diabetes 50.1% hypertension 27% glomerulonephrites 13% others 10% usrds. annual data report. 2000,...

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Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephri tes 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection 95% CI 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 r 2 =99.8% 243 524 281 355 1 065 000 520 240 2 095 000 No. Of patients on RRT (thousands) 426 000 GLOBAL MAINTENANCE DIALYSIS POPULATION GLOBAL MAINTENANCE DIALYSIS POPULATION FROM FROM 1990 TO 2010 1990 TO 2010 D D iabetes and Hypertension iabetes and Hypertension : : The most common causes of ESRD The most common causes of ESRD USA World

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Page 1: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

Diabetes50.1%

Hypertension27%

Glomerulonephrites

13%

Others

10%

USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002

No. Of patientsProjection95% CI

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 20080

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

r2=99.8%243 524

281 3551 065 000

520 2402 095 000

No.

Of

pati

ents

on

RR

T

(tho

usan

ds)

426 000

GLOBAL MAINTENANCE DIALYSIS POPULATION GLOBAL MAINTENANCE DIALYSIS POPULATION FROM FROM 1990 TO 20101990 TO 2010

DDiabetes and Hypertensioniabetes and Hypertension::The most common causes of ESRDThe most common causes of ESRD

USAWorld

Page 2: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

Hypertension and Diabetes prevalence in the world: Hypertension and Diabetes prevalence in the world: the numbers of an epidemicthe numbers of an epidemic

USAUSAEuropeEurope

ChinaChina

HTN: 1 billion (20-25% of GP) DM: 177 millions (6-7 % of GP)

HTN: 60 millions

DM: 17 millions

HTN: 114 millions

DM: 21 millions HTN: 130 millions

DM: 19 millions

Wolf-Maier K et al. Hypertension 2004; King H, Diab Care 1998

Page 3: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

Possible course of renal involvement in type 2 DM

progressorsnon progressors

5 10 15 20 25 30

160

120

80

40

0

5 10 15 20 25 30

2000

200

20

2

Diabetes duration (years)

AE

R (g

/min

)G

FR

(m

l/m

in •

1.7

3m2 )

Incipient nephropathy

Overt nephropathy

2 ml/min/year 4-7 ml/min/year

Mogensen et al., 83, 86, 89, 90

ESRF ~20%

Page 4: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

HYPERGLYCEMIA

ECF expansion, vasoactive hormones (AII, ET ecc.)

GBM thickness and selectivity

GlomerularGlomerular hypertension

Mesangial and

interstitial matrix Protein Filtration

Renal vasodilation

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

AGE formation Polyol pathway PKC

GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS TUBULO INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS

synthesis and/or degradation of extracellular matrix

TGF-ß, PDGF,

TNF- α , iNOS

Page 5: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

Fattori di rischio per lo sviluppo e la progressione della nefropatia diabetica

•scarso controllo glicometabolico

•ipertensione sistemica

•microalbuminuria o proteinuria

•durata del diabete

•fattori genetici

•Sesso maschile

•Predisposizione familiare ad ipertensione, diabete e malattie CV

•Predisposizione razziale

•Mutazioni in geni candidati

•fumo

•alterazioni lipidiche

•elevato apporto proteico(?)

•alterazioni dell’emostatsùsi (?)

•iperfiltrazione glomerulare precoce (?)

Page 6: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

Microalbuminuria:Microalbuminuria: tecniche di raccolta tecniche di raccolta

AERAER (Albumin excretion rate)(Albumin excretion rate) overnight o 24 oreovernight o 24 ore

20-200 ug/min20-200 ug/mincioècioè

30-300 mg/24 ore30-300 mg/24 ore

ACRACR (Albumin/creatinine ratio)(Albumin/creatinine ratio)

2.5-25 mg/mmol2.5-25 mg/mmol

Albuminuria spotAlbuminuria spot 20-150 mg/L20-150 mg/L

Page 7: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

Albuminuria Albuminuria as aas a predictorpredictor of CVD in T2DMof CVD in T2DM

0.9

0.8

0.6

0.5

Inci

den

ce (

%)

Su

rviv

a l f

ree

of

CV

D

1

0.7

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Months

A

B

C

Overall: p < 0.001

A: U-Prot < 150 mg/L B: U-Prot 150–300 mg/L C: U-Prot > 300 mg/L

Miettinen H et al. Stroke 1996;27:2033-2039.

