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The Dispensatory of Ibn at-TilmÊd

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Islamic Philosophy,

Theology and Science

Texts and Studies

Edited by

H. Daiber

VOLUME LXX

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The Dispensatory ofIbn at-TilmÊd

Arabic Text, English Translation,

Study and Glossaries

By

Oliver Kahl

LEIDEN • BOSTON2007

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Cover illustration: “Three Doctors Conversing” (Baghdad School of Painting, Iraq 1224 CE) [Leaf from an Arabic Translation of Dioscorides’ De Materia Medica]

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication data

Ibn al-Tilmidh, Hibat Allah ibn Sa’id, 1073 or 4-1164 or 5 [Aqrabadhin. English & Arabic] The Dispensatory of Ibn at-TilmÊd : Arabic text, English translation, study, and glossaries / by Oliver Kahl. p. cm. — (Islamic philosophy, theology, and science ; v. 70) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-15620-3 ISBN-10: 90-04-15620-8 (hardback : alk. paper) 1.Pharmacopoeias—Arab countries—Early works to 1800. 2.Dispensatories—Arab countries—Early works to 1800. 3. Medicine, Arab—Formulae, receipts, prescriptions—Early works to 1800. I. Kahl, Oliver. II. Title. III. Series.

RS131.63.I2613 2007 615’.11174927—dc22

2006051862

ISSN: 0169-8729ISBN-13: 978 90 04 15620 3ISBN-10: 90 04 15620 8

Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints BRILL, Hotei Publishing,IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NVprovided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center,222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.Fees are subject to change.

printed in the netherlands

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For Karine

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgements .......................................................................... ix

Introduction ...................................................................................... 1 1. Towards a History of Arabic Pharmacology ........................ 1 2. Ibn at-Tilm�� ............................................................................ 7 a. Life .......................................................................................... 7 b. Works ..................................................................................... 13 3. The Dispensatory ..................................................................... 19 a. Arabic Manuscripts ................................................................ 19 b. External Structure .................................................................. 26 c. Internal Structure .................................................................. 28 d. Metrological Units .................................................................. 33 e. Pharmacological Apparatus .................................................. 34 f. Applicative Categories ............................................................ 36 Plates 1– 5 .................................................................................. 39

Arabic Text ......................................................................................... 45

English Translation ........................................................................... 175

Bibliography ...................................................................................... 307

Index of Technical Terms ................................................................ 313 1. Substances and Products ........................................................ 313 a. English —Arabic ...................................................................... 313 b. Arabic—English ..................................................................... 323 2. Pathology and Anatomy ......................................................... 330 a. English—Arabic ...................................................................... 330 b. Arabic—English ...................................................................... 335 3. Generic Drug Names .............................................................. 340 4. Botanical Index ........................................................................ 342 a. English—Latin ........................................................................ 342 b. Latin—English ........................................................................ 346

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The preparation of this book would not have been possible without a generous grant from the Wellcome Trust in London, which put me in the privileged position to pursue full-time research over a period of three years. For supplying me with micro�lms of Arabic manuscripts I am indebted to Fuat Sezgin, director of the Institut für Geschichte der arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften (Frankfurt am Main); the Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz (Berlin); the Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine (London); and the US National Library of Medicine (Bethesda/Maryland). I am grateful to Lawrence Conrad (Hamburg), Emilie Savage-Smith (Oxford) and Nikolai Seriko� (London) for their support in getting the project o� the ground, and to Hans Daiber (Düsseldorf ) for landing it in this series. Thanks to all my colleagues in the Middle Eastern Studies department of Manchester University for making me feel at home, and especially to Philip Sadgrove for not hesitating to ‘sponsor’ my initial grant application. My greatest debt is to my partner Karine Nohr in She�eld for still recognizing me after years of coming and going, and who I know will read the dedication of this piece to her as my way of saying thank you. The entire book is the result of a solitary e�ort, and whilst the disad-vantages of such an approach are obvious I nonetheless hope that in the end the advantages will prevail.

