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De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishDupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.Ambassador to the U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and aweak and abidder for the admirationbidder for the admirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a wouldbeing a would--be politicianbe politicianwho tries to leave a doorwho tries to leave a dooropen behind himself whileopen behind himself whilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.

“Remember The Maine

To Hell With Spain”

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

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The Dogs of WarThe Dogs of War� McKinley wanted

peace

� Wall Street wanted peace

� Spain has larger navy

SoSo----who who wants it?wants it?

� The People

� The Press

� Teddy Roosevelt

� Feb. 25, 1898 TR orders Navy to the Philippines

How did the war start?How did the war start?� William McKinley asks for permission on April 11, 1898 to intervene in Cuba

with a clear objective of ending the war between Spain and Cuban revolutionaries.

� On April 13, 1898 two critical movements by Spain and the United States occur:A. The United States grants President McKinley permission to intervene, but will not

recognize the new Cuban governmentB. Spain declares the sovereignty of Cuba has been threaten and sets aside funds for

war expenses

� On April 19, 1898, the U.S. Congress by vote of 311 to 6 in the House and 42 to 35 in the Senate adopted the Joint Resolution for war with Spain.◦ Included in the Resolution was the Teller Amendment, named after Senator

Henry Moore Teller (Colorado) which disclaimed any intention by the U.S. to exercise jurisdiction or control over Cuba except in a pacification role and promised to leave the island as soon as the war was over.

� War is formally declared on April 25, 1898. The same day that Spain gives in to ALL US demands

What are the two theaters of war?What are the two theaters of war? A Tiny ConflictA Tiny Conflict� The first action of the war actually occurred

on May 1, 1898, in the Philippines, not in Cuba like most people believe.

◦ Admiral George Dewey, a brilliant naval commander, steamed into Manila Bay in the Philippines and destroyed Spain’s entire Pacific fleet in a little over seven hours.

◦ Please note, why would America care about the Philippines?

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Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila! Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine independencePhilippine independence

PhilippinesPhilippines

� May 1st Dewey’s navy attacks Manila Bay, Philippines

� Aug. 13th 1898 Filipino rebels take Manila by land

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

The The

“Rough “Rough

Riders”Riders”

The The

“Rough “Rough

Riders”Riders”

“That Splendid “That Splendid

Little War”Little War”

What are the two theaters of war?What are the two theaters of war?

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CUBA & Puerto RicoCUBA & Puerto Rico

� TEDDY RESIGNS TO FORM Rough Riders

� July 1st1898 San Juan and Kettle Hill taken. 17,000 US “soldiers” Vs. 200,000 Spanish--but only 2,000 show up to fight.

� July 3rd Spanish navy defeated. 500 dead Spaniards, one dead American.

� Puerto Rico--no Resistance at all

� August 12th 1898 Spain sues for peace.

San Juan Hill????San Juan Hill????

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Secretary Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the of the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American nationalist.American nationalist.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having having the backbone of a the backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his position to Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.fight in Cuba.

What does she What does she represent, and is represent, and is it the same for it the same for all groups?all groups?

Filipino’s Too??

Peace of Paris Peace of Paris 18981898

� US Gets:

◦ Guam

◦ Puerto Rico

◦ Cuba (temp)

� LATER--US gives Spain $20,000,000 for Philippines. NO it IS NOT part of the treaty

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Remember

Teller???

A Case Study: A Case Study: The Platt AmendmentThe Platt Amendment

� After the war, President McKinley, in violation of the Teller Amendment, installs a military government in Cuba to ensure the economic markets sought by American businesses.

� Cubans are ticked-off because the United States did not follow up on its purpose of securing independence for Cuba, but rather it secured its own AMERICAN interest.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville PlattSenator

Orville Platt

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903)(1903)

1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements withforeign powers that would endanger its independence.foreign powers that would endanger its independence.

2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if 2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.

3. Cuba must lease 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. forto the U.S. fornaval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.

4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

New Colonial Laws: 1898New Colonial Laws: 1898New Colonial Laws: 1898New Colonial Laws: 1898

1900 - Foraker ActForaker Act..Limited Independence.Limited Independence.

19011901--1903 1903 �������� the the Insular CasesInsular Cases..

1917 1917 –– Jones ActJones Act..

gives Philippinesgives Philippines

territorial status, territorial status,

& promises future & promises future

independence.independence.

American CasualtiesAmerican Casualties

�400 dead from bullets

�5,000 dead from ◦ “embalmed” beef

◦ tropical diseases

◦woolen uniforms� Our ideals???? What would we do with

these islands?

The Effects of the WarThe Effects of the War

� The United States was certainly conscious of its military might and new global strength

� The army became frightfully aware of certain ineptitudes◦ Fighting in a tropical climate – 5,000 men died

due to food poisoning, yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases

◦ Jim Crow entered into the army

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� Puerto Rico: 1900 limited self-gov’t, 1917 becomes a US Terr with citizenship but w/out taxation.

� Philippines: Aquinaldoes forces have been fighting for 20 years and expect independence….

�Philippines becomes America’s 1st

Vietnam

The American AntiThe American Anti--Imperialist Imperialist

LeagueLeague

The American AntiThe American Anti--Imperialist Imperialist

LeagueLeague

Founded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Andrew Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan amongJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned against theCampaigned against theannexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and otherPhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

AntiAnti--Imperialist League before the warImperialist League before the war

�A very loose cooperation of mismatched special interest groups:

◦ Businessmen (become imperialist afte the war)

◦Old Mugwump Republicans

◦ Idealists (Twain, etc)

◦Racists

◦DOVES: if we take this—what’s next?

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William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1st

Gov.Gov.--General of the PhilippinesGeneral of the Philippines

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1st

Gov.Gov.--General of the PhilippinesGeneral of the Philippines

Great administrator.Great administrator.

The Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist Tailor Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”