digital integrated circuits: a design perspective · 2019. 9. 26. · j. m. rabaey, "digital...

EE141Microelettronica

Microelettronica

J. M. Rabaey,

"Digital integrated circuits: a

design perspective"


Introduction

Why is designing digital ICs different

today than it was before?

Will it change in future?


The First Computer

The BabbageDifference Engine(1832)

25,000 parts

cost: £17,470


ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946)


The Transistor Revolution

First transistor

Bell Labs, 1948


The First Integrated Circuits

Bipolar logic

1960’s

ECL 3-input Gate

Motorola 1966


Intel 4004 Micro-Processor

1971

1000 transistors

1 MHz operation


Intel Pentium (IV) microprocessor

2000

42 M transistors

1.7 GHz clock-rate


Intel Core I7 Nehalem quad-core

10

2010

1.2 B transistors

(45 nm)

3.2 GHz


Moore’s Law

In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the

number of transistors on a chip doubled

every 18 to 24 months.

He made a prediction that

semiconductor technology will double its

effectiveness every 18 months


Moore’s Law

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

19

59

19

60

19

61

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19

64

19

65

19

66

19

67

19

68

19

69

19

70

19

71

19

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19

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19

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19

75

LO

G2 O

F T

HE

NU

MB

ER

OF

CO

MP

ON

EN

TS

PE

R I

NT

EG

RA

TE

D F

UN

CT

ION

Electronics, April 19, 1965.


Trends in logic IC Complexity


Trends in Memory Complexity


Moore’s law in Microprocessors

(data from Intel)

Transistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 years


Moore’s Law


Die Size Growth

40048008

80808085

8086286

386486 Pentium ® proc

P6

1

10

100

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

Die

siz

e (

mm

)

~7% growth per year

~2X growth in 10 years

Die size grows by 14% to satisfy Moore’s Law


Power dissipation

Lead Microprocessors power continues to increase


Power density too high to keep junctions at low temp

Power density


Trends in high-performance computing


Moore’s Law


Why Scaling?

Technology shrinks by 0.7/generation

With every generation can integrate 2x more functions per chip; chip cost does not increase significantly

Cost of a function decreases by 2x

But … How to design chips with more and more functions?

Design engineering population does not double every two years…

Hence, a need for more efficient design methods Exploit different levels of abstraction


Design Abstraction Levels

n+n+

S

GD

+

DEVICE

CIRCUIT

GATE

MODULE

SYSTEM


Design Metrics

How to evaluate performance of a digital circuit (gate, block, …)?

Cost

Reliability

Scalability

Speed (delay, operating frequency)

Power dissipation

Energy to perform a function


Cost of Integrated Circuits

NRE (non-recurrent engineering) costs

design time and effort, mask generation

one-time cost factor

Recurrent costs

silicon processing, packaging, test

proportional to volume

proportional to chip area


NRE Cost is Increasing


Cost per Transistor

0.0000001

0.000001

0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

cost: ¢-per-transistor

Fabrication capital cost per transistor (Moore’s law)


Die Cost

Single die

Wafer

Going up to 12” (30cm)


Yield

%100per wafer chips ofnumber Total

per wafer chips good of No.Y

yield Dieper wafer Dies

costWafer cost Die

area die2

diameterwafer

area die

diameter/2wafer per wafer Dies

2


Defects

area dieareaunit per defects1yield die

is approximately 3

4area) (die cost die f


Reliability―

Noise in Digital Integrated Circuits

i(t)

Inductive coupling Capacitive coupling Power and groundnoise

v(t) VDD

digital integrated circuits: a design perspective · 2019. 9. 26. · j. m. rabaey, "digital...

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