death before the fall by ronald osborn

8132019 Death Before the Fall by Ronald Osborn

httpslidepdfcomreaderfulldeath-before-the-fall-by-ronald-osborn 136

D E A T H B E F O R E

T H E F A L L

R O N A L D E O S B O R N

Foreword by John Walton

Biblical Literali sm and the

Problem of Animal Suf fering





ldquoIn his book he auhor invies his readers o share his own proound journey arising

ou o melding his ormaive early experience o wildlie in Arica conemporary

evoluionary accouns and creaionis biblical lieralism In clear coheren and well-argued narraives he akes apar he assumpions common o scienism and cre-

aionism and draws on he Chrisian radiion and biblical sources in order o con-

sruc an alernaive Tis is an inelligenly argued ye pasorally sensiive

exploraion o he challenges aced by evoluionary heiss and creaioniss alike

bu is implicaions go much urher han his For Osborn succeeds in achieving

somehing ha ew auhors manage namely a sel-criical bu compassionae and

someimes humorous accoun o he difficulies or heiss in coming o erms

wih suffering in he animal world I deserves o be read and appreciaed no jusin suden courses on God and evoluion bu more widely rom differen ec-

clesial radiionsrdquo

Celia Deane-Drummond proessor o heology Universiy o Nore Dame

ldquoA beauiully writen book Ron Osborn wries no wih spie and ire bu wih

wisdom and generosiy o spiri Where lieralism once ruled as he only way o

honor Scripure here he deeper dimensions o Godrsquos compassion and sabbah res

come o ligh Tis is he firs book Irsquove read on he evoluion and creaion debaeha brough ears o my eyesrdquo

Philip Clayton Claremon School o Teology auhor o ransorming Chrisian Teology

ldquoRonald Osborn draws ogeher a variey o sources and addresses key issues in his

rich projec His analysis o lieralism and biblical inerpreaion is sorely needed in

many circles oday And his insighs on animal suffering should prove helpul as

believers wresle wih he cenral issues o Godrsquos grace in a world o boh pleasure

and pain holiness and harrowing abuserdquo

Tomas Jay Oord Norhwes Nazarene Universiy Nampa Idaho

ldquoAs religious communiies sruggle o make sense o heir aih radiions afer

Darwin hey rely on houghul and sensiive seers o lead hem beyond he

shallows o lieralism o a deeper encouner wih new scienific discoveries Ronald

Osbornrsquos sophisicaed reflecions on lieralism and animal suffering will be helpul

o Chrisians o all denominaions who are roubled by he wild ways o evoluionrdquo

John F Haught senior research ellow Woodsock Teological Cener GeorgeownUniversiy

Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions



DEATH BEFORE

THE F ALL

Biblical Literalism and the

Problem of Animal Suffering

RONALD E OSBORN

Foreword by John H Walton




InerVarsiy Press

PO Box 983089983092983088983088 Downers Grove IL 983094983088983093983089983093-983089983092983090983094World Wide Web wwwivpresscom

Email emailivpresscom

copy983090983088983089983092 by onald E Osborn

All righs reserved No par o his book may be reproduced in any orm wihou writen permission om InerVarsiy

Press

InerVarsiy Pressreg is he book-publishing division o InerVarsiy Chrisian FellowshipUSAreg a movemen o

sudens and aculy acive on campus a hundreds o universiies colleges and schools o nursing in he Unied Saes

o America and a member movemen o he Inernaional Fellowship o Evangelical Sudens For inormaion abou

local and regional aciviies wrie Public elaions Dep InerVarsiy Chrisian FellowshipUSA 983094983092983088 983088 Schroeder

d PO Box 983095983096983097983093 Madison WI 983093983091983095983088983095-983095983096983097983093 or visi he IVCF websie a wwwinervarsiyorg

All Scripure quoaions marked 983150983137983155983138 are aken om he New American Sandard Biblereg copyrigh 983089983097983094983088 983089983097983094983090

983089983097983094983091 983089983097983094983096 983089983097983095983089 983089983097983095983090 983089983097983095983091 983089983097983095983093 983089983097983095983095 983089983097983097983093 by Te Lockman Foundaion Used by permission

KYNSKI MAGNUS J (RNS) SOUNDS FEELINGS HOUGHS copy983089983097983096983089 by Princeon Universiy Press

eprined by permission o Princeon Universiy Press

Cover design David Fasset

Inerior design Beh Hagenberg

Images iger DEA G DAGLI OIGety ImagesCerificae copyedge983094983097

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983092983094-983093 (prin)

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983097983093983091983095-983091 (digial)

Prined in he Unied Saes o America

InerVarsiy Press is commited o proecing he environmen and o he responsible use o nauralresources As a member o Green Press Iniiaive we use recycled paper whenever possible o learnmore abou he Green Press Iniiaive visi wwwgreenpressiniiaiveorg

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A caalog record or his book is available om he Library o Congress

P 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092




CONTENTS

Foreword by John H Walon 983095

Inroducion 983089983089

P983137983154983156 O983150983141 O983150 L983145983156983141983154983137983148983145983155983149

983089 Te Creaion 983090983093

A Plain eading

983090 Wha991257s Eaing Biblical Lieraliss 983091983097

Creaionism and he Enlighenmen Projec

983091 Unwholesome Complexiy 983092983097 Lieralism as Scienismrsquos Pale Mimeic ival

983092 Progressive Versus Degeneraing Science 983093983097

Weighing Incommensurable Paradigms

983093 Does Your God Need Sage Props 983094983096

On he heological Necessiy o Mehodological Aheism

983094 Te Enclave Menaliy 983095983094

Ideniy Foreclosure and he Fundamenalis Mind

983095 Te Gnosic Syndrome 983096983094

When Lieralism Becomes a Heresy

983096 Four Winesses on he Lieral Meaning o Genesis 983097983094

Barh Calvin Augusine and Maimonides

983097 I No Foundaionalism Wha Ten 983089983089983091

From ower Building o Ne Mending




P983137983154983156 T983159983151 O983150 A983150983145983149983137983148 S983157983142983142983141983154983145983150983143

983089983088 Sasis Decepion Curse 983089983090983094hree Lieralis Dilemmas

983089983089 A Midrash 983089983092983088

C S Lewisrsquos Cosmic Conlic heodicy evisied

983089983090 God o he Whirlwind 983089983093983088

Animal Ferociy in he Book o Job

983089983091 Creaion amp Kenosis 983089983093983095

Evoluion and Chris rsquos Sel-Empying Way o he Cross

983089983092 Animal Ehics Sabbah Res 983089983094983094

Conclusion 983089983095983095

Noes 983089983096983089

Subjec and Auhor Index 983089983097983091




FOREWORD

I 983150 983156 983144 983141 983139 983157 983154 983154 983141 983150 983156 983139 983148 983145 983149 983137 983156 983141 983151 983142 983139 983151 983150 983158 983141 983154 983155 983137 983156 983145 983151 983150 concerning

science and aih many issues are brough under scruiny Some involve

he rapid advances in geneics and ohers he applicaion o ancien Near

Easern lieraure o he inerpreaion o Scripure Evoluionary biology

physical and culural anhropology neuroscience quanum mechanics

heology and hermeneuics all have heir conribuions o make o he

complex discussion Many dispues concern how subsanial he scienific

conclusions are while ohers ocus on how we should inerpre he Bible

and wha claims i makes

One o he mos commonly discussed opics is wha i means o in-

erpre he biblical ex lierally In his book Osborn does readers he grea

avor o delving deeply ino he issue o wha he labels ldquolieralismrdquo o dem-onsrae how such a hermeneuic can be and has been abused by iner-

preers who have oher agendas Many o hose who conend or narrow

lieralism are quie selecive in wha hey read lierally and in he end all

prey o he pos-Enlighenmen demands o scienism Osborn conends

ha narrowly lieralis scienific creaionism no only ails o offer a sound

reading o he ex bu acually damages he ex

A second opic ha in conras is litle discussed in he modern conver-

saions is animal suering despie he ac ha many would ideniy i

as he main reason ha hey canno accep evoluionary heory Osbornrsquos




8 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

case is ha while here are no easy answers hose who believe in lieralism

and creaionism are no in any beter posiion on animal suffering han

hose who accep evoluionary models In oher words evoluionary heory

is no he problem Tis is an imporan poin o be made or hose who

have used animal suffering as he single mos imporan reason ha evo-

luion canno be considered

Tis powerully writen book is eminenly worh reading or persons o

all belies or none who wan o hink deeply abou some o he issues in

science and aih ha perplex us oday Osbornrsquos insighs can bring us yeanoher sep along he pah oward finding peace rom he animosiy and

angs ha surround hese issues Bu beyond ha he calls us o be beter

conversaion parners beter people And ha is always a message worh

lisening o

John H Walon




Bless he L983151983154983140 O my soul

You appoin darkness and i becomes nigh In which all he beass o he ores prowl abou

