development of vapour absorption refrigeration system in vehicles

Development of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System In Vehicles

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF – PROF. PRADEEP PATANWAR

Department of Mechanical EngineeringAnand Engineering College, Agra

APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

Ashish Kumar Singh 1300140020

Hemant Kumar 1300140041

Kingkar Jyoti Barman 1300140044

Manish Yadav 1300140048

Kumari Priyanka Yadav 1400140904

CONTENTS:- INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW SYSTEM PERFORMANCE BILL OF MATERIAL AND COSTING TIMELINE OF THE PROJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION Air conditioning of a vehicle can be done by two methods

Vapor Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS).

Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System (VARS)

The commonly utilized method of cooling currently used in vehicles is Vapor Compression Cycle, but the refrigerants in vapor compression refrigeration systems are mainly hydrocarbons like HCFCs and HFCs, which are not environmental friendly, resulting in undesirable changes in the atmosphere and environment like global warming, ozone layer depletion, etc.

The implementation of VARS system in autovehicle reduces the additional running cost for air conditioning.

There is a great impact on the running cost of a vehicle due to increasing cost of fuel. The A/C system adds nearly 35 % extra cost in fuel expenses.

An automobile engine utilizes only about 35% of available energy and rests are lost to cooling and exhaust system.

The basic objective of developing a vapor absorption refrigerant system for automobiles is to lower the temperature of a small space inside the vehicle by utilizing waste heat and exhaust gases from engine

It is a well known factor that an IC engine has an efficiency of about 35%-40%, which means that only one-third of the energy produced by the combustion of the fuel is converted into useful work done.

About 60-65% of the energy in the form of heat is lost to environment. In which about 28%-30% is lost by coolant and lubrication losses, around 30%-32% is lost thorough exhaust gases from the exhaust pipes and remainder of the energy is lost by radiation and convection.

In a Vapor Absorption Refrigerant System, the heat required for running the system can be obtained from that which is wasted into the atmosphere from IC engine. Hence to utilize the exhaust gases and waste heat from an engine the vapor absorption refrigerant system can be put into practice which increases the overall efficiency of a car

Keeping these problems in mind, a car air conditioning system is designed from recovery of Exhaust waste heat using as source / generator for VARS .

The engine waste heat can be recovered by using generator in VARS. The arrangement of various components of air conditioning system is also a challenge because of the fixed size of vehicles.

In the proposed model condenser and evaporator will be arranged same as the conventional unit.

VARS system is to be used to cool the confined spaces with limited temperature for heavy vehicle.

SCOPE OF THE WORK

Common Vapour Absorption Refrigeration

Condenser Generator

Evaporator

AbsorberCold Side

Hot Side

Low pressure liquid refrigerant in evaporator absorbs heat and changes to a gas


Condenser Generator

Evaporator

AbsorberCold Side

Hot Side

Absorbs the low pressure vapour refrigerant


Condenser Generator

Evaporator

AbsorberCold Side

Hot SideIncreases the pressure of weak

solution


Condenser Generator

Evaporator

AbsorberCold Side

Hot SideMixture of refrigerant and

absorber is heated here


Condenser Generator

Evaporator

AbsorberCold Side

Hot Side

The high pressure superheated gas is cooled in several stages in the condenser


Condenser Generator

Evaporator

AbsorberCold Side

Hot Side

Liquid passes through expansion device, which reduces its pressure and controls the flow into the

evaporator

Vapor Absorption System

Heat Supplied from exhaust gases

SL.NO.

VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM

VAPOUR COMPRESSOR SYSTEM

1.

Uses low grade energy like heat. Therefore, may be worked on exhaust systems from I.C engines, etc.

Using high-grade energy like mechanical work.

2. Moving parts are only in the pump, which is a

small element of the system. Hence operation is smooth.

Moving parts are in the compressor. Therefore, more wear, tear and noise

3. The system can work on lower evaporator

pressure also without affecting the COP. The COP decreases considerably with decrease in evaporator pressure.

4. No effect of reducing the load on

performance

Performance is adversely affected at partial loads.

Comparison of VARS and VCRS

Literature Review

Sr.

Title Investigator

Remarks

1. Performance and Evaluation of Ammonia Water Auto AirConditioner System Using Exhaust Waste Energy1994-1995

Mr. S. Khaled Ammonia absorption cycle should be considered as available alternative to mechanical vapour compression cycle.Flexibility in operation absence of compressor because its is noise and required work is high

Sr.