Stroke CAD

p < 0.001

0

10

20

30

40

Page 8: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

Microalbuminuria predicts the developement ofpredicts the developement of clinical proteinuria: the the MICRO-HOPE Study Study

Modified from Mann JFE et al., JASN 2003

Ma -

0

5

10

15

20

25

0

2

4

6

8

0

5

10

15

20

All n=7674 DM n=3223 No DM n=4451

Ma +

RIS

K o

f P

RO

TE

INU

RIA

% Adjusted O.R. 18

(CI 12-24) P< 0.001 Adjusted O.R. 18

(CI 12-27) P< 0.001

Adjusted O.R. 17

(CI 12-24) P< 0.001

Page 9: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

Algoritmo per lo screening ed il trattamento della microalbuminuria

Screening del paziente diabetico per microalbuminuria (ACR)

Microalbuminuria confermata in almeno due occasioni

Il controllo glicemico è soddisfacente?

Ottimizzare il controllo glicemicoControllo glicemico soddisfacente

Microalbuminuria confermata in almeno due occasioni

Terapia antipertensivaAce-I o Sartani

Obiettivi•PA < 130/85 mmHg•Riduzione della microalbuminuria

Obiettivo raggiunto Obiettivo non raggiunto

Trattare i fattori di rischio associati (es. lipidi ecc.)

Titolare la dose di ACE-I o Sartano, considerare altri antipertensivi

Proseguir eil monitoraggio dell’albuminuria ogni 3-6 mesi

Page 10: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND THE RATE OF DECLINE IN GFR IN TYPE 1 PATIENTS WITH NEPHROPATHY (Data sources: 12 studies, 960 patients)

y = 7E-14x 6,8245 R = 0,9996

0

4

8

12

16

95 105 115 125

No AHT ACE-I ± Diur. -blockers ± Diur.

Triple or Conv.Tx (T) ACE-I + T CCB

MAP (mmHg)

Declin

e in

GFR

(m

l/m

in/y

r)

G. Deferrari, 2001

Page 11: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

ARB

NON ARB

Renal Protection: the importance of RAAS Blockade

7.9%

6.5 %

Based on Renaal and IDNT database

Type 2 diabetic renal disease patients: meta-analysis

ARB

NON ARB

x2 S

cre

at/ 1

00 p

ts/ y

ear

Pooled RR= 0.72 (P< 0.001)

RRR 28%, NNT 40

N= 3228 patients, 2 studies

mean follow-up 2.9 yrs

MAP 97 vs 99

Page 12: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

The CALM StudyCAndesartan and Lisinopril on Microalbuminuria in type II diabetes

Mogensen CE, BMJ 2000

Per

cen

t

BP Adjusted ACR reduction at 24 weeks

Cand 16

(N= 42)Lis

20

(N= 43)

C + L

16 + 20(n= 46)

*P = 0.05 vs baseline† P < 0.001 vs baseline‡ P = 0.04 vs Candesartan

*

†† ‡

Page 13: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

Linee guida per la prevenzione della microalbuminuria(prevenzione primaria)

Normoalbuminuria e PA<130/80

Accurato controllo glicemico: HbA1c <7.5%

ACE-inibitori?