Te young lions roar afer heir prey

And seek heir ood om God

When he sun rises hey wihdraw

And lie down in heir dens

Man goes orh o his work And o his labor unil evening

O L983151983154983140 how many are Your works

In wisdom You have made hem all

Te earh is ull o Your possessions

Tere is he sea grea and broad

In which are swarms wihou number

Animals boh small and grea

Tere he ships move along

And Leviahan which You have ormed o spor in i

Tey all wai or You

o give hem heir ood in due season

You give o hem hey gaher i up

You open Your hand hey are saisfied wih good

You hide Your ace hey are dismayed

You ake away heir spiri hey expire

And reurn o heir dus

You send orh Your Spiri hey are creaed

And You renew he ace o he ground

P983155983137983148983149 1048625104862410486281048625 10486261048624-10486271048624 983150983137983155983138




INTRODUCTION

A 983155 983137 983139983144 983145 983148 983140 983143 983154 983151983159 983145 983150 983143 983157 983152 983156983151 983149 983145 983155 983155 983145 983151 983150983137 983154983161 983152983137 983154 983141 983150 983156 983155 in Zim-

babwe no long afer is independence rom he aparheid regime o Ian

Smihrsquos Rhodesia deah in naure was somehing I had been exposed o

rom an early age albei no in everyday lie My amilyrsquos home was in a

quie suburb o he serene and modern ciy o Harare amous or is well-

groomed gol courses boanical gardens and wide boulevards lined wih

jacaranda and flame rees ha bloomed specacular shades o purple whie

or orange depending on he season o he year Here he mos deadly

animal one migh encouner was a mamba boomslang or oher poisonous

snake alhough sighings o even hese were exremely rare Urbanizaion

and arming had long since driven Aricarsquos amed wildlie ar rom he

places mos Zimbabweans lived Harare was a leas o his childrsquos eyes aranquil paradise wih endless advenures o be had wih my classmaes on

sunny afernoons as we roamed he ciy on our bicycles afer shedding he

gray knee socks and cramped black shoes o our school uniormsmdashhe

crueles legacy I callowly assumed a he ime o Briish colonialism I had

much o learn Ofen hough my parens would load my wo sisers and

me ino our mechanically challenged diesel Mercedes sedan and we would

leave he emperae plaeau on which Harare sis o camp some

104862610486291048624 miles o he norh a a place known as Mana Pools

Mana Pools is a remoe wildlie preserve and UNESCO World Heriage




12 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

Sie wih some o he mos specacular game viewing anywhere in Aricarsquos

souhern hemisphere I was one o my amilyrsquos avorie rereas during he

years we lived in Zimbabwe Afer passing he final sese fly conrol saion

on he main roadmdasha low mud hu rom which a man in a crumpled khaki

uniorm would sleepily emerge armed wih a rusy in caniser o spray he

undercarriage o our car wih a noxious-smelling liquid inended o preven

he deadly insec rom reurning wih usmdashwe were ruly ino he wild or

ino he bundu as i is called in banu slang (One o my prized possessions

during my elemenary school years was a worn copy o he 1048625104863310486301048631 classicsurvival manual Donrsquo Die in he Bundu by Col D H Grainger o he Rho-

desian Army I never had any reason o pu ino pracice he lessons in his

book bu hey provided rich odder or anasies o heroic eas o a young

boy alone agains Aricarsquos elemens armed wih nohing more han his

rusy Swiss Army knie)

Te final leg o he journey ino Mana Pools ollows a desolae unpaved

rack surrounded by hick brush and doted by colossal baobab rees ha

look like he remnans o a los Jurassic Park One migh drive or hours on

his pah wihou spoting anoher vehicle or human being Te firs ime

my amily enered his dusy road however we had no gone ar beore we

encounered a resh lion kill Tree young emales had aken down a Cape

buffalo which hey had no ye dragged ino he cover o he bush Is legs

were splayed a odd angles and is side was opened exposing an impressiverib cage in shades o whie and crimson Te lions were easing on he

carcass in he middle o he road paning heavily as hey ore ino is body

heir chess and muzzles soaked in blood Te air was filled wih he sench

o deah My aher urned off he car engine and we sa in awed silence

waching hem eas a a disance o several meers A las we coninued on

our way dipping ino he sandy shoulder o he rack as we navigaed abou

his scene o beauiul carnage Te lions paid us litle noice I was nine oren years old a he ime bu he memory is sill vivid

I was usually lae in he afernoon when we would a las arrive a he

Mana Pools campsie which lies beneah a grove o acacia rees on a high




Inroducion 13

bank overlooking he Zambezi River Afer darkness had setled someone

migh shine a powerul spoligh or ldquoorchrdquo over he nearby marshy inles

and we would wach he gleaming eyes o he crocodiles blink and hen

eerily vanish beneah he waer like dying sars We would lie sill in our

ens as he campfire dwindled o embers and lisen o he hauning cries o

jackals in he disance

Tere is anoher disinc sound I remember rom hose nighs as we lay

in our beds in he bundu Tere were no ences or walls in Mana Pools and

wild animals ofen made heir way hrough camp Our mos common vis-iors (apar rom he klepomaniac verve monkeys always seeking a chance

o seize unatended ood) were herds o elephans We could ofen hear

heir sof read and breahing jus he oher side o our en flaps as hey

picked up he pods ha ell rom he acacia rees we slep under Tey

would requenly pass close enough o sep on our en ropes alhough even

in he black o nigh hey had an uncanny awareness o he lines and never

so much as grazed hem Beore dawn my parens would already be waking

my sisers and me or a new saari since he early hours o he day when he

air was sill cool and crisp were he bes ime o spo rare animals All

around us was a world ha was deeply myserious unamed dangerous

beauiul and good waiing o be explored And he danger was par o is

goodness and is beauy

Herein lies he cenral riddle o his book One migh o course imagineoher worlds in oher universes wihou predaory creaures such as croco-

diles and lions and hese migh be very good and very beauiul worlds as

well Bu he paricular goodness and beauy o Aricarsquos wild places ha were

such an imporan par o my childhood were inexricably linked o cycles o

birh and deah as well as suffering erociy and animal predaion One need

no subscribe o seveneenh-cenury German philosopher Gotried Leib-

nizrsquos claim (sairized by Volaire in Candide) ha he world as we know i isldquohe bes o all possible worldsrdquo o neverheless see ha adjecives such as evil

and cursed when applied o he realiies o lie and deah in he animal

kingdom somehow jus do no ring rue Mana Pools was very goodmdashis lions




14 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

jackals leopards fish eagles and cobras included Ye Mana Pools as a mi-

crocosm o naure as a whole was also an unamed and even unremitingly

harsh world a sealed economy in which all o lie was in he final analysis

susained by he deahsmdashofen in specacular and prolonged waysmdasho oher

creaures Tere is a doubleness o all o animal exisence exending righ

back o he very beginning as ar as we can ell wih birh and deah comedy

and ragedy suffering and grandeur appearing as he inerwoven and insepa-

rable aspecs o a single realiy ha defies easy moral caegorizaion

For believers in he God o Jewish and Chrisian Scripure his poses agrave heological and moral dilemma ha is differen in kind rom he

problem o evil arising rom he exercise o human ree will I also disinc

rom (i perhaps relaed o) he problem o ldquonaural evilrdquo posed by geo-

logical upheavals ha ake human lives such as he 1048626104862410486251048624 earhquake in Haii

and he sunamis in Indonesia and Japan Simply saed he rouble is his

Animals as ar as we know do no have he capaciy or anyhing ap-

proaching human moral reasoning and will never be able o comprehend

heir own suffering in meaphysical or heological erms ha migh give ha

suffering meaning or hem Why hen would a jus and loving Godmdashno

he impersonal spiri o Hegelian idealism ha achieves is final ends

hrough he violen dialecics o ldquohisory as slaugher-benchrdquo1 nor he di-

viniy o Hindu belie who is a once Brahma he creaor and Shiva he de-

sroyer o worlds bu he undivided and good Creaor God o he HebrewBible and New esamenmdashrequire or permi such a world o exis Tis

world is one in which he harrowing suffering o innocen creaures hrough

he violence o oher creaures appears a once raugh wih errible sav-

ageness and a he same ime par o an order ha is delicaely balanced

achingly beauiul and finely uned o susain remendous diversiy o lie

I here is a raionally discernible ldquoinelligen designrdquo o he naural world as

some believers claim should we no conclude ha he design reveals apiilessly indifferen i no malevolen inelligence Why is i ha cre-