Title Investigator Remarks

2. Thermodynamic Analysis of Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System and Calculation of COP1998-99

Mr. Sachin Kaushik Dr. S. Singh Mr. Bipin Tripathi

COP of the system is greatly influenced upon the system temperatures

Sr.

Title Investigator Remarks

3. Thermal Analysis of a Car Air Conditioning System Based On an Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Using Energy from Exhaust Gas of an Internal Combustion Engine2001-2002

Mr. Lakshmi Sowjanya

Supplying the heat to the Generator of a Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System with the products of its combustion to produce the required refrigerating effect

Sr. Title Investigator Remarks

4. Vapour absorption refrigeration system for coldStorage & power generation in automobiles usingExhaust gas2003-04

Mr. Sreeshankar Kr. Mr. Vikas pal

From VARS system we can produce a cooling effect (RE) of 5 , which is suitable for cold storage purposes and thus it can be easily incorporated in heavy automobiles used for such purposes.

5. Review on Exhaust Gas Heat Recovery for I.C. Engine 2012-13

Mr. J. S. Jadhao,Mr. D. G. Thombare

For waste heat recovery thermoelectric generator is use low heat. So it is useful.

Waste heat, which is generated by fuel combustion in the engine, and then dissipated into the environment even though it could still be reused for some useful and economic purpose.

This heat depends on The temperature of the waste heat gases

Mass flow rate of exhaust gas

Waste heat loss arises Equipment inefficiencies

Thermodynamic limitations on equipment

Considering the internal combustion engine approximately 35% to 40% of heat energy is converted into useful mechanical work. The remaining heat from the engine is expelled into the atmosphere by exhaust gases and engine cooling systems.

HEAT RECOVERY FROM THE ENGINE OF THE VEHICLE

It means approximately 60%-65 % energy losses as a waste heat through exhaust and other functions.

Exhaust gases immediately leaving the engine can have temperatures as high as 450-600°C. Thus the high content of heat from the exhaust can easily be redirected and reused to provide useful work.

5%

35%

30%

30%

Percentage Of Waste Energy In System

Radiation Break Power

Exhaust Cooling System

System PerformanceAssumptions

The pressure drops are neglected in the components of the system

The pump in the system is assumed to be increasing the pressure by 10 bar

The pump compression is assumed to isothermal Assume the Generator Temperature = 25 to 100 C, Condenser Temperature = 0 to 50 C , Evaporator Temperature = -10 C to 20 C, Absorber Temperature = 0 to 50 C Let Effectiveness of both RHE and SHE be 0.85

Equipment specification

To build the refrigerator many equipments would be required, The specifications of some of the given below-1. Absorber The absorber would be an approximately 200 mm X 200 mm X 100 mm

container which would be properly insulated to prevent the transfer of heat from the surrounding into the system.

2: Pump The pump is used to transfer the solution from the refrigerator to the absorber

to the generator. 40 watt , maximum head 2.4 meter, volume flow rate 2000 lit/hr. The pump work will be neglected while calculating COP. this pump will be sufficient for the working of the system.

Manufacture Kirloskar 4-S Engine

Engine Single Cylinder. 4-Stroke , C.I. Engine

Bore 87.5mm Stroke 110mm

Comp. Ratio 17.5

Capacity 661cc

Power 8 hp (5.9kW) at 1500rpm

Sp. Fuel Combustion 220gms/kW-hr (0.22kg/kW-hr)

Waste heat contained in a exhaust gas

3. Generator

The generator is used to vaporise the ammonia from the solution so it can be used for cooling purposes. The generator will be a small container which would receive heat from the concentrated heat from the exhaust gases by burning the fossil fuels. It is too made of a heat conducting material like aluminum.

