cycling to the future - the bloustein school · 2014. 11. 20. · source: pucher, dill, and handy,...
TRANSCRIPT
John Pucher, Rutgers University Ralph Buehler, Virginia Tech
Photo: Susan Handy Photo: Ralph Buehler
Photo: Greg Raisman Photo: Marie Demers
San Antonio
Cycling to the Future: Lessons from Cities across the Globe
Photo: SF Bike Coalition Photo: Bike Texas
Advantages of Cycling: • Economical: Affordable by everyone,
requiring minimal costs for individuals and governments
• Good for business: Generate retail sales and profits from tourism
• No pollution: Clean and quiet • Energy-efficient: Use up calories we need to
burn off from eating too much • Healthy: Many studies report on physical,
social, mental health benefits • Fun: Getting out into the fresh air with family
and friends
0.5 1 1 1 2 2 3
4 4
8 9 9 10
18
26
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Perc
ent o
f tri
ps b
y cy
clin
g
Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012
Cycling Share of Daily Trips in Europe, North America, and Australia, 1999-2008
Bicycle Share of Work Commuters in the USA (2007) and Canada (2006)
Source: Pucher, J., Buehler, R., Seinen, M., “Bicycling Renaissance in North America? An Update and Re-Assessment of Cycling Trends and Policies,” Transportation Research A, Vol. 45 (6), 2011, pp. 451-475.
• ~27% of all trips in the U.S. were a mile or shorter in 2009
• ~41% of all trips were shorter than two miles
Lots of Potential for Increased Cycling:
Many daily trips in American urban areas are short enough to walk or bike!
2 2 1
16 12
7
31
24
18
29
35
24
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
400<
2.5k
m
2.5k
m<4
.5km
4.5k
m-6
.5km
0<2.
5km
2.5k
m<4
.5km
4.5<
6.5k
m
0<2.
5km
2.5k
m<4
.5km
4.5k
m-6
.5km
0<2.
5km
2.5k
m<4
.5km
5<7.
5km
Perc
ent o
f tri
ps b
y cy
clin
g
USA
GER
DK
NL
Trip distance category
Share of Cycling for Short Trips
Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012
25% 27%
30%
49%
55% 56%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
USA UK Canada Germany Denmark Netherlands
Perc
ent o
f trip
s by
wom
en
Women’s Share of Bike Trips in Europe and North America
Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012
Photo Susan Handy
Copenhagen
Amsterdam
Berlin Vancouver
Montreal Toronto Portland
Minneapolis Chicago
San Francisco Melbourne
Sydney
Tokyo
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Perc
ent o
f bic
yclis
ts w
ho a
re fe
mal
e
Percent of trips by bicycle
Washington
Source: Garard, Handy, and Dill, “Women and Cycling,” in Pucher and Buehler (eds.), City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012
Bicycle share of trips and
percentage of female cyclists in 14 large cities
More women on bikes = More cycling More cycling = More women on bikes
Banyule
Bayside
Boroondara
Casey
Darebin
Frankston
Glen Eira
Hume
Kingston
Knox
Maribyrnong
Melbourne
Moonee valley
Moreland
Port Phillip
Stonnington
Whitehorse
Wyndham
Yarra
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8%
Perc
ent o
f cyc
lists
who
are
fem
ale
Cycling to work mode share
Source: Garard, Handy, and Dill, “Women and Cycling,” in Pucher and Buehler (eds.), City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012
Bicycle share of commuter trips and percentage of female cyclists
in Melbourne neighborhoods
More women on bikes = More cycling More cycling = More women on bikes
3 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 2 2 2 1 1
14 9 9 9 11 9
32
20
14 14 15 15 15
40
25 21 22 23
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
455-
1516
-24
25-3
940
-65
65 +
0-16
17-2
930
-59
60-6
565
+
0-17
18-2
526
-44
45-5
960
-65
65 +
10-1
9'20
-29
30-3
940
-49
50-5
960
-69
70-7
4
0-17
18-2
526
-44
45-6
465
+
Perc
ent o
f tri
ps b
y c
yclin
g
Age Group
NL
USA
GER
DK
UK
Bike Share of Trips by Age Group
Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012
Cycling for ALL AGES
Pucher: Walking and Cycling for Health
Cycling facilities should also be safe for persons with disabilities, and
bikes CAN be adapted to their needs
Ann and Mike’s ‘Triple Take Tandem’
Photo: NJ Bike Walk Coalition
•Especially important for the young, the old, for anyone with disabilities, for the timid or risk-averse
•Women more sensitive to safety than men
•Safety of cycling in the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany helps explain high levels of cycling there
Make Cycling Safe for Everyone !
