Open Source Software (OSS)

Group 7I Gusti Made AdityaHenry He Daniel VoglerTrisha Moon

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Do you recognize either of these people?

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Do you recognize any of these people?

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Content

OverviewHistory & background

OSS Vs. PSS (Proprietary Software System)Software vendor strategyCase studyConclusion

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Content

OverviewHistory & backgroundOSS Vs. PSS (Proprietary Software System)Software vendor strategyCase studyConclusion

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News of OSS 1

“Google plans to hire programmers to improve OpenOffice.org…”“Google has shown an affinity for open-source software, which are…for free.”“The company uses the Linux operating system for its mainstay search…”

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Pros of OSS 2

A good way for businesses to achieve a greater penetration of the market

Potential for flexible technology and quicker innovation

More reliable because it typically has thousands of editors

FREE!!!!!!!!!

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Cons of OSS 2

Critiques complain of inability to produce quality

Difficult to design a commercially sound business model

Hackers could know more about weaknesses or loopholes in the software

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Content

OverviewHistory & backgroundOSS Vs. PSS (Proprietary Software System)Software vendor strategyCase studyConclusion

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Open Source Definition 3

To be considered as Open Source, software must meet the followings: 1. Free Redistribution: you have the liberty either to sell or freely redistribute. 2. Source Code: Source code must be included in package or can be downloaded freely. 3. Derived Works: Modification of the source code must be allowed. 4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code: Differentiation must be made between

derivative and original works, e.g.: modifier name identification and file/patch separation.

5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups: Everyone can use it. 6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor: No restriction on where program can be

used. Commercial user can use it too.7. Distribution of License: The license is automatically distributed along with the software. 8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product: The license cannot be replaced by license

from its enclosing software distribution/package. 9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software: It cannot restrict other software in its

enclosed distribution to be open source too. 10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral: License contract establishment must not

depend on certain technology.

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History of Open Source (1)

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Early 80’s: Richard Stallman can no longer modify system software in MIT’s AI lab.1983: Richard Stallman launched The GNU Project (open source system)1985: He founded Free Software Foundation1991: Linus Torvalds created Linux The last piece of The GNU Project 1997: Eric Raymond published the “Cathedral & The Bazaar”. It compares Proprietary with Open Source Software

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History of Open Source (2)

In 1998: Netscape executive read the book -> they went open source and rename it to Mozilla Firefox“Open Source” term invented to avoid the ambiguity of “free software” (liberty vs price)Open Source Initiative was founded

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Major Open Source Software

OpenOffice.org

Firefox

Server Side

Non Server Side

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LAMP Stack 4

LAMP is a cross platform web server.Deployed by big company, ex: O’Reilly Network, Amazon.com, Google Inc.

Awww.montpelieropensource.com/i/lamp.png, viewed 11/23/2008

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Linux (1) 5 6

Unix like Operating SystemLinux kernel created by Linus Torvald in 1991.Wide range hardware deployment: embedded device to supercomputer.Linux bundled with other open source software into Linux Distribution (Distro), ex: Redhat, Debian, Ubuntu, etc.More: stable & secure. Less: virus, maintenance cost, CPU power. No forced upgrade. 6

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Linux (2): Marketshare 7 8

IDC's report for Q2 2008 holds 13.4% overall server market. Top500.org reports that for 2008, 87% of Top 500 fastest supercomputers are using Linux.

IDC ‘s Top-level Server Market Findings OS Family

Revenue (billion $)

Marketshare %

Linux 1.9 13.4 UNIX 4.6 32.7 Windows 5.1 36.5 IBM z/OS 1.6 11.8 others 0.8 0.6 Total 14.0 100

Top500 Supercomputer OS Marketshare

OS Family Count Market Share

(%) Linux 439 87.80% Windows 5 1.00% Unix 23 4.60% BSD Based 1 0.20% Mixed 31 6.20% Mac OS 1 0.20%

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Linux (3): Non Diffusion of MINIX 9

MINIX: developed by Prof. Andrew S. Tannembaum, demonstrate to his students how OS works.1992: Debate in comp.os.minix newsgroup titled: “Linux is obsolete”Micro kernel -> modern architectureMINIX unavailable for users at that time, Linux was -> MINIX was not adopted.

Microkernel Vs. Monolithic

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Apache 10 11

Opensource webserver like Internet Information System (IIS)More stable, less critical problem than IIS.Most popular, 46.26 % marketshare (Oct 2008, Netcraft survey)

Netcraft’s Report of Active Sites Across All Domain October 2008 Developer Active Sites Percent Apache 33,310,242 46.26% Microsoft 25,594,704 35.55% Google 7,645,615 10.62% lighttpd 134,161 0.19%

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MySQL 12

Open source database, like Oracle & SQL ServerOwned by MySQL AB. Acquired by Sun Microsystem on Jan 16th 2008.Used by: Facebook, Wikipedia, Flickr, Youtube, Yahoo!, Alcatel-Lucent, Google, Nokia, and ZapOSS.com 25% market share of Database Usage.

