development prospects for dhaulvali village

7/30/2019 Development Prospects for Dhaulvali Village

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A Report on

Development Prospects for Dhaulvali Village

Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Course TD 609

in Technology and Development

By

Vishal Singh [123350007]

Aditya Khebudkar [124358001]

Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA)

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

August 2013


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Certificate

This is to certify that the report entitled Development Prospects for Dhaulvali Village,

Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for thedegree of Master of Technology in Technology and Development of IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400

076 is a record of bonafide work carried out by Vishal Singh (Roll No: 123350007) and Aditya

Khebudkar (Roll No: 124358001) under our supervision and guidance.

Examiner Prof. Milind A. Sohoni

Center for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA)

Date: 2nd

August 2013


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Acknowledgement

We wish to thank the villagers of Dhaulvali to host our stay, support the extensive study and care

for us like a family. Without their cooperation and active involvement in participatory appraisals,

this study would have not been successful. Especially we wish to thank, Shri. Subhash

Purushottam Gokhale and his family for their hospitality throughout our stay.

It is our special privilege to have valuable guidance and insights about village life and

development activities at grassroot level from Sarpanch Shrimati Akshat A. Velye, Upsarpanch

Shri Sanjay D. Kiranje, Shri R.T. Dalwi and various other members of the village and the gram

panchayat. This study would have been far from completeion without their help and support.

We would take this opportunity to express our respect and sincere thanks to Prof. Milind A.

Sohoni, Prof. Milind Gokhale, Prof. N. C. Narayanan, Prof.Puru Kulkarni and other faculty

members from CTARA and other departments at IIT Bombay for giving us the opportunity to

explore village life and learn some life lessons.

Date:2nd

August 2013

Vishal Singh

Aditya Khebudkar


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AbstractThe report details the field work carried out in Dhaulvali villagein Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. The

field work involved 10 weeks of field stay and the study was conducted for academic purpose. Themotive of the field work was to experience, learn from the village and study village from the systems

perspective.

The study covers all aspects of village like resources, livelihoods, energy utilization, water resources,

livestock and its linkage to people. The information has been collected through active participation ofvillagers using various social science research methodologies like survey, PRA, FGDs and personal

interviews.

The obtained data was analyzed using various techniques and the obtained results compared. The results

were compiled into different chapters as per sectors of development.

The first chapter contains the overview of the village and the details of PRA activities. Chapter 1 presents

our objective of conducting the study, its context and details the methodologies we used to carry out thestudy. It provides in detail, the planning, methodology, outcomes and inferences of various PRA tools.

Chapter 2 covers natural environment, natural resources, agricultural activities and their linkage tovarious other economic activities. This chapter provides details of the land resources and their present

usage statistics for the village. It also discusses the details f various crops being produced in the area andthe common trends attached with them.

The third chapter will detail the various water resources present in the various habitations of the village

and their usage patterns. It will provide details of existing water supply systems in the various habitationsof the village as well as the key statistics related to fetching of water such as time and distance to becovered each day.

The fourth chapter will include a detailed survey and analysis of energy usage in the village. It willprovide detailed information on the types of fuels used for cooking, lighting and various other usages. It

will also provide details to the total usage of energy in the village.

The fifth chapter will discuss in detail, the governance structure in the village. The administrativehierarchy will be highlighted and the implemented programs will be discussed. The actual beneficiaries ofvarious programs have been interviewed for detailed knowledge.

Chapter 6 will include two sub-sections containing the learning as felt and absorbed by each team-mate

individually while on the field.

Keywords: PRA, resources, livelihood, sustainability, rural investment climate, non-farm enterprises.


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Table of contents

Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................ 3

Abstract......................................................................................................................................................... 4

Table of contents........................................................................................................................................... 5

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ 8

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................. 9

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 10

1.1 About the Village: ............................................................................................................................. 10

1.1.1 History ........................................................................................................................................ 11

1.1.2 Geological Location ................................................................................................................... 12

1.1.3 Terrain........................................................................................................................................ 12

1.1.4 Climate ....................................................................................................................................... 131.1.5 Habitation................................................................................................................................... 14

1.2 Objectives of the Village Report/Study ............................................................................................ 15

1.2.1 Preparation ................................................................................................................................. 15

1.2.2 Study Site ................................................................................................................................... 15

1.2.3 Hosts .......................................................................................................................................... 15

1.3 Methodologies................................................................................................................................... 16

1.3.1 Quantitative Research Methods .......................................................................................... 16

1.3.1.1 Primary data collection - Questionnaire Survey ............................................................. 16

1.3.1.2 Secondary data collection ................................................................................................... 16

1.3.2 Qualitative Research Methods ................................................................................................... 16

1.4. Participatory Rural Appraisal........................................................................................................... 17

1.4.1 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 17

1.4.2 Research unit.............................................................................................................................. 17

1.4.3 Primary and Secondary source of data ....................................................................................... 18

1.4.4 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 18

1.5 About PRA........................................................................................................................................ 19

1.5.1 PRA Tools Used ........................................................................................................................ 19

1.6 Transect Walk................................................................................................................................... 20

1.6.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................................. 20


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1.6.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 20

1.6.3 Geographical setting .................................................................................................................. 22

1.6.4 Dhaulvali: Habitations ............................................................................................................... 23

1.6.6 Inferences ................................................................................................................................... 23

1.7 Resource map.................................................................................................................................... 24

1.7.1 Objective .................................................................................................................................... 24

1.7.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 24

1.7.3 Inferences ................................................................................................................................... 25

1.8 Social Map ........................................................................................................................................ 26

1.8.1 Planning ..................................................................................................................................... 26

1.8.2 Objectives .................................................................................................................................. 26

1.8.3 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 26

1.8.4 Inferences ................................................................................................................................... 30

1.9 Seasonality ........................................................................................................................................ 32

1.9.1 Planning ..................................................................................................................................... 32

1.9.2 Objective: ................................................................................................................................... 32

1.9.3 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 32

1.9.4 Inferences ................................................................................................................................... 33

1.10 Timeline .......................................................................................................................................... 34

1.10.1 Objective .................................................................................................................................. 34

1.10.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 34

1.10.3: Timeline: Dhaulvali ................................................................................................................ 36

1.11: FGD & Problem Ranking .............................................................................................................. 37

1.11.1: Planning .................................................................................................................................. 37

1.11.2: Objective ................................................................................................................................. 37

1.11.3: Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 37

1.11.4: Inferences.................................................................................................................................... 38

1.12 Household Interviews ..................................................................................................................... 39

1.12.1 Planning ................................................................................................................................... 39

1.12.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 39

1.12.3 Inferences ................................................................................................................................. 40


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1.13 Venn Diagram ................................................................................................................................. 42

1.13.1 Planning.................................................................................................................................... 42

1.13.1 Inferences ................................................................................................................................ 43

Chapter 2 Agriculture and related activities ............................................................................................... 44

2.1 Cropping Pattern ............................................................................................................................... 44

2.2 Landholding pattern .......................................................................................................................... 44

2.3 Agriculture Practice in the Village.................................................................................................... 46

Chapter 3 Water.......................................................................................................................................... 47

3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 47

3.2 Drinking Water Scenario of Dhaulvali ............................................................................................... 48

3.3 Institutional Setup for Drinking Water Management ....................................................................... 48

3.4 Analysis based on HH Survey ............................................................................................................ 50

3.4.1 Drinking Water Facility ............................................................................................................... 50

3.4.2 Physical Constrains of Fetching the Water ................................................................................ 50

Chapter 4: Energy........................................................................................................................................ 52

4.1 Electrification .................................................................................................................................... 52

