Density Measurement for Quality Monitoring and Process Control

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“What does Endress+Hauser have to offer?” It’s a question that doesn’t have a simple answer. After all, our capabilities have grown and still continue to grow across products, solutions and services. We have evolved from supplier of measuring technology to full-service provider, striving to accompany our clients through their plants’ entire life cycles and to boost their industrial productivity. To these ends we have structured our business by core processes: development, manufacture and supply of quality products, solutions and future-oriented services. All over the world, wherever measuring technology is needed for level, pressure, flow, temperature, fluid analysis and recording or whenever systems and compo-nents are used, many companies know and appreciate the experience of Endress+Hauser. This is one of the reasons why we are a global leading partner for measuring, control and automation solutions for production and logistics in the process industry.

More about us: www.endress.com

Endress+Hauser – from a supplier of instrumentation to a provider of complete systems

Ours is a family-owned com-pany employing more than 7000 people worldwide, and in 2006 we logged revenues totaling EUR 985 million. Our global sales and service network and a total of 19 production facilities in Europe, Asia and the USA guarantee a close and continuing dialog with our cus-tomers. This dialog promotes a very important objective for Endress+Hauser – to provide, through maximized quality, safety and efficiency,

sustained support for the com-petitiveness of our customers.

We continuously optimize our processes and we employ innovative, cutting-edge tech-nologies, so we are ideally po-sitioned to expand application horizons in measuring, control and automation technology while at the same time building safe and more efficient solutions – all for your benefit as user. Concurrently, we ensure that our processes are in harmony

with the environment, in order to minimize energy consump-tion and conserve resources.

All in all, you can rest assured today that you can rely on us tomorrow – on us, the “People for Process Automation”.

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Our density meters at a glance

Vibronic – Liquiphant Coriolis – Promass Radiometry – Gammapilot M

Advantages • Large number of process connections to choose from: universal usage

• Density information and pump protection possible with one Liquiphant

• Calculation in customer specific units e.g °Brix, °Plato, °Baumé etc. possible

• Up to 5 Liquiphant density sen-sors can be connected to the density computer FML621

• Maximum process dependabil-ity, because density, tem-perature and mass flow are all measured directly

• Approval for custody-transfer applications

• No maintenance necessary

• Straightforward retrofitting without process interruption; the pipes do not have to be opened

• No maintenance necessary

Installation options Direct installation in tanks and pipes

Direct measurement in the pipe From outside through the pipe, in the bypass or tank

Process temperature 0...+80 °C -50...+200 °C(-200...+350 °C optional)

Independent

Process pressure 25 bar 400 bar Independent

Accuracy 0.002 g/cm3 0.0005 g/cm3 ±0.001 g/cm3

Reproducibility 0.0007 g/cm3 0.00025 g/cm3 ±0.0005 g/cm3

Units of density Standard density, °Brix, °Baumé, °Plato, % volume, concentration etc. with 2D and 3D tables.Formula editor to calculate cus-tomer specific units

Standard density, standard vol-ume flow and totalizing, % mass, % volume, alcohol tables (for mass and volume), target flow and carrier flow, °Brix, °Plato, °Baumé, °API, etc.

g/cm³, g/l, lb/gal, concentra-tion, % mass, °Brix, °Baumé, °API, etc.

Output/communica-tion

4...20 mA, relay, Ethernet, PRO-FIBUS® DP

4...20 mA, HART®, PROFIBUS® PA/DP, FOUNDATION Field-bus™, MODBUS

4...20 mA, HART®, PROFIBUS® PA, FOUNDATION Fieldbus™

Approvals ATEX, FM, CSA, 3A, EHEDG, CRN, FDA

ATEX, FM, CSA, TIIS, SIL2, 3A, EHEDG, IECEx

ATEX, FM, CSA, IECEx, TIIS, NEPSI

Additional information

Connection of temperature and pressure transmitter for compen-sation possible

Approvals for applications in custody transfer (PTB, NMI, EAM/METAS, BEV)

With interface for a Pt100 tem-perature sensor for temperature compensation

Application limits • Gas bubbles or build-up at the sensor fork

• Fluid velosity > 2 m/s in pipes• Highly viscous liquids

• Not for non-homogeneous mediums

• Only for pipe diameters up to DN 250

• Not with degasifi cation in the medium

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Quality monitoring, process control and environmental protection are some of the factors that contribute to the growing importance of measuring medium density and concentration in industrial produc-tion processes. Mediums must be precisely measured to avoid costly overdosage of raw, intermediate and end products. This is a straightforward, cost-effective way of ensuring much closer production tolerances.