aioniss who read ldquodesignrdquo rom he surace o naure never rhapsodize

abou he wondrous irreducible complexiy o AIDS viruses or apeworms




Inroducion 15

or serraed shark eeh iered five rows deep ldquoI is as i he enire cosmos

were somehow predaoryrdquo wries Easern Orhodox heologian David Har

ldquoa single organism nourishing isel upon he deah o everyhing o which

i gives birh creaing and devouring all hings wih a errible and impassive

majesyrdquo2

Te pervasiveness o errible impassive and majesic orms o predaion

in naure exends rom he grea carnivores a he op o he ood chainmdash

he prides o lions ha have been capured on film killing baby elephans in

scenes o such proraced agony ha I find hem impossible o wachmdashohe inies o insecs in he mos seemingly ranquil English garden Aphids

would muliply exponenially o unahomable numbers i no devoured

coninuously by oher creaures Parasiic wasps hach housands a a ime

o eed wih ravenous hunger inside heir hoss Deah in naure ldquois more

han exravagancerdquo Annie Dillard concludes ldquoi is holocaus parody glurdquo3

Dillard recouns he ldquounholy revulsionrdquo o devou nineeenh-cenury

French nauralis J Henri Fabre afer he observed a macabre drama unold

beween a bee a Philanhus wasp and a praying manis Te wasp paralyzed

he bee and squeezed is belly so ha i would disgorge is swee syrup

eeding by licking he dying insecrsquos ongue A his momen a manis sud-

denly appeared pinned he wasp and began o munch is abdomen As he

wasp was isel being eaen i coninued o lick he ongue o he dying bee

unable o orgo he sweeness o he honey even as i wrihed in is owndeah agony ldquoNaure is above all profligaerdquo Dillard wries ldquoNaure will

ry anyhing once Tis is wha he sign o he insecs says No orm is oo

gruesome no behavior oo groesque Tis is a spendhrif economy

hough nohing is los all is spenrdquo4

Ye in anoher ligh he bee he wasp and he manis are no groesque

creaures a all bu raher inricaely beauiul and noble acors who aih-

ully ulfill heir myserious pars in he drama o lie Te deahs we observein naure in he presen scieniss ell us are only he inies par o a process

ha has exended over many millions o years more han niney percen o

all he species ha have ever appeared on earh are now exinc5 Sricly




16 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

speaking hough he problem o naurersquos doubleness is no one o evo-

luion as such I is he problem o exisence Why his world in his orm

raher han anoher

Like millions o Chrisians I was raised o believe ha God creaed all

o earhrsquos creaures in six lieral days in he relaively recen pas In he be-

ginning here was no moraliy and no predaion o any kind Te naural

worldmdashmy parens pasors and elemenary school eachers all sincerely

believed and augh memdashwas radically alered as a resul o Adam and Eversquos

decision o ea he orbidden rui Te blame or all deah and all sufferingin naure hus ell squarely upon rebellious humans Tis was why lions now

killed Cape buffalo in Mana Pools and why here were crocodiles and bil-

harzia parasies in he Zambezi and Limpopo rivers Bu o course no

human acion could have produced such an insananeous change no

simply in he insincs bu also in he anaomical srucures o counless

creaures Te idea ha he lions in Eden were docile vegearians wih

dagger-sharp claws originally designed by God or earing he bark off rees

appeared downrigh silly Somehow hose massive canine eeh and re-

racable claws or aking down living prey had go here Tis seemingly lef

only one possibiliy God himsel was responsible or he ransormaion

o all o naure in wha amouned o a hosile second creaion afer Adam

and Eversquos all All moraliy and all predaion in he animal kingdom were

he resul o a divine punishmen or ldquocurserdquo Te vexing quesion o he jusice o such an acmdasho why God would inflic deah and suffering on

innocen creaures o punish sinul humansmdashdid no ener my mind as a

child I simply assumed ha older and wiser people whom I loved and

rused had done he hard heological work and ha here were no deeper

quesions abou he creaion lef o be asked Te ask o believers was no

o raise difficul problems bu o provide confiden answers

Tankully my parens never sifled my own religious quesioning andhe conversaions around our amily dinner able were always ree and open

Neverheless biblical lieralism creaionism and he imporance o ldquosimple

aihrdquo in Godrsquos Word were powerully impressed on my mind in counless




Inroducion 17

ways rom my earlies memories as a child Tese memories include a

vividly illusraed se o childrenrsquos booksmdashUncle Arhurrsquos Bedime Soriesmdash

writen in he 1048625104863310486291048624s by one Arhur Sanley Maxwell o insill virues o

honesy obedience and rus in a personal and loving God who inervenes

consanly in he lives o hose who remember o say heir nighly prayers

I was only much laer in lie as I began o seriously wresle wih he problem

o suffering in Jewish Holocaus lieraure as an English major a a small

Chrisian liberal ars college in New England ha I ruly began o grasp he

weaknesses and inadequacies o many o he belie srucures in which I had been raised Or raher I came o see how hese srucures had insilled

imporan belies in me a a cerain sage in my religious developmen bu

also how he world o Uncle Arhur is a world one can only remain perma-

nenly atached o by sealing onesel in a comoring bu finally deadening

menal and heological cocoon

Te somewha peculiar religious communiy in which I was raised and

coninue o find Chrisian ellowship I should perhaps sae here is he

Sevenh-day Advenis Church which races is roos o he Mehodis as

well as Anabapis radiions and has long been concerned wih he so-

called heodicy quesionmdashhe problem o how a perecly good and all-

powerul God can allow evil or suffering o any kind o exis Mos Adven-

iss are also sronglymdasha imes unorunaely sridenlymdashcommited o

a highly lieralisic way o reading he creaion sory in he firs chapers oGenesis Tis is no a coincidence As one Advenis official declared in an

angry atack on heisic evoluioniss wihin he Advenis communiy (an

admitedly small minoriy) individuals who allow or evoluionary ideas in

heir worldviews

donrsquo worship he God o he Bible or ha God didnrsquo use a long

proraced and vicious dog-ea-dog survival-o-he-fites par-

adigmmdashone ha goes agains everyhing He has augh us abou love

and sel-sacrificemdashand hen lie o us abou i by claiming He creaed

lie here in six days when He didnrsquo6




18 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

As a resul o heir concern no only or he auhoriy o Scripure bu also or

he heodicy problem posed by evoluionary biology Adveniss have played

an imporan role in he dubious projec o ldquocreaion sciencerdquo beginning wih

he ireless effors o sel-augh creaionis George McCready Price (whose

now horoughly discredied ideas abou geology were relied on by William

Jennings Bryan in he inamous 1048625104863310486261048629 Scopes ldquoMonkey rialrdquo and who helped

inspire modern American creaionism via he work o John Whicomb and

Henry Morris in he 1048625104863310486301048624s7) Tis book which has grown ou o a series o

occasional aricles firs published by Specrum Magazine online in 1048626104862410486251048624 and1048626104862410486251048625 is hus o a large exen an open letermdashin he orm o a somewha

eclecic musering o argumens ruminaions inervenions and invesiga-

ionsmdashaddressed o he roubled Chrisian communiy o which I am

mysel a par a communiy ha now finds isel in a sae o increasing

urmoil among many o is members over quesions o aih heodicy and

evoluionary science (wih some church officials atemping o resolve he

ensions once and or all by urning sric biblicism or lieralism on Genesis

ino a dogmaic limus es o ldquoruerdquo Advenis ideniy)

Ye hese reflecions are no only or or abou Adveniss (who by he

year 1048626104862410486261048624 may number as many as ory million adherens and regular

church atendees worldwide mosly in Arica and Lain America) Many

Chrisians o all denominaional backgrounds are wresling wih he grea

atriion rae o heir young aduls as hey head off o colleges and univer-siies where hey will be exposed o a bewildering array o ideas ha are

ofen openly hosile o religious aih In he ace o he challenges o secular

moderniy including he corrosive claims o philosophical maerialism or

scienism he naural insinc o many devou believers in he US and else-

where is o ry o shore up radiional belies hrough increasingly narrow

docrinal ormulaions ha migh resore a los sense o cerainy in an in-

creasingly uncerain world Tis insinc has ofen ranslaed ino sric li-eralism on Genesis and he menal gymnasics o young earh or young lie

creaionism A 1048626104862410486251048624 Gallup poll ound ha ully ory percen o people in

he US subscribe o highly lieralisic readings o Genesis and creaionis




Inroducion 19

ideas8 Among evangelical Chrisians he percenage is much higher Te

move oward ldquoscienificrdquo creaionism however simply drives many

houghul young people and ohers away rom religious belie all he aser

When scienifically rained individuals conclude ha creaionis apolo-

geics are no inellecually credible Old esamen scholar John Walon

noes ldquohey have oo ofen concluded ha he Bible mus be rejecedrdquo9

Tese ragic decisions agains coninued paricipaion in religious com-

muniy rom a sense o inolerable cogniive dissonance as a resul o wha

Scripure is assumed o eachmdashwihou any room or hones quesionsopenness o he weigh o empirical evidence or new inerpreaions o he