4.2 Fluctuating Electricity Bills ................................................................................................................ 52

4.3 Use of Firewood ................................................................................................................................ 53

Chapter 5: Governance ............................................................................................................................... 54

5.1 Gram Panchayat................................................................................................................................ 54

Chapter 6: My Learning ............................................................................................................................... 59

6.1 Aditya Khebudkar (Roll No. 124358001) ........................................................................................... 59

6.1.1 Village Setting ............................................................................................................................ 59

6.1.2 Work Experience ........................................................................................................................ 59

6.1.3 Jaitapur Nuclear Power Plant Struggle ...................................................................................... 60

6.1.4 Key Observations & Learning ..................................................................................................... 60

6.2 Vishal Singh (Roll No. 123350007) .................................................................................................... 62

6.2.1 Stay ............................................................................................................................................. 62

6.2 Food .............................................................................................................................................. 62

6.3 People ........................................................................................................................................... 62

6.4 Learning ......................................................................................................................................... 62


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References .................................................................................................................................................. 64

List of Figures

Fig 1.1: Outline map of Dhaulvali

Figure 1.2: Habitations, DhuauvaliFigure 1.3: Location of Dhaulvali

Figure 1.4:Dhaulvali, Maharashtra

Figure 1.5: Dhauvali, Maharashtra

Figure 1.6: Dhaulvali habitations

Figure 1.7: Resource Map-Parwadi

Figure 1.8: Resource Map-Dalwiwadi

Figure 1.9 Social Map: Parwadi

Figure 1.10: Social Map: Dalwiwadi

Figure 1.11: Bouddhawadi: Social cum resource map

Figure 1.12: Timeline for Parwadi

Figure 1.13: Timeline for DalwiwadiFigure 1.14: Timeline for Bouddhawadi

Figure 1.15: Timeline for Dhaulvali

Fig: 1.13 Venn Diagram at Parwadi

Fig 1.14 Venn Diagram at Dalwiwadi

Fig 1.18 Venn diagram at Bouddha wadi

Fig 2.1 Annual food production of the village in 2012 (Source: GP)

Fig 2.2 Land holding distribution of the village

Figure 2.3: Agriculture practices in the village

Fig 3.1 Location of Dhaulvali Stream

Fig. 3.2 Drinking Water Facility

Fig. 3.3 Average Time Required to Fetch the WaterFig. 3.3 Average Time Required to Fetch the Water

Fig. 3.4 Average Distance Travelled to Fetch the Water

Fig 4.1 Electrification of Dhaulvali Village

Fig 4.2 Fluctuations in Electricity Bills

Fig 4.3 Use of various sources for cooking

Figure 5.1: Location of various habitations

Fig 5.2 Area of villages in Dhaulvali GP

Fig 5.3 Population Variation: Five villages of Dhaulvali GP

Fig 5.3 Area per inhabitant: Dhaulvali GP


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List of Tables

Table 1.1: House No. and owners


Table 1.3: House no. and owner

Table 1.4: Gender based details, Dhaulvali

Table 1.5: Category based population distribution, DhaulvaliTable 1.6: Sample seasonality chart

Table 1.7: Problem Ranking

Table 1.8: Habitation Details

Table 1.9: Gender wise population details, Dhaulvali

Table 3.1 Habitation wise Drinking water Scenario

Table 1.10: Category based population details, Dhaulvali

Table 5.1: Population mix: Dhaulvali GP


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1. IntroductionThis report is the outcome of a 10 week long field-stay and research program conducted in the village

Dhaulvali. This village is situated on the edges of a seasonal rivulet and its confluence with the creek.

This document contains two parts. The first part will discuss in detail the existing conditions of livelihood

and habitation in the village Dhaulvali, situated amidst the stone plateaus and hills of south Maharashtra.This village is situated near Rajapur taluka in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.

The study was carried out within a two month stay at the village to fulfill course requirements for Masters

of Technology and Development at CTARA, IIT Bombay. According to the design of this course, a

graduate student has to stay with a colleague in a region of rural setting and use social science research

tools, methods and techniques to gather knowledge about the local societies and their interactions within

themselves as well as with natural resources and other foreign entities.

Hence the first section will discuss the geographical setting, socio-economic scenario, agriculture, water

use, livestock and energy usage assessment, analysis, trends and timelines for various practices and

various other small details about village setting and daily livelihood.

The second section will contain a directed research analysis of various economic entities in the local

cluster of villges consisting of Dhaulvali, Nate, Dhartale, Mogre, Panere, etc., all in Rajapur Taluka This

section will also try to compare the various livelihood options as available and feasible in the locale and

their relative impact with respect to agricultural and related livelihood activities.

The implementation of the IWMP in the region and the proposed future activities has been discussed in

detail. The effect analysis of the 6 proposed concrete bunds in the village has been done in detail. The

analysis has been done on the available after-effects as a result of building them. Also there are various

sub sections detailing various governmental and non-governmental activities in the village and around.

1.1 About the Village:

The village Dhaulvali is situated in the Gram panchayat of the same name in Rajapur taluka. This village

is surrounded by the village Dhartale on the north, Nate on the west and Jaitapur on the south. Dhaulvali

village is siuated in the Ratnagiri district of south Maharashtra. The whole region is known as Konkan, is

situated along the south west coastline of India and is known as Western Ghats. These are areas of high

rainfall and high air humidity. The soil thickness at most places not very deep and diverse types of soils

can be found at different places. The basalt bed is solid and very near to the surface.

The village is about 50 kilometers away from the city Ratnagiri, about 25 kilometers from Rajapur town

and about 5 kilometers from the village marketplace of Nate.


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1.1.1 History

The history of village is about 1000 years old when the very first habitants came to reside in this place. A

documented history could be found from the times of the Bijapur Sultanate and Shivajis rule. During the

days of the Bijapur Sultanate, Rajapur was important maritime trade center due to a navigable creek that

connects it to the Arabian sea. It became an access point to the rich cities of Deccan for those involved in

the Arabia-India commerce. The commercial relations flourished during the English rule as well. TheEnglish and French East India Companies had factories which were located near the creek. It is known

that these factories were abandoned in the early 18th century and appear to be used later for offices. An

ancient ruler, whose identity could not be established, had laid the foundations to the very first

developmental activities in the village by lining the rivulet using stone bricks. The structure was found to

be in ruined state in some parts of the stream.

The Maratha king Shivaji entered the present-day Ratnagiri district around 1659. He started capturing the

important ports and towns after defeating the Bijapuri general, Afzal Khan. Many Bijapuri generals fled

to Rajapur because its governor, known by the title Rustam-i-Zamani, was on friendly terms with Shivaji.

However, Doroji, one of Shivaji's generals, attacked Rajapur. The East India Company had stationed

several men in the town, under the charge of Henry Revington to facilitate the trade and commerce. WhenRustam-i-Zamani heard about the approach of the Maratha army, he procured funds from one of the

Company's brokers and escaped with the money in a ship. Revington sent an English ship Diamond to

stop him. When confronted by the English, Rustam offered the company the ownership of two of his

junks in lieu of payment. At the same time, the Marathas also arrived, and asked the English to hand over

the junks to them. The English declined to oblige, unless they were given the money that Rustam owed

them. The angry Marathas seized two of the Company's brokers, Baghji and Balaji, in Jaitapur. When the

English sent Philip Gyffard to demand their release, he was arrested as well. The three prisoners were

taken to Kharepatan fort on 18 January 1660.

Henry Revington wrote to Shivaji in February 1660, requesting their release. Meanwhile, the brokers had

also pleaded for their release, and Shivaji issued an order to set them free. Shivaji also condemned the

attack on Rajapur, dismissed Doroji and issued an order to restore all the loot from Rajapur.

