court decisions on this topic. The Kilosbayan Magazine has even a section devoted to it. So, if a researcher is looking for the article of Senator Salonga or a list of all sequestration cases, he has to search through all of the above subject headings on Attachment and Garnishment, both the broader term (BT) or narrower term (NT). So, it is advisable to use the popular term “Sequestration” and add all the subject headings on Attachment and Garnishment, both the broader term (BT) or narrower term (NT). Our subject entries will thus be as follows:

ATTACHMENT AND GARNISHMENT Salonga, Jovito

What PCGG Chairman Elma can do now. 7 Kilosbayan 6 (July 2000)

CIVIL PROCEDURE Salonga, Jovito

What PCGG Chairman Elma can do now. 7 Kilosbayan 6 (July 2000)

EXECUTIONS (LAW) Salonga, Jovito

What PCGG Chairman Elma can do now. 7 Kilosbayan 6 (July 2000)

PROVISIONAL REMEDIES Salonga, Jovito

What PCGG Chairman Elma can do now. 7 Kilosbayan 6 (July 2000)

SEQUESTRATION Salonga, Jovito

What PCGG Chairman Elma can do now. 7 Kilosbayan 6 (July 2000)

In law, depending upon the type of law library, we use terms that are not found in any published subject indexes like LC or Sears for they facilitate retrieval. These are as follows:

1. Popular names

SAGUISAG LAW – Rep. Act No. 6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees

LINA LAW – Rep. Act No. 7279 – An Act to Provide For a Comprehensive & Continuing Urban Development and Housing Program, Establish the Mechanism for Its Implementation and for other purposes - SQUATTING

MACEDA LAW – Rep. Act No. 6552 – An Act to Provide Protection to Buyers of Real Estate on Installment. “Realty Installment Buyer Protection Act” – REAL PROPERTY

MAIL ORDER BRIDE LAW - Rep. Act No. 6955 – An Act to Declare Unlawful the Practice of Matching Women For Marriage to Foreign Nationals on a Mail- Order Basis and Other Similar Practices, Including the Advertisement, Publication, Printing or Distribution of Brochures, Fliers and Other Propaganda Materials in Furtherance Thereof and Providing Penalty therefore.

BATTERED WOMEN LAW - Rep. Act No. 9262 – An Act Defining Violence Against Women and Their Children, Providing for Protective

Measures for Victims, Prescribing Penalties Thereof, and for Other Purposes.

“Anti-Violence Against Women & Their Children of 2004”

2. Law or the decision itself - Shephadizing

REP. ACT NO. 9262 –AMENDMENT REP. ACT NO. 9262—REPEALED TECSON v. COMELEC, G.R. NO. 161434, March 3, 2004

Once the type of index is determined and the index is produced, a user orientation would be ideal so that the users will be aware of how useful the index is for their legal research. Orientation is needed also for new members of the staff who will continue the implementation of the indexing system. User orientation is a must to computerized indexes.

B. Guide in Indexing

B.1. Reading and understanding the material being indexed. There should be a full comprehension of the document so that the

indexer may be able to determine the extent/scope of said material. The WHOLE text must be read extensively specially for documents such as laws, rules and regulations, court decisions and book indexing. Take the case of Republic Act No. 9262. the title of the law does not include the word ”battered women.”

For periodicals and other types of materials, extensive reading can be eliminated as long as the indexer will not overlook useful information. UNISIST suggested important parts of the text that should be particularly and carefully considered, namely:

1.title2.introduction, and opening phrases of chapters or paragraphs3.illustrations, tables, diagrams, charts and captions4.conclusions5.abstracts (if any)

6.words or group of words which are underlined or printed in an unusual type

All of the above should be taken collectively for each of the above has their own role in the text. The introduction reveal the author’s intentions or purpose while the illustrations, tables, etc. reflect the justification of ideas in the text. The final section or conclusion states how far the aims are achieved. It is not advisable to index solely based on the title, for at times they are inadequate and a worst scenario is when the title used by the author do not reflect the subject matter. Example:

a. Neil, Martha. Drawing the Line. 88 ABAJ 38-43,64 (May 2002)b. Chanen, Jill S. At First Sight. 88 ABAJ 53 (May 2002)c. Kunzke, Katja and Susan Anderson. They Crash and You Burn. 88 ABAJ 52

(May 2002)

The answer is as follows:a. Neil’s article is on LABOR LAW; EMPLOYER--EMPLOYEE

RELATIONSHIPb. Chanes’s article is on LAWYER-CLIENT RELATIONSHP; LAW PRACTICEc. Kunzke’s article is on STOCK MARKET and MALPRACTICE CLAIMS

For law and medicine, the whole document must be read to extract all the concepts derived therein.