1.1 1.6 1.6
3.3
5.5
1.6 1.5
4.7
5.7
33.5*
1.6 2.3
1.9
3.6
9.7
1.3 1.3
2.4
3.3
13.7
0.0
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NL DK GER UK USA
Fata
lititi
es a
nd in
juri
es p
er tr
ip a
nd p
er k
ilom
eter
Cylists killed per 100 million km cycled
Cylists injured per 10 million km cycled
Pedestrians killed per 100 million km walked
Pedestrians injured per 10 million km walked
Cycling can be made very safe, as in the Netherlands
and Denmark
Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.), City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1970
1972
1974
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1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
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2008
Tot
al c
yclis
t fat
aliti
es re
lativ
e to
197
0 (=
100
USAUKDenmarkGermanyNetherlands
Trends in Cyclist Fatalities
Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.), City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012
• Pro-car policies in European cities in 1950s and 1960s caused huge decline in cycling and walking
• Dramatic policy turn-around since 1970s to limit car use and promote cycling, walking, and public transport in Dutch, Danish, and German cities
Reversal in Public Policies in Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands in 1970s
1960s Today
Bridge in Freiburg BEFORE and AFTER reforms
Typical residential street in Freiburg BEFORE traffic calming reforms
Typical residential street in Freiburg AFTER traffic
calming reforms
Source: Pucher, Dill, and Handy, “Infrastructure, Programs, and Policies to Increase Bicycling,” Preventive Medicine, Jan 2010, Vol. 50, S.1, pp. S106-S125.
4
7 6 6
15
29
25 25
12 13
12
14
27
35
37 38
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Nuremburg('76-'12)
Berlin('92-'08)
Cologne('76-'09)
Munich('91-'11)
Freiburg('82-'12)
Muenster ('82-'10) Amsterdam('70-'10)
Copenhagen('98-'10)
Perc
ent o
f all
trip
s
Rebound of Bike Share of Trips in German, Dutch,
and Danish Cities
• Especially since 2000, European and North American cities without a tradition of cycling for daily travel have dramatically raised cycling levels
• Improved cycling infrastructure and many other measures to encourage cycling
Recent Boom in Pro-Bike
Policies in Many Cities
1.2
0.8 1.0
0.8 0.5
2.5 2.7 2.8
3.4
7.8
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
London('03-'10)
Barcelona('05-'10)
Paris('01-'10)
Bogota('95-'10)
Seville('00-'12)
Perc
ent o
f Tri
ps
Source: Pucher, Dill, and Handy, “Infrastructure, Programs, and Policies to Increase Bicycling,” Preventive Medicine, Jan 2010, Vol. 50, S.1, pp. S106-S125.
More and better cycling facilities have dramatically increased bike share of trips in cities without any tradition of cycling for daily travel
Cycling in Sevilla, Spain increased more than 10-fold after these safe cycle tracks were installed
Photo: Robin Stallings
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8
1.6 1.5
1.0 1.0
1.7
1.1 0.9
1.1
1.5
1.8
2.4 2.4 2.6
3.3
3.6 3.7 3.7
4.1
4.4
6.8
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0B
ike
Shar
e of
Reg
ular
Com
mut
es
1990 (USA) / 1996 (Canada)
2011 (USA and Canada)
*
* 2011 figures for Canadian cities are preliminary estimates
Boom in Cycling to Work in 14 Large US and Canadian Cities
Source: Pucher, J. and Buehler, R. City Cycling, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 2012.