Density measurement from the Endress+Hauser company

Your benefits• Boost in product quality• Reduction in substandard quantities• Compliance with tolerances

Our measuring principles for your measurement jobs

The economic benefit of quality monitor-ing of this nature is easily verified. Hands-on experience proves that in all sorts of applications, medium concentration can be monitored continuously (inline) and con-trolled in this way. It all adds up to dramatic reductions in outlay for regular sampling and laboratory analyses, (which in fact can often be dispensed with entirely). Another major benefit accrues from savings on raw materials resulting from significantly improved process control.

The Coriolis principleInside a Coriolis flowmeter there are one or two measuring tubes. The fluid flowsthrough the measuring tube(s) which are constantly excited to oscillate at their reson-ance frequency. The resonance frequency is the frequency at which the measuring tubes are “most willing” to oscillate. Any change in the density of the fluid produces a corre-sponding change in the resonance frequency of the entire vibrating system (measuring tube and fluid). The resonance frequency, therefore, is a function of fluid density: the higher the density, the lower the resonance frequency.

The radiometric principleThe radiometric principle is based on the fact that isotopes – contained inside a radia-tion vessel – emit radiation that is damped as it penetrates a material (the medium). A detector mounted on the opposite side of a pipe containing this flowing medium converts the radiation it receives into an electric signal. The measuring effect as such derives from the absorption of radiation by the medium. Gammapilot M uses the received (attenuated) radiation to calculate density and also the concentration of the measured substance.

Vibronic measuring principle A sensor in the form of a tuning fork is stimulated to vibrate at its resonance frequency. A piezoelectric drive is used. The resonance frequency or amplitude changes when the sensor is immersed in a medium. Because the resulting resonance frequency is directly linked to the medium, the density can be measured directly. The higher the resonance frequency, the lower the density of the medium.

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The right solution for each challenge

Density measurement with the Coriolis principleCoriolis flowmeters can measure a medium’smass flow, temperature and density all at the same time. This inline mode of density measurement was developed so that pro-cesses can be controlled and monitored directly in-pipe. The results include improvedquality control and a higher level of dependability for processes in a very wide range of applications. Once a medium’s density is known, other parameters such as special density values, substance propor-tions and concentration can be calculated:

• Temperature-compensated density values (standard density, standard volume flow, totalizing)

• Percentage substance proportions in two-phase mediums (concentrations, % mass, % volume, alcohol content, target and carrier fluid, etc.)

• Conversion from as-measured density to medium- or industry-specific units of density (°Brix, °Plato, °Baumé, °API, etc.)

Endress+Hauser offers a special density calibration. This ensures accurate density measurement that covers a wide range of

Density measurement with radiometry Radiometry is employed whenever extreme process conditions render other means of measuring density impractical, for example if the medium is severely abrasive, aggres-sive or toxic, or on account of mechanical, geometric or structural specifics in the field. Irrespective of the properties of the medium, this non-contacting and mainten-ance-free measuring technology ensures maximum safety in operation and therefore a high degree of plant availability.

The sensors for radiometric density and concentration measurement can directly be strapped to the outside of existing pipings without the need to stop the process! Addi-tional temperature sensors allow the calcu-lation of temperature-compensated density values. These values can be displayed in different density units, e.g. g/cm³, solids percentage, concentration (in %), °Brix, etc.

fluid densities and temperature for an entire process window and not only at reference conditions.

Density measurement using the vibronic principleThe vibration limit switch can determine the density of the medium directly in the process, i.e. in situ. There is no need for any further piping. Together with the switching unit, the Liquiphant can simultaneously be used as pump protection and provides the option of calculating further parameters.