biblical narraivesmdashare no he casualies o evoluionary science Tey are

I seek o show rom muliple perspecives in par one o his book ldquoOn

Lieralismrdquo a senseless loss o engaged minds rom he body o Chris as a

resul o problemaic philosophical reasoning he exclusionary logic o un-

damenalism and he incoherencies o wooden lieralism isel Chrisians

can and mus do beter

Any nonlieralisic approach o Genesis and quesions o origins mus

however respond o he obvious moral hazards posed by evoluionary

heory My criique o lieralism in par one o his book alhough filling he

mos pages is o a large exen prolegomena o wha I wan o say abou he

heodicy dilemma o animal suffering and moraliy in boh lieralisic and

evoluionary paradigms As Caholic heologian and heisic evoluionis John Haugh wries sric Darwinismrsquos depicion o all o lie as nohing

more han he final oucome o a purposeless and ruhless sruggle or scarce

resources ldquoexposes a universe apparenly unended by divine compassionrdquo10

I is o his challenge ha I urn in par wo ldquoOn Animal Sufferingrdquo

While here is a large body o lieraure providing srong heological

grounding or environmenal ehics here are surprisingly ew books in

prin on he opic o animal predaion as a disincive heodicy problemeven hough he suffering o animals may be he mos severe heodicy di-

lemma o all given he undamenal quesions i raises abou Godrsquos char-

acer as Creaor As I wrie Google Books (an imprecise bu sill helpul




20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

index) liss only sixy iles ever writen ha include somewhere wihin

heir pages reerence o ldquoanimal sufferingrdquo ldquoevoluionrdquo and ldquonaural evilrdquo O

hese works hiry-seven have been published since 1048626104862410486241048624 I ldquoheodicyrdquo is

subsiued or ldquonaural evilrdquo he number o iles shrinks o fify-wo wih

hiry-our published since 1048626104862410486241048624

My hope hen is ha his book will conribue in a modes way o a

small bu growing body o Chrisian reflecion on a significan heological

riddle I wrie no only or hose predisposed o agree wih me and do no

expecmdashor or ha mater desiremdasho win all readers over o all o my viewsI can hink o nohing duller han a world in which all criical discussion

comes o an end I hope hough ha whaever conclusions readers ake

rom his book will be he conclusions o careul wresling wih wha I have

acually writen difficul hough his may be given he unavoidably conro-

versial naure o some o wha I am consrained o say

Readers should be airly warned rom he ouse ha I offer ew con-

fiden answers o he problem o animal suffering in he manner o some

Chrisian apologiss Indeed I usually find such ldquoanswersrdquo o be morally

repellen in he ace o he challenges which I ake o be insoluble his side

o he parousia (and quie possibly he oher side o he parousia as well11)

Neverheless i would be jus as morally irresponsible o abandon he

search or clues o he heodicy dilemma rom a oregone conclusion ha

he search can yield no answers Te ideas presened in hese pages are o-ered in an open-ended exploraory orm based on he belie ha parial

answers do exis

My goal is no o exhaus possibiliies bu o provoke hones even i un-

setling conversaions as one member in he body o Chris addressing

ohers I make no atemp o survey all o he available posiions and I re-

alize ha he opics in each o hese chapers deserve heir own book-lengh

scholarly reamens I have emphasized he ideas o highly radiional be-lievers in par because I share much o heir radiionalism and in par be-

cause I wan o demonsrae o lieraliss ha one can be a horoughly or-

hodox Chrisian and embrace evoluionary conceps wihou conradicion




Inroducion 21

As a resul I have no doub ailed o do jusice o he work o oher im-

poran hinkers whose ideas I am by no means closed o Sill I hope hese

reflecions migh provide a helpul even i incomplee map hrough or-

bidding errain marking some o he pialls in lieralis accounsmdashespe-

cially when hese accouns are urned ino religious dogmasmdashand high-

lighing oher pahs ha now hold greaer heological promise

Te episemology ha inorms my ldquomehodrdquo (insoar as I have one)

ollows wha has come o be known as he Wesleyan Quadrilaeral so

named because i reflecs he ideas o Mehodis reormer John Wesley I believe in he paramoun auhoriy o Scripure in maters o aih illumi-

naed hough no bound by he inerpreive radiions o he church across

ime which mus be coninually esed in he ligh o boh reason and ex-

perience o discern presen ruh I am enough o a posoundaionalis

hough o see he difficulies in his idy division o labor All knowledge

comes o us hrough a complex web o inerpeneraing and inerwoven

channels ha are bes grasped holisically as a unified field By loose

analogy we do no say ha a personrsquos mind is he ldquooundaionrdquo on which

heir physical body and lie hisory are only secondarily buil We say ha

human personhood involves muliple dimensions o being none o which

can be imagined (alhough some have ried) apar rom he ohers even i

we migh a differen imes place greaer emphasis on one or anoher aspec

o a personrsquos being Tis is also how we ough o hink abou he inerrela-ions beween revelaion radiion reason scienific observaion and expe-

rience I here is a reading o Scripure ha somehow sands prisinely on

is own apar rom all o he messiness and coningency as well as all o he

richness o human culure and radiion reason observaion and expe-

rience i is one I have ye o find

Bu I am already ar ahead o mysel Te bes place o begin is o course

a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading

I 983150 983156 983144983141 983149 983137983143983145 983155983156 983141 983154 983145 983137983148 983148 983137 983150 983143983157 983137983143983141 983151983142 he King James Bible ldquoIn he

beginning God creaed he heaven and he earhrdquoi Genesis 10486251048625 is however

an ambiguous ex ha can be ranslaed as he sar o a process raher

han a ai accompli In he Jewish Publicaion Sociey ranslaion (ol-

lowing he grea medieval rabbi Rashi) i is rendered ldquoWhen God began

o creae heaven and earh rdquo Whichever way he verse is read here is

he srong suggesion o a significan ime gap beween he creaion o

basic mater and he creaion o lie and is supporing srucures Te

earh was ldquowihou orm and voidrdquo he ex reads and ldquohe Spiri o God

moved upon he ace o he waersrdquoTe heme o creaion as process as well as even is coninued hroughou

he narraive in richly suggesive ways In Genesis 10486251048627 God says ldquoLe here

be lighrdquo and immediaely ldquohere was lighrdquo Te creaion o ligh is hus ex

nihilo insananeous and sricly by divine fia Te Lord spoke and i was

so However when we arrive a Genesis 104862510486251048625 we find ha God does no only

creae ex nihilo He recruis and involves wha he has already creaed in he

nex acs o he unolding drama ldquoLe he earh bring orh grass he herb yielding seed and he rui ree yielding rui afer his kind whose seed is

i All bibl ical quoaions are rom he K ing James Version unless oherw ise noed




2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

in iselrdquo God says And ldquohe earh brough orhrdquo vegeaion Te earh

isel hereore paricipaes as an obedien servan o God in he creaion

processeven Lie is a gif o God A he same ime he language is clearly

ocused on naural generaion and conveys a srong impression o organic

emergence God commands bu somehing very differen is under way

han in he creaion o ligh in verse 1048627 Te earh is charged wih a ask Te

earh brings hings orh

In Genesis 104862510486261048626 he ex suggess an incomplee or sill-empy creaion

wih ecological niches waiing o be filled by living creauresmdashagain noinsananeously or by divine fia as in he case o ligh bu by he animals

hemselves hrough procreaive processes ha will exend across ime Te

birds and creaures o he seas are commanded by God o ldquoBe ruiul and

muliplyrdquo o ldquofill he waers in he seasrdquo and o ldquomuliply in he earhrdquo Te

ex does no resric he muliplicaion o animals o quaniaive mulipli-

caion alone We are lef enirely ree o hink ha he Creaor migh be

delighed o see his creaion muliply no only in number bu also in kind

Godrsquos way o creaing is hereore organic dynamic complex and ongoing

raher han merely a sequence o saccao puncuaion marks by verbal

decree Te God o Genesis recruis he creaion as a coparicipan in his

work as i unolds so ha no all o he earh is ou o nohing or by un-

mediaed speech acs

In ac he number o verbs used o describe Godrsquos creaive aciviy in hehighly compressed narraives o Genesis 1048625ndash1048626 is asounding and by no means

limied o he Hebrew word ldquocreaerdquo Te New American Sandard Bible

renders hese verbs as ollows God ldquocreaesrdquo (Gen 10486251048625 10486261048625 10486261048631) He ldquomovesrdquo

(Gen 10486251048626) He ldquosaysrdquo (Gen 10486251048627 1048630 1048633 10486251048628 10486261048628) He ldquoseparaesrdquo (Gen 10486251048628 1048631) He ldquocallsrdquo

