INTRODUCTION - I

1.1 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC INDUSTRY/GENERAL SCENARIO OF INDUSTRY

Sri City is a Planned Integrated Business City (Township) located 55 km North of Chennai on NH 5 along the border of Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Tamil Nadu (TN) States of India. Much of Sricity area is in Chittoor District and a smaller area along the NH5 [1] is in Nellore District of AP, adjacent to Tiruvallur District of TN.[2]

The Satish Dhawan Space Centre (aka SHAR), India’s Satellite/Rocket launching centre is located at Sriharikota, on the eastern side of the Pulicat Lake which separates Sricity and the Satellite launching station.

Symbol-Sri

The Name Sricity is inspired by the title SRI Telugu:శ్రీ�, Tamil:ஸ்ரீ derived from Sanskrit.

Operational Companies

Kobelco VRV India Cryogenic Equipment Venture Automotive Tooling India Pvt. Ltd. BFG International Private Limited Kobelco Construction Equipment India Pvt.Ltd. Amphenol Mobile Communication Products India Private Limited Lovepac Converting Private Limited Tablets India Limited Rock worth Systems Furniture (India) Private Limited Saakar Printing Design and Engineering Private Limited

1.2 SEZ (SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES)

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The Integrated Township includes various Zones: Industrial, Residential, Educational, Commercial and Recreational.

Sri City Business Centre

The Industrial Zone includes a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) for Export Oriented Industry and Domestic Tariff Zone (DTZ) for Domestic Industry. It is a business destination for global companies to establish Manufacturing, Services and Trading operations in India.

The SEZ is administered by Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (APIIC)& Industrial Area Local Authority (IALA). The Government appointed officer controls the planning and building approval processes. A Commissioner appointed by the Government of India, Ministry of Commerce, administers the (SEZ) area.

One of India's largest multi-products Special Economic Zone Sri city (SEZ) is in functional partnership with the Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (APIIC) which is the premier organization in the state of Andhra Pradesh and equivalent to TIDCO. It’s vested with the objective of providing industrial infrastructure through the development of industrial areas.

The SEZ is master-planned and designed by Jurong Consultants, Singapore, provides for a well-planned development schedule taking into account future dimensions of expansion.

There are three types of industries namely recognized as GREEN, YELLOW and RED based on the polluting nature.

The GREEN --- 100% out of pollution

The YELLOW – partly pollutable but doesn’t affect directly the living organisms.

The RED – polluting industry.

The SEZ concentrates only on the GREEN and YELLOW types of industries to keep them 100% pollution free environment.

1.3 THE WASTE

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Waste. Year after year, decade after decade, more and more is generated. And, as this precious time progresses, precious space for it decreases. But some communities clearly identify this problem, and they are saving space and saving money, and therefore saving the environment as well. Waste management is a vital component of the environmental movement. Everyone on the planet contributes to the problem; therefore, everyone on the planet can help contribute to the solution. That solution is, very simply, reducing, reusing, and recycling.

The enlightened communities of the world see a very clear sign to a severe dilemma -- the massive overflowing of garbage being flushed out of cities, factories, and other industrial canters. We live in a "throwaway society" because we regularly purchase things which are manufactured, purchased and used only once, then disposed of with nary a worry or care. We had relied on the "out of sight, out of mind" tactic for many years, but the time has arrived for the peoples of the world to treat our waste intelligently and properly.

In times long past, when the population of the earth and the amount of garbage created were both much smaller (and when highly toxic wastes were highly uncommon), we trusted that the earth's absorption of our waste meant that we never had to give it a second thought. That has changed completely. In today's world, active citizens take offense when our waste, which we thought was being taken care of, needs immediate attention. This is happening while sanitary landfills spill over the land we call home, industrial machines pollute the air we breathe, and other cities and states try to dump their garbage problems on our own land (Earthworks, 1990). Perhaps the infamous "garbage barge," the boat full of solid waste which unsuccessfully tried to find a home for its garbage outside the State area, was a wake-up call to the world: stop producing so much trash.

The dilemma of waste has many points to consider. We think of waste as things of no use or no profitability, or something degraded. Nevertheless, anything produced in excess -- be it either junk mail or nuclear weaponry -- must be considered waste. In modern times, we think natural resources are "going to waste" if they are undeveloped, which translates to turning a profit at the expense of Mother Nature. Another large problem is "getting rid of" the mountains of waste -- the landfills. These eyesores are so unpopular that the dislike itself has been named the NIMBY theory (Not in My Back Yard); nobody wants to live near one, much less look at one. This terrible problem needs an appropriate solution that is both popular with the public and fast on the clock. All of the multifaceted obstacles regarding this predicament, which has plagued the human population of this green earth for centuries, must be overcome.

1.4 SOLID WASTE

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In natural systems there is no such thing as waste. Everything flows in a natural cycle of use and reuse. Living organisms consume materials and eventually return them to the environment, usually in a different form, for reuse. Solid waste (or trash) is a human concept. It refers to any variety of discarded materials, not liquid or gases that are deemed useless or worthless. Unfortunately, what is worthless to one person may be of value to someone else. Solid wastes are really misplaced resources. Therefore, learning how to effectively reduce the amount wastes and to recycle valuable resources from them is important if humans wish to maintain a livable and sustainable environment.

Solid waste disposal has been an issue with which humans have had to deal with since they began gathering together in large, permanent settlements. With the migration of people to urban settings, the volume of solid waste in a given area greatly increased. Ancient cultures dealt with waste disposal in different ways: dump it outside their settlements; incorporate some of it into flooring and building materials; recycle some of it. Dumping and/or burning solid waste has been a standard practice over the centuries. Most communities in the every nations dumped or burned their trash when the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 (part of the Clean Air Act) required environmentally sound disposal of waste materials.

1.5 INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT

As waste management issues gain public awareness, concern has risen about the appropriateness of various disposal methods. Within our modern scheme of waste management, disposal is the last phase. Most people acknowledge that disposal will always be needed (the exception being those advocating zero-waste policies). The most widely used disposal method, the modern landfill, is discussed in Fact Sheets CDFS-137-05, Landfills: Science and Engineering Aspects, and CDFS-138-05, Landfill Types and Liner Systems. Solid waste professionals realize that the ideal way to reduce the stress on disposal systems is to reduce the amount of waste that is produced. The emphasis in modern solid waste management is on reduction, reuse, and recovery before disposal. These three words are at the centre of the discussion of integrated waste management systems. Reduction is using fewer disposable goods. Reuse is using items again after their initial consumer use is past. Recovery is recapturing the material or energy value of the item at its highest point.

No single solution completely answers the question of what to do with our waste. Every community or region has its own unique profile of solid waste. The composition of the waste varies, depending on such diverse variables as urbanization, commercial enterprises, manufacturing, and service sector activities. Similarly, the attitudes of people in different states and regions of the country vary regarding waste management practices. This is often referred to as the waste management ethic and includes the recycling ethic and litter ethic of a community as subcategories. Community diversity and waste diversity are two reasons why no single approach to waste management has been accepted as the best method.

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Figure 1: Hierarchy of integrated solid waste management.

Since there is no preferred method, every community must create its own best approach to dealing with its waste. However, all communities have the same alternatives. The general strategies are given in this fact sheet and explained further in other fact sheets. In addition, recycling goals are dictated by the state of Ohio and must be met by the 52 solid waste management districts in Ohio.

The strategy used to develop an integrated waste management system is to identify the level or levels at which the highest values of individual and collective materials can be recovered. For this reason, the list starts with reduction using less and reusing more, thereby saving material production, resource cost, and energy. At the bottom of the list is ultimate disposal the final resting place for waste (Figure 1).

1.6 IDENTIFIED PROBLEM

Though the SEZ is a vast area of around 6000 acres, and involved in the development of township and industries, the problem of managing waste is found to be unique. The increase in the floating population and the development of human needs makes the amount of waste to be high. The SEZ is planned to bring up around 350 industries in around 5 to 8 yrs. There are 15 to 20 industries are developed and are in practice now. The amount of waste found to be comparatively high.

The waste from the industries are collected by the SEZ administration and managed by them.

The SW characterized here includes waste from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources. (Industrial waste here includes only packaging and administrative waste, not hazardous or process waste. Other kinds of renewable waste can directly sold by industries and handled by the financial departments.