• Relative density for qualitative monitoring of the process steps

• Calculating the concentration of a dissolved fluid such as alcohol

• Calculating the specific density, for example based on 20°C

In addition, together with continuous infor-mation on the level, the mass of the stored product can be calculated in a consistently precise manner regardless of the level.

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Density measurement in the chemicals/petrochemicals industries

Throughout the chemicals and petrochem-icals sectors, whenever solids are dissolved or solubilized, acids are neutralized or when crystallization temperature has to be monitored and in fractional distillation, as-pects such as safety, resistance to aggressive mediums, supervision and documentation of the production process and the safe-guarding of product quality are invariably of crucial importance.

Satisfying these requirements entails controlling each and every detail of the pro-duction processes, while at the same time observing and logging an ever-increasing set of process variables. Precise data on product quality of the na-ture that inline measurement returns on the concentrations of solid and liquid mediums, for example, are absolutely essential for process monitoring.

The ability to monitor the process and the product simultaneously affords plant oper-ators an enormous benefit. Becoming more and important as time goes on, this add-on benefit is precisely what is to be gained by utilizing different physical principles to measure density and concen-tration.

Photo: BASF

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Product supervision and quality control with PromassThe capability of Promass to monitor product density for indication of changing fluids is used to avoid cross contamination by different products in loading bays.Whether operating in Petrochemical, Biochem, Base or Special chemical, controlling the density of liquor products in the process always enables consistently high quality for the end product.Inline density measurement reduces physical product manufactur-ing cycles for products with different densities and dynamic fluid properties. Promass provides additional product information, i.e. mass, viscosity, temperature that reduces the need for offline/lab measurement.

Other applications• Measurement of solids

concentrations in the disposal of chemically contaminated sand. Precision monitoring of solids concentration for process control.

Other applications• On-line dilution through

continuous measurement and calculation of concentration of acids and alkalis

• Monitoring of density for additional information such as mass balance of intermediate products in batch processes

• Fuels transfer pipeline interface detection and inline product quality measure-ments

Your benefits• Density measurement for

optimizing process condi-tions to ensure consistency in product manufacture

• Simultaneous and direct measurement of density and calculation of concen-tration

• Multivariable measurement in customer specific units

• Promass offers a dedicated portfolio with high temper-ature sensors suitable for demanding applications. I.e. for SIL-2.

Your benefits• Non-contacting measure-

ment from outside means long-life operation and high plant availability

• Temperature compensation is simple – just connect an external Pt100 sensor

• Industry-optimized materi-als. All mechanical parts are made of 316L

Production of polyethylene with Gammapilot MIn this application, radiometric density measurement takes place in the high-pressure loop reactor. Liquefied gas fills the loop reactor as the carrier medium. This gas is heated to 75 to 95 °C and pumped through the loop at a pressure of 50 to 65 bar. Liquefied ethylene is admixed, and the chemical reaction in the loop reactor is triggered

by the measured injection of a catalyst. The proportion of ethylene to catalyst has to be precision-controlled, so radiometric density measurement is calibrated for the 300 to 600 g/l range. Density is a crucially important measured variable for process control, so redun-dancy is a built-in feature of the measurement configuration.

Liquiphant in the preliminary process for the production of polyethylene film The production of PE film requires a base material that is comple-tely fluid. The granulate added is monitored via a level sensor. The granulate particles are melted using steam heating. The Liquiphant installed monitors the interface between the solid/fluid transition.The controller connected regulates the level of heat added in accordance with the volume of molten material removed. This ensures sufficiently precise preproduction of fluid PE.

Other applications• Neutralisation• Gel production • Polymerization of butadiene

Your benefits• Certificates for the require-

ments for gas and dust Ex • Appropriate materials for

aggressive environments • Installed directly in con-

tainers or in piping (no bypass)

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Density measurement in the pharmaceuticals industry

Throughout the pharmaceuticals and biotechnology sectors, in the production of active ingredients, i.e. living cells or bacte-ria, in the separation process for clarification or in advanced purification, aspects such as hygiene, supervision and documentation within the framework of product accep-tance testing, for example, are invariably of crucial importance.