(Gen 10486251048629 1048632) He ldquomakesrdquo (Gen 10486251048631 10486251048630 10486261048629 10486261048628) He ldquogahersrdquo (Gen 10486251048633) He

ldquoplacesrdquo (Gen 104862510486251048631 10486261048632) He ldquoblessesrdquo (Gen 104862510486261048626 10486261048632 10486261048627) He ldquogivesrdquo (Gen 104862510486261048633

10486271048624) He ldquocompleesrdquo (Gen 10486261048626) He ldquosendsrdquo (Gen 10486261048629) He ldquobreahesrdquo (Gen 10486261048631)He ldquoormsrdquo (Gen 10486261048631 10486251048633) He ldquoplansrdquo (Gen 10486261048632) He ldquocausesrdquo (Gen 10486261048633 10486261048625) He

ldquocommandsrdquo (Gen 104862610486251048630) He ldquobringsrdquo (Gen 104862610486251048633 10486261048626) He ldquoakesrdquo (Gen 104862610486261048625) He

ldquoclosesrdquo (Gen 104862610486261048625) He ldquoashionsrdquo (Gen 104862610486261048626) He ldquoressrdquo (Gen 10486261048627)




he Creaion 27

Te Creaor iniiaes emergen and generaive processes ha anicipae

a coninuous creaion wih (in philosophical erms) ldquosecondary causesrdquo

God desires a world ha will in some sense be ree rom his direc conrol

and he creaion is in cerain ways marked rom he very firs momen by

he presence o reedom Freedom we migh say is precisely one o he

hings ha God creaes Bu he only way ha reedom can be creaed is by

opening a space in which reedom occurs or unolds Te key rerain Le991252

ldquoLe here berdquo ldquoLe he waersrdquo ldquoLe he earhrdquomdashshould serve as a clarion

signal ha Godrsquos way o bringing order ou o chaos involves no only di-recly ashioning or conrolling bu also graning permiting and delegaing

We mus hink o he creaion no only in erms o divine acion bu also in

erms o divine resrain Raher han simply dominaing he world in he

very ac o bringing he world ino exisence God is in a cerain sense al-

ready wihdrawing himsel rom imdashor perhaps beter limiing himsel

wihin imdashin order or i o be ree God is he susaining ground o all being

so nohing exiss apar rom God ye he very ac ha hings exis ha are

onologically oher han God implies a simulaneously presenabsen

Creaor rom he very sar

Ener Adam Like he animals beore him Adam is no creaed ou o

nohing nor by divine fia bu rom preexising maerials aken direcly ou

o he earh which God ldquoormsrdquo Te name ldquoAdamrdquo pracically all com-

menaors noe is eymologically relaed o rsquoadamah meaning ldquosoilrdquo Adamrsquosname can be read o mean ldquorom he soilrdquo or even ldquohe earh creaurerdquo

Srangely some believers have hough ha he idea ha humans migh be

relaed o oher animals deracs rom heir glory as creaures uniquely

made in he image o God Being relaed o soil hardly seems like a more

noble disincion Ye he ac ha humans share he same maerial origins

as oher animals is plainly saed in Genesis In Genesis 104862610486251048633 we learn ha

God ldquoormed every beas o he field and every owl o he airrdquo rom ldquoouo he groundrdquo Humans birds and he beass o he field hus share a

common ancesrymdashhey all come rom ou o he same earh ldquoDarwin and

Feuerbach hemselves could no speak any more sronglyrdquo wries Dierich




28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

Bonhoeffer ldquoManrsquos origin is in a piece o earh His bond wih he earh

belongs o his essenial beingrdquo1 Te language o Genesis is a once shrouded

in analizing mysery and absoluely clear Adam and he oher animals are

beings o he same mater he same essenial ldquosuffrdquo Tey are inimaely

relaed alhough he link ha binds hem is no simply mater bu he

orming hand o God We do no know how God ldquoormsrdquo creaures ou o

preexising mater I would be a aal misake o imagine he Creaor o he

universe in anhropomorphic erms as orming wih physical hands Bu he

inimae language o ldquoormingrdquomdasho creaing hrough he gahering andshaping o already exising elemensmdashmus be read as somehing very di-

eren rom Godrsquos speaking hings ino exisence

As in he case o he animals Adam is commanded o be ruiul and

muliply Bu Adam is given an addiional ask ha may be our firs signi-

ican clue o wha Karl Barh reerred o as he ldquoshadow siderdquo o he creaion

he nihil or nohingness ha a world creaed ou o chaos and nohingness

is always in danger o slipping back ino2 In Genesis 104862510486261048632 Adam is old o

kabash or ldquosubduerdquo he earh Elsewhere in he Hebrew Bible he word

kabash is used almos exclusively o reer o one hing violen miliary con-

ques (c Josh 104862510486321048625 Judg 104863210486261048632 1048626 Sam 1048626104862610486281048624) Te implicaion hen is ha

here is a difficul and even marial ask or humaniy in relaion o he res

o he creaion Adam mus lierally ldquodominaerdquo ldquosubjugaerdquo or ldquoconquerrdquo

he res o he creaionTis sense is amplified in he accoun o he creaion o Eve in chaper 1048626

In Genesis 104862610486251048632 God says he will make Adam an ezer kenegdo ldquoHelperrdquo is

oo weak a ranslaion Rober Aler noes Wha he word really connoes

is an acive susainer or ally in miliary conexs3 We are hereore aced

wih a grea riddle Why is Adam charged by God wih ldquosubduingrdquo (o-

geher wih Eve his sraegic ally) he res o he creaion According o

some readers such as seveneenh-cenury English philosopher John LockeGod gave Adam warran o exploi or ldquoownrdquo he creaion by adding his labor

o i4 Genesis is hus read as a manieso or capialis appropriaion surplus

heory o value and privae propery righs Oher commenaors have ried




he Creaion 29

o sofen he language o subduing by reraming i in erms o ldquosewardshiprdquo

Bu i may be ha he language o miliary sruggle acually serves a vial

heological uncion

As unsetling as i may be or some readers o discover nowhere in

Genesis is he creaion described as ldquoperecrdquo God declares his work o be

ldquogoodrdquo or ob a each sage and finally ldquovery goodrdquomdashob mersquood991252a is end

Elsewhere in he Hebrew Bible ob mersquood describes qualiies o beauy

worhiness or finess or a purpose bu never absolue moral or onological

perecion Rebekah is ob mersquood or ldquovery beauiulrdquo (Gen 1048626104862810486251048630 983150983137983155983138) TePromised Land is ob mersquood or ldquoexceedingly goodrdquo is fierce inhabians and

wild animals nowihsanding (Num 104862510486281048631 983150983137983155983138) When Josephrsquos brohers

sell him ino slavery he resul is grea hardship and pain or Joseph over

many years ye he declares ha God providenially ldquomean i or ob in

order o bring abou his presen resul o preserve many people aliverdquo

(Gen 1048629104862410486261048624 983150983137983155983138) According o he book o Ecclesiases ldquoevery man who

eas and drinks sees ob in all his labormdashi is he gif o Godrdquo (Eccles 104862710486251048627

983150983137983155983138) In Lamenaions he prophe assers ha ldquoI is ob or a man ha

he should bear he yoke in his youhrdquo (Lam 104862710486261048631 983150983137983155983138)

In ac Mark Whoron wries nowhere else in Hebrew Scripure is ob

or ob mersquood inerpreed by biblical scholars ldquoas absolue perecion oher

han Genesis 104862510486271048625 and in ha case i is or senimenal raher han exegeical

reasonsrdquo5

Tere are oher words in biblical Hebrew ha are closer o heEnglish sense o ldquoperecrdquo han ob mersquood and ha migh have been used

insead Te book o Leviicus commands ha burn sacrifices be amim

ldquowihou deecrdquo (eg Lev 10486251048627 10486251048624 10486271048625 10486281048627 104862910486251048632 1048625104862810486251048624) Elsewhere in Genesis

Noah is said o be amim or ldquoblamelessrdquo (Gen 10486301048633) In Deueronomy 104862710486261048628

we read ha Godrsquos ldquowork is amimrdquo or ldquoperecrdquo or ldquoIs no He he Faher

who creaed you ashioned you and made you endurerdquo (Deu 104862710486261048630 983150983146983152983155)

Even in hese exs however he biblical undersanding o perecion or blamelessness lends litle suppor o modern creaioniss When we read

Deueronomy 104862710486261048628 in is ull lierary conex or example we find ha

Godrsquos amim work o creaionmdashhis ldquoashioningrdquo o he children o Israelmdash