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The SEZ is managing the waste by throwing in the open pit and segregating manually and selling to the vendors. Here the problem identified is that the waste of lighter weight was filled in the open places by air. Also the non-degradable waste and the iron particles which get rusted can easily damage the people working. The SEZ is surrounded by the villages and their main occupation is the agriculture where the waste flying to the fields can damage the crops. The growth or the number of industries becomes high thereby increase in the population both in the industries and the residential increases the quantity of the waste. This is the problem where the quantity of the waste has to be managed properly to maintain the environment clean and safety.

1.7 NEED FOR THE STUDY

Humans naturally know what to do with their waste as evidenced by the instituted waste management systems in the pre-modern and modern forms. However, along with global industrialization and population explosion, waste production blew out of proportion, endangering the environment and threatening humans and other living things. With the environmental issues raised here and there, there seems to be a need to remind humans of the importance of waste management.

Although indirectly, the waste causes resource depletion, this is due to the common buying pattern: buy, throw, and then buy again. As a result the waste piles up high, the demand for more same products also rises, almost exhausting the natural resources. This has a spiral effect, mainly involving threats to biodiversity, deforestation, pollution, and other environmental problems.

In this study in M/s Sri city, which is integrated with different zones of lifestyles and the industries, the waste disposing is the major problem. It’s the alarming sign for the future.

A gradual development of industries will increase the amount of waste which founds to be tremendous amount in the measures. So in order to maintain the waste and to protect the surroundings and living things, the proper measures to be adopted using the advanced technologies.

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1.8 PROBLEM ANALYSIS

The Indian Waste Situation According to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), the average Indian generates about 490 grams of waste per day. Although the per capita waste is low compared to western countries, the volume is huge. The generation of solid waste in Indian cities has been estimated to grow with 1.3 percent annually. The expected generation of waste in 2025will therefore be around 700 grams per capita per day. Considering that the urban population of India is expected to grow to 45 percent from the prevailing 28 percent, the magnitude of the problem is likely to grow even larger unless

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immediate steps are taken. While the quantity of solid waste generated by society is increasing, the composition of waste is becoming more and more diversified, with increasing use of packaging materials made of both paper and plastic. Thirty years ago, the composition of solid waste generated by the Indian farmer was characterised by one-fifth non-biodegradable waste and four fifths biodegradable waste. At present, this ratio is about to reverse; today, a mere 40 percent of all solid waste is biodegradable while 60 percent is non-biodegradable.

1.9 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPES

Waste Management defines environmental performance as protecting the environment enhancing the communities where we work and live complying with all rules and regulations Environmental performance at Waste Management is defined as: consuming less – we endeavor to consume less water at our facilities, less energy for our buildings, and natural resources overall, while producing green space for wildlife and renewable energy in the service of our customers emitting less – we endeavor to emit less by lowering emissions from our fleet and having fewer releases to water, land and air from our ongoing daily operations. We promote beneficial re-use of previously discarded waste products, as well as encourage and manage recycling achieving financial objectives

1.10 PRIMARY OBJECTIVE

A primary objective of waste management today is to protect the public and the environment from potentially harmful effects of waste. Some waste materials are normally safe, but can become hazardous if not managed properly.

1.11 SECONDARY OBJECTIVES

Reduce – the quantity of waste generated

Reuse – waste directly at source;

Recover – waste materials than can be used or sold.

Recycle – waste materials which have secondary value; and finally

Remove - hazards from waste prior to final disposal by pre-treatment where practical.

Waste identification and labeling;

Waste storage and segregation;

Waste transportation and transfer;

Waste disposal; and

Waste minimization

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The rising cost of disposal has prompted many companies to seek alternative methods for handling these wastes, such as waste prevention and recycling. Often a manufacturing plant can reclaim certain waste materials by feeding them back into the production process.

Preventing or reducing waste is typically the least expensive method for managing waste. Waste prevention may also reduce the amount of resources needed to manufacture or package a product.

1.12 SCOPES

The SWM project strives for maximum waste recovery through composting, recycling, and reuse, and aims at zero waste to be disposed onto dump-yards and landfills. The long-term objective is thus to reduce the environmental degradation caused by solid waste.

By using composting methods to manage the biodegradable waste, we are able to:

Minimise waste that needs to be disposed in centralised landfills, thus extending existing landfill capacity;

Reduce the environmental impact of disposal sites as the bio-degradable waste fraction largely is to blame for the polluting leach ate and the methane problems;

Benefit the soil by using organic compost instead of chemical fertilisers.

Furthermore, decentralised composting schemes as suggested in this proposal have advantages to centralised schemes, as they

Divert biodegradable waste from the municipal waste stream, thus reducing transportation costs and the environmental costs;

Enhance environmental awareness in the community; Create employment in the community; Ensures sustainability of the project at the local level; Are more flexible options for SWM since they can adapt rapidly to changes in user

needs; Are close to the residents, allowing close quality surveillance of the waste

processing services and products; Are mostly small-scale, based on labour-intensive technology, and better adapted

to the local socio-economic situation; Decrease the problems caused by malfunctioning municipal services when

decentralised composting is combined with primary collection services.

A properly run decentralised SWM project will contribute to a cleaner local environment, maintaining pure surface and ground water, healthy soils, and clean air. Noteworthy, a clean local environment will immediately benefit the most vulnerable groups of society whose livelihoods often depend on the natural resources available locally.

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TECHNOLOGY

Decentralised SWM systems use simple, cost effective, and labour intensive machinery and technology. As far as possible, we will use machines that are run manually and not dependent on an assured power supply.

1. 13 THEORETICAL FRAME WORK

1.13.1 SOURCES AND TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

(I) SOURCES

There are two basic sources of solid wastes: nonmunicipal and municipal. Nonmunicipal solid waste is the discarded solid material from industry, agriculture, mining, and oil and gas production. Some common items that are classified asNon- municipal waste are: construction materials (roofing shingles, electrical fixtures, bricks); waste -water sludge; incinerator residues; ash; scrubber sludge; oil/gas/mining waste; railroad ties; and pesticide containers.

Municipal solid waste refers to the discarded solid materials from residences, businesses, and city buildings. Municipal solid waste consists of materials from plastics to food scraps. Generally, the most common waste product is paper (about 40% of the total). Other common components are yard waste (green waste), plastics, metals, wood, glass and food waste. The composition of the municipal wastes can vary from region to region and from season to season. Food waste, which includes animal and vegetable wastes resulting from the preparation and consumption of food, is commonly known as garbage.

Some solid wastes are unsafe to the health and well-being of humans. These materials are classified as hazardous wastes. Hazardous wastes are defined as materials which are toxic, carcinogenic (cause cancer), mutagenic (cause DNA mutations), teratogenic (cause birth defects), highly flammable, corrosive or explosive. Although hazardous wastes in the United States are supposedly regulated, some obviously hazardous solid wastes are excluded from strict regulation: mining wastes and hazardous household and small business wastes.

(II) TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source:

a) Household waste is generally classified as municipal waste, b) Industrial waste as hazardous waste, and c) Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste.

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1.13.2 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Municipal solid waste consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets. This garbage is generated mainly from residential and commercial complexes. With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition changing. In

1947 cities and towns in India generated an estimated 6 million tonnes of solid waste; in 1997 it was about 48 million tonnes. More than 25% of the municipal solid waste is not collected at all; 70% of the Indian cities lack adequate capacity to transport it and there are no sanitary landfills to dispose of the waste. The existing landfills are neither well equipped or well managed and are not lined properly to protect against contamination of soil and groundwater.

Over the last few years, the consumer market has grown rapidly leading to products being packed in cans, aluminium foils, plastics, and other such nonbiodegradable items that cause incalculable harm to the environment. In India, some municipal areas have banned the use of plastics and they seem to have achieved success. For example, today one will not see a single piece of plastic in the entire district of Ladakh where the local authorities imposed a ban on plastics in 1998. Other states should follow the example of this region and ban the use of items that cause harm to the environment. One positive note is that in many large cities, shops have begun packing items in reusable or biodegradable bags. Certain biodegradable items can also be composted and reused. In fact proper handling of the biodegradable waste will considerably lessen the burden of solid waste that each city has to tackle.

There are different categories of waste generated, each take their own time to degenerate (as illustrated in the table below).

HAZARDOUS WASTE

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Garbage: the four broad categories

Organic waste: kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits.

Toxic waste: old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.

Recyclable: paper, glass, metals, plastics.

