DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A MI'CROCONTROLLER BASED AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL

CONTROLLER WITH PUMP CONTROL.

OYANIYI RICHARD B.

(2004/18861 EE)

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING, FEDERAL

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA.

DECEMBER, 2009.

ii

DEPICATION

I dedicate this project to my beloved

Parents,

Uncles and

My Siblings . ..

iii

DECLARATION

I

I, OY ANIYI RICHARD BABATUNDE declare that this work was carried out by me under the

supervision of Mallam Suleiman Zubair and has never been presented elsewhere for the award of

a bachelor degree. I also hereby relinquish the copyright to the Federal University of

Technology, Minna.

OY ANIYI RICHARD B.

(Name of student)

J~~~ ............. .

Signature and Date

r. Y.A. ADEDIRAN

f{~ame ofH.O.D)

.b.~~ .. {~ ~ ~\Q ) ignature and Date " /

iv

MALLAM SULEIMAN ZUBAIR

(Name of Supervisor)

, I

Signature and Date

MALLAM ISHAKU SALEH

(Name of Techn. Supervisor)

Signature and Date

(Name of External Examiner)

........ ~,!~;l/f.~· Signatde and Date

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

special acknowledgement goes to my creator "God" the Almighty for keeping me alive to this

moment and all through my stay as an undergraduate.

forever grateful to my dearest parents Mr. & Mrs. Mathew-Margret Oyaniyi for their ever

Ie support spiritually, financially and otherwise.

y loving siblings; Sola & Dupe, Bayo (Real Concept), Dapo, Damola for their constant love,

(lpty,pnt and support praying for God's abiding present presence, protection and guidance.

ge the support of my supervisor and the technical supervisor for been understanding

patient all through the period of this work and for their support which helped a great deal in the

ization of this work.

preciation also goes to friends; Bose, loke, Ben (Arugbo 2), Ayo & Busayo (LA UTECH),

Akazua, Yakubu, Samuel, Gabriel, Emanuel, Paul and Samad who have been so

've and also to my guidance: Rev. & Mrs. Aremu and Dn. & Mrs. Akinyode families.

to express my sincere thanks to all ledidiah family and mu BSF members.

ly to all those I omitted their name, and to all the graduating students of the Department of

ical & Computer Engineering of the 2008/2009 Session.

v

ABSTRACT

This project is designed to control the level of water in a storage tank via a four (4)

obes connected to the microcontroller. Once the level of water in the overhead tank is at level

the controller detects it and sends electrical signal to the probe in the underground (reservoir)

d automatically trigger on the pumping machine to pump water into the overhead tank until

e water level reaches the highest level-level 3 and then triggers off the machine automatically.

is also a visual display that shows the level of water ~t each stage on the controller device I

for the storage tanle

vi

Table of Contents

Cover Page

itle Page ........................................................ \... ........ . . .. . 11

edication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. III

Declaration page...... ... ... ...... ... ...... ..................... ................ .. IV

\l\.cknowledgement. ................................................ .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. V

bstract ............ . .................... .. ............ ... ..... . . ...... . ... ........ VI

List of Figures/Plates . . . .... .. ......... ...... ... .... . . .... .. . .. . . . . . . ... .. . ..... Vll

ist of Tahles ................................................................. Vlli

CHAPTER ONE:

1.1 Introduction ............................................... , ........... .

I :2 Significance... . .. ... . .. ... ... .. ... . ... .... ..... .. ...... . ... ..... . ... .... 2

1:3 The aims and the objectives of the project........ .. ................ 3

.4 Methodology ....... . ....... .. ... , . ..... ......... ... . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .... 3

1:5 Report organization ..... . ............................... :. ..... ....... 3-4

CHAPTER TWO

2: I

2:2

2:3

Background History ...................... . ........... . ........... .

Review of some water level controller .......... ... .......... . .

Theoretical Backgrounds . . ....•. . ........ ...... ....... .. ........