Normoalbuminuria e PA>130/80Accurato controllo glicemico, correzione dell’eccesso ponderale, riduzione dell’apporto sodico, abolizione del fumo, riduzione dell’apporto di alcool

Page 14: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

Linee guida per la prevenzione della nefropatia clinica(prevenzione secondaria)

Accurato controllo glicemico: HbA1c <7.5%

PA ottimale: 120/70-75 se < 50 anni; 125-130/80 se > 50 anni

ACE-I (di scelta nel DM tipo 1), nel DM tipo 2 anche Sartani

Altri antipertensivi da sostituire ai suddetti se poco tollerati: ACE-I, Sartani, Calcio antag. a lento rilascio

Altri antipertensivi eventualmente da associare per raggiungere la PA ottimale: calcio antag., alfa-bloccanti, beta bloccanti, diuretici tiazidici

Dieta iposodica se PA > 130/80

Controllo della dislipidemia, riduzione del sovrappeso, abolizione del fumo e dell’apporto di alcool

Dieta normoproteica (0.9-1 g/Kg/die)

Page 15: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

Linee guida per rallentare la progressione della nefropatia diabetica

(prevenzione terziaria)

controllo glicemico?

PA ottimale: 120/75 se < 50 anni; 125-130/80-85 se > 50 anni

ACE-I (di scelta nel DM tipo 1) sartani (di scelta nel DM tipo 2)

Altri antipertensivi da sostituire ai suddetti se poco tollerati: calcio antag. a lento rilascio

Altri antipertensivi utili per raggiungere la PA ottimale: calcio antag., alfa-bloccanti, beta bloccanti, diuretici

Dieta iposodica e riduzione del peso

Controllo della dislipidemia, abolizione del fumo e dell’apporto di alcool

Dieta lievemente ipoproteica (0.7-0.9 g/Kg/die) ed ipofosforica

Page 16: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

0 24 48 72 96months

Multifactorial intervention and CV disease in T2DMMultifactorial intervention and CV disease in T2DM

80 70 59 44 19

80 74 66 61 13

Conv. Tx

Int. Tx

Pri

mar

y co

mp

osit

e en

d-p

oin

t %

0

10

20

30

40

50

Conv. Tx

Int. Tx

P= 0.007

N° at risk

Nephropathy 0.39 (0.17-0.87) 0.003

Retinopathy 0.42 (0.21-0.86) 0.02

Aut. Neuropathy 0.37 (0.18-0.79) 0.002

Periph. Neuropathy 1.09 (0.54-2.22) 0.66

0

Int. Tx better Conv. Tx better

10.5 1.5 2.0

Variable RR (C.I.) P Variable RR (C.I.) P ValueValue

Modified from Gaede P et al. N Eng J Med 2003

Page 17: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

Events Rate Events/1000 pers /yr

N° studies Tx / Control

Cholesterol lowering 5 30/41

- Primary prevention 2 8/19

- Secondary prevention 3 34/44

Blood pressure lowering 3 17/23

Glucose Lowering 2 15/18

0Favour Tx Favour Control

2

Summary rate ratio

(95% CI)

Modified from Huang ES, Am J Med, 2001

Effect of interventions to prevent cardiac events in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

10.5 1.5

Page 18: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

Incremental cost indicates the balance between total cost (cost of treatment + cost of complications) of standard and that of intensive treatment. Modified from the CDC Diabetes cost-effectiveness group, JAMA 2002.

Cost effectiveness of various therapeutic interventions in type 2 DM

Incremental cost (USD)

Increase in QALYs

Cost-effectiveness ratio (USD/QALYs)

Intensive vs standard glycemic control

+ 7 927 0.1915 41 384

Intensive vs standard hypertension control

- 776 0.3962 -1 959

Reduction in serum cholesterol levels

+ 18 033 0.3475 51 889

Page 19: Diabetes 50.1% Hypertension 27% Glomerulonephrites 13% Others 10% USRDS. Annual data report. 2000, Lysaght, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002 No. Of patients Projection

Attuali problemi e controversie nella prevenzione e trattamento della nefropatia diabetica

Gli ACE-I e i Sartani hanno simile efficacia?

Quale è il dosaggio ottimale di ACE-I e Sartani? E’ utile la loro associazione?

ACE-I e Sartani dovrebbero essere prescritti ai diabetici normotesi normoalbuminurici?

Quale è il target pressorio ottimale?

Il monitoraggio dell’albuminuria è un parametro adeguato per valutare la progressione del danno renale?