B.2. Exhaustive and specific . All descriptors/concepts that are of value in a documents must be identified, included and manipulated according to its usefulness. The following suggestions are recommended in order to be able to adhere to this rule:

1. The selection or rejection of descriptors should be related to the purpose and the users.

2. In cases where a document covers different subjects, they should be treated separately

3. Modify both indexing tools and procedures as a result of the feedback from inquiries. Use a specific Republic Act or law cited as one subject

4. If modification is made, inform everybody about in, amend the standard or policies set but including this modification

5. As much as possible, there should not be a limit as to the amount of descriptors for a document so that there are less chance of loosing data that may be of value. In computerized application, depending on the software used, there are times that there are limitation with regards to length of field allowed. Example:

Azarraga, Juliana DC. Appreciation of Testimony of Rape Victim in the Crime of Rape. 158 SCRA 438-444 (1988)

Subject Index: Rape—Appreciation of Testimony of Victim

RAPE—TESTIMONIES--VICTIM The second subject entry is recommended because although few words are used , it can already describe what the article is all about.

C. Indexing Language

Language used for naming or identifying the subjects to be used in a document refer to words to be used such as whether to use nouns, adjectives, propositions or plural or singular. It could even involve the use of syntax where words can be put together to form an index term.

c.1. Language can extend to a string of hierarchical relationship. Are you going

to include all? For example you are indexing an article about milkfish. Will you be satisfied is using only the subject heading “milkfish”. Hierarchical relationship will include subjects as “Fishes”, “Freshwater Fishes” and to be more specific ,“Bangus” Environmental law has a hierarchical structure too. It also covers other subjects such as pollution, air pollution, noise pollution and water pollution

c.2. Semantic Relationship can be categorized into sub-relationships such as:

c.2.1 Equivalence relationship which implies that there are more than one word denoting the same , synonymous (Women’s lib with feminism; underdeveloped countries with third word countries)

c.3 Controlled Vocabulary or natural language

Controlled vocabulary uses an authority list such as the Library of Congress Subject Headings, to establish a standard description.

Natural language uses index terms/words occurring in the printed text.

c.4 Thesaurus Construction

A controlled vocabulary with synonymous, hierarchical, and associative relationships among terms are clearly displayed and identified by standardized relationship indicators which must be employed reciprocally. Its purposes are to achieve consistency in the indexing documents, predominantly for post coordinated information storage and retrieval systems and to facilitate searching by linking entry terms with descriptors.

Thesaurus construction, needs a separate lecture and will not be to discuss. Besides, there are available software which have the capability of constructing a thesaurus for a specific application. D. SUGGESTED STANDARDS FOR EASY RETRIEVAL:

D.1 Put the date after the Title

Example: The 1972 Dangerous Drugs Law 1974 Corporation law 1979 Dangerous Drugs laws Amendments to the 1972 Dangerous Drugs Act 2003 Indigenous peoples Law 2003 Revised Dangerous Drugs Act Revised 2004 Dangerous Drugs Act

Suggested Entry usually followed by Librarians/Indexers:

Corporation Law, 1974Dangerous Drugs, 1972Dangerous Drugs, 1979Dangerous Drugs, 1985 – AMENDMENTSDangerous Drugs, 2003 – REVISEDDangerous Drugs, 2004Indigenous Peoples Law, 2003

Manual: D.1.a. For lawyers or other indexers, they consider the word before it or adjectives before it.

1974 Corporation law

1972 Dangerous Drugs Law 1979 Dangerous Drugs laws

2003 Indigenous peoples Law 2003 Revised Dangerous Drugs Act Amendments to the 1972 Dangerous Drugs Act

2004 Revised Dangerous Drugs Act

1.b. For some Librarians, They will filed the date by spelling out the date

1985 Dangerous Drugs Act 1974 Corporation law

1979 Dangerous Drugs laws 1972 Dangerous Drugs Law

2004 Revised Dangerous Drugs Act 2003 Indigenous peoples Law 2003 Revised Dangerous Drugs Act

1.c. For computers applications, the arrangement is numerically.

1972 Dangerous Drugs Law 1974 Corporation law 1979 Dangerous Drugs laws 2003 Indigenous peoples Law

2003 Revised Dangerous Drugs Act Amendments to the 1972 Dangerous Drugs Act Revised 2004 Dangerous Drugs Act

1. For those with Series such as Books and Congresses, put the number of the series at the end. Decide on whether to use the number or not

First Congress on the Protection of the Child 2nd Congress on the Protection of the Child

Protection of the Child, 1st Congress Protection of the Child, 2nd Congress E. Types of Index

E.1. Index by Form

E.1.1. Subject Index – An Index as to the subject matter of works, books, documents or various works being indexed.