Calculations Exhaust heat loss through diesel engine compression ratio (Vr)

Vr= Vc+Vs/Vc 17.5 Vc= Vc + 6.61 x 10^-4 Vc=4 x 10^-4 m3

Total Volume (Vt) = Vc + Vs = 4 x 10^-5 + 6.61 x 10^-4 = 7.01 x 10^-4 m3

Mass flow rate of fuel ( on the basis of specific fuel consumption ) mf S.F.C. = mf/Power mf = S.F.C. x Power = 220 x 5.9 = .3177 gm/sec

Volume rate = Swept volume x speed Vn = Vs x N Vn = 6.61 x 10^-4 x 1500/2 = 0.4957 m3 / min = 8.262 x 10^-3 m3 / sec

Volumetric efficiency ηv = Volume of Air / Swept Volume ηv = ma / ρ x n x Vs ma = ηv x ρ x n x Vs = 0.9 x 1.16 x 1500/2 x 6.61 x 10^-4 = 0.5175 gm / min = 8.625 gm / sec

Mass Flow rate of Exhaust Gas (me) me = mf + ma = 0.3177 + 8.625 = 8.9427 gm / sec = 8.9427 x 10^-3 kg / sec

Heat loss in exhaust gas (Qe) = me x Cp x ∆T = 8.9427 x 10^-3 x 1.1 x (450 – 45) = 4.03 KJ / sec = 4.03 KW

Heat supplied to the generator = Waste heat contained Effectiveness of Heat Exchanger

in exhaust gas x Qg = 4.03 KJ/sec X 0.85

= 3.43 KJ/sec

Calculation for Load of Cabinparameter ValueCabin dimension (2 x 1.75 x 1.5) mxmxmAmbient temp 45*cCabin temp without cooling 55*cDesired temp of cabin 30*cHeat gain through glasses 1200 KJ/hrHeat gain through walls 3600 KJ/hrPassenger including driver 1200 KJ/hrHeat radiated from engine 2000 KJ/hrTotal 8000 KJ/hr.

Total heat to be removed from cabin = 8000 KJ/hr Qe = 8000/3600 = 2.22 KJ/sec

COP = Refrigeration Effect Work Input Refrigeration Effect = Qe Work Input (Neglecting Pump Work) = Qg

COP= (Qe/Qg) = 2.2 / 3.43 =0 .64

Performance Comparison

VARS COP = .64 No compressor is required Low in cost Maintenance cost is low

VCRS COP = 1.2 to1.5 compressor is required Costly due to cost of compressor Maintenance cost is high

Bill of Materials The estimated costs of the various raw materials and equipments are

discussed below.Sl. No. Item Price in Rs. No of items/

Quantity requiredCost in Rs.

1 Absorber 500 1 500

2 Pipes 15 per m 30 m 450

3 Fuel Tanks 350 1 350

4 Burner 350 1 350

5 Pump 400 1 400

6 Throttling Valve 60 2 120

7 Ammonia Solution 160 per liters 4 liters 655

8 Sheet metal 15 per feet 25 feet 375

Total Cost 3190 Rs.

Table 1: Cost of items

Sl. No. Process Cost in Rs.

1 Manufacturing 1500

2 Welding 850

3 Miscellaneous 2000

Total Cost 7550 Rs.

Table 2: Cost of manufacturing activities

Total cost of the project till date is estimated to be 8500.₹

TIMELINE OF THE PROJECTS. No. Work Plan Date of completion

1. Study and Analysis of VARS system and

Component and Equipment requirement Analysis used in the system

1st Oct.– 30th Nov. 2016

2.

Selection of suitable Equipments and Machines

10th Feb.- 28th Feb , 2017

3. Fabrication Up to 15th March 2017

4.5.

Testing and Error Rectification Final Submission

After 15th March . 2017 30th March 2017

BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Recovery of Engine Waste Heat for Reutilization in Air Conditioning System in an Automobile. Global

Journal of Research in Engineering, Volume 12, Issue 1, January 2012.

2. R. Sai Lavanya, Design of solar water cooler Using aqua ammonia absorption refrigeration system. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and studies, volume 2, Issue 2, Jan 2013.

3. C. P. Arora, Refrigeration and air conditioning. Tata McGraw Hill.

4. R. S. Khurmi, J K, Gupta Refrigeration and Air Conditioning- 2010, Vapour Absorption Refrigeration. 5. Review on Exhaust Gas Heat Recovery for I.C. Engine , vol–2 , J. S. Jadhao, D. G. Thombare PG Student,

Automobile Engineering Department, R.I.T., Sakharale, Dist. Sangali, (MS) Professor, Automobile Engineering Department, R.I.T., Sakharale, Dist. Sangali, (MS)

Website- 1.http://dspace.cusat.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5150/1/Vapour%20absorption%20refrigeration%20system%20using%20%20low%20grade%20energy.pdf

2. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2013/490124/

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Thank You