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PHP 13

Scripting language for webCompetitor: ASP .NetUsed more than 20 million websites and 1 million web serversUsed by Facebook, Wikipedia, Yahoo!, My Yearbook, and Tagged.

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OpenOffice.org 29

Office suite (like Ms Office)Can read Ms Office format, except Office 2007 format .Cross platform, more secure.Originate from commercial StarOffice. Sun acquired it and release its source code in July 2000.Market share: 15-20% with StarOffice (2004), 98 million downloads.Used by: Singapore’s Ministry of Defense, Bristol City Council, French Gendarmerie, Supreme Court of India, the Allahabad High Court.

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Mozilla FireFox (1) 14

Open source Award winning web browser.Competitors: IE, Safari, Opera.Installed in almost all UMSL computers.Compared to IE: More secure, stable, and fast.

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Mozilla Firefox (2): Market Share 15 16

19% usage share, and 2nd to Internet Explorer

http://marketshare.hitslink.com/report.aspx?qprid=1&qptimeframe=M&qpsp=94&qpnp=24&qpdt=1&qpct=4, viewed 11/23/2008

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Content

OverviewHistory & backgroundOSS Vs. PSS (Proprietary Software System)

Software vendor strategyCase studyConclusion

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Project management and development modelCommercialization and economyEnd-user supportInnovationIntegration and overall “feel”Secure and reliableOSS adoption in government

OSS Vs. PSS (Proprietary Software System)

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“Run by teams or structured groups, with workload, agendas, intended results, and deadlines, centrally agreed, and use paid developers to achieve these goals as required”.

“The work to deadlines, the date at which (for corporate, market or investor purposes) a new product or update must be released, or a new feature made available”

Collaboration and Project management 17

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Development model 18

Benefit considerably from a “users as innovators” organization, and attract numerous heterogeneous developers.Regularly delivered to users through the release of successive versions with new functionalities, correct bugs and minor improvements.Numerous (very) skilled workers which prefer open organizational cultures contribute for free since OSS community makes no profit.

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Open-Source Governance Models 19

Project Governing Body/Leadership Dispute Resolution

Apache Apache Foundation/Group with about 20 members as the core group.

Changes to products are proposed on a mailing list and voted on by active members

The Debian Project

(GNU/Linux, GNU/Hurd)

Each decision is made by one or more of: The developers, project leader, Technical committee, individual developer, delegates, project secretary

Resolutions are placed on a discussion list for review and vote. Voting process is defined in the Debian Constitution

Perl 6 core members and the model for leadership is a rotating dictatorship.

Project leaders or ‘pumpkins’

Mozilla Led by a small group of Netscape employees to oversee operations.

Mozilla.org has the final say in any dispute

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Involve the use of constraints and the restriction of access to the original source code. An end-user is not actually purchasing software, but purchasing the right to use the software.

Don't limit the use of software . The revenue model is based mainly on support services.

Commercialization 17

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Economy of OSS 20

Providing support and installation services similar to IT Security groups, Linux Distributions, and Systems companies.Using the software as a stepping stone to sell a higher-end product or service (e.g. Staroffice)Cost avoidance / cost sharing: many developers need a product, so it makes sense to share development costs.

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Typically provides a "one-stop shop" for all support matters simply because nobody else has the requisite access to the source code.

With access to the source code, it is often said that the bugs may be fixed faster with more eyes looking for them.

End-user support 17

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Some of OSS seem more derivative than innovative. However, most of them have been majorly or even completely rewritten (e.g. Mozilla) without much of the original code.

Innovation 17

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Seamless. “Every bit of the system was produced by one company, so naturally the parts work together well.”

All the different OSS groups have a strong interest that their projects work well together. They achieve this with a fondness for open interoperability standards.

Integration and overall "feel" 17

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“With any given piece of software, it's much easier for a black hat to find and exploit security holes in any given piece of software when he has the source code than without it.”

“The availability of open source code leads to faster discovery of security issues, and faster resolution of these issues.”

Secure and reliable 17

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Hiding the source code for a system does not provide any additional security.OSS community can respond rapidly by patching the system, and sharing the patch with the public. PSS users are completely dependent upon the vendor’s ability to discover and distribute fixes.Windows XP and Red Hat Linux would be estimated to have approximately more than 30,000 undiscovered defects respectively even if 99% of them are remedied.

Secure and reliable 21

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Neither is inherently more secure or reliable than the other.

Both OSS and PSS require frequent patching to remedy defects. Any system that requires frequent patching is inherently insecure.