O. Kahl

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INTRODUCTION1

“Pharmacy then is the knowledge of chosen simple drugs in regard to their species, varieties and forms, as well as the mixture of compound drugs on the basis of written prescriptions or in accordance with what a trustworthy and skilful man may have contrived”

The Muslim polymath Ab� r-Rai��n al-B�r�n� in the preface to his Kit�b a�-�aidana f� �-�ibb (completed mid 11th century CE)2

1. Towards a History of Arabic Pharmacology3

If we were to compare Arabic pharmacology to a building, we would be looking at a very elaborate and complex architectural structure, made by using materials and styles from di�erent parts of the world and joining them together in an ingenious though somewhat idiosyncratic fashion. Studying such a structure is necessarily both challenging and rewarding—the challenge arising from its compositional diversity, the reward resulting from its conceptual harmony. The conditions for the rise of Arabic pharmacology are varied. First and foremost there is the Arabic reception of foreign scienti�c traditions in the course of a translation movement which took place between the middle of the 2nd/8th and the end of the 4th/10th centuries in Baghdad,4 and which acquainted the Arabs with the medico-philosophical theories as well as the medico-pharmacological practices notably of the Greeks and Indians, either through direct translations from Greek and Sanskrit or through Syriac and Pahlavi intermediates; the translation movement also played a major rôle in the formation of a professional language, that is in developing Arabic into a language of scienti�c and philosophical discourse. Then there are the commercial and to some

1 The system of transliteration used in this book is that of the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft.

2 See Meyerhof Vorwort 10,9�. (Arabic text).3 Here and in the following the term “Arab(ic)” is used to denote the language only,

bearing no reference to race or religion.4 Dates separated by a slash refer to the Islamic and Christian calendars

respectively.

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2 INTRODUCTION

extent cultural relations with at least the southern regions of China, which brought the Arabs in contact with certain aspects of Chinese herbal medicine. And lastly there is the enormous geographical extension of the Abbasid empire, stretching from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean and from the Caucasus down to the Horn of Africa, which facilitated trade and made possible the acquisition and relatively safe transport of medicinal drugs from all corners of the then known world. The earliest pharmacological works in Arabic of which we possess more or less complete textual witnesses appeared, seemingly out of nowhere, around the middle of the 3rd/9th century, and in their high degree of literary organization and deliberate use of technical jargon they already bear the markings of a scienti�c genre. Due to a lack of authentic Arabic source material for the formative period we can only employ common sense and draw the general conclusion that the old Arab scholars sliced and spliced preceding pharmacological traditions with remarkable swiftness, great skill, and a fair measure of intuition. The particular scienti�c form which Arabic pharmacology had assumed in the course of the 3rd/9th century was to become the basic pattern for almost all later literary activities in the �eld, and it is in precisely this form that we �nd Arabic pharmacology also lying at the crossroads of other, related scienti�c genres—medicine with its semiphilosophical base of humoral pathology; botany both theoretical and applied;5 mineralogy; zoology; alchemy insofar as its chemical principles may be concerned; and occasionally even astrology as a means to iatromathematical ends.

It follows from all this that an adequate understanding of the structural features of Arabic pharmacology requires an extremely broad approach, whilst its expressional features can only be studied through a magnifying glass. For certain periods in the history of Arabic pharmacology, that is with regard to speci�c pharmacological texts in historical settings which are reasonably well known, this task can today be tackled with a good chance of success, though still a relatively large amount of e�ort. Yet a general history of Arabic pharmacology above and beyond a merely chronological or descriptive

5 Applied botany in this context means pharmacognosy. The Arabs considered the writings which deal with simple drugs (adwiya mufrada) as belonging to a di�erent branch of pharmaceutical literature than the writings which deal with compound drugs (adwiya murakkaba), and we are going along with this classi�cation; cf. also Ullmann Medizin 257 and 295.