30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

is revealed precisely in he long perilous and conflicive process by which

human civilizaions evolved and he Israelies were brough ou o ldquoan

empy howling waserdquo ino a land o heir own

Te RockmdashHis deeds are perec

Yea all His ways are jus

A aihul God never alse

rue and uprigh is He

Children unworhy o Himmdash

Ta crooked perverse generaionmdash

Teir baseness has played Him alse

Do you hus requie he Lord

O dull and wiless people

Is no He he Faher who creaed you

Fashioned you and made you endure

Remember he days o oldConsider he years o ages pas

Ask your aher he will inorm you

Your elders hey will ell you

When he Mos High gave naions heir homes

And se he divisions o man

He fixed he boundaries o peoples

In relaion o Israelrsquos numbersFor he Lordrsquos porion is His people

Jacob His own allomen

He ound him in a deser region

In an empy howling wase

He engirded him wached over him

Guarded him as he pupil o His eye

Like an eagle who rouses his neslings

Gliding down o his young

So did He spread His wings and ake him




he Creaion 31

Bear him along on His pinions

Te Lord alone did guide him

No alien god a His side

He se him aop he highlands

o eas on he yield o he earh

He ed him honey rom he crag

And oil rom he fliny rock

Curd o kine and milk o flocks

Wih he bes o lambs And rams o Bashan and he-goas

Wih he very fines wheamdash

And oaming grape-blood was your drink (Deu 104862710486261048628-10486251048628 983150983146983152983155)

I he reading I have offered so ar is a all correc and God recruis he cre-

aion a each sage o play an acive paricipaory role in wha ollows wih

Adam being charged wih an especially vial ask o ldquosubduingrdquo oher parso he earh hen here is a very good heological reason why God declares

he creaion o be ldquovery goodrdquo raher han ldquoperecrdquo Te creaion canno be

perec because in an imporan sense i is no enirely Godrsquos work Tere

are principles o reedom a work in he creaion and animals humans and

he earh isel have a God-given role o play as his coworkers Tere is also

a srong sense ha while he creaion is in one sense ldquocompleerdquo a he end

o he narraive i is no ye finished God ldquoended his work which he hadmaderdquo (Gen 10486261048626)mdashha is he compleed wha he had compleed Bu he

sory o Godrsquos creaive purposes or his world has in ac jus begun

When God ells Adam o culivae he Garden i is hus enirely consisen

wih he language and narraive arc o he sory o see his culivaion as in-

cluding he idea o expansion or developmenmdashGod wans Adam o in-

crease he Garden and here is a ension beween he world inside he

Garden and he world ouside i ldquoo be a creaure is necessarily o be incom-

plee unfinished imperecrdquo wries Andrew Linzey in Animal Teology

ldquoFrom his sandpoin he very naure o creaion is always ambiguous i




32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

poins boh ways i affirms and denies God a one and he same ime A-

firms God because God loves and cares or i bu i also necessarily denies

God because i is no divinerdquo Hence ldquohe sae o naure can in no way be an

unambiguous reeren o wha God wills or plans or creaionrdquo6 Te ac ha

God ldquoresedrdquo or ldquoceasedrdquo rom his work on he sevenh day may hereore

represen no a erminaion poin bu a deeply pregnan pause Tere is more

o come and we mus wai o hear God say he words ldquoI is finishedrdquo

Ye wherever here is rue reedom a work here is also he possibiliy o

deviaion rom i no rebellion agains he divine will For beings wihmoral agency and spiriual cognizance such as Adam and Eve deviaion

would be rebellion pure and simple Bu we mus ask wheher beings pos-

sessing creaurely agency bu no moral awareness migh deviae in oher

ways ha were simulaneously no in harmony wih Godrsquos final plans bu a

he same ime sill wihin he sphere o wha God would call ldquovery goodrdquo

By way o analogy a wild horse mus be ldquobrokenrdquo by a skilled rainer Te

wildness o he horse is par o is glory I is very good Bu is energies mus

be disciplined and channeled in new direcions beore i can become a

horse ha wins he greaer glory boh or isel and or is maser o he

Kenucky Derby

In Genesis 1048625 here are implici and explici disincions made beween

domesic and wild animals or catle and ldquobeas[s] o he earhrdquo as well as

ldquocreeping hing[s]rdquo Te ldquowaers brough orh abundanlyrdquo ldquoevery livingcreaure ha movehrdquo Te seas eem no only ldquowih swarms o living crea-

uresrdquo (Gen 104862510486261048624 983150983137983155983138) bu also wih ldquogrea sea monsersrdquo (Gen 104862510486261048625 983150983137983155983138)mdash

no a all sae or domesicaed creaures bu ormidable predaors i would

seem rom he book o Jobrsquos vivid descripions o he Behemoh and Levi-

ahan So here is a sill-unamed and wild aspec o he creaion Adam and

Eve mus wresle wih his side o he creaed world and bring i more com-

pleely under Godrsquos dominion wihou overriding or exploiing is reedomTis is heir high calling and i may be a ormidable ask Te language o

ldquosubduingrdquo in Genesis does no sugges pruning hedges I suggess doing

batle Pu anoher way Adamrsquos role is no simply ha o a careaker bu ha




he Creaion 33

o a redeemer Te pressing quesion is Migh his wildness in he creaion

ha sill needs o be ldquosubduedrdquo or redeemed emerging rom principles o

reedom or indeerminancy buil ino he creaion have included deah as

well Could God have ever looked a a world ha included deah or pain o

any kind and pronounced i ldquovery goodrdquo And could an unamed and very

good creaion have included elemens o erociy and even predaion

I will reurn o he quesion o animal predaion in par wo o his book

For he momen we mus simply leave open he possibiliy ha naural

cycles o lie and deah involving plans and animals were indeed includedin Godrsquos good creaion in he beginning Te sronges argumen agains

such a reading is Genesis 104862510486271048624 in which he animals are given ldquoevery green

herb or meardquo Bu we mus noe ha while his verse hins agains pre-

daion being willed by God i does no resolve he quesion o wheher he

ldquogrea sea monsersrdquo or oher wild and creeping creaures migh no a heir

firs appearing in ac be predaory Inriguingly God does no address he

animals prior o he creaion o humaniy wih he words ldquoI have given

you every green herb or meardquo even hough earlier in he ex God does

speak direcly o he animals elling hem o ldquoBe ruiul and muliplyrdquo

Raher God (1048625) insrucs Adam and Eve o ldquosubduerdquo and ldquohave dominionrdquo

over ldquoevery living hingrdquo (Gen 104862510486261048632) (1048626) ells he human pair ha o hem

he has given ldquoevery herb bearing seedrdquo and ldquorui o a reerdquo or ldquomeardquo (Gen

104862510486261048633) and (1048627) declaresmdashsill addressing Adam and Eve he animalsuniquely creaed in Godrsquos own imagemdashha he has also ldquogivenrdquo he oher

creaures ldquoevery green herb or meardquo (Gen 104862510486271048624) I remains an enirely

open quesion wheher very good creaures lacking in moral awareness bu

possessing creaurely reedom or agency migh no ake ha which hey

have no been given Nor does he chaper speak direcly o he quesion

o moraliy as such (predaion and moraliy being relaed bu disinc

maters wih he later no requiring he ormer) Such an ideamdashha hecreaion was originally neiher immoral nor placid bu very good moral

finie and reemdashdoes no conflic wih any clear verse in Genesis or he

res o Hebrew Scripure




34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

Te idea ha all deah in naure is ldquocruelrdquo ldquoviciousrdquo ldquosinulrdquo or ldquoevilrdquo does

no originae in ancien Jewish hough As Waler Brueggemann wries he

Hebrew Bible does no assume any sor o ldquomechanisic connecion o sin

and deahrdquo7 Deah in classical Jewish hough is a imes seen as a divine

punishmen or he consequence o sin bu a oher imes i is seen as he

God-appoined ulfillmen o ull lives One o he oldes Jewish commen-

aries on he creaion narraives he Genesis abba compiled around he

fifh cenury rom sill more ancien sources declares ha he divine as-

sessmen o ldquovery goodrdquo or ob mersquood in Genesis 1048625 is a kind o wordplay haimplies ob mo good deah God alone is able o see all o he creaion

hese expers o he orah mainained hence God alone is also able o de-

clare he creaion ldquovery goodrdquo is provisional sufferings and deah included

which o finie human beings wih limied perspecives migh a imes

appear as unmiigaed evils8

Wheher or no we accep his ancien Jewish midrash we mus see ha

Genesis is in ac compleely silen on he quesion o wheher or no par

o he wildness and reedom o he creaion included moraliy beore

Adamrsquos all verse 10486271048624 nowihsanding Ye his very silence may isel be

evidence ha deah and even predaion a leas o a kind were indeed ac-

ceped in earlies biblical hinking abou he creaion processeven I

predaors like lions and eagles were no par o he creaion and he ac o

heir exisence in he presen was perceived as a heological problem by heHebrew wriers we would expec Genesis or laer books o provide some

clues as o heir origins or ransormaion wheher by divine ldquocurserdquo or by

demonical re-engineering o naure on a massive scale Ye neiher o hese

ideas is remoely saed in Genesis or in he res o Jewish Scripure Indeed

hey are plainly conradiced by passages such as Psalm 104862510486241048628 (quoed a he