The East India Company personnel at Rajapur maintained amicable relations with Shivaji until June 1660,

when the Adilshahi general Siddi Jauhar attacked Shivaji's camp at Panhala. During this siege, Siddi

Jauhar used grenades purchased from the English at Rajapur. He also hired some English artillerymen,

who came to Panhala with an English flag, although the Company did not officially support him. Shivaji

managed to escape from Panhala, and decided to take revenge as he assumed that the Company had

supported Siddi Jauhar. He plundered the English factory at Rajapur in December 1661.

During the attack, Shivaji captured four Englishmen - Henry Revington, Richard Taylor, Randolph Taylor

and Philip Gyffard - who were imprisoned, first at Vasota and later at at Songd. Shivaji's officer RaojiPandit treated them well, but the Marathas demanded ransom for their release. The English insisted that

they had lost everything at Rajapur and would be unable to pay a ransom. Instead, they tried to negotiate

their release in exchange for their support in capturing the Danda Rajpuri sea fort. This negotiation could

not happen due to the absence of Shivaji, who was away on an expedition near Kalyan. The English

prisoners wrote an angry letter to the Company's President, who replied that they had been imprisoned not


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for performing the Company duties, but for illegally supporting Siddi Jauhar without the Company's

permission. Subsequently, the four made an escape attempt, but they were caught and moved to Raigad.

Later, Shivaji came to know that the Company had not officially supported Siddi Jauhar, and that some

rogue personnel had joined Jauhar without the Company's permission. He ordered the release of the

English prisoners in 1663. In a letter dated 6 February 1663, Shivaji also assured that the English would

enjoy his protection in the future. The English informed him about the losses suffered by them at Rajapur,

and tried to negotiate a settlement. In 1672, Shivaji offered them 5000 pagodas towards the losses. He

also promised that if the English decided to set up a new factory at Rajapur, he would "show all kindness

and civility imaginable to the said factory".

1.1.2 Geological Location

The village is situated on the confluence of a seasonal rivulet and the creek. The early inhabitants of the

village were Brahmin landholders who held large tracts of land. The village was connected with mud

roads as early as 1930s and was a prime route for many years. The close location to the creek provides

abundant variety in the flora and fauna of the village. Being situated in the Konkan area provide it a

typical climate consisting of short spurts of heavy rain, hot and humid atmosphere as well as a greatvariety of insects.

1.1.3 Terrain

The village itself is situated in the valleys of the surrounding watershed leading to the creek south-west

of the village. The land on the higher elevations has very little soil thickness and hence is not quite

suitable for agriculture. However, rain-fed agriculture has been practiced since ages on these lands. This

practice is however falling rapidly and lesser people do farming on these plots every passing year.


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Fig 1.1: Outline map of Dhaulvali

The map shows those parts of the village which are inhabited and are suitable for vegetation and

residence. Notice how the creek lines the entire southern edge of the village boundary.

1.1.4 Climate

The climate is very humid and the area receives a huge amount of rainfall. The village has a good

groundwater supply but very less of it is used. The climate has typical characteristics of that of a coastal

area. The temperatures never soar above 35-36 degree Celsius yet profuse sweating is experienced due to

high relative humidity in the atmosphere almost all times of the year. The rain occurs in short heavy

showers many a times a day in the area. There are numerous streams that start flowing after rains and

combine to form rivulets which ultimately run towards the sea. The climate is suitable for production of

food-grains like rice and nachni. There are also large tracts of lands under mango cultivation.


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1.1.5 Habitation

Dhaulvali village is spread over a total of twelve habitations. Earlier this village contained about 16-17

habitations. Henceforth it was divided into five revenue villages by announcing four of the biggest

habitations as individual villages and all the rest habitations grouped as one village named Dhaulvali. The

five village set now comes under the Gram panchayat called Dhaulvali. The present village by the name

Dhaulvali contains twelve different habitations of different sizes and no. of people living. The location ofhabitations is shown in the following map:

Figure 1.2: Habitations, Dhuauvali


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1.2 Objectives of the Village Report/Study

The main objectives of this study are To understand and experience rural life To understand village dynamics and linkages To get a strong understanding of everyday rural resources and the underlying science To study the socio-economic structure of the village To understand the technology interventions within the socio economic classes of the village To get exposed to governmental and non-governmental organizations that work in the studied

areas

To blend the classroom learning of system dynamics, technology interventions and social scienceresearch methods with field experience

To practice PRA (Participatory Rural Activity) activities to get a detailed picture of the village,villagers and their daily activities

To understand the advantages and shortcomings of village life from a villagers perspective To obtain data from various sources and as many places as possible To analyze obtained data to check the acceptance and interference of various governmental

benefits and plans for various social and caste based classes

1.2.1 Preparation

The motivation and preparation of this study was conducted over a period of one year at CTARA, IIT

Bombay. Various courses in social science techniques, technology implementation, statistical methods,

perspective building and other similar things were learnt during this period with a vision of field

implementation.

1.2.2 Study Site

Dhaulvali is a small village situated near the Jaitapur creek in Ratnagiri district in Maharashtra. This

village has a diverse flora and fauna and a very vibrant society. It also holds a rich history to tell itsvisitors. The earliest habitation in the village is recorded more than a thousand years old.

1.2.3 Hosts

Our host was the Mr. Subhash P. Gokhale and his family at Bhablewadi, Dhaulvali. We are highly

indebted to them for this kind opportunity which would have been impossible without their support and

care.


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1.3 MethodologiesThis section will discuss the various methods and techniques utilized by us for data collection during the stay.

1.3.1 Quantitative Research MethodsQuantitative Research method depends primarily on the collection of quantitative data. It is systematic empirical

investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. Various methods used for

quantitative research are structured questionnaire, surveys, and secondary data collection.

1.3.1.1Primary data collection - Questionnaire SurveyOur questionnaire covered the following sections:

General Information about household Household background information Land particulars Crop Production Water usage Assets Livestock Firewood Source of income Migration Government/NGO schemes Membership in institutions Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS)

1.3.1.2 Secondary data collection

Secondary data has been collected from following government departments and various other institutions

Gram Panchayat, Dhaulvali Tehsil office, Rajapur Talathi office, Dhaulvali Revenue department, Dhaulvali Irrigation department, Dhaulvali Tehsil Agriculture department, Rajapur Census of India

The data collected includes community schemes, individual beneficiary schemes, land holding and use pattern in

village, area under agriculture, rainfall over four years, census data on demography, information on different

programs under host organization

1.3.2 Qualitative Research Methods

Qualitative research methods rely on the collection of qualitative data. In this, effort is made to gather an in-depth

understanding of human behavior and the reasons governing such behavior. The methods used are surveys,

interviews, focus group discussions, PRA etc.


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1.4. Participatory Rural Appraisal

1.4.1 Methodology

Problem definition: The major study period included the study of village activities and the socio-

economic inferences of the same. This included first a detailed secondary data analysis of various data

from online and offline resources. A deep understanding of economy and the various affecting factors aswell as major stakeholders comes out from the analyses. Hence the problem definition statement would

be as follows:

What is state of prevalent economic scene in a sample village from rural Konkan (SouthMaharashtra)?

What are the major stakeholders and factors affecting the flow of human resources in and out ofthe village?