Secure and reliable conclusion 21

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OSS in government environments 22

InteroperabilityTo provide efficient and reliable services across departmental and national boundaries.

Avoid Vendor lock-inTo turn to open standard to alleviate the problem of vendor lock-in.

FlexibilityHelp governments make more informed decisions faster to cater for the unpredictable emergencies.

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OSS adoption in government 22

AustraliaBrazilDenmarkGermanyMalaysiaPhilippinesSouth AfricaSwedenUnited States

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Content

OverviewHistory & backgroundOSS Vs. PSS (Proprietary Software System)Software vendor strategyCase studyConclusion

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Why should proprietary vendors be concerned?

Microsoft ordered to pay $1.5 billion in lawsuit on MP3 patent lawsuit.

Revenue generated by open source hardware, software and services in now in the billions of dollars.2

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Microsoft’s response to open source 23

11-02-2006: Microsoft Linux!“Microsoft has spent ten years bashing the free-of-charge open-source Linux operating system and trying to kill it. Now Microsoft is making nice.”1

Website created by Microsoft, dedicated to open source.

http://www.microsoft.com/opensource/

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IBM’s response to open source 24

“IBM was among the earliest of the major computer companies to embrace open-source software and was probably the first to realize that doing so could be consistent with our business goals.”2

Open Source Steering Committee (OSSC)“Internal board, oversees open-source activities and reviews all planned external uses of open source”

August 5th, 2008 – “Microsoft-free” PC

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Content

OverviewHistory & backgroundOSS Vs. PSS (Proprietary Software System)Software vendor strategyCase studyConclusion

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Open Source Survey

Survey completed by over 107 UMSL Students

92 Graduate and 37 Undergraduate Students.

35% of Undergraduate had never heard of open source software.

23% of Graduate students had never heard of open source software.

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0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%% who have HEARD OF

% who have USED

N=131 for Java, PHP, Wikipedia, Unix, Open Office, Eclipse, Apache, MySQL, and otherN=115 for Sun MicrosystemsN=107 for Mozilla Firefox and Linux

OSS Popularity

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OSS at Work

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% that currently use OS

% willing to use OS at work

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

N=122 for ‘current OS use’N=125 for ‘willing to use OS at work’

21%

79%Not willing to use OS at workWilling to use OS at work

N=85 respondents that indicated that they currently do not use OS at work; original N=122

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Reason to Switch to Open Source

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Save

Money

Increase

Producti

vity

Other

'Anti-proprie

tary'

0%

25%

50%

75%

N=124

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Conclusion From Survey

Wikipedia is the most popular open source software on campus.

Only 29.51% use open source software at work.

63.8% of people who do not use open source software at work are willing to.

The most popular reason why a company would use open source software would be to save money.

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Interview

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Interview with Mark

Mark Glyshaw from AT&TSenior Technical ArchitectHe reports to Thaddeas Arroyle, the CIO; who then reports to Jon Stankey, the COO; who then reports to Randall Stevenson, the CEO.

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Interview with Mark 25

AT&TProvider in telecommunications services and offers products to consumers worldwide.

Market Cap is $162.94 Billion. Trading at $27.65/share.

Revenue for 2007 was $118.93 Billion.

AT&T IT Department2nd largest IT department, 1st is IBM

Uses open source software to reduce costs but also because “big companies tend to avoid monopolies.”

One of the three servers they use is open source.

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Interview with Mark

AT&T IT DepartmentHow many people work for IT Department?

35,000. For entire company it is 325,000.

What is the annual IT budget?A little over a Billion

What is the largest expense of the IT budget?1. Salary

Each employee has an average cost of $100K/year.2. Software licenses

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Interview with Mark

AT&T IT DepartmentHow are individual’s computers issued?

Predefined set of hardware/software.

Which programs are most frequently requested?Java and Mozilla.

Does AT&T contribute to the code when discovering issues?

Not usually.

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Interview with Mark

AT&T IT DepartmentOS Strategy

Development staff wants to use OS.PCs/Desktops are very difficult and costly to manage.People’s resistance to change is the reason AT&T was unable to implement a system wide adoption of open office.Mark’s team is responsible for choosing tools and standards to develop an OS strategy for the entire company.Access to source code to be able to fix a problem should one come up was the strongest reason for choosing OS.

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Email Inteview with dpix company

Company A High-tech small company located in Palo Alto, CaliforniaManufactures and sells Glass Panels for Digital X-Ray Net sales around 50-60 million

Shivaram PinnipatiIT manager of dpix

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Inteview with dpix

What is the organizational chart--who does the CIO or IT manager report to?

IT Manager (Operations) reports to VP Marketing and Customer Relations

How many people work for the IT organization?5 person

Does your company use open source software?No. We use Microsoft software

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Inteview with dpix

Why does your company choose or not choose to use open source applications?