Satisfying these requirements entails controlling each and every detail of the pro-duction processes, while at the same time observing and logging an ever-increasing set of process variables. Precise data on product quality of the nature that inline measure-ment returns on the concentration of a liquid medium, for example, are absolutely essential for process monitoring.

The ability to monitor the process and the product simultaneously affords plant opera-tors an enormous benefit. Becoming more and important as time goes on, this add-on benefit is precisely what is to be gained by utilizing different physical principles to measure density and concentration.

• ASME BPE• Pharma CoC• CIP/SIP capability

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Tablet coating with PromassTablet coating processes may include sugar coating (any mixtures of purified water, cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl, gums and sugar) or film coating (purified water, cel-lulose derivatives).In tablet coating processes it is critical to monitor and control the concentration of aqueous film solutions to be deposited/sprayed onto the tablet surface. The coating can be specially formulated to regulate how fast the tablet dissolves and where the ac-tive drugs are to be absorbed into the body after ingestion. The use of Promass for deriving concen-tration allows for continuous inline quality control of final product.

Vitamin production with Gammapilot MProcess control of a liquid vitamin calls for precision monitoring of the medium’s den-sity. The material has to be ducted through a glass pipe on account of its aggressiveness, and non-contacting, radiometric monitoring is the only option capable of achieving long-life operation. The hazardous-environment area is the primary field of deployment.

Other applications• Wherever other measurement methods

are not reliable enough or completely impractical on account of the process conditions

Other applications• Increase throughput and plant capacity

by inline density measurement to ensure correct recipe selection and batch identifi -cation making the process more stream-lined and improving mixing times for

water solvents, colloidal solutions, glycols, oils, syrups, vitamin emulsions, personal healthcare products, soaps, deodorants, hair care products.

Your benefits

• Inline CIP and SIP, complete drainability• Meets 3-A sanitary requirements • Uses FDA approved materials • Fulfi lls EHEDG cleanability requirements• Single tube design for low pressure

loss and unrestricted flow path• ASMC, BPE compliant

Your benefits• Measurement from outside, no contact

with the product. Aggressive mediums are easily measured, so no maintenance is necessary

• Retrofi tting without process interruption and without opening pipes. Straight-forward tailoring to on-site specifi cs at any time

• No special or additional constraints necessary

• Industry-specifi c materials, also suitable for extreme ambient conditions. All mechanical parts are made of 316L

Protocol for the CIP process with Liquiphant This process is used in a large number of units. It ensures that even those parts of the unit that are difficult to clean meet the requisite hygiene standards. The product is pumped out of the process containers and into an intermediate storage tank. Specific amounts of acid layers, alkaline fluids and hot water are subsequently added to the process at the right pressure and tempera-ture. The density and concentration has to be measured as substantiation is needed that all of these processes have been per-formed correctly, and a cleaning profile has to be prepared.

Your benefits• Compliant with FDA, EHEDG and 3A

requirements• Comprehensive documentation, such

as versions compliant with Pharma CoC and ASME BPE

• Presentation of delta ferrite content of <1% in the case of materials in contact with the process

Other applications• Quality control of the individual interme-

diate processes and the final product e.g., in the Product acceptance test (PAT)

• Description of the validity of parameters of other measuring points

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Density measurement in the foodstuffs industry

In dairies and in breweries, whenever ingredients are added or the end product bottled or canned, on processing lines for molasses, yogurt, wort or liquid sugar, in fact throughout the foodstuffs industry, hy-giene and a uniformly high level of product quality are invariably of crucial importance. Satisfying these requirements entails con-trolling each and every detail and aspect of the production processes, while at the same time observing and logging an ever-increas-ing set of process variables. Clearly, precise data on quantities and the composition of the products are essential in terms of optimizing individual processes.A close to realtime capability for monitor-ing both process and product enables the operator to regulate process drift soon and speedily. Becoming more and important as time goes on, this add-on benefit is precisely what is to be gained by utilizing different physical principles to measure density and concentration.