A comparison between earlier and present socio-economic classes and practices1.4.2 Research unit

The research unit was a village called Dhaulvali in South Maharashtra. The village contained a total of 17human habitations as of now. This village was henceforth broken into five revenue villages under the

jurisdiction of a gram panchayat of the name Dhaulvali a few years ago. The five villages were named as

follows:

Ambelkarwadi Poklewadi Bhablewadi Dasurewadi Dhaulval

Figure 1.3: Location of Dhaulvali


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The first four villages consists primarily the big landholders and the last village (Dhaulvali) twelve small

habitations of various mixed classes and castes. This particular village was of special interest as a

research setting. Hence all the major social science research tools and various data collection techniques

have been applied with this village as a focus and within the GP of the same name.

1.4.3 Primary and Secondary source of data

Qualitative and quantitative data are both of at par significance while undertaking a social science

research. Very unlike scientific experiments, it requires various data sources and of various degrees of

trust. The qualitative data was obtained from PRA activities which was carried the entire village as well

as major portions of it covering nearby locales as well. Quantitative data was obtained from personal

interviews of a sample subset of the village residents. Data from various other primary sources contain

data from the Gram panchayat office, Taluka agriculture office, anganwadis, traders, businessmen and

various other people from almost all classes and sections of the society.

The sarpanch, up-sarpanch, gram sewak, gram talathi, krishi sahayak and various other influential people

of the village administration and those working with it were individually interviewed and their sessions

recorded. The Taluka Agriculture office offered the DPR of the IWMP project undergoing in the area.Also the data provided by various other offices added to the secondary database of the study area.

Finally a method of triangulation has been utilized to the ground truths. A system of various structured

questionnaire sets were provided to obtain necessary details about the agriculture, water-usage patterns,

and electricity usage and livelihood activities in the village. Initially there was hesitancy in the answers of

the participants however after prolonged talks and various assurances, we were primarily successful in the

obtainance of personal first hand experiences of various users and benefiters of a plethora of schemes.

1.4.4 Methodology

The initial week was utilized in meeting various office holders and influential people of the village. Our

local contact and host Mr. Subash Gokhale did a wonderful task in connecting us with people of theadministration and various big and small farmers and various other residents of the village.

We started with a transect walk of the entire village and gathered details about the plants, vegetation and

animal life in the village. This also helped us connect with the villagers and meet local resource persons

in all the twelve habitations. The walk was not done on one day due to the large size of the village.

Various parts of walking through the village and interacting with the local people as well as studying the

village topography and various data elevation models gave a clear picture of the geographical setup of the

entire village. Various parts of the transect walk also included the traversing of the-then dry river-bed for

the entire section inside the area of the Dhaulvali gram panchayat. A study of the watershed development

activities and their economic and social impacts will also accompany this report.


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1.5 About PRA

The roots of participatory rural appraisal techniques can be traced to the activist adult education methods

of Paulo Freire and the study clubs of the Antigonish Movement. PRA was later developed in the 1980s

as a set of methods and tools used to get qualitative in depth knowledge of problems, resources, and

perceptions and potential. Further development of the process was supported by various NGOs and grass-

root organizations.

Various participatory techniques and tools have been described in various books and online resources.

These techniques can be divided into four categories:

Group dynamics, e.g. learning contracts, role reversals, feedback sessions Sampling, e.g. transect walks, wealth ranking, social mapping Interviewing, e.g. focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews, triangulation Visualization e.g. venn diagrams, matrix scoring, timelines

These techniques rely on oral communication like pictures, symbols, physical objects and group memory.

Activities like social and resource mapping was quite effective to see a collective effort being put in by allthe youngsters present. Questions related to timeline and related enquiries were witnessed to long

discussions and final verdict usually came out after a major debate.

1.5.1 PRA Tools Used

Transect Walk Resource Map Seasonality Social Map Timeline Focused Group Discussions Problem Identification & Ranking Sampling based on caste and population Household personal interviews Venn Diagrams


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1.6 Transect Walk

Planning: The transect walk was many days activity put together in a coherent form, which covered

various sections of the village as shown in the map. It was planned to walk across the dry river bed on two

days to exactly map the latitude and longitude of the flowing directions across the village. An effort was

also made at recording elevations of the river bed at different points but the outcome remains ambiguous

due to device limits. While walking through the village, the state of agricultural activities was recorded atvarious times during the ten week long stay. Vegetation patterns, agricultural practices, animal life and

daily livelihood activities were recorded.

1.6.1 Objectives

To obtain in-depth knowledge of the watershed characteristics, settlement geography and patternsand various system inter-linkages

To obtain first-hand information beyond the resource and social maps and to verify groundrealities

To get aware about the local resources, livelihoods and various issue and also to get acquaintedwith the local population

1.6.2 Methodology

Out of the various walks we took in and out of the village including various motorcycle rides, the most

important ones which can be considered to be transect walks are collectively described below.

This walk started from Jakadevi temple (Place of our stay, village center) and we headed towards the

entry point of the five village ecosystem. The Maharashtra State Highway No. 4 takes southwards turn at

Dhartale, which is another village in Rajapur Taluka. A three kilometer ride south from Dhartale will take

you to a right turn with a decrepit reoad running across the spine of the Dhaulvali gram panchayat and the

entire local ecosystem. The very first habitation has grown big enough to be a village of its own called

Ambelkarwadi. There are a few small habitations nearby but are too close to be considered different than

the village itself. The second village along the road going south is way to the village Poklewadi which is

similar in characteristics with Amblekarwadi but is slightly smaller in size. Going further down south will

bring you back to Jakadevi temple at Bhablewadi from where you started.


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Figure 1.4:Dhaulvali, Maharashtra1

From this point onward the road takes an eastward turn and then continues to go down south traversing

through the middle of the valley almost parallel to the rivulet. This is where the actual village Dhaulvali is

setup comprising a sum of twelve human habitations.

Figure 1.5: Dhauvali, Maharashtra2

1http://bit.ly/179FrBK

2http://bit.ly/14c8Tfe


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1.6.3 Geographical setting

The road takes a sharp turn west from where it leads to nearby village Nate after passing through two

habitations of Dhaulvali village which are Madhli Aayarwadi and Bouddhawadi. While moving

westwards from here we find Parwadi, Tarbandar and Gayal kokri in succession. All of these five

habitations are situated on the Right of the road while while going south west along the river flow.

The next map shows the Location of various habitations of the village and there geographical setting.

Figure 1.6: Dhaulvali habitations

Dasurewadi is a big habitation and has been made a revenue village along with the four others. A thin

road emanates from opposite of Madhli Aayarwadi that reaches across the stream via a small bridge and

is the only way of access for people in the four consecutive habitations namely: Bhatlewadi, Dalwiwadi,

Guravwadi and Teliwadi. After that, a muddy pathway leads all the Marvelwadi while Dhamapurkar wadi

can be accessed from derouting the way slightly. Lingayat vathar is a small settlement of 6-7 households

and has access to the road.


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1.6.4 Dhaulvali: Habitations

The village Dhaulvali consists of a sum of twelve wadis which are listed as follows:

Madhli Aayarwadi Bouddhawadi

Lingayat Vathar Parwadi Tarbandar Gayal kokri Bhatlewadi Dalwiwadi Guravwadi Teliwadi Dhamapurkar wadi Marvelwadi

1.6.6 Inferences

The habitations are sparsely populated and there are not many houses at one place. Most of the habitations

see a fairly uniform caste society and setup however there are exceptional families everywhere. The

biggest habitation was Parwadi with about 40 householders. The smallest was Lingayat vathar with 7. The

stream runs almost parallel to the road until it meets the creek near Parwadi. It is therefore witness to a

larger vegetation variety as the rest of the village. The entire villagre is situated in the valley of the

mountainous lava plateau.


