DIAGRAMS

WHAT IS A DIAGRAM?“Any line drawing that shows arrangement and relations as of parts to the whole, relative values, origins and development, chronological fluctuations, distribution, etc.”

-Dale 1969

TYPES OF DIAGRAM

AFFINITY DIAGRAMUsed to cluster complex

apparently unrelated data into natural and

meaningful groups.

TREE DIAGRAMUsed to chart out, in

increasing detail, the various task that must b accomplished to complete a project or achieve a specific objective.

FISHBONE DIAGRAMIt is also called cause and-effect

diagram. It is a structured form of brainstorming that graphically shows the relationship of possible causes and sub causes directly related to an identified effect/problem. It is most commonly used to analyze work-related problems.

CHARTS

WHAT IS A CHART?A chart is a diagrammatic representation of relationships among individuals within an organization.

We can have a:

1. time chart, 2. tree or stream chart, 3. flow chart, 4. organizational chart, 5. comparison and contrast6. pareto chart and 7. run chart or trend chart.

EXAMPLES OF CHARTS

TIME CHART

Is a tabular time chart that presents data in ordinal sequence.

TREE OR STREAM CHART

• Depicts development, growth and change by beginning with a single course (the trunk) which spends out into any branches; or by beginning with the many tributaries which then converge into a single channel. The genealogical tree is an example

FLOW CHART

• Is a visual way of charting or showing a process from beginning to end. It is a means of analyzing a process. By outlining every step in a process, you can begin to find inefficiencies or problems. (latta, 1994)

ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

Shows how one part of the organization relates to other parts of the organization.

PARETO CHART

Is a type of bar chart, prioritized in descending order of magnitude or importance from left to right. It shows at a glance which factors are occurring most.

GANNT CHART Is an activity time chart.

CHART

Circle or Pie Graph Bar Graph Pictorial graph Line Graph

CIRCLE OR PIE GRAPH

Recommended for showing parts of whole.

59%23%

10% 9%

Example of Circle or Pie Graph

Variable AVariable BVariable CVariable D

BAR GRAPHUsed in comparing the magnitude of similar items at different ties or seeing relative sizes of the parts or a whole.

Variable 1

Variable 2

Variable 3

Variable 4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Bar3 Bar 2Bar 1

PICTORIAL GRAPH

Make use of picture symbols.

LINE GRAPH

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 40

1

2

3

4

5

6

Series 1Series 2Series 3

Axis Title

Axis

Titl

e

MAPS

WHAT IS A MAP?

• A map is a “representation of the surface of the earth or some part of it ..” (Dale, 1969)

KIND OF MAP

PHYSICAL MAP

Combines in a single projection data like altitude, temperature, rainfall, precipitation, vegetation, and soil.

RELIEF MAPHas three dimensional representations and show contours of the physical data of the earth or part of the earth.

COMMMERCIAL OR ECONOMIC MAP

Also called product or industrial map since they show land areas in relation to the economy.

POLITICAL

Gives detailed information about country, provinces, cities and towns, roads and highways. Oceans, rivers and lakes are the main features of most political maps.

MAPS

MAP LANGUAGE

SCALEShows how much of the actual earth’s surface is represented by a given measurement on a map. The scale must be shown so that the map reader can use the distances and areas shown on the map in measuring or figuring out the real distances and areas on the earth’s surface.

On some maps, scale is shown graphically. In others the scale is expressed in words and figures. E.g. 1 inch = 15 statue miles.

SYMBOLSUsually a map has a legend

that explains what each symbol means. Some symbols represent highways, railroads, mountains, lakes and plains.

COLORThe different colors of the map are part of the map language.

GEOGRAPHICS GRIDS

The entire system of these grid lines are called grid lines. These grid lines are called Meridians and Parallels.

GEOGRAPHICAL GRIDS• A Meridian is a

north to south pole line.

• Parallel are lines drawn around a globe with all points along each line with an equal distance from the pole.

• Longitude is the distance in degrees of any place east or west of the prime meridian.

• Latitude is the distance in degrees of any place north and south of the equator.