• CIP/SIP capability

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Concentration measurement with PromassIn alcohol applications the con-centration of pure alcoholand mixed fluids in %mass or %volume is measured at operat-ing conditions. The concentra-tion range can vary from 10%

Measuring the fat content of dairy products with PromassThe first processing stage in a dairy is separation and fat standard-ization, which is carried out using separators or centrifuges. Two significant stages are achieved by de-creaming/skimming.At the stage of direct fat adjustment/standardization, the raw milk is separated into cream and skimmed milk with a constant fat content. After both products have left the separator, a certain quantity of cream is added to the skimmed milk, Promass measures the desired fat content to be determined via the density signal (i.e. 3 % fat).

Your benefits• CIP and SIP • Full drainability unrestricted flow path• Compliant with the

requirements of the 3A directives

• Materials used are FDA-compliant

• EHEDG cleanability tests successfully completed

Other applications• Measurement of sugar content

in °Brix for mixing soft drinks and juices

• Determining the sugar content of liquids

• Measurement of ingredients (in mass or volume percent)

• Measuring beer extract in°Plato, for example for ascertaining original wort and alcohol content

to 70 vol. % and between 10 °C to 30 °C. The measured value can also be standardized back to reference conditions for continuous inline blending systems and Custody Transfer measurement.

Since the difference of the density of skim milk and blended milk does not vary significantly the best possible density measurement is essential.

Promass density measurement in the cream pipeline continuously determines the fat content of the cream. For fat content stan-dardization, repeatability is essential for dosing the exact quantity of cream. Repeatability is one of the most important factors in a control loop for creating the desired consistency.

Liquiphant in the filling unit Continuous measurement of the density of the medium in the feed line to the filling station emphasizes the importance of monitor phase transitions. This ensures that the subsequent processes are only filled with a fluid medium and not with foam. As the foam has a different density from fluid, the process can be interrupted at the correct time. Density measurement reduces waste and saves

Your benefits• Hygienic design in accor-

dance with EHEDG and 3A • Specialized process con-

nections such as: sanitary pipes, TriClamp, Varivent and aseptic solutions

• The device speaks your language (°Brix, °Baumé, °Plato, g/cm3 etc.)

production costs. In addition to measuring density and concen-tration, the standard portfolio can also distinguish between foams and fluids. More detailed information on quality can be shown in a process connection if required.

Other applications• Monitoring the fermentation

process by measuring the original gravity (° Plato)

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Density measurement in the paper and cellulose industry

In cellulose production and in the manufac-ture of paper, plant availability is invariably of crucial importance. Optimum control and supervision of the production processes are basic prerequisites for ensuring this availability to the best possible degree, while at the same time safeguarding maximum product quality. Dependable measuring technology, chemically resistant materials, and also functional safety are key criteria employed for qualification of the components and instruments used, and for other purposes as well.

Along with long-established characteristics such as pressure, fill level, flow, tempera-ture and pH value, measurables that yield quality-related information are becoming increasingly important for process control. This is particularly true of in-pipe densitymeasurements, and these inline measure-ments are taken, for example:

• to determine the concentration of lime slurry,

• to determine the density of green lye or various other liquors in the chemical recovery process,

• to monitor the homogeneity of saline solutions in the bleaching process.

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Control of lye concentration with Gammapilot MRadiometry is the measuring principle employed as standard in the paper/cellulose industry to measure the density of liquors such as green, black or white lyes. Deposits form rapidly in the pipes, so non-contact-ing measurement from the outside is the only means of ensuring a high level of plant availability. For a typical DN 250 pipe, the measuring range in an application of this nature is between 0.990 and 1.300 g/cm3.

Measurement of proportionate quantities with PromassLime mud density measurement is tied into the mass balance system, Lime is an important chemical used in the mill cooking process. For Lime kiln optimization as well as maximum efficiency oil density and to the burners in the Recovery Boiler is consis-tency monitored.