2:3: I Capacitors ... , .................................. , ......... . I

2:3:2 Relays ................. .. ................ . ... . ......... . . ..

2.3.3 Crystals ......... . ......... .. .... . . .. ... . .. .. . .... ........ .

2.3.4 Semiconductors ......................................... .

2.3.5Transistors ..................................... ; ......... .

2.3.6 Microcontrollers . . ........ . ............................. .

CHAPTER THREE: Design and constructions

vii

5

6

7

8

9

9

10-11

11

12-13

_ ..... L. .. ~ ..

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

Po\ver Unit ....................... ..... ........... . .. . .. : .... . . .... . .

Control Unit ...................................................... ..

Sensor Unit ........ . .. . . ..... .... ... . ...... . .. . . . .... .... . ... . . . .

Indicator/Display Unit ......................................... .

Pump Trigger Unit ............................................. .

Motor ................ ......... ......................... / ........ .

Coupling the Unit ............................................ ..

HAPTER FOUR: TESTS, REULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Testing of the project operation ................................ .

4.1.1 Construction of the project Casing ...................... .

4.1.2 Sensors ..................................................... .

4.2 Result of the test ............................................. ... .

4.3 Discussion of result ........................................... ..

CHAPTER FIVE:

14-19

20-21

21-22

22-23

23-25

25-26

26-27

28

28

28

28-29

29

5.1 Conclusion and Recommendation .......................... 30

5.2 Summary of the Project........ .......... ..................... 30

5.3 Problems encounter in the project........................... 30-31

5.4 Recommendations.......... ....... ... ... .. . ... .. ..... . ...... .. 31

Appendix

References

viii

32-33

34-35

List of Figures/Plates

ig. 2.1 Equivalent circuit for a quartz crystal ........................... .. . '" . .. 9

late 2.1 Various types of resistors . .. .................................. ........... 8

ig 2.2 Circuit symbol of a diode... .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . ... . . . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . . .. 11

late 2.2 various kinds of capacitors ...... ...... ........ .... .... ........ .. .. .. .. .. . 8

' ig. 2.3 (a) NPN Transistor........ . ...... .. ......... . ........ . ........... . . . .. .. . .. 11

(b) Equivalent pair of diodes

(c) PNP Transistor

(d) It's equivalent pair of diodes

'ig. 2.4 Intel 8051 Standard . ............... . .. . ............ ... ..... . ............... . 12

ig. 2.5 Pin out Diagram for 8051 Chip........................ .. ...... . .. ........ 13

'ig. 3.1 A simplified Block Diagram for Microcontroller-Based

Automatic Water Level Controller... .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . 14

ig. 3.2 Block Diagram of Power Supply Stages ................................. 15

ig. 3.3(a) Full-wave Bridge Rectifier Circuit of a Step-down Transformer

(b) Output signal of Rectification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16

ig. 3.4 DC output with smoothening capacitor ............. ~ ' .......... ........ .. 17

ig. 3.5 Block Diagram of7805 voltage regulator ......................... ...... .. 19

ig. 3.6(a) Smoothening Capacitor effect from output voltage

(b) DC output signal

19

ig. 3.7 A power Supply circuit with protective device (fuse) ............ ..... 20

ig. 3.8 Microcontroller with Reset and External crystal Oscillator Circuit.. .. 21

ig. 3.9 Microcontroller with Probe sensors.............................. ......... 23

ig. 3.1 0 Microcontroller with Displaying Circuit................................ 24

ig. 3.11 Microcontroller with Triggering Circuit . . ... . . .. .. . . ,' . .. .............. . . 26

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Fig. 3.12 A Microcontroller-Based Automatic Water Level

Controller with Pump Control ................................... " .. .......... . . ..... 28

x

List of Table

able 3.1 Nameplate of the pumping Machine.. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. 27

Ie 4.1 output of7-segment Display .................................. .... .... .... ...... . 30

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o I