Source: City of Portland (2013)
Sharp increase in cycling safety in Portland as cycling levels rose
70% fall in crash rate
6-fold increase in bike trips
How to Encourage More Cycling while Improving Safety
•Better cycling facilities
•Integration of cycling with public transport
•Traffic calming of residential neighborhoods
•Mixed-use zoning and improved urban design
•Restrictions on motor vehicle use
•Traffic education and Safe Routes to School
•Traffic regulations and enforcement
Most European cities have extensive car-free districts ideal for walking and cycling
Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone
Cycling is perfect for getting around car-free college campuses such as here at UC Santa Barbara
Photo: Ralph Fertig
Santa Barbara coastal path: Safe and attractive both for
cyclists and pedestrians
Conversion of two car lanes to bike path and wider
sidewalk Source: Ralph Fertig
Bike paths in Dutch cities make it safe and comfortable for all to bike: including women, children, and seniors
Source: Warren Salomon
One-way cycle track in The Hague
Source: Peter Furth
Raised curb between cycle track and traffic lane
Almost 100km of 2-way cycle tracks in Montreal
Separation from traffic via bollards and parked cars
Separation from traffic via concrete barriers
Photo: Peter Furth Photo: Velo Quebec
Provision of cycle track at this key underpass in Montreal
Photo: Velo Quebec
Separation from traffic via concrete barriers AND bollards
Traffic-protected cycle track on 9th Avenue, NYC
•380 mi of new bike lanes and paths since 2000 •Quadrupling in bike trips since 2000 •74% decrease in serious cyclist injuries •56% increase in retail sales along cycle tracks
Photo: NYC DOT
Mayor Boris Johnson’s planned 15-mile east-west cycle track through the heart of London along Thames River
Physically separated cycle track
Cycle track on Pennsylvania
Avenue in Washington
Photo: Ralph Buehler
This cycle track in St. Petersburg, Florida has increased cycling by
senior citizens and women
Source: Alta Planning
Cultural Heritage
cycle track in Indianapolis
Construction and
maintenance financed by
private foundation
Tripling in cycling in Indianapolis since 2000
Photos: Ralph Buehler
This cycle track in Arkansas was financed
by Walmart for employees to bike to its
headquarters office.
Source: Alta Planning
Before
Photo: Paul Krueger
Transformation of Hornby Street in Vancouver with installation of first-class cycle track
After
Over 6km of cycle tracks in Vancouver with more planned
Carrall St
Hornby
Dunsmuir
Burrard Bridge
Photo: Paul Krueger
Photo: Paul Krueger Photo: Paul Krueger
Photo: Paul Krueger
Seattle’s first cycle track in 2013 on Linden Avenue,
many more planned
Improving safety of cycle tracks at road crossings
Raised crossing for both cyclist and cars,
with special pavement and markings
Photo: Warren Salomon
Safe cycle track crossing at busy intersection in Montreal Photo: Velo Quebec
Bike lanes are much more typical in US cities
Photo: Ralph Fertig Photo: Lewis Thorwaldson
All streets should come complete with safe facilities for pedestrians and cyclists
Pucher: Walking and Cycling for Health
Special contraflow lanes in Toronto and Melbourne
that permit cyclists to travel in both directions
Contra-flow lanes facilitate bike travel in both directions on one-way streets for cars
Bike lanes in Seattle Photo: Seattle DOT
Photo: Seattle DOT
Photo: Seattle DOT
Photo: Seattle DOT
But bike lanes are definitely better than no separate bike facilities, but they do not provide nearly as much
protection of cyclists from motor vehicles as cycle tracks
Bike lanes used for car parking
Bike lanes used for truck deliveries
Dooring of cyclists
Buffered bike lanes offer some additional separation from motor vehicle traffic but without physical barriers
Photo: Nick Klein
Photo: Paul Krueger
New York Vancouver
How to destroy the benefits of a buffered bike lane: Dearborn Street in Seattle
Photo: Bob Edmiston
About 20,000 daily bike trips over Portland bridges
Photo: Greg Raisman
Bridge connections crucial for an integrated cycling network
Bike paths on the four East River bridges provide crucial connections from
Brooklyn and Queens to Manhattan
Source: Transportation Alternatives NYC
Overpass for cyclists and pedestrians in Seattle
Photos: Seattle DOT
Good bike bridge included as part of the Canada Line
extension of Skytrain in Metro
Vancouver
Source: Translink
Bike path on south entry to Lion’s Gate Bridge in Vancouver
Foto: Gordon Price
Special traffic signals and signs improve cycling safety
Four-way all-green signal for cyclists in Portland
Bike sensor in pavement
Red bike lanes for intersection crossings, connected with red brick sidepaths on both sides of every road
Source: City of Muenster, Germany
P h W lki d C li f H l h
Bike lane, advance stop line, and priority signal for cyclists in MuensterBike lane, advance stop line, and special signal for cyclists in Germany
Bike boxes
in Seattle
also
Photo: Seattle DOT
Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone
Bike boxes in Vancouver
Foto: Rich Drdul
Foto: Gord Price
Foto: Gord Price
Source: World Health Organization (2008) and OECD Transport Research Centre (2006)
Why Traffic Calming Saves Lives
Speed kills!