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INTRODUCTION 3

plane—an ‘inner’ history of the subject that proceeds to interpret its heterogeneous origins, diverging and converging lines of development, classic manifestations, and eventual stagnation at the very point of congruency with other scienti�c structures in late mediaeval Arab society—such a thing must remain in the realm of the future.6 There are several reasons which call for restraint. Arabic pharmacological texts inevitably cover vast, and partly still uncharted territories. We already mentioned the di�erent scienti�c disciplines which intersect with mediaeval Arabic pharmacology, and which must be understood well enough to inform its study on the level of natural principles; but there is also a delicate range of source languages which need to be considered in order to arrive at justi�able historical interpretations of the subject, and which include, apart from the obvious Arabic, at least Greek, Syriac and Persian, and ideally also Sanskrit and Chinese. Rare exceptions granted, the individual scholar of modern day more often than not �nds himself stretched beyond the limits of his expertise when trying to adequately deal with the diverse material under his hands, and wishes for institutional conditions and intellectual attitudes more favourable to interdisciplinary collaboration—as matters stand, the historian of Arabic pharmacology better get used to single-tracking. Another problem is the lack of calibrated theoretical tools with which to work the material, and the absence of generally acknowledged methodological approaches even among historians, let alone representatives of ‘exact’ science—this means that already the most basic questions, like how the achievements of earlier scienti�c traditions ought to be measured, remain subject to dissent. Then there is in our contemporary world an ever widening gap between the natural and the social sciences which renders next to impossible any attempts at re-establishing a mutually comprehensible terminology,

6 Here we should contemplate Martin Levey’s Early Arabic Pharmacology, which is the only explicit (though hardly serious) attempt so far at presenting a general survey of the subject. Let it be said at the outset that I am a great admirer of Levey’s scholarly achievements, just as I readily admit that his linguistic theories left their mark on my own approach to Arabic pharmacology. But the book in question, even by the modest standards of positivistic historiography, can only be described as a disaster. It appeared in 1973, more than three years after Levey’s death, and features a short ‘Preface’ apparently written by Levey himself. The rest of the book, however, looks as if it were printed straight o� a card-case, it is badly organized, incoherent, uncritical, full of mistakes and misconceptions, and in all its prematurity certainly not the kind of stu� Levey would have approved for publication had he been alive.

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4 INTRODUCTION

and which is also responsible for the fact that no pharmacodynamic investigations are being carried out with regard to historical bodies of medicinal drugs—we have no idea whether these drugs actually did what they were supposed to do, and therefore even the most circumspect translations of relevant historical texts can be accused of being hypothetical. Next we have to accept that many important pharmacological works in the Arabic language simply did not make it across time,7 and then acknowledge that many other, equally important works have not yet been resurrected from the archives and turned into publications8—without a broad and solid basis, however, no historical study, not even the most humble one, will rise much above the level of speculation. Finally there is an obstacle of a purely philological but no less crucial nature, namely the nonexistence of a historico-critical Arabic reference dictionary except for the two letters k�f and l�m, which in our case is aggravated by a dearth of reliable medico-pharmacological glossaries derived from the sources—many a linguistic commodity the classicist and even the sinologist take for granted is a pie in the sky to the arabist, who constantly has to recur to indigenous lexicology which, in turn, poses hermeneutic problems similar to those he is trying to solve. Bearing all this in mind, it is also clear that readers of my book who may hope for high�ying theoretical expositions will be disappointed, as there is no meaning to theories which are based on insucient data.

In conclusion of this preliminary section and before embarking on a more detailed investigation into Ibn at-Tilm�’s dispensatory in subsequent sections, I will now try to put down a rough template and brie�y delineate the historical position and scienti�c signi�cance of

7 For example the key dispensatories of the 3rd/9th century physicians Y��ann� ibn Sar�biy�n, �unain ibn Is��q, and �Abd�s ibn Zaid, or that of the 4th/10th century Andalusian ��mid ibn Sama �n, see Ullmann Medizin 103, 299f., and 302 with GaS 3/242, 255, 264, and 317.