Soiled: hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids.

Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substances. Certain types of household waste are also hazardous. Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants; are corrosive, highly inflammable, or explosive; and react when exposed to certain things e.g. gases. India generates around 7 million tonnes of hazardous wastes every year, most of which is concentrated in four states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.

Household waste that can be categorized as hazardous waste include old batteries, shoe polish, paint tins, old medicines, and medicine bottles.

Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals used in hospitals is considered hazardous. These chemicals include formaldehyde and phenols, which are used as disinfectants, and mercury, which is used in thermometers or equipment that measure blood pressure. Most hospitals in India do not have proper disposal facilities for these hazardous wastes.

In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods industries.

Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal.

HOSPITAL WASTE

Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities in these fields or in the production or testing of biologicals. It may include wastes like sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical waste, cultures, discarded medicines, chemical wastes, etc. These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc. This waste is highly infectious and can

be a serious threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate manner. It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected.

Surveys carried out by various agencies show that the health care establishments in India are not giving due attention to their waste management. After the notification of the Bio-medical Waste (Handling and Management) Rules, 1998, these establishments are slowly streamlining the process of waste segregation, collection, treatment, and disposal. Many of the larger hospitals have either installed the treatment facilities or are in the process of doing so.

1.13.3 CONTENTS OF THE SOLID WASTE STREAM

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Most people do not spend time wondering about what types of materials they throw away or what exactly comprises a garbage truck’s contents. But if you were to ask someone what category of material might make up the biggest portion of the truck’s contents, you would probably get many different responses. Perceptions of the makeup, or characterization, of the solid waste stream are affected by many factors, including personal consumption, media reports, and visual impressions of litter and overflowing trash cans. The EPA and other government agencies periodically compile data on the contents of our national municipal solid waste (MSW) stream.

The Contents of Municipal Solid Waste,* by Product and Material

paper& paperboard (39.2%)yard trimmings (14.3%)glass (6.2%)metals (7.6%)plastics (9.1%)wood (7.1%)food (6.7%)other (9.8%)nondurable goods (27.4%)durable goods (15.0%)food, other (8.3%)packaging (35.0%)yard trimmings (14.3%)Products Materials

1.13.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT

Waste management refers to the collection, transportation, processing, recycling and disposal of waste materials. These waste materials are solid, liquid, gaseous and even radioactive substances. Managing these human-generated wastes requires reducing their effect on health and the environment as well as recovering resources from it. There are existing waste management methods that include disposal methods, recycling methods and avoidance and reduction methods.

Despite the fact that waste handling and transport varies from region-to-region, country-to-country, there are waste management concepts that are universally accepted and implemented. These are the waste hierarchy or the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle), the extended producer responsibility (EPR) and the polluter pays principle. Consolidating the matter directed on the implementation of a solid waste management program in every region in every country. Solid waste management programs, in particular, are designed to better manage solid wastes for the purpose of protecting

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STORAGE

Solid Waste is commonly stored in circular concrete open bins in India.  There have hardly been any studies conducted on the most suitable type of storage bin for the Indian waste.  The waste should be preferably stored in closed bins and for not more than 24hrs, as the Indian waste has high organic content and is highly participle. In the case of Sri City, the waste is stored in the bins separately as Bio-Degradable and Non Bio-Degradable bins placed in every industries, business units, institutions, hospitals and on the roadsides of the integrated city to ensure the cleanliness of the environmental aspects.

SOILD WASTE MANAGEMENT STREAM:

COLLECTION

The waste collection methods that are mainly adopted in India are Door to door collection and Community method.  Community bin method has been the most commonly adopted method in India. The improper placement of bins, bins not designed as per quantity of waste generated and bins not being covered causes problems like odor, stray dog nuisance and unaesthetic appearance. 

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On the other hand, a study conducted on municipal solid waste management describes the collection of waste by Door-to-Door method.  Here the worker uses a pushcart with 6 drums for the separate collection of waste.  The householder has to collect the dry waste in plastic bags and biodegradable waste in bins.  The worker collects the waste and put it in separate bins.  This is then transferred into large storage containers, which are designed as per the population density.  The same system has been adopted in Chennai (IPE, 2004).  In From these studies, it has been observed that the door to collection method has improved the efficiency of collection of segregated waste. 

The collection efficiency ranges between 70 to 90% in major cities whereas in several smaller cities the collection efficiency is below 60%.  Street sweeping is another type of collection method for the collection of street litter; many cities spend 30-50 % of their solid waste budgets on street cleansing (The Expert Committee, 2000). 

Studies show that in most urban areas it is the slums and areas where the poorer communities reside which are most badly served. One possible reason could be that municipal authorities give priority to localities where the elite and the better-off populations reside because of their influence and political weight. Meanwhile, the areas which are not serviced are faced with clogged sewers and littered waste, creating serious health problems for the resident population.

In the study site the bins were kept in each location say industries, educational institution, business units, public places, administrative organizations, hospitals, residential areas and at the street corners, as labeled with pictures for bio degradable and non- biodegradable for easy understanding for the disposal of the solid waste.

TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT

Many methods have been adopted for the transfer of waste from either the pushcarts to trucks or Bins to truck. Generally, door-to-door collection method is adopted.  Here once the waste is collected in pushcarts, it is transferred to large covered metal bins having separate compartments for storage of segregated waste.  From here it is transferred to the trucks with a mechanized collection truck that lifts the container and empties the waste into the truck.  This mechanism adopted in is new and can be found only in select cities in India.  The most common method for transfer is manual transfer from community bin to trucks by 2 to 3 worker. The transfer of waste directly from pushcarts to trucks by meeting at a specified time and place called synchronization points is suggested by, which is a suitable option for the door to door collection method.

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Transportation of waste is carried out by the municipalities employing vehicles like open trucks, tractor-trailers, tipper trucks and dumper placers. According to calculations done on a basis of waste density, waste generated etc. indicate that on an average 320m3 capacity is required for daily transportation of waste generated by 1 million population.  However, a study carried out in 1996 stated that out of the 44 cities that were studied, 70% of these cities did not have 320m3 transport capacity (Boyar, et al 1996). 

But in the prescribed site where the study is done, the waste is collected from each site of the integrated city in the open truck manually. About 2 to 3 m3 of waste is collected from all the locations by the workers in the open truck. No advanced technology or the basic machineries are used to collect the waste. There are the possibilities of spilling the waste again in the streets or along the way to disposing place while the waste is handled manually. The waste is transferred from locations to the disposing site by the trucks and disposed in the open pit. The workers are involved in the segregation of the waste. The most of the waste found to be the thermo cols, packing boards, papers, food particles wrappers, plastic bottles, waste food, household garbage’s, etc.

1.13.5 RECYCLING

One of the best ways to handle solid waste is to reuse as much of it as possible. Recycling is the process by which the materials in consumer goods are returned to the production facility and remade into new products. There are two basic types of recycling: post-consumer and pre-consumer.

Postconsumer recycling involves products that consumers, rather than industry or producers, have recycled. Aluminum cans, plastic bottles and newspapers are typical materials involved in postconsumer recycling.

Pre consumer- cycling involves recycling the materials at the production facility. For example, a plant that makes plastic bottles may recycle any rejected bottles which do not fit certain specifications. It is material that a consumer has never purchased. Pre consumer recycling is much more common and makes up a larger percentage of the total. Recycling has several environmental benefits. It removes some solid waste materials from the waste stream and prevents them from ending up in a landfill or being incinerated. It also conserves precious natural resources which would be needed to produce virgin materials. The energy saved through recycling is considerable. For example, the energy required to produce recycled paper is at least 50% less then that required to make virgin paper. An aluminum can made from recycled aluminum rather than processed from bauxite ore requires 95% less energy. Plastic bottles made from recycled materials require 50% less energy. The lower energy requirements also mean less fossil fuel resources are needed for power production. By lessening the need for producing virgin materials, recycling also indirectly aids the battle against air pollution. Production of paper and aluminum products from recycled materials generates about95% less air pollution than production from virgin materials.

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There are many different types of plastics (polymers) and gene rally only similar types of plastics can be recycled together. The different types must be sorted at the recycling facility.