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1.7 Resource map

Planning: A resource map shows the various resources like well, pumps, water bodies, forests,

agricultural lands etc. The resource map activity was conducted for three particular habitations on

different dates. It was also accompanied with other PRA activities like social mapping, venn diagrams,

issue ranking etc. The three habitations for which elaborate PRA experiments were carried out were

Parwadi (21st May), Dalwiwadi (22nd May) and Bouddhawadi (5th June).

1.7.1 Objective

To know the different valuable resources according to the needs of the villagers

To know the present situation about essential livelihood resources from villagers

1.7.2 Methodology

We conducted PRA experiments along with the dwellers of a particular habitation by setting up a meeting

in the common place of that particular habitation. This process was facilitated by various resource

persons, whose names and contacts were received earlier by the Sarpanch. These meetings were generally

called for at about 7 pm. That waould be the time when the work for the day would usually be over anddinner was still not cooked. Young boys from any particular place would be particularly excited about

making such a map and helping us out. At one occasion, during conducting PRA at Parwadi, a young boy

of about 16 pulled out his android phone and started accessing Google maps for help in drawing the exact

map of the habitation.

Figure 1.7: Resource Map-Parwadi


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During another such meeting at Dalwiwadi the next day, there erupted a social tension regarding the kind

of information we were asking for which was later settled by the intervention of the gram panchayat. This

incident also cost a week of field stay schedule.

Figure 1.8: Resource Map-Dalwiwadi

1.7.3 Inferences

The primary resources of the village are forest and agricultural lands. There has been a consistent

downfall in the no. of farmers over the years. There are many governmental schemes provided resources

like drinking water schemes, tubewells, wells, bus stops etc.


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1.8 Social Map

This section discusses the details of the social and category based setting of the population of Dhaulvali

village.

1.8.1 Planning

The planning was done in order to gather most information about the social setting of the village. Socialmaps were planned to be drawn by the inhabitants themselves at the PRA meets where there is a large

gathering of people. The social map of the three above mentioned habitations were made by village

youngsters and were an effort was made to incorporate all the houses and various other important

structures in an around the place. Consideration of leisure time of residents made us do this activity at the

local meeting halls of the habitations in the evening. Parwadi and Bouddhawadi had independent meeting

halls while the Anganwadi at Dalwiwadi doubled up as a meeting hall when required.

1.8.2 Objectives

To gather details about social and other category based setting in the village. To gather knowledge about the population distribution in the village To establish the patterns of division of caste based setting in various habitats To obtain qualitative knowledge about social norms and raditions To understand the social and caste based distribution and location of such houses on the map To understand patterns of social distribution of resources between various communities To understand accessibility to various resources (public, private, electricity, etc.)

1.8.3 Methodology

PRA meets were planned in various habitations. The youngsters were particularly excited at these kind of

gatherings. The younger lot at Parwadi helped us by beating drums to call attention. The various

outcomes are listed as follows.

People of the particular habitation were informed in advance about such a meeting During the start of the meeting, some enthusiastic children helped gather people by beating drums The turn up ratio was good in all the habitations except Parwadi People were provided detailed knowledge about PRA and CTARA,s ideology They were provided with sheets and color pens for the activity An initial reference frame was established by drawing the existing roads to the habitation While the youngsters were at this activity being monitored by one teammate, the other team-

member engaged in discussions with the older lot.


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Figure 1.9 Social Map: Parwadi


1 18 39 2 19 40 4 20 41 5 21 42 6 22 43 7 23 44 8 30 45 9 31 46 10 33 47

11 34 48 14 35 49 15 36 50 16 37 51 17 38


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Figure 1.10: Social Map: Dalwiwadi


1 13 2 14 3 15 4 16 5 17 6 18 7 19 8 20 9 21 10 22 11 23


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12 24 25

Figure 1.11: Bouddhawadi: Social cum resource map

Table 1.3: House no. and owner

1 11 2 12 3 13 4 14 5 15 6 16 7 17 8 18 9 19 10 20


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Due to lack of resources, at the Bouddhawadi PRA, the resource and social mapping was done on the

same map. The above map is the one drawn by actual inhabitants of the habitation.

1.8.4 Inferences

The Parwadi habitation is quite old as compared to others

There is some kind of social tension between the two halfs of this habitaton, the reasns for which could

not be found. However, only one man from the left half of the habitation visted the meeting.

The primary resources for this particular habitation is the farmlands and water supply points

The society is generally homogenous with about the approximate composition as follows:

Table 1.4: Gender based details, Dhaulvali3

Habitation Households Families Male Female Total

Parwadi 36 54 87 117 204

Tarbandar 5 7 16 19 35

Bhandarwadi 11 20 41 43 84Gayalkokri 13 15 35 35 70

Bouddhawadi 15 17 29 33 62

Madhli Ayarwadi 17 25 50 75 125

Telliwadi 18 27 86 68 154

Lingayat Vathar 11 14 29 28 57

Dhamapurkarwadi 7 8 13 12 25

Dalwiwadi 27 36 57 60 117

Guravwadi 19 27 32 51 83

Bhatlewadi 26 29 42 60 102

Marvelwadi 36 79 108 171 279

Total 241 358 625 772 1397

3Source: Anganwadi


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Table 1.5: Category based population distribution, Dhaulvali

HabitationName Total General OBC SC %GN %OBC %SC

MADHLI AYARWADI 132 0 132 0 0 100 0

BOUDDHAWADI 64 0 0 64 0 0 100LINGAYT VATHAR 69 62 7 0 90 10 0

DHAMAPURKARWADI 31 0 0 31 0 0 100

PARWADI 225 2 223 0 1 99 0

GAYALKOKARI 197 0 197 0 0 100 0

BHATALIWADI 87 2 85 0 2 98 0

DALAVIWADI 98 0 98 0 0 100 0

GURAVWADI 112 0 112 0 0 100 0

TELIWADI 116 0 116 0 0 100 0

MARWELWADI 304 5 299 0 2 98 0

Total 1435 71 1269 95 5 88 6.6


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1.9 Seasonality

1.9.1 Planning

An attempt to determine a seasonal pattern in the daily activities and livelihood chores of the habitants of

the village was made. For this activity various approaches were utilized. We questioned people about

their daily and seasonal activities at the meetings. Other than that, patterns were also determined byconducting open conversations with various farmers and various other common people of the village.

This was done in a sequenced manner where we first identified the big and small farmers of the village

and interviewed them about agriculture, seasons and other related activities in detail.

1.9.2 Objective:

To determine the average seasonal activities for various times of the year To determine the patterns in earning and expenditures of the families To determine the months of social activities like marriages and feasts To determine the months of migration and seasonal job pattern

1.9.3 MethodologyThe seasonality chart is a sample of many data entry inputs that we created while researching. Group

memory was utilized at PRA meetings in the habitation for such an exercise. We also interviewed

individual farmer or otherwise families for a seasonal pattern of their work, earnings and expenses. The

limitation of data rises from the fact that not many people were comfortable about making an accurate

assessment of their total annual income. This might be an effect of irregular seasonal pattern and lack of

budgeting and accounting practices at family level.

Table 1.6: Sample seasonality chart

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1.9.4 Inferences

The agriculture is mostly rain-fed. It is evident from the increased level of activities in the months of June

through September. October November are the months of more expense due to various religious and

social feasts and occasions. Same are the months of March April. The rainy months also increase

susceptibility to diseases and


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1.10 Timeline

1.10.1 Objective

To learn about the history and various important events from the inhabitants To identify various events of social and cultural importance from the peoples perspective To get a detailed idea about earlier developments in the state and condition of the village

1.10.2 Methodology

Interviews with the senior members of a particular habitation would be the prime method for developing a

timeline. This would include semi structured interviews and open discussions about historical events and

their relevance to the village. Group memory recalls were applied while having discussions with more

than one people simultaneously. This method would also help us triangulate the event or information to

the most precise point by inputs from various sources like the secondary data, interviewed people and the

internet.