8 For example Mu�ammad ibn Zakar�y�� ar-R�z�’s (d. 313/925 or 323/935) al-Aqr�b���n al-kab�r, see Ullmann Medizin 303 and GaS 3/283; Sahl�n ibn �U�m�n ibn Kais�n’s (d. 380/990) al-Aqr�b���n, see GaS 3/310; the revised and abridged edition of the large version of S�b�r ibn Sahl’s (d. 255/869) dispensatory as prepared during the �rst half of the 5th/11th century by the physicians of the �A�ud� hospital in Baghdad s.t. Mu�ta�ar min Aqr�b���n S�br f� tal�f al-adwiya, see Kahl S�br¹ 18 and 22; or Na �badd�n as-Samarqand�’s (d. 619/1222) second and major dispensatory entitled al-Qar�b���n �al� tart�b al-�ilal, see Ullmann Medizin 308. To this selection can be added almost all of those manuscripts which belong to the mu�arrab�t or “empirical (drugs)” category of pharmacological literature, see Ullmann Medizin 311�.

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INTRODUCTION 5

that text in the general framework of mediaeval Arabic pharmacology. It is not known when exactly Ibn at-Tilm� wrote his dispensatory, but biographical accounts point to the fourth decade of the 6th/12th century as the presumable time of compilation. The dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm� thus already stands near the end of a relatively long chain of inventive pharmacological development in the Arab world, and insofar as clinical pharmacology is concerned undoubtedly marks the apogee of this genre of scienti�c literature.9 According to the Arabic historiographical tradition, it was Ibn at-Tilm�’s dispensatory which soon after its appearance became the pharmacological standard work in the hospitals and apothecs of Baghdad if not the Arab East—replacing, after almost 300 years, the hitherto indispensable dispensatory of S�b�r ibn Sahl (d. 255/869);10 it turned out to be the most renowned and widely circulated of all his writings,11 and for at least the following 200 years, possibly longer, it was considered in medical circles to be the �nal say on the matter.12 The dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm�, as is recorded in subtitles to some of its manuscripts, was “compiled from a number of (other) dispensatories” (muntaza� min �iddat aqr�b���n�t).13 Here we have to think in the �rst place of those sources, strictly pharmacological or not, which Ibn at-Tilm� explicitly quotes along the way,14 bearing in mind that he is far from being consistent in this department and quite capable of copying a written source verbatim without even hinting at it—in particular, he

9 The equally celebrated dispensatory which Badradd�n al-Qal�nis� wrote a few years later in 590/1194 represents a very di�erent breed of pharmacological writing—it is much more comprehensive than the dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm�, and contains a lot of practical explanations and theoretical excursions which Ibn at-Tilm� dismisses completely; but it is also quite wordy and homiletic in style, and in that respect clearly addressed to the generalist rather than the specialist: Ibn at-Tilm� gave an analytical handbook to the pharmacist, al-Qal�nis� a synthetical textbook to the physician. For an edition of al-Qal�nis�’s dispensatory see Qal�nis� Aqr�b���n, for a (mediocre) study of it see Fellmann Qal�nis�.

10 See Kahl S�br¹ 21 note 69.11 See Ibn Ab� U�aibi�a �Uyn 1/276.12 See Ibn �allik�n Wafay�t 6/75 and Ab� l-Fid� Mu�ta�ar 3/57. Apparently there also

once existed a version of Ibn at-Tilm�’s dispensatory in 13 (instead of 20) chapters, see Ullmann Medizin 306; it is this shorter version which Ibn Ab� U�aibi�a �Uyn 1/276 refers to as “hospital epitome” (m�az b�m�rist�n�), and which Y�q�t Irš�d 7/245 calls the “small” (�a �r) as opposed to the “large” (kab�r) dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm�.

