Data NetworkingData Networking

Craig E. CanevitCraig E. Canevit

Network ServicesNetwork Services

University of TennesseeUniversity of Tennessee

April 12, 2005April 12, 2005

What is Data Networking?What is Data Networking?

A computer network is “an interconnection of A computer network is “an interconnection of computers and computing equipment using computers and computing equipment using either wires or radio waves over small or either wires or radio waves over small or large geographic areas.”large geographic areas.”

Types of Networks:Types of Networks:

• P2P (Peer to Peer)P2P (Peer to Peer)• Client/serverClient/server• WAN (Wide Area Network)WAN (Wide Area Network)

WAN vs. MAN vs. LAN vs. PAN WAN vs. MAN vs. LAN vs. PAN vs. WLAN…vs. WLAN…

• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)• LAN (Local Area Network)LAN (Local Area Network)• PAN (Personal Area Network)PAN (Personal Area Network)• WLAN (Wireless LAN)WLAN (Wireless LAN)

• Geographical vs. topological vs. technological distinctionsGeographical vs. topological vs. technological distinctions

Unbelievably Brief History of Unbelievably Brief History of Data NetworkingData Networking

In the 1960s, DARPA (In the 1960s, DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Defense Advanced Research

Projects Agency, US Military’s R&DProjects Agency, US Military’s R&D) started ) started looking into connecting computers through looking into connecting computers through networks, particularly packet-switched networks, particularly packet-switched networks. Its work led to the formation of networks. Its work led to the formation of ARPANET in the late 1960s, which ARPANET in the late 1960s, which gradually evolved into the Internet. gradually evolved into the Internet. • DNSDNS• SubnettingSubnetting

Circuit Switching vs. Packet Circuit Switching vs. Packet SwitchingSwitching

The OSI Model & Why It The OSI Model & Why It MattersMatters

• ISO (International Organization for ISO (International Organization for Standardization)Standardization)

• ISO vs. Open Systems InterconnectionISO vs. Open Systems Interconnection• ApplicationApplication

• Http, ftp, telnet, sshHttp, ftp, telnet, ssh

• PresentationPresentation• ASCII/encryption/compressionASCII/encryption/compression

• SessionSession

The OSI Model, continuedThe OSI Model, continued

• TransportTransport• End to endEnd to end

• Network (packets) Network (packets) • L3 addressing (i.e.: 160.36.193.46L3 addressing (i.e.: 160.36.193.46 ) )• Next hopNext hop

• Data Link (frames)Data Link (frames)• L2 addressing (i.e.: 0002.fea8.39c1)L2 addressing (i.e.: 0002.fea8.39c1)

• SSN vs. postal serviceSSN vs. postal service

• PhysicalPhysical

EncapsulationEncapsulation

• Application ApplicationApplication Application• Presentation PresentationPresentation Presentation• Session SessionSession Session• Transport TransportTransport Transport• Network NetworkNetwork Network• Data Link Data LinkData Link Data Link• Physical PhysicalPhysical Physical

Ethernet Frame with Encapsulation

Network ProtocolsNetwork Protocols

• AppleTalkAppleTalk• SPX/IPX (SPX/IPX (SSequenced equenced PPacket Eacket EXXchange/Internet change/Internet

Packet EXchange)Packet EXchange)• NETBEUI/NetBIOS (NetBIOS Extended NETBEUI/NetBIOS (NetBIOS Extended

Interface)Interface)• TCP/IP protocol suiteTCP/IP protocol suite

Binary, Bits & BytesBinary, Bits & Bytes• Bits: 0 vs 1Bits: 0 vs 1• Decimal: Powers of 10Decimal: Powers of 10

• 2,165 =2,165 =• 2*102*1033+1*10+1*1022*6*10*6*1011+5*10+5*1000

• Binary: Powers of 2Binary: Powers of 2• 2165=2165=

• 100001110101 or100001110101 or• 221111+2+266+2+255+2+244+2+222+2+20 0 or or• 2048+64+32+16+4+12048+64+32+16+4+1

Binary, Bits & Bytes Binary, Bits & Bytes (traditionally)(traditionally)

• Byte = 8 bitsByte = 8 bits• Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes (or 8192 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes (or 8192

bits)bits)• Megabyte (MB) = 1024 kilobytesMegabyte (MB) = 1024 kilobytes• Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 megabytesGigabyte (GB) = 1024 megabytes• Terabyte (TB) = 1024 gigabytesTerabyte (TB) = 1024 gigabytes

Maybe Bites? (IEC Standard)Maybe Bites? (IEC Standard)• Byte = 8 bitsByte = 8 bits• Kilobyte (kB) = 1000 bytes vs. Kibibyte Kilobyte (kB) = 1000 bytes vs. Kibibyte

(KiB) = 1024 bytes(KiB) = 1024 bytes• Megabit (Mbit) 1000 Kilobits vs. Megabit (Mbit) 1000 Kilobits vs.