Open Source lacks end user support and you are on your own when a problem occursThis comes with a cost because of no support and you are on your ownOur business model requires the software we use to come with formal support, training, long term road map and no risks.

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Content

OverviewHistory & backgroundOSS Vs. PSS (Proprietary Software System)Software vendor strategyCase studyConclusion

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Conclusion 26

The success of OSS relies on the efficiency of the organization.The competitiveness of OSS depends on compatibility with existing proprietary software.Creating an effective business model is difficult.The pros are easy market penetration , innovation, reliability and cost.The cons are quality and its hard to make money.Managers must be educated on OSS.

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8 Lessons for IS Leaders 27 1/2

1. The cost of running an IS unit will decline.

2. Software innovation and quality should improve because of source code availability.

3. Benign OSS monopolies might emerge if certain OSS products become market standards.

4. IS units might become less dependent on a single OSS support provider because open source allows others to enter the OSS support business.

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8 Lessons for IS Leaders 27 2/2

5. OSS will escalate, leading to more OSS products. Initially, most OSS products supported the infrastructure layer, including middleware, database, and development tools.

6. IS leaders will experience pressures from outside the IS unit.

7. IS units will develop an OS strategy.8. Traditional software companies will be forced to adapt.

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Future business and OSS 28

In the short to medium term, using of open source software.

Business based on distributing and supporting open-source software. Ex: Redhat

Sell computer hardware running open source software. Ex: IBM & Sun Microsystem.

Reduce development cost by using open source development model. Ex: Sun’s Java

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Q & A

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References1. http://news.cnet.com/Google-throws-bodies-at-OpenOffice/2100-7344_3-5

920762.html, viewed Nov. 7, 2008

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Software, viewed Nov. 7, 20083. http://www.opensource.org/docs/definition.php, viewed 11/8/20084. Quick Study: LAMP.

http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=263611

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux, viewed 11/8/20086. Linux in the Data Center. Joe Dysart. Transport Topics. Alexandria:

Apr 14, 2008. , Iss. 3788; pg. S16, 1 pgs http://www.desktoplinux.com/articles/AT2779208064.html, viewed Nov. 9, 2008

7. http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS21399008, viewed 11/23/2008

8. http://www.top500.org/stats/list/32/osfam, viewed 11/23/2008

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References9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanenbaum-Torvalds_debate, viewed

11/8/2008

10. http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2008/10/29/october_2008_web_server_survey.html , viewed 11/8/2008

11. Apache's still chief among open source web servers. Nick Langley. Computer Weekly. Sutton: May 20, 2008. pg. 32, 1 pgs

12. MySQL Gains 25% Market Share of Database Usage, Latest Evans Data Survey Shows. Business Wire. New York: Mar 22, 2007.

13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Php, viewed 11/8/2008

14. The Better Browser. Josh Quittner. Time. New York: Jul 14, 2008. Vol. 172, Iss. 2; pg. 62

15. Microsoft Updates Explorer As Firefox Gains Ground. Jessica Hodgson. Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition). New York, N.Y.: Aug 28, 2008. pg. B.6

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References16. Microsoft Flops and Loses 7% of the Browser Market in Last 12 Months -

Vista Still Only Used by Less Than 15% of all Users, per Janco. Anonymous. PR Newswire. New York: Aug 11, 2008.

17. http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_open_source_and_closed_source, viewed Nov. 7, 2008

18. Jean-Michel Dalle, Nicolas Jullien, “Open-Source vs. Proprietary software”, 2001

19. M.Lynne Markus, Brook Manville, Carole E. Agres, “What Makes a Virtual Organization Work” MIT Sloan Management Review, Fall 2000, PP. 22

20. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Software, viewed Nov. 7, 2008

21. A. Boulanger, “Open-Source versus proprietary software: Is one more reliable and secure than the other?”, IBM Systems Journal, 2005, pg. 239

22. K.D.Simon, “The value of open standards and open-source software in government environments?”, IBM Systems Journal, 2005

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References23. Lyons, Daniel. "Microsoft Linux!" 02 Nov. 2006. Homepage for the World's

Business Leaders. 09 Oct. 2008

24. Capek, P. G., S. P. Frank, S. Gerdt, and D. Shields. "A history of IBM's open-source involvement and strategy." IBM Systems Journal 44 (2005).

25. http://finance.google.com/finance?q=t

26. Jean-Michel Dalle, Nicolas Jullien, “Open-Source vs. Proprietary software”, 2001

27. Richard T. Watson, Donald Wynn, Marie-Claude Boudreau, “JBOSS: The Evolution of Professional Open Source Software”, MIS Quarterly Executive, Vol.4, No.3, September 2005, PP. 339-340

28. Georg von Krogh, “Open-Source Software Development”, MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol.44, No. 3, Spring 2003, PP. 18

29. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openoffice.org, viewed 11/8/2008