Figure 1.12: Timeline for Parwadi

1956 First road nearvillageLand sealing act: 3 acre per

family recieved

1960 First well

1977 Second well

1988 Electricity

1990 Hand pump installed

1995 Second hand pump

1998 Tar road constructed

2000 Television Two wheeler

2007 Tata landlines arrived

2008 Mobile phones

2012 Solar lamp posts installed


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Figure 1.13: Timeline for Dalwiwadi

Figure 1.14: Timeline for Bouddhawadi

1956 Land sealing act: 3 acre per family recieved

1970 Land aquisition completed

1965 First well

1990 Electricity in wadi

1993 Tar road constructed

2001 Television

2011 Borewell with standposts

2008 Mobile phones


1600's Habitation established

1940's First mud road

1970 Bus connectivity

1981 Electricity in wadi

1982 First television

2000 Two wheelers

2001 Landline connectivity

2007 Mobile phones



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1.10.3: Timeline: Dhaulvali

These three habitations in the most distant parts of the village setting gave us a fair idea about the entire

village setting. Dhaulvali has a very old and diverse history with developmental activities as old as 1000

years. A conglomeration of the three individual timelines as prepared by people at the PRA meets and

various other information put together gave us the timeline of the entire Dhaulvali village as follows.

Figure 1.15: Timeline for Dhaulvali

1600's Habitation established

1940's First mud road

1956 Land sealing: Recievd land

1970 Acquisition of lands

1978 Electricity in Ambelkarwadi

1980 First television

1995 Two wheelers

1998 Televisons

2000 Landline connectivity

2005 Mobile phones



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1.11: FGD & Problem Ranking

1.11.1: Planning

These activities are necessary for understanding the problems and issues with people of various

backgrounds, castes, classes and genders. Such sub-sections of the society often have a varied set of

issues and a very different problem hierarchy as compared to the rest. The activities were carried out indifferent sets at different places and times with different groups. The problem ranking was done by

different people of different habitations. FGDs were conducted

1.11.2: Objective

The primary objective of FGD and problem ranking was to understand the social issues fromvaried perspectives

The focused group discussions give recognition to dormant voices and various other dimensionsof the same issue can be understood

Various issues which are less talked about or considered a taboo (e.g. liquor consumption) can befreely discussed

Ranking of issues provides their relative importance and hierarchy1.11.3: Methodology

All he FGDs were conducted at various times and habitations. Different habitats have different issues to

deal with. At Marvelwadi, we encountered a Wadi-meeting in progress. Hence we utilized this

congregation of senior men from the wadi for FGD. The issues were mainly discussed from the

perspectives of men and women. At various places we used the women meeting for community activities

like making jackfruit chips, for FGD and ranking of problems.

Table 1.7: Problem Ranking

S.No Problem Female Male

1 Drinking water Quality 3 9

2 Electricity 6 2

3 Liquor consumption 9 10

4 Unemployment & poverty 8 3

5 Sanitation 7 8

6 General medical facilities 4 4

7 Veterinary facilities 10 7

8 Irrigation 5 6

9 Commodity unavailability 1 5

10 Higher education in village 2 1


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1.11.4: Inferences

The overall problem ranking was done for the whole village and the above chart was made aftercombining the inputs received during various discussions and other similar activities. The

inferences are made hereby:

Commodity unavailability was ranked as top problem by the ladies. This can also be inferred bythe fact that the local people have to go to the nearby village Nate for shopping for even the most

basic necessities.

While higher education figured on no.2 for women, it was the prime rated necessity as per men.This is due to the fact that after finishing tenth grade from the village high school, one has to go

to the nearest city for further educating himself.

Unemployment and poverty figured high in the ranking by men, along with electricity; whilewomen put forth drinking water quality and medical facilities at higher ranks.

Liqour consumption is ranked at the last by both the groups hence it can be deduced that there isnot much of a problem of alcoholism.


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1.12 Household Interviews

1.12.1 Planning

The planning for household interviews was done after a detailed analysis of the secondary population data

received from various sources. The household interviews also contained a great deal of learning about the

small daily activities and tasks associated with village life.

1.12.2 Methodology

Sampling of data was done to choose about fifty households from the entire Dhaulvali village. It was

considered that the no. of households interviewed would reflect the percentage of the entire population

residing in that particular habitation. Hence the ratio of the last column (No. of HH) to the total (50)

would represent the ratio of the total population of the habitation to the total village population.

Table 1.8: Habitation Details4

HabitationName Total General OBC SC HH interviewed No. of HH

MADHLI AYARWADI 132 0 132 0 5 OBC 5

BOUDDHAWADI 64 0 0 64 2SC 2LINGAYT VATHAR 69 62 7 0 2GN 2

DHAMAPURKARWADI 31 0 0 31 2SC 1

PARWADI 225 2 223 0 1GN+7OBC 8

GAYALKOKARI 197 0 197 0 7OBC 7

BHATALIWADI 87 2 85 0 2OBC 3

DALAVIWADI 98 0 98 0 3OBC 3

GURAVWADI 112 0 112 0 4OBC 4

TELIWADI 116 0 116 0 4OBC 4

MARWELWADI 304 5 299 0 1GN+10OBC 11

Total 1435 71 1269 95 50

It was also decided that the no. of the households being interviewed from a particular habitat would be

split according to the different categories of population distribution. This is shown in the column with title

HH interviewed.

The personal household interviews were then carried on with the selected no. of households and care was

taken that the household being interviewed belongs to the pre-decided category. The household interviews

were the longest discussions and also quite illuminating because of the privacy of ones home involved.

People talked at lengths about themselves and their families. The following inferences can be acquired

from an overview of the household interviews.

4Source: Census of India, 2001


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1.12.3 Inferences

The table below shows the total male, female and combined population for all the habitations of the

village. From the prevailing sex ratio (1296 females per 1000 males), it is evident that migration is quite

prevalent in the area.

Table 1.9: Gender wise population details, Dhaulvali

HabitationName Male Female Total

MADHLI AYARWADI 56 76 132

BOUDDHAWADI 30 34 64

LINGAYT VATHAR 34 35 69

DHAMAPURKARWADI 14 17 31

PARWADI 95 130 225

GAYALKOKARI 93 104 197

BHATALIWADI 43 44 87

DALAVIWADI 48 50 98

GURAVWADI 52 60 112TELIWADI 55 61 116

MARWELWADI 105 199 304

Total 625 810 1435

Table 1.10: Category based population details, Dhaulvali

HabitationName General OBC SC

MADHLI AYARWADI 0 132 0

BOUDDHAWADI 0 0 64

LINGAYT VATHAR 62 7 0

DHAMAPURKARWADI 0 0 31

PARWADI 2 223 0

GAYALKOKARI 0 197 0

BHATALIWADI 2 85 0

DALAVIWADI 0 98 0

GURAVWADI 0 112 0

TELIWADI 0 116 0

MARWELWADI 5 299 0

Total 71 1269 95

Percentage 4.95 88.43 6.62


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People of the following castes are the prime residents of the village:

(Brahmin) (Hindu Tilori Kunbi)

(Hindu Gurav) (Hindu Teli)

(Hindu Bhandari) (Hindu Chambar)

(Hindu Nabhi) (Nav Buddha)


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1.13 Venn Diagram

The venn diagrams were made by the villagers to understand the need and the distances of various

administrative places and offices of common interest. They were told to mark the circles according to

the needs felt by them

1.13.1 PlanningThe venn diagrams were explained to the villagers at the PRA meetings and were constructed with the

common input of village youth.