sar o his book) and he final chapers o he book o Job (which I will

discuss in due course) Argumens rom silence mus o course be highlyenaive Bu he noion ha all moraliy and all predaion in naure is he

resul o a divine curse is isel an inerpolaion we mus see ha has been

imposed by pious readers on he grea silences o he ex Te creaion




he Creaion 35

narraives in Genesis are filled wih lacunae and unanswerable riddles ha

should preven careul readers rom making very many dogmaic sae-

mens o any kind

Te only creaure ha is alered or ldquocursedrdquo by Adamrsquos all is he serpen

ha was direcly responsible or i hough is curse is no becoming a

predaor bu raher being orced o crawl on is belly and ldquoeardquo he dus o

he ground (Gen 104862710486251048628)mdashclearly meaphorical and symbolic language no

o be aken lierally Some ranslaions render he curse upon he serpen

in Genesis 104862710486251048628 ldquomore cursedrdquo leading many readers o assume a generalcurse upon all animals Bu he King James Version wih is ldquocursed above

all catle and above every beas o he fieldrdquo comes closer o he acual

meaning Te proper sense o he verse in Hebrew commenaors have

long poined ou is no comparaive bu raher selecive9 Te serpen is

singled ou rom among he animals Aler hus renders he passage ldquoAnd

he Lord God said o he serpen lsquoBecause you have done his cursed be

you o all catle and all beass o he fieldrsquordquo10 o consrue his simple

saemen o mean ha God abruply and supernaurally ransormed

docile creaures a every level o animal exisencemdashno only in heir in-

sincs bu also in heir physical srucuresmdashino erocious predaors (or

permited a saanic being o do he same) is o ake no small libery wih

he ex Nor is here any menion in Genesis or any oher book o he

Hebrew Bible o moraliy being imposed or he firs ime upon he non-human animal world as a resul o human rebellion

In Genesis 1048626 he realiy o deah comes direcly ino he oreground

Adam and Eve are placed inside a ldquoGardenrdquomdasha place o eriliy and saeymdash

ha is spaially and qualiaively se apar rom he res o he creaion Te

Garden is a shelered environmen while he world beyondmdashhe world

rom which Adam was ormed rom ou o he groundmdashis inhospiable i

no hosile erriory Where Adam originally came rom will ironically become he place o his banishmen Eas o Eden is his original homemdash

ha is he ldquoground rom whence he was akenrdquo (Gen 104862710486261048627) When Adam is

expelled rom Eden i is hereore simulaneously an exile and a reurn




36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

Tere is a ree in he Garden ha conains knowledge o good and evil

Adam is old by God ha i he eas is rui he will ldquosurely dierdquo (Gen 104862610486251048631)

In order or he divine command o have graviy or Adam (no less han or

us) he mus undersand wha deah is Oherwise Godrsquos words would or

him would be he semanic equivalen o ldquoyou will surely Xrdquo Is he

command inelligible o Adam because he has observed deah elsewhere in

he creaion perhaps in he land Eas o Eden ldquorom whence he was akenrdquo

Or has God revealed deah o Adam in he absence o any acual deah in

some oher way We do no know Bu he shadow o deah as an under-sood poenialiy i no an observed ac o naure is already a palpable

presence in he Garden Tus when Adam and Eve ea he orbidden rui

heir eyes are opened no o deah according o he ex bu o heir own

nakedness o heir vulnerabiliy and dependence Te resul o human re-

bellion careul readers mus also noe is no he miraculous invenion o

nerve endings in humans capable o experiencing pain or he firs ime

where no pain o any kind previously exised Raher we are old Eversquos pain

in childbirh would be grealy muliplied (Gen 104862710486251048630) Humans Genesis

plainly suggess knew pain beore he all even i no prolonged suffering

Te firs unmisakable deah is recorded in Genesis 104862710486261048625mdashand i is by all

indicaions God who is responsible or i ldquoUno Adam also and o his wie

did he L983151983154983140 God make coas o skins and clohed hemrdquo Why skin and

no wool Te radiional answer is ha Godrsquos ac o animal slaugher is aorm o moral pedagogy Adam and Eve mus learn ha he consequences

o heir sin are deah Bu an equally plausible (and perhaps no muually

exclusive) reading would be ha God knows ha Adam and Eversquos coverings

o fig leaves will no be enough o proec hem in he unshelered unamed

world ouside he Garden He merciully gives hem he kind o clohing hey

will need or heir new environmen Readers who hold o a high view o

Scripurersquos auhoriy mus be very careul hen abou projecing heir ownnoions o perecion and goodness ono he ex and ono naure in he

name o deending Godrsquos characer Tese readings may in ac pose ar

greaer heological and moral perils han he idea o deah o a kind beore




he Creaion 37

Adamrsquos rebellion o say ha seasonal changes and cycles o birh lie and

deah in naure are wihou qualificaion ldquosaanicrdquo ldquoevilrdquo and hings we will

someday escape by leaving his veil o ears and illusions behind may ac-

ually be an expression in Jewish perspecive o ingraiude i no conemp

or Godrsquos good creaion and he earhiness o maerial exisence Indeed

Alan Lewis noes in Beween Cross and esurrecionmdashhis mediaion on he

Chrisian meaning o he sabbah writen as he enered he final sages o

erminal cancermdashha he very naure o he human rebellion may lie pre-

cisely in Adam and Eversquos reusal o accep heir own nondeiy he empo-raliy and finiude o heir creaurely saus11

Such a reading o Genesis clearly opens he door o he possibiliy o

ldquoheisic evoluionrdquomdashor beter process creaionmdashwih believers seeing evi-

dences o redeeming purpose a work in a universe ha is neiher wholly

deermined nor wholly coningen where Darwin saw only laws o ironclad

necessiy (compeiion) and chaoic chance (random muaions) ldquoNo

many Chrisians oday find i necessary o deend he concep o a lieral

six-day creaionrdquo wries Anglican evangelical clergyman John Sot ldquoor he

ex does no demand i and scienific discovery appears o conradic i

Te biblical ex presens isel no as a scienific reaise bu as a highly

sylized lierary saemenrdquo Sot coninues

I is mos unorunae ha some who debae his issue (evoluion)

begin by assuming ha he words ldquocreaionrdquo and ldquoevoluionrdquo are mu-ually exclusive I everyhing has come ino exisence hrough evo-

luion hey say hen biblical creaion has been disproved whereas i

God has creaed all hings hen evoluion mus be alse I is raher

his naiumlve alernaive which is alse I presupposes a very narrow

definiion o he wo erms boh o which in ac have a wide range

o meanings and boh o which are being reshly discussed oday12

I would be a orm o culural imperialism John Walon concludes o read

Genesis as a scienific or hisorical record13 I is a heological ex con-

cerned wih heological meanings and i has conveyed hese meanings in a




38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

orm ha mus be grasped in erms o he prescienific worldview o is

original hearers raher han our own modern one

Ye his heological vision does impose imporan limis on oher his-

orical narraives o origins and on he scienific worldview Genesis is no

a sory o maerial origins Walon argues bu o ldquoemple inauguraionrdquo in

which God assigns he differen pars o he cosmos heir ordered uncions

in six days however long i may have aken or hem o be maerially ormed

God hen akes up his residence in his cosmic emple on he sevenh day

Sel-described lieraliss Walon conends have ailed o undersand whahe Hebrew word ldquocreaerdquo (bararsquo ) lierally means alhough scieniss who

sridenly declare ha here is no purpose in naure also go ar beyond wha

he maerial evidence can ell us Wheher or no one acceps Walonrsquos (o

his readerrsquos mind compelling) argumen Genesis reveals ha maerial and

biological exisence was and is creaed by a loving God even i hrough a

maerial process we do no ully undersand And no mater how much

coningency we may observe in naure we migh sill discern an underlying

order and sacramenal mysery in is fine-uningmdasha deep resonance as

Aliser McGrah wries wih he heological concerns o he biblical

wriers14 Genesis ells us ha humans are inimaely relaed o his world

and o oher creaures bu ha we are also qualiaively relaed o God in a

unique way ha includes dimensions o moral awareness reasoning and

responsibiliy ha canno be grasped in reducive or purely maerialisicerms I ells us ha he creaion has been marred or disored as a resul o

human rebellion And i reveals ha we are now alienaed rom each oher

and rom God as a consequence o our allen naures





































DEATH BEFORE

THE F ALL



RONALD E OSBORN





InerVarsiy Press





Press













ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983092983094-983093 (prin)

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983097983093983091983095-983091 (digial)





P 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092




CONTENTS



P983137983154983156 O983150983141 O983150 L983145983156983141983154983137983148983145983155983149

983089 Te Creaion 983090983093

A Plain eading



















P983137983154983156 T983159983151 O983150 A983150983145983149983137983148 S983157983142983142983141983154983145983150983143


