demographics of the industrial...

0

5

10

15

20

25

1830 1860 1880 1900

Great Britain

Germany

France

United States

Share of World Production of Four Countries During the Industrial Revolution

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1830 1850 1870 1890 1910

London

Berlin

Paris

New York

Population Growth of Four Major Cities During the Industrial Revolution

Dominated World Production until 1880 GREAT BRITAIN

Dominated World Production after 1880 UNITED STATES

DEMOGRAPHICS of the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

What might explain the change in world production between these two nations?

Great Britain (Island) -vs- U.S. (Continent) = Greater Resources

0

5

10

15

20

25

1830 1860 1880 1900

Great Britain

Germany

France

United States

Share of World Production of Four Countries During the Industrial Revolution

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1830 1850 1870 1890 1910

London

Berlin

Paris

New York

Population Growth of Four Major Cities During the Industrial Revolution

BOTH INCREASED How were the changes in Industrial Production and Urban Population similar from 1830-1900?


What might explain the sudden population growth in cities during this period?

Cities = Factory Centers = New Jobs = Migration = Urban Growth

33%

16%2%5%3%

32%

5% 4% Manufacturing

Mercantile

Domestic

Professional

Transport

Agriculture

Construction

Mining

41%

20%

7%

6%

2%

19%

4% 1% Manufacturing

Mercantile

Domestic

Professional

Transport

Agriculture

Construction

Mining

47%

26%

8%

11%2% 4% 2%

Manufacturing

Mercantile

Domestic

Professional

Transport

Agriculture

Construction

DEMOGRAPHICS of the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Breakdown of Occupations for British Population in 1831

Breakdown of Occupations for British Population in 1861

Breakdown of Occupations for British Population in 1891

Two Occupations with the Largest Growth between 1831 - 1891

Manufacturing & Mercantile

Two Occupations with the Greatest Decline between 1831 - 1891

Agriculture and Mining

People moved to Cities =

How were these changes connected to Industrial Growth

Increased Manufacturing =

More Goods to Sell

People leaving Country = Decline in Farming


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1840 1860 1880 1900

Great Britain

Germany

France

United States

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

1840 1860 1880 1900

Great Britain

Germany

France

United States

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1840 1860 1880 1900

Great Britain

Germany

France

United States

Coal Production of Four Countries During the

Industrial Revolution

Production of Iron in Five Countries During the


Development of Railroads in Four Countries During the


How was the Production of Coal, Iron, and Railroads Interconnected?

Coal is needed to make the Iron

Iron is needed to build the RR

Railroads are need to Transport

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Why did England Lead the Industrial Movement?

LARGE

EXTENSIVE

EXPANDING

GROWING

ADVANTAGE

SUCCESSFUL

POPULATION OF WORKERS

NATURAL RESOURCES (Due to Colonies)

ECONOMIC SUPPORT (Entrepreneurs)

OVERSEAS TRADE & PROSPERITY

POLITICAL STABILITY (No Conflicts)

POWERFUL MILITARY (Army & Navy)

England Controlled all Three Factors of Production

LAND LABOR CAPITOL (Wealth) Critical Thinking: Why did the United States and Germany Lag behind England?

INTERNAL CONFLICTS U.S. – Revolution & Civil War Germany – War for Unification

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION NEW INVENTIONS REVOLUTIONIZE THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

1733

1764

1769

1779

1787

1793

Doubled the Daily

Output

Worked Eight

Threads at Once

Harnessed Water

Power

Made Stronger

Threads

Speeds up the

Weaving Process

Increased Cotton

Production

FLYING SHUTTLE

SPINNING JENNY

WATER FRAME

SPINNING MULE

POWER LOOM

COTTON GIN

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

INVENTIONS REVOLUTIONIZE MINING & TRANSPORTATION

1705

1765

1804

1807

1825

Improved Mining

Operations

Watts Improved on

Previous Invention

Trevithick (British)

Developed

Fulton Developed

in the U.S.

First Britain &

Then the U.S.

STEAM PUMPS

STEAM ENGINE

LOCOMOTIVE

STEAM SHIPS

RAILROADS

Eventually many Textile Machines were

housed in one large building Called: FACTORIES

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION HOW DID THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CHANGE PEOPLE’S LIVES?

The Rise of Cities was called: URBANIZATION

Factory Clusters became known as: INDUSTRIAL CENTERS

LARGEST CITIES IN ENGLAND IN THE U.S.

LONDON

LIVING CONDITIONS WORKING CONDITIONS

LACKED:

CAUSED:

SPREAD:

CAUSED:

LONG:

EMPLOYED:

FREQUENT:

POOR:

ADEQUATE HOUSING

OVERCROWDING

SICKNESS

EPIDEMICS WOMEN & CHILDREN

ACCIDENTS

WORK CONDITIONS

WORKING HOURS

This family living near a factory in Chicago includes Mother and Father and 7 children. The whole family lives in a one-room shack in shanty town. The younger kids all sleep in the same bed. Mom, Dad, and older sister sleep on blankets on the floor. Everyone has two pairs of clothes (one to wear, while the other is being washed). All the kids get one good meal a day, even if Mom and Dad have to go without. Tim (10), George (8), and Bob (7) all work in the factory. Sister Sara (16) and Mother work different shifts at the local sweatshop so that they can care for the little one: Lara (3) and Lisa (2). Little Billy (5) works with Dad as a Chimney Sweep (being lowered into the chimney to scrap off soot). The stove is used for cooking or heat only if they can scrape together wood or coal.