Speed kills!
Traffic Calming in Freiburg, Germany Cheap, easy, fast, and effective improvement in cycling safety
3,800 km of traffic-calmed streets in Berlin: ideal for cycling: 78% of ALL streets in Berlin!
These streets are, in effect, bike boulevards, neighborhood greenways,
and local street bikeways
Photo: Peter Berkeley
Shared streets: Typical traffic calming in new German suburbs 7 km/hr speed
limit
Shared street in Indianapolis
Photo: Ralph Buehler
Blockage of through car and truck traffic but convenient cut-through for cyclists and pedestrians
Foto by Peter Berkeley
Traffic Calming in Québec City
Source: Transports Viables
Traffic calming in Quebec City
and Montreal Cheap, easy, and very effective traffic diverters
Photo: Transports Viables
Photo: Velo Quebec
Traffic diverter in Berkeley which provides a through connection for two bike boulevards
Source: Eric Anderson
Bollard blocks
passage of cars
152km of bike boulevards in
Vancouver
Photo: Paul Krueger
Photo: Paul Krueger
Photo: Paul Krueger
Cut-thrus along bike boulevards in Vancouver
Photo: Paul Krueger
Photo: Paul Krueger
Photo: Paul Krueger
Photo: Paul Krueger
Photo: Paul Krueger
Photo: Paul Krueger
Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone
Passage for cyclists through median island at Burnaby
intersection in Metro Vancouver
Fotos: Rich Drdul
Photo: Paul Krueger Photo: Richard Drdul
Traffic calming in Vancouver that creates bike boulevards
Photo: Paul Krueger Photo: Mark Seinen
112 km of bike boulevards in
Portland
Traffic calming turns these streets into bikeways
Photos: Jonathan Maus
Dutch bicycle facility selection matrix
Lane Configuration
Average daily traffic
(vehicles / day) Street type and speed limit
Urban local street
Urban through street
Rural local road
Fast traffic road
30 km/h (19 mph)
50 km/h (31 mph)
60 km/h (37 mph)
70+ km/h (44+ mph)
2-way traffic with no
centerline
< 2500
mixed traffic1
bike lane2 or cycletrack3
advisory bike lane4
cycle track or low-speed service road
2000 to 3000 bike lane2 or cycle track5
3000 to 5000
> 4000
bike lane or cycle
track
bike lane or cycle track3
2 lanes (1+1) any bike lane or cycle
track
bike lane or cycle track3
4 lanes (2 + 2) or more any (does not
exist) cycle track or low speed service road
Source: Peter Furth, “Cycling Infrastructure,” in Pucher
and Buehler, eds. City Cycling, MIT Press, 2012.
Cycling facilities are much cheaper to build than new or widened roadways
Germany
Roads about TEN times more expensive than even the most elaborate urban cycle tracks!
• $12-$150 million per km for new or widened roadway • $1.0-3.2 million per km for physically separated cycle
track • $40k-90k per km for on-street bike lane • $100k-250k per km of bike boulevard (also known as
neighborhood greenways or local street bikeways)
Cycling has doubled in Sydney, Australia since installation of its cycle
track network
Economic benefits of this cycle track exceed costs by over three-to-one!