The type of polymer is usually identified on the plastic item. Some common recyclable plastic polymers are high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and the polyethylene, tetra phthalate (PET) is called thermoplastic. Milk bottles and water bottles are made from HDPE, and soda bottles are made from PET. A commonly used plastic that is usually not recycled is low-density polyethylene (LDPE). This plastic is used in sandwich and shopping bags. The price of raw materials usually determines how effectively materials can be recycled. For example, when the price of oil (the raw material for plastics) is low, it is usually cheaper to produce products from new plastic, than to recycle old plastic.

Worldwide, recycling is a growing trend. Japan is currently the world leader in recycling with about 60% of their products being recycled. Many communities in the United States have curbside recycled material collection programs or drop-off collection facilities. One way some states use to encourage recycling is to require deposits on the purchases of recyclable containers. Some cities use materials recovery facilities (MRFs) in addition to or instead of curbside programs. Trash containing both recyclable and non-recyclable materials is sorted in recyclable materials at the MRF. MRFs makes it easier for everyone to participate in recycling. In order for recycling to be a viable option, however, there must be a demand for the recycled materials.

Composting is the biological decomposition of organic material under aerobic conditions. This process is used to recycle organic yard wastes and household food wastes. During the composting process, bacteria and other microorganisms convert the organic matter into humus, an important component of fertile soil. The composting process takes about a year. Some communities ban the disposal of yard waste with regular trash and instead require the use of “green bins.” The “green bins”, filled with leaves, grass clippings and tree trimmings, are sent to a municipal compost facility. Residents close to such a facility often complain, though, of the odor from the compost. Composting is one way to ensure that the nutrients from waste materials are returned to the soil to be used by other organisms, just like they would be in natural systems.

1.13.6 WASTE REDUCTION

Environmental scientists have set out a waste management protocol that defines the disposal methods that benefit the environment the most. Their protocol declares the following: reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, bury, and burn. The most effective way to decrease the amount of trash is to reduce the amount produced in the first place. The second most effective way is to reuse materials. These actions would lengthen the useable lives of landfills and lessen the load on incinerators. Some ways to reduce consumption include: reducing the amount of packaging; reducing the number of individual packages; using less material to make a product and buying only what you can consume. Can producers have

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reduced the amount of aluminum in soda cans by 40% since 1970. Concentrated juices and laundry detergents require fewer packaging materials.

1.13.7 REUSING

Reusing materials multiple times or for another purpose can also save on solid wastes. Some examples of this include: reusing newsprint as a paper towel to clean items and soak up liquids; refilling a water bottle rather than buying a new one; using reusable cloth napkins instead of paper napkins; reusable cups instead of paper cups; reusing the backside of printed paper as scratch paper; and reusing grocery bags for garbage collection.

1.14 WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS

Most solid waste is either sent to landfills (dumped) or to incinerators (burned). Ocean dumping was also popular way for coastal communities to dispose of their solid wastes. Large barges would carry waste out to sea and dump it into the ocean. That practice is now banned in the United States due to pollution problems it created. Most municipal and non municipal waste is sent to landfills. Landfills are popular because they are relatively easy to operate and can handle of lot of waste material. There are two types of landfills: sanitary landfills and secure landfills.

In a sanitary landfill solid wastes are spread out, compacted in a hole, canyon area or a giant mound. Modern sanitary landfills are lined with layers of clay, sand and plastic. The garbage is dumped in the landfill and covered with clay or plastic to prevent redistribution by animals or the wind. Rainwater that percolates through the landfill is collected in the bottom line. This liquid leach ate may contain toxic chemicals such as dioxin, mercury, and pesticides. Therefore, it is removed so as not to contaminate local aquifers. The groundwater near the landfill is closely monitored for contamination from the leach ate. As the buried wastes are decomposed by bacteria gases such as methane and carbon dioxide are produced. Because the methane gas is very flammable, it is usually collected with other gases by a system of pipes, separated and then either burned off or used as a source of energy (e.g., home heating and cooking, generating electricity).Other gases such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide may also be released by the land fill, contributing to air pollution. These gases are also monitored and, if necessary, collected for disposal. Finally, when the landfill reaches its capacity, it is sealed with more layers of clay and sand. Gas and water monitoring activities, though, must continue past the useful life to the landfill.

Secure landfills are designed to handle hazardous wastes. They are basically the same design as sanitary landfills, but they have heavy plastic and clay liners. Also, wastes are segregated and stored according to type, typically in barrels. This prevents the mixing of incompatible wastes. Federal regulation mandates that landfills cannot be located near faults, flood plains, wetlands or other bodies of water. In many areas, finding landfill space is not a problem, but in some heavily populated areas it is difficult to find suitable sites.

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There are, of course, other problems associated with landfills. The liners can eventually leak and contaminate groundwater with toxic leach ate. Landfills also produce polluting gases, and the landfill vehicle traffic can be very noisy for any nearby community.

Incineration is the burning of solid wastes at high temperatures between 1000ºC and 1500ºC.Though particulate matter, such as ash, remains after the incineration, the sheer volume of the waste is reduced by about 85%. Ash is much more compact than unburned solid waste. In addition to the volume reduction of the waste, the heat from the trash that is incinerated in large-scale facilities can be used to produce electric power. This process is called waste–to-energy. There are two kinds of waste-to-energy systems: mass burn incinerators and refuse-derived incinerators.

In mass burn incinerators all of the solid waste is incinerated. The heat from the incineration process is used to produce steam. This steam is used to drive electric power generators. Acid gases from the burning are removed by chemical scrubbers. Any particulates in the combustion gases are removed by electrostatic precipitators. The cleaned gases are then released into the atmosphere through a tall stack. The ashes from the combustion are sent to a landfill for disposal. It is best if only combustible items (paper, wood products, and plastics) are burned. In are fuse-derived incinerators, non-combustible materials are separated from the waste. Items such as glass and metals may be recycled. The combustible wastes are then formed into fuel pellets which can be burned in standard steam boilers. This system has the advantage of removing potentially harmful materials from the waste before it is burned. It also provides for some recycling of materials. As with any combustion process, the main environmental concern is air quality. The incineration process releases various air pollutants (particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and methane) into the atmosphere. Heavy metals (e.g., lead, mercury) and other chemical toxins (e.g., dioxins) can also be released. Many communities do not want incinerator within their city limits. Incinerators are also costly to build and to maintain when compared to landfills.

            Education is considered to be one powerful tool in making the people aware of the importance of resource management. Sustainability is the main aim of education programs, teaching the people regarding the unprecedented scale and speed of environmental pollution and degradation and how they can and are going to contribute to enhancing the environment’s present condition. Waste management in India is a linear system of collection and disposal and urban India is facing a massive waste disposal problem today.

1.15 REDUCTION STRATEGIES

Reduction strategies are any approaches a community may use to lower the amount of waste being produced. Examples include a surcharge on excess bags, containers, or household refuse or an incentive program for commercial/industrial reduction efforts. Some simple reduction activities that individuals within a community can do are backyard composting (this reduces the amount of waste disposed of in landfills) and two-sided copying on paper. A waste exchange program also contributes to reduction. In any of the change strategies

18

(reduction, reuse, and recovery), public education and involvement are crucial, and in the case of reduction, they are imperative. Reduction assumes the commitment and involvement of all citizens. Source reduction strategies have many favourable environmental impacts, including reducing greenhouse gas production, saving energy, and conserving resources, in addition to reducing the volume of the waste stream.

1.16 REUSE STRATEGIES

Reuse is using a product more than once, either for the same purpose or for an alternate purpose. Reuse does not require reprocessing and, therefore, has lower energy requirements than recycling. Reuse strategies include making donations to charity, reusing packaging (including boxes and bags), using empty jars for food storage, and participating in a paint collection and reuse program.

1.17 MATERIALS RECOVERY RECYCLING AND COMPOSTING

In recycling, waste materials are processed industrially and then reformed into new or similar products. Recycling includes preconsumer waste, such as factory cuttings or shavings, as well as post-consumer waste items, including cardboard, newspapers, plastic bottles, and aluminium cans. Although recycling is often viewed as a resource conservation activity, it may offer greater return for many products in terms of energy savings.

A second means of recapturing value is through the use of the natural biodegradation process. The predominant use of composting programs throughout the United States is in yard wastes. In urban areas, the composting of leaf and tree waste alone can reduce landfill dependency by up to 12 percent. The segregation of yard waste from other organic (biodegradable) wastes is necessary to avoid contamination of the compost which might render the mulch or end product less desirable.