Your benefits• No internals to contact mediums that

tend to form deposits in the pipe • Easy to correct for the effect of increas-

ing in-pipe deposits • All parts are made of 316L, eminently

suitable for aggressive mediums and harsh ambient conditions

• Wear-free and maintenance-free mea-surement

Other applications• Interface detection between black liquor

and soap underfl ow from the skim tank allows for process optimization

• Improved monitoring and control of the chemicals such as mixtures of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide with concentration measurement in feed linesto the digester

• Continuously monitoring dry titanium dioxide (TiO2) slurry concentrations

• Density measurement for concentration, of soda lye or chlorate

• Quality control by monitoring the consist-ency of additives mixed into white liquor and process control in the blending kitchens

Other applications• Measurement of lime-slurry suspension

Liquiphant in the preparation of lime milkThe use of ready-made lime milk, for example as a neutralization agent for ap-plications for the production of paper and tissue, means that the user does not have to prepare its own dry lime product. Lime

Your benefits• Chemical resistance thanks to suitable

coating and higher-quality steels (alloy) • Density measurement, concentration

measurement and level limit detection (pump protection) possible with just one device

• Low level of abrasion due to the full metal design on the process side

milk is transported in special tank vehicles or in small containers. Using controlled wet quenching of fine white lime or suspension of white lime hydrate in water, lime milk products are produced with different solids content depending on their intended use. In order to keep the concentration of solids content as constant as possible, a density sensor is installed in the tank to control the addition of lime.

The advantage of measuring directly in the tank is that piping cannot get blocked and the pump is protected when the tank empties.

Other applications• Neutralization of acid

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Density measurement in the extractiveindustry and mining

In mining and in the washing of solid-ore and water mixtures, the measuring of me-dium density or concentration as additional quality-related information is becoming a more and more important factor in the early detection of (unwanted) changes in the product:

• Density measurement of ore or extracted raw materials in water mixtures

• Determination of solids content in con-centrators, settling and clarifying pools

• Density determination of slurries for disposal

• Mass determination of additives or bitu-men

Sturdiness, dependability, ease of use, resistance to abrasion and increase in plant availability are other aspects of huge impor-tance in applications of this nature. Inline density measurement to monitor quality, boost plant profitability and optimize pro-cess flows in part of this development.

The ability to monitor the process and the product simultaneously affords plant opera-tors an enormous benefit. Becoming more and important as time goes on, this add-on benefit is precisely what is to be gained by utilizing different physical principles to measure medium density and solids content.

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Measurement of percentage solids content with PromassPromass is well suited for the demanding applications in the Primaries and Min-ing industry. The density measurement applications are sometimes aggressive both chemically and mechanically.Promass offers reliable % solids measure-ment from settlers or thickeners. The solids component of the feed settles to the bottom of the thickener and is then removed as underflow. Typically thickeners produce an underflow slurry with a solids density between 60-70 % cw.

Gammapilot M in coal-miningCoal slurry with a density of 1.3 to 2.0 g/cm3 is conveyed in a DN 400 pipe. Coal slurry is extremely abrasive, so radi-ometry is the only viable option in terms of ensuring a high level of plant availability in the long term.

Your benefits• Simultaneous and direct measurement

of density and calculation of concentra-tion, i.e. % solids

• Promass offers solutions for high temperature applications as well as mechanically robust and corrosion resistant measuring tubes

Other applications• Density measurement of product liquor

after flash vessels for product monitoring• Concentration measurement of acids used

in leaching processes• Monitoring of flocculants that are dosed

to feed slurry

Your benefits• All parts are made of 316L, eminently

suitable for the harsh requirements of the mining industry

• Clear and comprehensible local display for speedy checks of measured values and straightforward diagnosis

• Non-contacting principle, so the mea-suring configuration is maintenance-free

Other applications• In mines with abrasive ore-water

mixtures, for example copper, zinc or gold ore, in concentrators or fl otation systems and for measuring solids content in sludge liquors

• Measurement of solids quantities in applications with dredgers. Often used together with magmeters in this sector: a combination of this nature can measure both solids concentration and mass fl ow

Monitoring chloric acid concentration Enriched chloric acid is used to clean sheet steel. The acid is used over and over again, and becomes more and more contaminated by ferrous chloride and deposits on the sheets. The acid content in the storage tank can be measured quickly and reliably by means of density measurement with Liquiphant, and the tank can be cleaned as necessary. In this case, measuring the density replaces a time-consuming check of the spindle and laboratory measurements.