Photo: Fiona Campbell
BIKE TRANSIT INTEGRATION
Photo: Translink
Photo: Translink
Photo: Peter Berkeley
Over 50,000 buses in the USA now come equipped with bike racks, as here in Santa Barbara
Source: Ralph Fertig
Bike on LRT in NJ and Minneapolis
Photo: Metro Transit Photo: John Boyle
Bike Station next to main train station in Muenster, Germany
Photo: Peter Berkeley
Capacity: 3,500 bikes
Bike Station next to Union Station in Washington, D.C.
Photo: Ralph Buehler
Capacity: 150 bikes
Bike-transit integration at Alewife Station on Red Line in Boston Photo: David Loutzenheiser
300 bike parking spaces in two bike cages at northern terminus of subway
line in Boston
Photo: John Pucher Photo: Ralph Buehler
Bikes on Caltrain in San Francisco
Photo: San Francisco Bicycling Coalition
Bi-directional cycle track and bike sharing near metro station in Montréal
Source: Vélo Québec
BIXI bike docking station
Metro station
Cycle track
Nice Ride in Minneapolis
Capital Bikeshare in Washington, DC
Hubway Bikeshare in Cambridge, Boston, Somerville, and Brookline
Over 50 bike sharing systems in North America
by end of 2013
Citi Bike in New York • Launched May 27, 2013 • 6,000 bikes • 330 bike stations • Over 20,000 annual members
Which is the cheaper and more sensible way to get exercise? Photo: Alta Planning
Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone
Innovative directional signs and bike trip
counters in Denmark
Photo by Susan Handy
Photo by Susan Handy
Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone
Convenient, free air pumps for bikes on local neighborhood bikeways in Vancouver
Photo: Paul Krueger
Good bike parking benefits merchants
27 bike corrals in San Francisco
97 bike corrals in Portland
Children who bike or walk to school learn better:
• More attentive and able to concentrate • Advanced mental alertness by half a
school year • More benefit for mental development
than having breakfast and lunch
Source: Egelund et al. (2012). Study of over 20,000 school children
Safe Routes to Schools Photos: Bike Texas
Bike path leads directly to school in NL
Photo: Warren Salomon
After installation of this cycle track in Sydney, Australia, over a third of children now bike to school!
Photo: Fiona Campbell
Cycling training and testing course in Berlin
Most German and Dutch children take cycling lessons by the 3rd or 4th grade and must pass a police-administered cycling safety test!
Photos: Ralph Buehler
Buehler and Pucher Promoting Walking and Cycling
Bike Training for Children in New Jersey
Source: NJ Bike Walk Coalition
Cycling training course for adults
Photo: Bonnie Fenton
Foto: Amy Walker
Guided Bicycle Tours for Seniors Source: Troels Andersen
Bike to Work Day in San Francisco
Source: San Francisco Bicycle Coalition
GIVE EMPLOYEES FREE BIKES!
The perfect zero emissions vehicles!
Photo: Troels Andersen
CicLAvia: 9 miles of car-free streets in Los Angeles
Over 100,000 participants at LA’s fourth annual CicLAvia in October 2012
Source: Ryan Snyder
Expansion of Open Streets (Ciclovias) in the Americas (cities with at least two events per year)
Source: Sarmiento et al. (2013). Open Streets: A Healthy Epidemic. Bogota, Colombia: Universidad de los Andes. Financed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The Summer Solstice naked bike ride in Seattle can be fun as well, provided you have the right body!
Photo: Don Miller
WNBR in 74 cities in 2010
Implementation Strategies 1. Publicize both individual and societal benefits 2. Ensure citizen participation at all stages of planning and
implementation 3. Develop long-range bike plans; regularly update them 4. Implement controversial policies in stages, easiest first 5. Combine incentives for cycling and walking with
disincentives for car use 6. Build alliances among ped/bike groups and with transit,
environmentalists, public health, business leaders, politicians, and media
7. Coordinate ped/bike advocacy and planning through local, regional, and national organizations
8. Local political leadership is essential
New book with MIT Press
http://citycyclingbook.wordpress.com
About the authors: http://policy.rutgers.edu/faculty/pucher/
http://ralphbu.wordpress.com
CONCLUSIONS
• Many economic, environmental, social, and health benefits of cycling
• Even in North America, many local trips are short enough to cover by cycling
• Many cities throughout the USA and Canada are vastly improving their cycling facilities
• But much more could be done, and there are many ways to do it.