In 2001, the combination of recycling and composting diverted 68 million tons of U.S. refuse from landfills and incinerators. In addition to reducing the necessity for sifting and constructing new landfills and incinerators, recycling also helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants.

1.18 RESOURCE RECOVERY INCINERATION

The third approach to value recapture is to incinerate waste and use the heat for energy. Although many combustibles are recyclable, there is often a higher total value (due to processing costs) in burning the waste for energy than in recycling. Often, many combustible/recyclable materials are contaminated and rendered difficult and/or expensive to recycle. By developing an incineration program with a materials recovery component, furnace and processing equipment life is usually extended because glass and ferrous and non-ferrous metals are removed during material recovery. Incineration reduces the volume of refuse by up to 90 percent, leaving behind only ash, and resulting in less need for landfill space.

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1.19 ULTIMATE DISPOSAL LANDFILL

The last option is disposal. Given current technology, there are residuals from the previous processes, and some materials are simply not recoverable and must go somewhere. In the year 2000, more than 50 percent of all waste generated nationally ended up in landfills. The continuing development of more stringent requirements for landfills is making this ultimate disposal option less environmentally offensive, but more costly. The increasing ability to recover methane from landfills is providing a positive use for what has historically been a non-valued disposal method. Bioreactor landfill technology has the potential to further reduce the environmental impact of landfills and maximize methane recovery from these systems (Fact Sheet CDFS-139-05, Bioreactor Landfills).

As society moves waste to the forefront of public policy, it is more apparent that what we discard annually contains a multitude of valuable and recoverable materials. An integrated waste management system entails a careful analysis of what is in the waste stream and offers ideas on practices to recover the various materials at the point of highest value. The best strategy for a community is to match its unique position with the mix of activities that will best serve it now and far into the future.

1.20 SOLID WASTE POLICY IN INDIA

Solid waste policy in India specifies the duties and responsibilities for hygienic waste management for cities and citizens of India. This policy was framed in September 2000, based on the March 1999 Report[citation needed] of the Committee for Solid Waste Management in Class 1 Cities of India to the Supreme Court, which urged statutory bodies to comply with the report’s suggestions and recommendations. These also serve as a guide on how to comply with the MSW rules. Both the report and the rules, summarized below, are based on the principle that the best way to keep streets clean is not to dirty them in the first place. So a city without street bins will ultimately become clean and stay clean. They advocate daily doorstep collection of “wet” (food) wastes for composting, which is the best option for India. This is not only because composting is a cost-effective process practiced since Vedic times,[citation needed] but also because India’s soils need organic manures to prevent loss of fertility through unbalanced use of chemical fertilizers.

Municipality Solid Waste Rules To stop the present unplanned open dumping of waste outside city limits, the MSW rules have laid down a strict timetable for compliance: improvement of existing landfill sites by end-2001, identification of landfill sites for long-term future use and making them ready for operation by end-2002, setting up of waste-processing and disposal facilities by end-2003, and provision of a buffer zone around such sites. Biodegradable wastes should be processed by composting, vermin composting etc and land filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable inert waste and compost rejects.

The rules also require municipalities to ensure community participation in waste segregation (by not mixing “wet” food wastes with “dry” recyclables like paper, plastics, glass, metal etc) and to promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials. Garbage and dry

20

leaves are not allowed to be burnt. Biomedical wastes and industrial wastes are not allowed to be mixed with municipal wastes. Routine use of pesticides on garbage has been banned by the Supreme Court on 28.7.1997.

Littering and throwing of garbage on roads is prohibited. Citizens should keep their wet (food) wastes and dry (recyclable) wastes within their premises until collected, and must ensure delivery of wastes as per the collection and segregation system of their city, preferably by house-to-house collection at fixed times in multi-container handcarts or tricycles (to avoid manual handling of waste) or directly into trucks stopping at street corners at regular pre-informed timings. Dry wastes should be left for collection by the informal sector (sold directly to waste-buyers or given free or otherwise to waste-pickers, who will earn their livelihood by taking the wastes they need from homes rather than from garbage on the streets. High - rises, private colonies, institutions should provide their own big bins within their own areas, separately for dry and wet wastes.

Report of a Committee for Solid Waste Management in Class 1 Cities of India to the Supreme Court The report recommends that cities should provide free waste collection for all slums and public areas, but charge the full cost of collection on “Polluter-Pays” Principle, from hotels, eateries, marriage halls, hospitals & clinics, wholesale markets, shops in commercial streets, office complexes, cattle - sheds, slaughter - houses, fairs & exhibitions, inner-city cottage industry & petty trade. Debris and construction waste must be stored within premises, not on the road or footpath, and disposed of at pre - designated sites or landfills by builder, on payment of full transport cost if removed by the Municipality.

For improved work accountability, “pin-point” work assignments and 365-day cleaning are recommended, with fixed beats for individual sweepers, including the cleaning of adjoining drains less than 2 ft deep. Drain silt should not be left on the road for drying, but loaded directly into hand-carts and taken to a transfer point. Silt and debris should not be dumped at compost - plant.

The quantities of garbage collected and transported need to be monitored against targets, preferably by citizen monitoring, through effective management information systems and a recording weigh - bridge: computerised for 1 million+ cities. At least 80% of waste-clearance vehicles should be on-road, and two-shift use implemented where there is a shortage of vehicles. Decentralised ward-wise composting of well-segregated wet waste in local parks is recommended, for recycling of organics and also for huge savings in garbage transport costs to scarce disposal sites.

The report also recommends that waste-management infrastructure should be a strictly-enforced pre-condition in new development areas. It advocates temporary toilets at all construction sites (located on the eventual sewage-disposal line) and restriction of cattle movement on streets. Livestock should be stall-fed or relocated outside large cities.

Cities must fulfil their obligatory functions (like waste management) before funding any discretionary functions, while being granted fiscal autonomy to raise adequate funds.

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Solid-waste-management and other charges should be linked to the cost-of-living index, along with levy of “administrative charges” for chronic littering. Funds should be earmarked for minimum expenditure on solid waste management: Rs 100 per capita per year in 5-lakh-plus cities, or a minimum of Rs 50 per capita in smaller towns. Many cities are already providing conditional funding to residential areas or colonies willing to take responsibility for improved waste-management of their respective areas.

The Supreme Court intends to monitor compliance with the MSW rules through the High Courts in each State. This gives all citizens both the opportunity and the obligation to ensure that hygienic waste-management becomes a reality, soon.

1.21 DELIVERABLES:

An analysis report of solid waste management in SRICITY .Measures and suggestions to improve the waste management system in the same city.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

It takes a lot of valuable energy and materials to create and manufacture products and the resulting industrial waste can be difficult to manage.  Many cities and countries have put new laws into place to heavily tax companies that produce excess amounts of waste or create potentially harmful effects on the air and ecosystem.

Waste management is something that should be a joint effort between government, industries and citizens.  Our planet suffered tremendous damage after the industrial revolution when people mass-produced and then mass dumped products.

Industries recognizes that, that our day-to-day operations have an environmental impact and that we have a responsibility to manage and measure this impact.

Modified from Fernandez, 1997

India has had its own set of experiences by adopting methods and using technologies from developed nations.  The management of MSW in developing countries like India has to be looked at from a different perspective.  The tried and tested methods adopted in developed countries cannot be blindly implemented.   This section documents SWM with reference to India, methods and technologies adopted for each functional element.

Environmental Audit of Municipal Solid Waste Management TECHNICAL REPORT: 118 June 2006

(Lardinois, et al 1997)Developed countries have provided technical assistance in SWM to developing

countries focusing SWM as a technical problem with an assumption that solid waste problem can be solved with machineries.

(Beukering, et al, 1999)

The “blind technology transfer” of machinery from developed countries to developing countries and subsequent failure has brought attention to the need for appropriate technology to suite the conditions in developing countries

(Zurbrugg, 2004)

Many studies have been conducted to estimate the composition of waste in Indian cities, as it is an important parameter in choosing the process method to be adopted and the design of the process plant.  The studies reveal that the organic fraction of the waste makes up 40 – 75 % of the waste (National Solid waste Association of India, 2003, CPCB, 1998 and NEERI, 2000).  Studies have stated that the composition of waste varies depending on the income and life style

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(Flavin, 1993).