13 Compare section 3.a. (manuscripts BD, then A).14 For a discussion of Ibn at-Tilm�’s sources and the problems entailed by source

criticism in Arabic pharmacy see section 3.c.

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owes much more to the dispensatory of the aforementioned S�b�r ibn Sahl than the few quotations would suggest, and completely adopts the latter’s principles of formal arrangement.15 The value of Ibn at-Tilm�’s dispensatory can of course neither be judged by his nonchalant manner of citation nor be diminished by his habit to hang on to materials and structures he was familiar with and deemed useful. The mind of a mediaeval scholar cannot be measured against our own ideas of scienti�c progress, and not be grasped by modern concepts of originality or innovation—science in the Middle Ages is essentially conservative and speculative, and deeply embedded in a received system of physical and spiritual truths which is considered in itself stable and worthy of preservation. With this picture in the background, Ibn at-Tilm�’s decision to reject whole clusters of obsolete ‘traditional’ prescriptions is a most remarkable achievement, and compared to earlier works on the subject his dispensatory can therefore be said to have stretched the rational or else scienti�c elements in mediaeval Arabic pharmacology to the very limits of a system of preconceived universal truths.16 It is by a combination of brevity and clarity, expertise and experience, and not least by an undogmatic pragmatism rare in those days that the dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm� is distinguished from most other manifestations of mediaeval Arabic pharmacology—in these respects, it had few precursors indeed, and has never been succeeded.

15 In this context we also have to remember the updated synopsis of S�b�r’s large dispensatory which for a good century had been the vade-mecum of the pharmacists in the �A�ud� hospital in Baghdad when Ibn at-Tilm� was put in charge of that same institution, cf. note 8 above.

16 Among the prescriptions Ibn at-Tilm� eliminated we �nd inter alia the Greek mithridatium and s��r� ‘panaceas’, the Syrian š�l�� ‘panacea’, the Indo-Persian qaf�a/�ra �n and z�mihr�n as well as the Indian �/kalkal�na� group of remedies, and also the bulk of the ‘classic’ Greek hierata, see e.g. Kahl S�br¹ nos. 16, 34, 48–49, 51, 54–55, 57, 67–71, and 73 (Arabic text) or Ibn S�n� Q�nn 3/315, 317, 318�., 322f., 334f., 335f., and 341–347; these time-honoured but often woolly and complicated drugs were semi�ctional accessories which owed their survival through the centuries and across di�erent cultures to magical or ritual rather than practical observations, and some of them were probably in no circumstances ever actually prepared and/or used.

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INTRODUCTION 7

2. Ibn at-Tilm��17

a. Life

Muwa�aqalmulk Am�naddaula Ab� l-�asan Hibatall�h ibn ���id ibn Hibatall�h ibn Ibr�h�m ibn �Al� Ibn at-Tilm� was, for all we know, born in Baghdad around the year 466/1074, into a Christian Arab family of the Nestorian persuasion. We do not know, of course, whether it was sung to him at his cradle but we can safely say that he turned out to be one of the most celebrated and in�uential physicians of his century, and a littérateur and poet of some repute, too. There is little doubt that his general interest in medicine, and presumably an early inclination towards this profession, were fostered by his maternal grandfather Mu�tamadalmulk Ab� l-Fara Ya�y� ibn at-Tilm�, a distinguished scholar and physician, and by his father Ab� l-�Al�� ���id who also had made himself a name as a medical practitioner; but it was his teacher Ab� l-�asan Sa��d ibn Hibatall�h (d. 495/1102), physician to the Abbasid palace, who had the greatest impact on the shape and direction of Ibn at-Tilm�’s career, and who at the time was already well-known as the author of a number of important medical books.18 Apart from receiving a thorough medical training, the young and unusually gifted Ibn at-Tilm� was also instructed in other branches of learning, such as Christian and Muslim theology, theosophy, logic, poetry, music, and calligraphy. He thus not only deepened his knowledge of the Syriac language but gradually acquired a most profound understanding of Arabic, too, the language of his literary productions to come.