Child Labor during the Industrial Revolution

A family living in worker’s quarters near the Tifton Cotton Mill. The four smallest children were not working yet. The mother said she earns $4.50 a week and all the working children earn $3.50 a week. Her husband died last year and left her with 11 children. Two of them went off and got married. The family left the farm two years ago to work in the mill. Most of the children wear the hand-me-downs of the older ones. Only Mom and the oldest children have shoes. One meal a day and a single bed are their only luxuries.

Tifton, Georgia.


Furman Owens, 12 years old. Can't read. Doesn't know his A,B,C's. Said, "Yes I want to learn but can't when I work all the time." Been in the mills 4 years, 3 years in the Olympia Mill.

Columbia, South Carolina.

One of the spinners in Whitnel Cotton Mill. She was 11years old and 51 inches high. Has been in the mill one year. Sometimes works at night. Runs 4 sides - 48 cents a day. When asked how old she was, she hesitated, then said, "I don't remember," then added confidentially, "I'm not old enough to work, but do just the same.“

Whitnel, North Carolina.


Jo Bodeon, a back-roper in the mule room at Chace Cotton Mill. His mother showed me the family Bible indicating his date of birth as July 15, 1894. 10 years old now, he has been in the factory two years and occasionally works nights.

Burlington, Vermont.

The overseer at the Newberry Cotton Mill said apologetically, "She just happened in." She has been working steadily for at least a year. No idea how old she is. The mills seem full of youngsters who "just happened in" or "are helping sister."

Newberry, South Carolina.


The Breaker boys of the Hughestown Pennsylvania (Range from 8-11 yrs old). They work from 7 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. daily driving mine cars. The dust is so dense at times as to obscure their view and it also penetrates the utmost recesses of the boys' lungs. A kind of slave-driver sometimes stands over the boys, kicking & prodding them into obedience.

Pittston, Pennsylvania.

Harley Bruce is a young coupling-boy at Indian Mine. He appears to be 10 years old and says he has been working there about 2 years. It is hard and dangerous work. One of his friends died in a recent cave-in.

Near Jellico, Tennessee.


Young cigar makers in Engelhardt & Co. The three boys looked under 12 years old. They say they’ve been working off and on for the last three years. Labor leaders told me in busy times many small boys and girls were employed. Most of the youngsters smoke cigars while they work.

Tampa, Florida.

Rob Kidd, one of the young workers in Wheaton Glass Works. 11 years old now, but has been in the glass works two years and often works nights.

Millville, New Jersey.


Oyster shuckers working in a canning factory. All but the very smallest babies work. They began work at 3:30 a.m. and were expected to work until 5 p.m. The 6 year old girl in the center was working with her mother and brothers . Her mother said she is "a real help to me."

Dunbar, Louisiana.

Manuel is a young shrimp picker, age 5. A mountain of oyster shells behind him seems to grow larger every day. He has been working at least a year and doesn’t understand English. He doesn’t have any shoes and works about 16 hours a day.

Biloxi, Mississippi.


Camille Carmo, age 7, and Justine, age 9. The older girl has been picking berries for three years. Their Mother said they pick about 6-7 baskets a day. "And I don't make them pick; they volunteered to help on their own."

Rochester, Mass.

Twelve-year-old Tom Lahnert topping beets. The father, mother, and two boys (9 and 12 yrs.) expect to make $700 in about 2 months time in the beet work. "The boys can keep up with me all right, and all day long," the father said. Begin at 6 a.m. and work until 6 p.m. with an hour off at noon.

Fort Collins, Colorado.


According to Dr. Ward from Manchester; “When I was a surgeon for the factory, accidents were often admitted to the infirmary because the children’s hands and arms had been caught in the machinery. In many cases the muscles and skin had been stripped down to the bone. In some instances, fingers, hands, and even legs have been lost or required amputation. Of 106 child laborers, 47 have been injured.


A girl named Mary Richards, who was not quite ten years of age, attended a drawing frame, below which, and about a foot from the floor, was a horizontal shaft, by which the frames above were turned. It happened one evening, that her apron was caught by the shaft. In an instant the poor girl was drawn into the machine and dashed on the floor. She uttered the most heart-rending shrieks! Witnesses saw her whirled round and round by the shaft and heard the bones of her arms, legs, thighs, etc. successively snapped and crushed, seemingly, to atoms, as the machinery whirled her round, and drew her body tighter and tighter within the works. As she flailed helplessly, her blood was scattered over the frame and streamed upon the floor. At last, her mangled body was jammed in so fast, between the shafts and the floor, that it stopped the main shaft. When she was extricated, every bone was found broken and her head dreadfully crushed. Eventually, her body was removed and carried off quite lifeless. Within an hour, another girl was assigned to work the same machine.


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