Hazardous waste is a major concern. It includes heavy metal contaminants (like lead and mercury), medical and infectious waste, chemical waste, and nuclear waste. The latter is so dangerous due to the extremely high toxicity, which remains that way for thousands of years (Gore, 1992). The technology for safely and effectively treating and disposing hazardous waste has not even come close to the technology for producing the stuff. Not only are we placing too many "undegradables" into landfills, but we are compounding the problem by illegally dumping hazardous waste into them, again primarily due to politics and finances. In 1986 alone, over three million tons of hazardous waste was disposed in landfills.

(Anonymous, 1992).

Manufacturers who honestly deal with hazardous waste management (which will be covered later in this paper) can attempt to reduce the toxins and harsh chemicals in their products. For example, Bowling Green State University in Ohio decided to switch from paper cups to glass cups. They saved over a million paper cups from the landfill, and they saved over $32,000. Japanese retail executives are appealing to "green" customers by reducing the amount of paper and bows used to wrap purchases. The McDonald's Corporation is "committed to buying recycled." They claim they have bought over $1 million worth of recycled products since 1990, they carry corrugated cardboard in every restaurant, they drastically reduced food wrappings, and they now use brown paper bags instead of their bleach-white paper bags (Anonymous, 1992).

(Young, 1995).

To reduce solid wastes, people must reduce discarded products. We can cut back on the amount of trash we produce by buying things with changed product packaging and content. This is buying items from companies that use recycled products. It is called recycling, and the whole process of recycling what you buy and buying recycled things is called completing the cycle. Reducing and reusing will not work unless a market exists for this material, and the consumers of these recycled goods should be the public.

(Miller, 1990).

These resource recovery programs extend the globe's mineral supply by reducing the amount of virgin materials that need to be removed from the globe to meet the demand. Resource recovery saves energy, causes minimal pollution and land disruption, cuts waste disposal costs, and extends the life of landfills by preventing waste from residing there.

Once an item has been used, recycled, and reprocessed, and appears on the shelf a second time, it is said to be in its second life. Glass and aluminium have unlimited lives -- theoretically, they can be recycled and reused forever. Plastic has approximately four lives; usually beverage and laundry containers see their third or fourth life in other forms, such as

24

plastic picnic benches or plastic park benches. Recycled paper, after the de-inking process, can go about three lives; after that, the pulp fibbers within the paper degrade.

The percentage of paper that is being recycled in other nations sends a clear message to Americans: we are not doing enough. Americans only recycle 28% of the paper we use, although we lead the world in paper consumption and paper waste. France, Sweden, Switzerland and Finland recycle at least one-third of their paper expenditures. Japan, Mexico, and the Netherlands are at a 44% rate, which is the highest in the world. The American federal government alone uses two percent of all paper products in this country, but half of the trash it throws away is paper.

(Miller 1990)

Incineration

Burning solid waste in incinerators kills disease-carrying organisms and reduces the volume of waste by 90% and weight by 75%. In waste-to-energy incinerators, the heat released from the burning of solid waste can be used to heat nearby buildings, or sold to generate electricity. Unfortunately, the good news ends there. MSW incinerators emit small but noticeable amounts of lead, cadmium, mercury, and other toxic substances into the air we breathe. The most frightening item piped into the atmosphere are dioxins, which are carcinogenic (Miller, 1990). Over 100 incinerators exist today in this country, and over 250 are being planned for use (Belmont, 1995). National environmental leaders are lobbying Congress to place a moratorium on the construction of new MSW incinerators until the year 2000. The air is fragile enough as it is, and environmentalists are attempting to keep it as clean as possible. This moratorium will, if nothing else, let people breathe easier -- literally.

(Gore, 1992)

Simply, solid waste is any unwanted or discarded solid item. Municipal solid waste (MSW) originates in homes, businesses, and other urban areas. There are several different ways to manage the solid waste produced in mining, processing, manufacturing, and using resources, but most can be categorized into two different approaches. The high-waste approach involves leaving it somewhere, burning it, or burying it (in a sanitary landfill or any hole in the ground). The low-waste approach is twofold: attempting to produce as little solid waste as possible, and diverting as much solid waste away from landfills and incinerators (Miller, 1990). Over the past few years, the former has been viewed as cheap and irresponsible, and the latter has been viewed as initially expensive but morally gratifying. People are sick of looking at and living with the landfills.

And the landfills are filling up fast -- too fast. We all grew up believing that once we threw something away, it all went to some hole in the ground that would always have more space for next week's trash pickup. But the volume of garbage is reaching sizes so immense that we are running out of places to put it. In this country prior to 1988, over 5,500 landfills took 80% of MSW. By 2009, four of five landfills operating today will be full, and a new

25

landfill can cost near $90 million (Anonymous, 1992). Even the landfills still operating are reaching grand proportions of refuse; a Staten Island landfill receives twenty-two thousand tons of trash from New York City on a daily basis. It will soon be the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine (Gore, 1992). Dr. W.L. Rathje, a "garbologist" at the University of Arizona, gave this shocking testimony to the scale of modern landfills at a governmental hearing: "I was told that the largest monument ever built by a New World civilization was the Temple of the Sun, built in Mexico about 2000 years ago. It occupied thirty million cubic feet. I can still remember my shock when my students told me that A San Francisco landfill, made up of two mounds compiled since 1977 solely out of cover dirt and the MSW from three cities, held seventy million cubic feet, a total of nearly five Sun Temples. [Author's note: mathematical error.] Landfills are clearly the largest refuse heaps in the world." (Gore, 1992)

(Anonymous, 1992).

"In Canada, many cities have several options besides land filling (which is, unfortunately, the most popular method). Recycling, composting, and incineration systems are working now in various provinces, and the country has established a target of reducing the national amount of municipal solid waste by fifty percent by the turn of the millennium

Cointreau (February 2006)

A damaged local environment will first hit the most vulnerable groups of society, those who lack the resources needed to reduce the negative effects of a degraded environment. In addition, people living under poor circumstances are also directly dependent on their close natural environment for their daily survival.

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3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research strategy that the study will utilize is the descriptive method. A descriptive research intends to present facts concerning the nature and status of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study and to describe present conditions, events or systems based on the impressions or reactions of the respondents of the research (Creswell, 1994). It is also concerned with relationships and practices that exist, beliefs and processes that are ongoing, effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing (Best, 1970). This research is also cross-sectional because of limited time. This research is a study of a particular phenomenon (or phenomena) at a particular time. (Saunders et al, 2003) Accordingly, cross-sectional studies often employ the survey strategy, and they may be seeking to describe the incidence of a phenomenon or to compare factors in different organizations.

In this study, primary and secondary research will be both incorporated. The reason for this is to be able to provide adequate discussion for the readers that will help them understand more about the issue and the different variables that involve with it. The primary data for the study will be represented by the survey results that will be acquired from the respondents. The secondary sources of data will come from published articles from medical books and journals and theses and related studies.

The survey method, also known as the questionnaire method, will be used in gathering the data for this study. Surveys are the most common form of research method for collection of primary data. The descriptive survey of the population is valuable in understanding the audience, and in the definition of the existence and magnitude of the problems, and the survey data are also helpful in determining cause and effect relationships between variables. 300 Indian residents will be surveyed

3.1 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION METHODS

In primary data collection, you collect the data yourself using methods such as interviews and questionnaires. The key point here is that the data you collect is unique to you and your research and, until you publish, no one else has access to it.

3.2 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION METHODS

All methods of data collection can supply quantitative data (numbers, statistics or financial) or qualitative data (usually words or text). Quantitative data may often be presented in tabular or graphical form. Secondary data is data that has already been collected by someone else for a different purpose to yours.

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3.3DATA COLLECTION METHOD

“Survey” RESEARCH INSTRUMENT“Questionnaire” SAMPLE

3.4 SAMPLE UNITEmployees from SRI CITY, THE INTEGRATED PLANNED CITY,

TADA.

3.6 RESEARCH DESIGN

“It is the framework of the study that guides the collection & analysis of data”. The technique used for the research is Descriptive Research Technique. It includes Surveys & facts-finding enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of Descriptive Research is the description of state of affairs, as it exists at present. The main characteristics of this letter are that the researcher has no control over the variable; he can only report that what has happened or what is happening

Research design is the arrangement of conditions for the collection and analysis of data for a research study, which will have relevant and scientific approach to the study. The research design is descriptive in nature.