Fig: 1.16 Venn Diagram at Parwadi

Fig 1.17 Venn Diagram at Dalwiwadi


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Fig 1.18 Venn diagram at Bouddha wadi

1.13.1 Inferences

The villagers found this task very difficult to perform. It was necessary to explain them the importance of

the diagram as well as the content of it. In most of the habitations youth played major role to draw the

Venn diagrams. They have understood the concept and as per their understanding they found ram

Panchayat is most important institution of the village. At the same time some of the villagers have gradedschools with higher importance.


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Chapter 2 Agriculture and related activities

2.1 Cropping Pattern

Fig 2.1 Annual food production of the village in 2012 (Source: GP)

Dhaulvali village is part of Kokan region, which is famous for typical coastal climate of India. The region

is rich in many aspects of biodiversity such as flora and fauna. The climatic conditions of Kokan belt are

humid and suitable for cultivation of Horticulture such as Coconut, Mango, Kokam and Cashew nut.

Rainfall intensity of Kokan is very high up to 3500mm, but due to the geographic terrain most of the

water runoff in to the sea in short period of time. Hence, most of the farmers practice paddy cultivation on

their farmlands, which is totally dependent on monsoon in the area. In Dhaulvali village share of paddyproduction is 35% (Fig2.1) of total annual crop production. Mango cultivation is practiced by few

farmers, which have large land holdings, (> 5 acres) and contributes the largest share of annual food

production. i.e. 53 %.

2.2 Landholding pattern

Typically, in Kokan there are two sections of the terrain identified as upper region (Sada) that is

composed of hard igneous rock and lower region on sloping grounds. The upper region is generally

having low fertility, as the soil thickness is very low on the rock. The lower region is having good soilthickness and used for paddy cultivation by terracing the sloping grounds.

53%35%

5%7%

Mango

Rice

Nachni

Cashew


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Historically, the Brahmin families were the landlords of the village and all other communities were labors

on their lands. In 1961, State Government of Maharashtra implemented the Land Sealing Act and the land

was redistributed among the landless and other class of the society. There are various communities in

Dhaulvali village who benefited by the act and received small portion of land holdings from Brahmin

community. The actual implementation and distribution of land took place in 1970s.

Fig 2.2 Land holding distribution of the village

HH survey showed that 50 % of HHs in Dhaulvali village has less than of 1acre of land holdings and 20

% are landless (Fig 2.2). Most of these farmers have their lands located on the upper region of the village.

Due to the limitations of resources like land and water the small farmers of the village are practicing

subsistence paddy cultivation. The farmers having land holdings more than 5 acres contribute 8 % of HHs

and these farmers cultivate mango farms along with coconut, cashew and paddy. Due to this land holding

pattern the small farmers has limited scope of farming activities. They are practicing subsistence farming

which sometimes not sufficient for annual consumption.

20%

50%

22%

8%Landless

Land holding 1 & < 5

acres

Land holding >5acres


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2.3 Agriculture Practice in the Village

There are various livelihood issues in the village, especially of agriculture. As we have seen earlier that

there are more number of small farmers in Dhaulvali village than the big farmers. They possess the

farmland ranging from 5 Guntha to 1 Acre. Annual paddy production they are getting from these small

farmlands is not sufficient for their annual household food consumption. They have to purchase additional

rice grains from the ration store or from the market that costs them more. This has adversely affected the

agriculture practice in the village. As per our HH survey 25 % (Fig 2.3) of HHs has left agriculture and

totally shifted on new livelihood option. 42 % of HHs has reduced the area of farming for last 2 to 3 years

and left their farm fallow. Only 15 % of HHs are practicing agriculture on total land they own.

Figure 2.3: Agriculture practices in the village

The people from the HHs that has totally shifted from agriculture to other occupation has at least one

member migrated to Mumbai. The members from the HHs that has reduced their farmlands are working

as daily wage labor on others farmlands or in nearby towns like Jaitapur & Nate. It shows the trend of

reduction in the agriculture practice in the village and increasing trend of migration to Mumbai.

There are different issues raised by the farmers, which they have to face while agriculture practices. The

agriculture production of paddy fluctuates based on rainfall variations, as it is totally dependent on rain

fed agriculture. The upper regions are low productive as compared to the investment made by the farmers.

All these issues have resulted in the increasing trend of reduction of agriculture practice in the village.

25%

42%

18%

15%Left farming

Reduced farm land

Share farming

Farming whole land


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Chapter 3 Water

3.1 Introduction

Ratnagiri District is part of Kokan region of Maharashtra. There are six main rivers flowing through the

district, viz a viz, Savitri, Vasisthi, Shastri, Ratnagiri, Jaitapur and Wagothan. A stream flowing fromDhaulvali village at a stretch of 10 kms (average width of 15 m) meets Jaitapur River and finally flows

into Arabian Sea through Jaitapur creek (Fig 3.1). This stream of water is main source of drinking and

domestic uses of the village, which feeds into the groundwater of the watershed. Annual rainfall of

Rajapur Taluka is 3500mm though the water in the stream remains only for 8 months of the year. The

sloping geographic features of the terrain drain the water within short periods of the year.

Fig 3.1 Location of Dhaulvali Stream

The primary source of drinking water of the village is groundwater. There are six number of Dug wells

and seven number of Bore wells in all 12 habitations of the village. The water level of these wells

depends on the availability of water in the stream. In summer season (from month of December) the

stream goes dry and water level in the wells starts depleting. In some of the wells groundwater level

remains satisfactory depending on the aquifer conditions and the recharge rate of the surrounding strata.


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3.2 Drinking Water Scenario of Dhaulvali

Dhaulvali village is a cluster of 12 different habitations. The population of the habitations ranges from 25

to 300 numbers of people. Since the drinking and domestic water requirement of each habitation differs

from one another each habitation has its separate drinking water solutions. There are different drinking

water schemes for each habitation depending on the water demand and geographic features of the

habitation. Some of the habitations are connected with piped water supply schemes while some are taking

water from the hand pumps installed on the respective bore wells.

Historically the village has constructed own wells for drinking water. Over the period numbers of bore

wells were dug in the habitations and hand pumps were installed to fetch the water. In 1980s first piped

water supply scheme was constructed in Badhhawadi by Zila Parishad then slowly various other

habitations have received the water from piped supply schemes.

In Dhaulvali village there are 7 numbers of PWS schemes on bore wells as well as on dug wells and one

MVS, which is part of Nate, Sakharinate and Gayalkokari villages. Most of the habitations receive the 70

to 100 lpcd of water in 8 months of the year for drinking as well as domestic purpose. In summer the

water availability reduces to 30 40 lpcd.

3.3 Institutional Setup for Drinking Water Management

There are 15 members in the Village Water & Sanitation Committee (VWSC) of Dhaulvali village. The

committee has to collect the monthly water charges from each household to manage the assets of the

scheme. However, in Dhaulvali village all the schemes are handed over by the GP to the respective

habitation. In each habitation a person is appointed to collect water charges, generally same person is

working as operator if the PWS is based on electric pumps. The villagers carry out the O&M activity at

habitation level. They collect the water charges of Rs. 40 to 70 per household per month (different for

each habitation) depending on the scale of the scheme.


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Table 3.1 Explains the drinking water scenario of the village in each habitation depending on different

sources of water.