PRECIS (Preserved Context Index System) – This indexing system was developed by D. Austin for the production of printed alphabetical subject index of the British National Bibliography

Things that are important to remember the following: E.1.1.a. Analyze the concepts and topics in a document E.1.1.b. Use words that are relevant to the needs of the user E.1.1.c. Ensure that the words, terms or subject used are appropriate to the research needs of the users E.1.1.d. Combine headings and subheadings into coherent entries primary user and the librarian or indexer. This may be reconciled by the use of “See” or” See also” references

E.1.1.e. Words, terms or subject used should be user friendly to both the indexer and the user.

E.1.2 Author Index – An index to the author of works, books, documents or various works being indexed

E.1.2.a. Statutes – Republic Act – The sponsors and authors of the Bills are not known after the Bill becomes a Law. For rules and regulations of government agency, the author is the agency itself and its head

Budget & Management, Dept. of Corporate Compensation Circular No. 10 s. 1999

Rules and regulation for the Implementation of the Revised Compensation and Position Classification System prescribed under Republic Act No. 6758 for government owned and/or controlled corporations and financial institutions.

Diokno95 OG no. 9, 1 (supp) (March 1, 1999)

E.1.2.b. Books, Periodicals

Goco, Raul I. The Prevention and Supression of International Terrorism: Its Legal Framework and Structure.

XVI (16) Lawyers Rev. No.4, 77-79 (May 31, 2002)

E.1.2.c. Court Decisions

The authors of Court Decisions can be the ponente of the cases.

E.1.3.Title Index - An index to the title of works, books, documents or various works being indexed

E.1.3.a Statutes – Rep. Act No. 9262 – Use also the Other title mentioned in the law such as “Anti-Violence Against Women & Children Act of 2004.”

Republic Act No. 6955An Act to Declare Unlawful the Practice of Matching Filipino Women for Marriage to Foreign Nationals on a Mail-Order Basis and Other SimilarPractices, Including the Advertisement, Publication, Printing or Distribution of Brochures, Fliers and other Propaganda Materials in Furtherance Thereof and Providing Penalty Therefor.

E.1.3.b. Court Decision

b.1 Estrada v. Desierto, GR No. 146710-15, March 2, 2001 Estrada v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, March 2, 2001

353 SCRA 452 (2001)

b.2 Desierto - Estrada v., GR No. 146710-15, March 2, 2001 353 SCRA 452 (2001)

b.3 Macapagal-Arroyo – Estrada v. , G.R. No. 146738, March 2, 2001 353 SCRA 452 (2001)

Arroyo, Gloria SEE Macapagal-Arroyo

E.1. 4. Chronological Index – An index arranged chronologically like numerically or by dates of works, books, documents or various works

being indexed

Republic Act No. 8120 Republic Act No. 8123

Republic Act No. 813

E.1.4.Citation Index - An index which is guided by the citation of an article. Example in law we have the Shepards Citation.41 L.ED 2d 45225 Phil. 6565 SCRA 56117 SCRA 194

E.1.5. Word Index – Index to words used by the author but not necessarily the subjects covered by the work. There are two types: those described in the title and those derived from the full-text. The word index is one type of index which can be fully computer generated. Keyword in Context (KWIC), a concept introduced by H.P. Luhn in 1959 is used in the Word Index. In retrieving the needed information electronically using the two types of word index, the outputs or “hits” are highlighted

E.1.6 . Combination of the above

E.2. Written Document Index

E.2. a. Book Index – Majority of local (Philippine) law books do not have subject index which makes it difficult to use specially for non-lawyers. Example in what book of the Revised Penal Code can you find ESTAFA.E.2.a.1 Subject IndexE.2.a.2 Index to Abbreviations/Acronyms UsedE.2.a.3 Index to Laws CitedE.2.a.4 Index to Cases Cited

E.2.b. Periodical, newspaper, etc, index

E.2.b.1 Author/Title Index E.2.b.2 Subject Index

LOCAL - Index to Philippine Periodicals SC Index to Legal Periodicals SC Index to Newspapers Clippings In House Indexes of Libraries

FOREIGN - Index to Legal Periodicals by H. W.. Wilson Social Science Index by H.W. Wilson

E.3. Mechanized, Computerized Indexes LEXIS/NEXISWESTLAW

SC E-Library Lawpil.net