983089983089 A Midrash 983089983092983088







Conclusion 983089983095983095

Noes 983089983096983089





FOREWORD

I 983150 983156 983144 983141 983139 983157 983154 983154 983141 983150 983156 983139 983148 983145 983149 983137 983156 983141 983151 983142 983139 983151 983150 983158 983141 983154 983155 983137 983156 983145 983151 983150 concerning























8 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148












lisening o

John H Walon



















Tey all wai or You









P983155983137983148983149 1048625104862410486281048625 10486261048624-10486271048624 983150983137983155983138




INTRODUCTION

A 983155 983137 983139983144 983145 983148 983140 983143 983154 983151983159 983145 983150 983143 983157 983152 983156983151 983149 983145 983155 983155 983145 983151 983150983137 983154983161 983152983137 983154 983141 983150 983156 983155 in Zim-























12 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 13

































14 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 15





majesyrdquo2




























16 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148



raher han anoher






























Inroducion 17
























heir worldviews









18 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 19

































20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























InerVarsiy Press





Press













ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983092983094-983093 (prin)

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983097983093983091983095-983091 (digial)





P 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092




CONTENTS



P983137983154983156 O983150983141 O983150 L983145983156983141983154983137983148983145983155983149

983089 Te Creaion 983090983093

A Plain eading



















P983137983154983156 T983159983151 O983150 A983150983145983149983137983148 S983157983142983142983141983154983145983150983143


983089983089 A Midrash 983089983092983088







Conclusion 983089983095983095

Noes 983089983096983089





FOREWORD

I 983150 983156 983144 983141 983139 983157 983154 983154 983141 983150 983156 983139 983148 983145 983149 983137 983156 983141 983151 983142 983139 983151 983150 983158 983141 983154 983155 983137 983156 983145 983151 983150 concerning























8 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148












lisening o

John H Walon



















Tey all wai or You









P983155983137983148983149 1048625104862410486281048625 10486261048624-10486271048624 983150983137983155983138




INTRODUCTION

A 983155 983137 983139983144 983145 983148 983140 983143 983154 983151983159 983145 983150 983143 983157 983152 983156983151 983149 983145 983155 983155 983145 983151 983150983137 983154983161 983152983137 983154 983141 983150 983156 983155 in Zim-























12 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 13

































14 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 15





majesyrdquo2




























16 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148



raher han anoher






























Inroducion 17
























heir worldviews









18 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 19

































20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























CONTENTS



P983137983154983156 O983150983141 O983150 L983145983156983141983154983137983148983145983155983149

983089 Te Creaion 983090983093

A Plain eading



















P983137983154983156 T983159983151 O983150 A983150983145983149983137983148 S983157983142983142983141983154983145983150983143


983089983089 A Midrash 983089983092983088







Conclusion 983089983095983095

Noes 983089983096983089





FOREWORD

I 983150 983156 983144 983141 983139 983157 983154 983154 983141 983150 983156 983139 983148 983145 983149 983137 983156 983141 983151 983142 983139 983151 983150 983158 983141 983154 983155 983137 983156 983145 983151 983150 concerning























8 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148












lisening o

John H Walon



















Tey all wai or You









P983155983137983148983149 1048625104862410486281048625 10486261048624-10486271048624 983150983137983155983138




INTRODUCTION

A 983155 983137 983139983144 983145 983148 983140 983143 983154 983151983159 983145 983150 983143 983157 983152 983156983151 983149 983145 983155 983155 983145 983151 983150983137 983154983161 983152983137 983154 983141 983150 983156 983155 in Zim-























12 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 13

































14 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 15





majesyrdquo2




























16 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148



raher han anoher






























Inroducion 17
























heir worldviews









18 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 19

































20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























P983137983154983156 T983159983151 O983150 A983150983145983149983137983148 S983157983142983142983141983154983145983150983143


983089983089 A Midrash 983089983092983088







Conclusion 983089983095983095

Noes 983089983096983089





FOREWORD

I 983150 983156 983144 983141 983139 983157 983154 983154 983141 983150 983156 983139 983148 983145 983149 983137 983156 983141 983151 983142 983139 983151 983150 983158 983141 983154 983155 983137 983156 983145 983151 983150 concerning























8 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148












lisening o

John H Walon



















Tey all wai or You









P983155983137983148983149 1048625104862410486281048625 10486261048624-10486271048624 983150983137983155983138




INTRODUCTION

A 983155 983137 983139983144 983145 983148 983140 983143 983154 983151983159 983145 983150 983143 983157 983152 983156983151 983149 983145 983155 983155 983145 983151 983150983137 983154983161 983152983137 983154 983141 983150 983156 983155 in Zim-























12 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 13

































14 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 15





majesyrdquo2




























16 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148



raher han anoher






























Inroducion 17
























heir worldviews









18 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 19

































20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























FOREWORD

I 983150 983156 983144 983141 983139 983157 983154 983154 983141 983150 983156 983139 983148 983145 983149 983137 983156 983141 983151 983142 983139 983151 983150 983158 983141 983154 983155 983137 983156 983145 983151 983150 concerning























8 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148












lisening o

John H Walon



















Tey all wai or You









P983155983137983148983149 1048625104862410486281048625 10486261048624-10486271048624 983150983137983155983138




INTRODUCTION

A 983155 983137 983139983144 983145 983148 983140 983143 983154 983151983159 983145 983150 983143 983157 983152 983156983151 983149 983145 983155 983155 983145 983151 983150983137 983154983161 983152983137 983154 983141 983150 983156 983155 in Zim-























12 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 13

































14 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 15





majesyrdquo2




























16 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148



raher han anoher






























Inroducion 17
























heir worldviews









18 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 19

































20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























8 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148












lisening o

John H Walon



















Tey all wai or You









P983155983137983148983149 1048625104862410486281048625 10486261048624-10486271048624 983150983137983155983138




INTRODUCTION

A 983155 983137 983139983144 983145 983148 983140 983143 983154 983151983159 983145 983150 983143 983157 983152 983156983151 983149 983145 983155 983155 983145 983151 983150983137 983154983161 983152983137 983154 983141 983150 983156 983155 in Zim-























12 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 13

































14 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 15





majesyrdquo2




























16 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148



raher han anoher






























Inroducion 17
























heir worldviews









18 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 19

































20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148









































Tey all wai or You









P983155983137983148983149 1048625104862410486281048625 10486261048624-10486271048624 983150983137983155983138




INTRODUCTION

A 983155 983137 983139983144 983145 983148 983140 983143 983154 983151983159 983145 983150 983143 983157 983152 983156983151 983149 983145 983155 983155 983145 983151 983150983137 983154983161 983152983137 983154 983141 983150 983156 983155 in Zim-























12 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 13

































14 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 15





majesyrdquo2




























16 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148



raher han anoher






























Inroducion 17
























heir worldviews









18 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 19

































20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























INTRODUCTION

A 983155 983137 983139983144 983145 983148 983140 983143 983154 983151983159 983145 983150 983143 983157 983152 983156983151 983149 983145 983155 983155 983145 983151 983150983137 983154983161 983152983137 983154 983141 983150 983156 983155 in Zim-























12 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 13

































14 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 15





majesyrdquo2




























16 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148



raher han anoher






























Inroducion 17
























heir worldviews









18 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 19

































20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























12 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 13

































14 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 15





majesyrdquo2




























16 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148



raher han anoher






























Inroducion 17
























heir worldviews









18 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 19

































20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























Inroducion 13

































14 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 15





majesyrdquo2




























16 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148



raher han anoher






























Inroducion 17
























heir worldviews









18 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 19

































20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























14 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 15





majesyrdquo2




























16 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148



raher han anoher






























Inroducion 17
























heir worldviews









18 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 19

































20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























Inroducion 15





majesyrdquo2




























16 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148



raher han anoher






























Inroducion 17
























heir worldviews









18 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 19

































20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























16 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148



raher han anoher






























Inroducion 17
























heir worldviews









18 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 19

































20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























Inroducion 17
























heir worldviews









18 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 19

































20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























18 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































Inroducion 19

































20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























Inroducion 19

































20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























20 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148






















answers do exis











Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























Inroducion 21



























a he beginning




Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























Par One

ON L ITERALISM




1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























1

THE CREATION

A Plain eading





















2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























2 6 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148




















mediaed speech acs













he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























he Creaion 27

































28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























28 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























he Creaion 29



heological uncion


















reasonsrdquo5













30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























30 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























he Creaion 31
































32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























32 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148


















Kenucky Derby















he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























he Creaion 33

































34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























34 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























he Creaion 35



mens o any kind






























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























36 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F983137 983148983148

































he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























he Creaion 37

































38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148


























38 D 983141983137 983156983144 B 983141983142983151 983154 983141 983156983144 983141 F 983137 983148983148
























death before the fall by ronald osborn

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