DATA SOURCES:

Data Sources are Primary & Secondary Data; Primary Data is the first hand data collected by the researcher through direct contact method. Secondary Data is collected from the sources from company pamphlets, journals & websites etc.

3.7 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The universe comprises of nearly 550 including both male and female staff. Sample is the segment of population selected to represent the population as a whole. The sample size considered for the study is 100. The sampling technique used is convenient sampling method i.e., based on the availability of the employees the data was collected. Using personal interview method answers to a set of preconceived questions were obtained.

RESEARCH APPROACH:

Survey method is used for the study

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT USED:

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The instrument used for the research is Questionnaire. The respondents were approached personally & the respondents filled Questions as listed in it.SAMPLING PLAN:

The sampling plan includes sampling units used in the survey. It also includes the sample size & sampling techniques.

SAMPLING UNITS & SIZE:

The sampling unit is M/s Sri City, the Integrated planned city,(Tada, Andhra Pradesh). Sample Size- 100.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:

The sampling procedures used for the study was Random sampling is one, which does not provide every item in the universe with a known chance of being included in the sample.CONTACT METHOD:

Direct contact method is used directly & information’s are collected with the help of well-prepared Questionnaire by means of giving presentations over the concern perception of employees on training programs in M/s Sri City, the integrated planned city.

STATISTICAL TOOLS USED:

* Percentage Analysis * Chi-Square test

3.8 SOURCES OF DATA

Data is the fundamental element required for any analysis. Both primary and secondary data was collected for the study. PRIMARY DATA:

Primary data was collected by questionnaires. The questionnaires were structured and consisted of close and open-ended questions related in identifying the roles required for an organizational change. SECONDARY DATA:

Secondary data was collected from magazines, books, web-sites and research papers. Further information was obtained through brochures, reports and documents given by the organization

3.9 TOOL OF ANALYSIS Various methods were used to analyses the data collected. Tools used in this

project to analyses were Percentage analysis method and Mean Score Value method.

3.10 PERCENTAGE ANALYSISThe Percentage analysis method is used to calculate the percent of the favorable

and Unfavorable responses.

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Percentage =Number of respondents * 100 Total number of respondents

4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

After data have been collected, the researcher turns to the task of analyzing them. The analysis of data requires a number of closely related operations such as establishment of categories, the application of these categories to raw data through tabulation and drawing statically inferences.

Tabulation is the part of technical procedure where in the classified data are put in the form of tables.

After analyzing the data, the researcher should have to explain the findings on the basis of some theory. It is known as interpretation.

The data has been collected from 100 employees of SRICITY, TADA through questionnaire.

The data thus collected was in the form of master table.

That made possible counting of classified data easy. From the master table various summery tables were prepared. They have been presented along with their interpretation in this manner.

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1. Do waste collection and disposal services in your city meet your expectations

Table 1

No of respondents Percentage 0 2 21 8 82 7 73 3 34 36 365 44 44Total 100 100

Chart 1

0 1 2 3 4 505

101520253035404550

28 7 3

3644

Percentage

Percentage

Inference:

44% of respondents says that the waste collection and disposal service in sri city are meet their expectation very satisfactory

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2 What waste tariff do you pay now? Are you satisfied with the level of tariffs

Table 2

No of respondents Percentage excessively high 17 17too high 3 3satisfactory 70 70too low 3 3other 7 7Total 100 100

Chart 2

173

70

37

excessively hightoo highsatisfactorytoo lowother

Inference:

70% of respondents are satisfied with the waste tariff 17% of respondents says that was excessively high

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3) Are you satisfied with the frequency of communal bin transfer? Please, indicateWhether you find the collection:

Table 3:

No of respondents Percentage too infrequent 5 5satisfactory 46 46too frequent 34 34other 15 15Total 100 100

Chart 3

5

46

34

15

too infrequentsatisfactorytoo frequentother

Inference:46% of respondents are satisfactory with frequency of communal bin transfer .34% of respondents are saying that was too frequent.

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4) Are you satisfied with the selective collection arrangements? (Applies when the system is in place)

Table 4

No of respondents Percentage yes 20 20partly 60 60no 10 10

O other

10 10

total 100 100

Chart 4

20

60

10

10

yespartlyno other

Inference:

60% of respondents are partly satisfied with the selective collection arrangements .20%of respondents are fully satisfied with the collection arrangements.

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5) Do you sort your waste and dispose it in special containers for:

Table 5:No of respondents Percentage

glass 17 17paper 3 3

plastic 34 34batteries 10 10metal 6 6textiles 30 30Total 100 100

Chart 5:

17

3

3410

6

30

glasspaperplasticbatteriesmetaltextiles

Inference:

34% of respondents want to sort plastic wastes in special containers.30% of respondents wants to sort textiles in special container.

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6) Would you be willing to pay more for improved waste management services?

Table 6:

No of respondents Percentage yes 20 20no 60 60

don’t know 10 10other comments 10 10Total

Chart 6:

20

60

10

10

yes no don’t know other comments

Inference:

60% of respondents are not willing to pay more for improved waste management syatem.20% of respondents is agreed to pay more for that.

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7) What would be your favored method of increasing your knowledge?

Table 7

No of respondents Percentage open seminars 5 5brochures distributed to residents

46 46

pilot waste minimization projects

34 34

waste reduction campaigns 15 15Total 100 100

Chart 7

5

46

34

15

open seminarsbrochures distributed to residentspilot waste minimization projectswaste reduction campaigns

Inference:

46% of respondents prefer brochures to be distributed to increase the knowledge.34% of respondents pilot waste minimization projects

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8) Category of household

Table 8

No of respondents Percentage flat in a block of flats 9 9apartment in a multifamily house (2 floors)

47 47

detached or semi-detached house with a garden

30 30

other 14 14T

Total 100 100

Chart 8

9

47

30

14

flat in a block of flatsapartment in a multifamily house (2 floors)detached or semi-detached house with a gardenother

Inference:

47 % of respondents are staying in apartment in a multifamily house (2 floors) 30 % are staying in detached or semi-detached house with a garden

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9) Do you expect that your waste stream will increase or decrease in the next two years?

Table 9

No of respondents Percentage it is likely to increase 20 20it is likely to decrease 60 60

it is likely to remain stable 10 10other 10 10Total 100 100

Chart 9

20

60

10

10

it is likely to increase it is likely to decrease it is likely to remain stableother

Inference:

60% of respondents says that the waste stream will decrease in the next. Only 20% of respondents says that will be increase

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10) Do you sort and/or recycle your waste such as:

Table 10

No of respondents Percentage Glass 0 0Paper 50 50

Plastic 5 5Metal scrap 30 30Cooling agents 15 15

TTotal

100 100

Chart 10

50

5

30

15

GlassPaperPlasticMetal scrapCooling agents

Inference:

50% of respondents saying that they want to recycle your waste .30 % respondents wants to recycle metal scrap

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11). What are the key challenges for better waste management in your company?

Table 11

No of respondents Percentage l

low profitability of improved waste management

9 9

llack of waste management facilities

47 47

llack of market for recycled waste

30 30

llack of financial incentives

14 14

Total 100 100

Chart 11

0153045

9

4730

14

Series1

Inference:

47% of respondents say that the key challenges for better waste management’s system is lack of waste management facilities

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12) What factors would determine your decision to improve waste managementPractice within your company:

Table 12

No of respondents Percentage cost saving 5 5compliance with legislation 46 46

better image of your company

34 34

other 15 15Total 100 100

Chart 12

5

46

34

15

cost savingcompliance with legislationbetter image of your companyother

Inference:

46 % of respondents says that compliance with legislation would improve waste management practices with in company

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13) Is the system of waste collection flexible enough in:

Table 13

No of respondents Percentage frequency of collection 15 15reliability 50 50

quality of work 5 5size of containers 30 30other 0 0total 100 100

Chart 13

15

50

5

30

frequency of collection?reliability?quality of work?size of containers?other?

Inference:

50 % of respondents are saying system of waste collection is flexible in reliability 30 % are saying in size of the container

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14) What is the estimated amount of waste collected by the company daily?

Table 14

No of respondents Percentage 1

1 tone25 25

22 tones

30 30

A above 3 tones

45 45

Total 100 100

Chart 14

25

30

45

1 tone2 tones above 3 tones

Inference:

45% of respondents says that the estimated amount of waste collected by the company daily is above 3 tones .30 % of respondents says that estimated amount is 2 tones.

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15) Do you know the method of disposing the solid waste?