Mebibyte (MiB) = 1024 kibibytes vs. Mebibyte (MiB) = 1024 kibibytes vs. Megabyte (MB) = 1000 megabitsMegabyte (MB) = 1000 megabits

• International Electrotechnical CommissionInternational Electrotechnical Commission

WAN TechnologiesWAN Technologies

• T-/DS-/OC- linesT-/DS-/OC- lines• Based on telephone lines DS-0 = 64 kbps)Based on telephone lines DS-0 = 64 kbps)• T1 = 1.544 Mbps (or 24 DS-0 lines)T1 = 1.544 Mbps (or 24 DS-0 lines)• DS-3 = 44.736 MbpsDS-3 = 44.736 Mbps• OC-12= 622.08 MbpsOC-12= 622.08 Mbps

• Cell switching:Cell switching:• SONET (SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork)Synchronous Optical NETwork)• ATMATM

• ISDN ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)(Integrated Services Digital Network)• 128Kbps/1.54Mbps128Kbps/1.54Mbps

• Frame Relay Frame Relay (typically low speeds: 56K-T1 speeds)(typically low speeds: 56K-T1 speeds)

MAN TechnologiesMAN Technologies

• In-between LAN & MANIn-between LAN & MAN

LAN TechnologiesLAN Technologies

• Cable Modems Cable Modems (1.5 - 6 Mbps down, 256 - 768 kbps up)(1.5 - 6 Mbps down, 256 - 768 kbps up)• Wireless Wireless ( 802.11b = 11 Mbps, 802.11a or 6 = 54 Mbps)( 802.11b = 11 Mbps, 802.11a or 6 = 54 Mbps)• Ethernet Ethernet (10/100/1000/10Gbps)(10/100/1000/10Gbps)

• 10Base-210Base-2• 10/100/1000Base-T10/100/1000Base-T

• Modems Modems (56kbps)(56kbps)• DSL DSL (1.544 Mbps to 512 Kbps downstream and about (1.544 Mbps to 512 Kbps downstream and about

128 Kbps)128 Kbps)• LRE LRE (5/10/15 Mbps)(5/10/15 Mbps)

Network CablingNetwork Cabling

• UTP, STPUTP, STP• Cat 5 (allows for up to 150 Mbps)Cat 5 (allows for up to 150 Mbps)• Cat 6 (allows for 1 Gbps) Cat 6 (allows for 1 Gbps)

• CoaxCoax• 10 Mbps for Ethernet (500 Mbps) 10 Mbps for Ethernet (500 Mbps)

• FiberFiber

Network TopologiesNetwork Topologies

• RingRing• Token-basedToken-based

• Bus/treeBus/tree• ContentionContention

• StarStar• ContentionContention• Ethernet: CSMA/CDEthernet: CSMA/CD

Network DevicesNetwork Devices

• So far: protocols, topologies, types of So far: protocols, topologies, types of networksnetworks

• Bridges/Hubs/RepeatersBridges/Hubs/Repeaters• SwitchesSwitches

• ASICs versus softwareASICs versus software

• RoutersRouters

Network DevicesNetwork Devices

• BridgesBridges

Network DevicesNetwork Devices

• SwitchesSwitches

Network DevicesNetwork Devices

• RoutersRouters

Security ConcernsSecurity Concerns

• FirewallsFirewalls• ACLsACLs• Routers with “firewall feature set”Routers with “firewall feature set”

• VPNsVPNs• IDS/IPS & network sniffingIDS/IPS & network sniffing

• 10-Base2 LANs 10-Base2 LANs • Cable modem networksCable modem networks• HubsHubs• WirelessWireless

VendorsVendors

• CiscoCisco• LinksysLinksys

• ExtremeExtreme• NortelNortel• HPHP• EnterasysEnterasys• JuniperJuniper• FoundryFoundry

What Do We Have at UTK?What Do We Have at UTK?

• About 780 Cisco switchesAbout 780 Cisco switches• Most buildings have Gigabit Ethernet uplinkMost buildings have Gigabit Ethernet uplink

• 8 main Cisco routers8 main Cisco routers• Several dozen DEMPRsSeveral dozen DEMPRs• 1100 Access Points supporting 802.11g1100 Access Points supporting 802.11g• Juniper router at the borderJuniper router at the border

• 622 Mbps (135 for I1, 487 for I2)622 Mbps (135 for I1, 487 for I2)• Resnet DS-3 (45 Mbps)Resnet DS-3 (45 Mbps)

• ISDN connections, ISDN connections, • DSL servicesDSL services

What Do We Have at UTK? What Do We Have at UTK? (continued)(continued)

• FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) to FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) to PellissippiPellissippi

• Modem Pool (~250 users)Modem Pool (~250 users)• LRE, DSL to buildingsLRE, DSL to buildings• T-1s to Middlebrook, etc.T-1s to Middlebrook, etc.• Direct 100 Mbps connection to Lexis-NexisDirect 100 Mbps connection to Lexis-Nexis

Special ApplicationsSpecial Applications

• Packeteer PacketshaperPacketeer Packetshaper• Tipping Point IPSTipping Point IPS• VLANsVLANs• DNSDNS

Standards/Governing bodiesStandards/Governing bodies

• EIA/TIA (EIA/TIA (Electronic Industries Electronic Industries Alliance/Telecommunications Industry AllianceAlliance/Telecommunications Industry Alliance))

• IETF (RFCs)IETF (RFCs)• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers)Engineers)• InterNICInterNIC• ARINARIN

• IP address spaceIP address space

Speaking of Address SpaceSpeaking of Address Space

• IPv6 (128 bit addressing versus IPv4’s 32 IPv6 (128 bit addressing versus IPv4’s 32 bits)bits)• 281,474,976,710,656 addresses versus 2^32 or281,474,976,710,656 addresses versus 2^32 or

4,294,967,296 addresses4,294,967,296 addresses• fe80:0000:0000:0000:0203:93ff:ef76:5a5efe80:0000:0000:0000:0203:93ff:ef76:5a5e

vs. 160.36.193.46vs. 160.36.193.46

The Future?The Future?

• Move towards IPv6Move towards IPv6• VOIPVOIP• ConvergenceConvergence• Ubiquitous wirelessUbiquitous wireless• Video on demandVideo on demand• 10 Gig E over copper10 Gig E over copper• 100 Gig E100 Gig E