Table 3.1 Habitation wise Drinking water Scenario

Name of Habitation Population

Drinking Water

Source

Drinking Water

Facility

Madhali Ayarwadi 154 1 Bore well PWS

Bhaudhhawadi 125 1 Bore well PWS

Dhamapurkarwadi 25 1 Dug well

Parwadi 204

2 Bore wells, 1

Dug well 2 HP

Gayalkokari, Tarbandar 105 Surface waterMulti Village Scheme

(MVS)

Bhatalewadi 1021 Bore well,

Natural stream1 HP, PWS

Dalawiwadi 117

1 Bore well, 1 Dug

well PWS

Guravwadi 83 1 Dug well PWS

Teliwadi 1541 Bore well, 1 Dug

wellPWS

Marwelwadi 279 2 Dug wells 2 PWS


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3.4 Analysis based on HH Survey

In general, drinking water security is not the major issues of the village as most of the habitations have

installed drinking water facilities. However, a few of habitations have to travel the distance to fetch the

water in summer season as groundwater level gets depleted. We conducted 50 household interviews to

understand different aspects of water, energy and livelihood sectors of the village. We sampled 50 HH

based on the category wise population distribution of all 12 habitations. The observations and inference

regarding water issues based on HH survey are explained in this section.

3.4.1 Drinking Water Facility

As mentioned earlier there are various facilities installed in each habitation to satisfy the need of drinking

and domestic water requirement. All the schemes are based on ground water source as availability of

surface water is for limited period of time. As per our survey 63 % of population of Dhaulvali village is

connected with PWS schemes and only 2% are fetching water directly from the dug wells (Fig 3.2).

Fig. 3.2 Drinking Water Facility

3.4.2 Physical Constrains of Fetching the Water

Though 63% population of the village receive the water through piped connection, remaining population

has to travel distances and spend time to collect the water from nearby water sources in summer season.Women of the village play major role of fetching the water and has to spend average time of 1 to 5 hrs of

the day in the village (Fig 3.3). Similarly, they have to travel the average distance of 20 to 600 ft. around

the habitation. In the habitation of Tarbandar the water supply efficiency from MVS is very low hence the

people have to travel the average distance of 600 ft. (Fig 3.4). The time required and distance travelled in

63%

2%

28%

7%

PWS

Dugwell

HPMVS


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Dhaulvali is comparatively small to the other tribal villages in Maharashtra where people have to travel 5

to 6 kms to collect the drinking water in summer seasons (The time required and distance travelled is

averaged out which is dependent on the ground water availability in surrounding region).

Overall, the drinking water security of the village is satisfactory as ground water is available in sufficient

amount in the aquifers. The people have different solutions in single habitation that increases the chances

of getting water. Most of the population is receiving the piped water supply, which has reduced the

physical exercise especially of the women of the village.

Fig. 3.3 Average Time Required to Fetch the Water

Fig. 3.4 Average Distance Travelled to Fetch the Water

5

2.1

3.02.0

1.10.9

1.7

1

41

0.5

Time in Hrs

Dhamapur

Parwadi

Baoudhhawa

diTeliwadi

Guravwadi

Ayarwadi

Dalwiwadi

5079.3

35 36.7

21.3

17.5

51.7

60.0

600.0

30.0 51.0

Distance in Ft

Dhamapur

Parwadi

Baoudhhawadi

Teliwadi

Guravwadi

Ayarwadi

Dalwiwadi

GayalKokari

Tarbandar

Bhatalewadi

Marvelwadi


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Chapter 4: Energy

4.1 Electrification

Pokalewadi, Ambelkarwadi and Bhabalewadi habitations (which are not part of Dhaulvali Revenue

Village) were first to receive the electricity connections in in 1980s in Dhaulvali village. Then slowly allthe remaining habitations got the connections. In current situation, about 99 % HHs of the village have

metered electric connections only 1 % HH is without electrification (Fig 4.1).

Fig 4.1 Electrification of Dhaulvali Village

There are various electric appliances used in the village such as CFL, tubes, fans, TV and Mobile phones.

The village does not face load-shading problems in most of the time of the years except for summer

season, which is for two hrs. of the day. There is no use of solar lamp in any house in the village.

4.2 Fluctuating Electricity Bills

First electricity connection was received in 1980s in Dhaulvali village and till 1995 all the habitations of

the village got electrified. Till 2011, people used to receive the combined electricity bill of three months

at a time. Eventually MSEB started to send the bills on monthly basis. During the transfer period people

are facing many issues of fluctuations of bill amounts varying from hundred to thousands of rupees.

About 56 % of HHs are having problem of increased bills as compared to the actual usage of electricity

(Fig 4.2). The people of the village have lodged complain to the MSEB officials still the villagers

continue with the problem.

99%

1%

Electrified HH

Non-electrified HH


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Fig 4.2 Fluctuations in Electricity Bills

4.3 Use of Firewood

Firewood is the major source of energy in the village. Firewood is used as fuel for cooking and in

agriculture for land preparation. Few times cow dung is also used along with firewood. There 19% of

household uses LPG cylinder as main source of fuel in the village. The LPG cylinder is available at 30

kms. distance from the village which increases the cost of transportation of the cylinder hence most of HH

use firewood as main source of energy for cooking.

Around 10 kg of firewood is required per day for cooking, water heating etc. for a household of 5

members. Women of the house spend 2 to 3 hrs. of the day to collect the firewood from the surrounding

forest and their respective farmlands.

Fig 4.3 Use of various sources for cooking

56%

44%

Fluctuatiing Bills

Non-fluctuating Bills

76%

19%

3% 2%

Firewood

LPG

Kerosene

Gobar gas


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Chapter 5: GovernanceThis chapter will discuss the details of governance in the village Dhaulvali and the Gram Panchayat

Dhaulvali as a whole. Various governmental schemes and their beneficiaries will be listed in the body

text. The scheme of planning and further plans for the development of the region has been dscussed from

the refrence of the IWMP DPR.

5.1 Gram Panchayat

The Census of India, 2001 provides us the following details about Dhaulvali as a gram panchayat.

Gram Panchayat Dhaulvali

Population 3185

Ward No. 4

Figure 5.1: Location of various habitations


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The population mix of the five villages of the Gram panchayat is given as below

Table 5.1: Population mix: Dhaulvali GP5

Ambelkarwadi Bhablewadi Poklewadi Dasurewadi Dhaulvali

Area of

village (inhectares)

536 297 118 95 1195

Number of

households

158 100 70 77 342

Total

population- Persons

664 404 287 396 1435

Totalpopulation

- Males

285 144 101 150 598

Total

population

- Females

379 260 186 246 837

Scheduledcastes

population- Persons

0 0 0 0 36

Scheduled

castespopulation

- Males

0 0 0 0 14

Scheduledcastes

population

- Females

0 0 0 0 22

Scheduledtribes

population- Persons

0 0 0 0 10

Scheduledtribes

population- Males

0 0 0 0 6

Scheduledtribes

population

- Females

0 0 0 0 4

5Source: Census of India 2001


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Fig 5.2 Area of villages in Dhaulvali GP

Fig 5.3 Population Variation: Five villages of Dhaulvali GP

536

297

118

95

1195

Ambelkarwadi

Bhablewadi

Poklewadi

Dasurewadi

Dhaulvali


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Fig 5.3 Area per inhabitant: Dhaulvali GP

The Gram Panchayat committee consists of the following members who are elected ar nominated to the

office. We interviewd the Sarpanch, Up-Sarpanch, Gram Sewak, and vatrious members to get adetailed

picture of the Gram Panchayat and the local administration.

Member's Name Ward No. Post

Ms. Akshala A. Velye 4 Sarpanch

Mr. Sanjay D. Kiranje 2 Up Sarpanch

Mr. Sachin P.

development prospects for dhaulvali village

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