Table 15

No of respondents Percentage Segregation 26 26Decomposition with open pit 60 60

Incretion 14 14Total 100 100

Chart 15

26

60

14

Segregation Decomposition with open pitIncretion

Inference:

60 % of respondents prefer Decomposition with open pit is the method of decomposing

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16) Solid waste management service carried out by

Table 16:

No of respondents Percentage Own Staff 25 25Contract 30 30

Others 45 45Total 100 100

Chart 16

25

30

45 Own Staff Contract Others

Inference:

45% of respondents say that solid waste management service is carried out by others

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17) Are you satisfied with the removal of garden waste in the city

Table 17

No of respondents Percentage Highly satisfied 15 15satisfied 50 50

neither satisfied nor dis satisfied

5 5

Dissatisfied 30 30highly dissatisfied 0 0

Total 100 100

Chart 17

Highly

satisfi

ed

satisfi

ed

neither

satisfi

ed nor d

is sati

sfied

Dissati

sfied

highly

dissati

sfied

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

15

50

5

30

0

Inference:

50% of respondents are satisfied with the removal of garden waste in the city.15% of respondents are highly satisfied with the removal of garden waste.

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18) Are you satisfied with maintence of the bins?

Table 18:

No of respondents Percentage Highly satisfied 10 10satisfied 50 50

neither satisfied nor dis satisfied

15 15

Dissatisfied 20 20highly dissatisfied 5 5

Total 100 100

Chart 18:

Highly

satisfi

ed

satisfi

ed

neither

satisfi

ed nor d

is sati

sfied

Dissati

sfied

highly

dissati

sfied

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

10

50

15 205

Inference:

50 % respondents satisfied with maintence of the bins .10 % is highly satisfied with maintains of the bin

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19) What type of the bin used in the city?

Table 19:

No of respondents Percentage Metal bin 10 10Plastic bin 80 80

Oil drum 5 5Plastic bags 5 5Total 100 100

Chart 19:

10

80

55

Metal binPlastic binOil drumPlastic bags

Inference:

80 % respondents are used plastic been used in the city.10 % respondents are used metal bin .

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20) Your relationship with city

Table 20:

No of respondents Percentage Resident 20 20Employee 75 75

Visitor 5 5Total 100 100

Chart 20

20

75

5

ResidentEmployeeVisitor

Inference:

75 % of respondents are resident relationship.20 % respondents are employee of Sri City.

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Chi square Test:

 Chi-square symbolically written as x is a statistical measure used in the context of sampling analysis for comparing a variance to a theoretical variance. As a non-parameter test, it can be used to determine if categorical data shows dependency or the two classifications are independent.  It is calculated as follows:

Where Oi= Observed Frequency Ei= Expected frequencyExpected frequency=Row total for the row of that cell x column total of that cell Grand totalSolid waste management service carried out by *Type of bins

Service carried out by Metal Plastic Drum plasticbags Totalown 7 12 3 3 25contract 1 28 1 0 30others 2 40 1 2 45

10 80 5 5 100

Ho: Null Hypothesis- There is no significant difference between Solid waste management service carried out by and Type of bins H1: Alternate Hypothesis- There is significant difference between Solid waste management service carried out by and Type of bins

O E O-E o-e2 o-e2/e7 2.5 4.5 20.25 8.11 3 -2 4 1.3333332 4.5 -2.5 6.25 1.38888912 20 -8 64 3.228 24 4 16 0.66666740 36 4 16 0.4444443 1.25 1.75 3.0625 2.45

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1 1.5 -0.5 0.25 0.1666671 2.25 -1.25 1.5625 0.6944443 1.25 1.75 3.0625 2.45

0 1.5 -1.5 2.25 1.52 2.25 -0.25 0.0625 0.027778

C.V=22.42222222

Degrees of Freedom = (Rows - 1)(Columns - 1) = (3 - 1)(4 - 1) = 6 Chi square value=0.47 is less than the calculated value so we reject the null hypothesis

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

1. 44% of respondents says that the waste collection and disposal service in sri city are meet their expectation very satisfactory

2. 70% of respondents are satisfied with the waste tariff 17% of respondents says that was excessively high

3. 46% of respondents are satisfactory with frequency of communal bin transfer .34% of respondents are saying that was too frequent

4. 46% of respondents are satisfactory with frequency of communal bin transfer .34% of respondents are saying that was too frequent

5. 34% of respondents want to sort plastic wastes in special containers.30% of respondents wants to sort textiles in special container.

6. 60% of respondents are not willing to pay more for improved waste management syatem.20% of respondents is agreed to pay more for that.

7. 46% of respondents prefer brochures to be distributed to increase the knowledge.34% of respondents pilot waste minimization projects

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8. 47 % of respondents are staying in apartment in a multifamily house (2 floors) 30 % are staying in detached or semi-detached house with a garden

9. 60% of respondents says that the waste stream will decrease in the next.only 20% of respondents says that will be increase

10. 50% of respondents saying that they want to recycle your waste .30 % respondents wants to recycle metal scrap

11. 47% of respondents say that the key challenges for better waste management’s system is lack of waste management facilities

12. 46 % of respondents says that compliance with legislation would improve waste management practices with in company

13. 50 % of respondents are saying system of waste collection is flexible in reliability 30 % are saying in size of the container

14. 45% of respondents says that the estimated amount of waste collected by the company daily is above 3 tones .30 % of respondents says that estimated amount is 2 tones.

15. 60 % of respondents prefer Decomposition with open pit is the method of decomposing

16. 45% of respondents say that solid waste management service is carried out by others

17. 50% of respondents are satisfied with the removal of garden waste in the city.15% of respondents are highly satisfied with the removal of garden waste.

18. 50 % respondents satisfied with maintence of the bins .10 % is highly satisfied with maintance of the bin

19. 80 % respondents are used plastic bin used in the city.10 % respondents are used metal bin

20. 75 % of respondents are resident relationship.20 % respondents are employee of Sri City.

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5.2 CONCLUSIONS

Different solid waste management system scenarios were developed and compared for the l Solid Waste Management System of SRICITY by using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The solid waste management methods considered in the scenarios were collection and transportation of wastes, source reduction, Material Recovery Facility (MRF)/Transfer Stations (TS), incineration, anaerobic digestion and land filling. The study achieved the most environmentally friendly option of MSWM system for SRICITY. The functional unit of the study was the amount of solid waste generated in the system area of concern, which are the residential and industrial of SRICITY. The life cycle inventory analysis was carried out by IWM Model-1. The inputs and outputs of each management stage were defined and the inventory emissions calculated by the model were classified in to impact categories; non-renewable energy sources exhausting potential, final solid waste as hazardous and non-hazardous, global warming, acidification, eutrophication and human toxicity. The impacts were quantified with the weighing factors of each category to develop the environmental profiles of each scenario. In most of the categories, Source Reduction Scenario was found to be the most feasible management method, except the global warming category. The lowest contribution to GWP was calculated for the anaerobic digestion process. In the interpretation and improvement assessment stage, the results were further evaluated and recommendations were made to improve the current solid waste management system of SRICITY.

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REFERENCES

Management of Solid Waste in Indian Cities, draft report for the 12th Finance Commissionof India, Government of India.

National Environment Policy 2006 (18 May 2006), Ministry of Environment and Forests,Government of India.

Reportcommissioned by the Office of the United Nations Resident Coordinator in India.

Singhal, Shaleen and Pandey, Suneel (June 2001), “Solid Waste Management in India:

Status and Future Directions”.TERI Information Monitor on Environmental Science,

vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-4.

Snel, Mariëlle (1999), Social Stigma and the Waste Collection Scheme. Paper presented atthe 25th Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) Conference on IntegratedDevelopment for Water Supply and Sanitation in Addis Abeba, pp. 350-353.

CityNet / City of Yokohama Training-cum-Study Visit on Solid Waste Management - 29 November - 5 December 1998.

Figure 1: The contents of municipal solid waste (208 million tons in 1995) by products and materials

Background Information

An Introduction to Solid Waste Management and the Environment

Best, J. W. (1970). Research in Education, 2nd Ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, Inc. 

Creswell, J.W. 1994. Research design.Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.

Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2003). Research Methods for Business Students, 3rd Ed. London: Prentice Hall Financial Times

Read more: http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2010/03/solid-waste-management-research-proposal-paper.html#ixzz1SNpzE59T

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