Your benefits• Continuous density measurement• High level of acid resistance thanks to

enamel coating on the process side • Gas-tight process density through glass

feed-through

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Density measurement in the oil and gas industry

Although it is not often measured as a parameter in oilfields, density is nevertheless a highly process-criticalvariable. In terms of the way in which drilling sludge is treated, for example, its density is without doubt the single most important parameter. In the final analysis,the density of the sludge is responsible for the balance between “safe drilling” (with sufficiently high hydro-static pressure in the borehole) and the “lowest possible formation damage” (minimum acceptable hydrostatic pressure on the oil-bearing formation). Other areas in which highly accurate density measurement is em-ployed include cement handling and hydraulic subsoil fracturing.

Coriolis mass-flow meters offer dependable and preciseinline measurement capabilities for all these applica-tions. Radiometric density measurement has also proved itself a perfect solution for applications like this. There is no contact between meter and medium, so the equip-ment can be installed and operated without interrupting the drilling process or the mass flow.

A density profile inside a separator opens a window on the internal separation process, so the layers of crude emulsion, water and possible sediments can be visual-ized. For measured-value transfer stations workingwith crude or refined products, Coriolis provides measured mass flow and raw density. A flow computer can easily apply ASTM/API tables to convert these online mea-surements into net volume, so that the client can be billed without delay.

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Measurement of oil/water mixtures with PromassCoriolis mass flow meters are multivariable offering both density and flow simultane-ously. Therefore Promass is used in various applications within the Oil & Gas industry for density measurement. Applications range from density measure-ment of oil/water mixtures in 2-phase separators, through to feed stock density monitoring to ensure no intrusion of sea water. In blending stations Promass offers high accuracy and product control for inline blending and control of mixing ratios of oils.

Measurement of drilling sludge with Gammapilot MGammapilot M permits robust and mainte-nance-free measurement of abrasive drilling sludge on the rig. Radiation activity is low, so even a multi-point configuration is free of cross-influence and there is no control zone.

Your benefits• Meters comply with all requirements in

accordance with NACE MR0175-2003, because materials such as 316L, alloy C-22 and 904L are listed

• Compact meters for nominal diameters up to DN 250

• Measuring tubes are self-emptying, maintenance-free and non-clogging

Other applications• The Oil & Gas service industry moni-

tor and control the proportional mix of fracturing fluid

• Monitoring of gel and proppant. This ensures the correct blend during the fracturing process

• Monitoring of crude oil going to the upgrader

• Use of the API scale to express the density of liquid oil products and fluids containing oil

Your benefits• No maintenance required, high level

of plant availability• No need for welding work or modifica-

tions to the pipeline• Industry-optimized materials, ideal for

harsh ambient conditions. All mechani-cal parts are made of 316L

Other applications• Detecting/signaling different kinds of oil

in the same pipe for controlling valves and flow diverters

• Density-profile measurement in separa-tors for layering oil, water and sediments

Product detection with Liquiphant One example of the need to distinguish between different products is provided by what are known as multiproduct pipelines. Different media such as diesel, naphtha, crude oil or other media with a similar quality are identified in these pipelines. After identifying the product, the corre-sponding valves are opened and the storage tanks are filled with the corresponding product. This process takes place both on tank farms and in refineries.

Other applications• Separation of water and oil • Quality monitoring in refineries

Your benefits• A 3.1 inspection certificate can be

chosen as standard • Pressure-capsulated Ex solutions and

suitable ANSI flange and NPT process connections

Instruments International

Endress+Hauser Instruments International AGKaegenstrasse 24153 ReinachSwitzerlandTel. +41 61 715 8100Fax +41 61 715 2500http://www.endress.cominfo@ii.endress.com

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