Then his years of travel began and he made long journeys in Persia, about which we know virtually nothing. We only hear that he was once

17 This bio-bibliographical sketch is based on the following Arabic sources (in chronological order): Baihaq� (d. 565/1170) Tatimma 144�., I�fah�n� (d. 597/1201) �ar�da (after Cheikho Ma��n� 4/303�. [missing from the �ar�da-edition as quoted in the bibliography s.n. I�fah�n�]), Y�q�t (d. 626/1229) Irš�d 7/243–247, Ibn al-Qif�� (d. 646/1248) �ukam� 340�., Ibn Ab� U�aibi�a (d. 668/1270) �Uyn 1/259–276, Ibn �allik�n (d. 681/1282) Wafay�t 6/69–77, Barhebraeus (d. 685/1286) Duwal 209f., Ab� l-Fid� (d. 732/1331) Mu�ta�ar 3/56f., Y���� (d. 768/1367) Mir�t 3/344, Ibn al-�Im�d (d. 1089/1679) Ša�ar�t 4/190f.; cf. further Ba�d�d� Had�ya 2/505, Cheikho Šu�ar� 315–334, �Al��� Tar�� 457 and passim, Zirikl� A�l�m 8/72, Ka���la Mu��am 13/138f. Corresponding information is provided by Wüstenfeld Geschichte 97f., Leclerc Histoire 2/24–27, Sarton History 2/234, GaL 1/642 with Suppl. 1/891, Graf Geschichte 2/199f., Elgood History 165�., Ullmann Medizin 163f., Meyerhof “Ibn al-Tilm�dh” 956f., Hamarneh “Ibn al-Tilm�dh” 415f.

18 See Ullmann Medizin 160f.

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called out to treat the ‘Supreme Sultan’ of the Great Seljuks, San ar ibn Malikš�h,19 who resided in the city of Marw in Khurasan, and who had assumed this title in 511/1118—if this is anything to go by, Ibn at-Tilm� would have still been in Persia in his mid-forties. However that may be, he eventually returned to Iraq and settled in his home town Baghdad, now being pro�cient in Persian as well.20 Upon his return he learned that his maternal grandfather and mentor of his youth had long since died. He took his place (q�ma maq�mah), and with it he took that part of his grandfather’s name under which he then became known: Ibn at-Tilm�.

What follows is a success story as good as it gets. In a large house bordering on the Ni��m�ya college21 he set up a medical practice. This is where he lived, and where the majority of consultations took place. It was not unusual for him to provide severe or important cases with free board and lodging, and his clientèle in those days included impoverished scholars just as well as ‘foreign kings’ complete with entourage. He had also started to give lectures on medicine, and we hear that the number of his regular students reached 50 before long. These lectures were always attended by two grammarians, whom Ibn at-Tilm� paid to listen very carefully; when a student, asked to read out a passage in a medical text, made a lot of grammatical mistakes or mispronounced words, the master would get one of the grammarians to read it out again correctly, and then charge the student a small fee on behalf of the grammarian. It may be remarked here in passing that Ibn at-Tilm� seems to have advocated, quite against the current opinion, the theory of infectious and contagious diseases.22 His reputation as a physician and teacher spread, and so it is no surprise that a few years later he was appointed head physician (s��r)23 of the

19 See Baihaq� Tatimma 144f.20 According to Y�q�t Irš�d 7/243, Ibn at-Tilm� also knew Greek; this is of course

not impossible, but it is an isolated claim.21 Founded in 457/1065 on the bank of the Tigris in the eastern part of Baghdad

by the Seljuk vizier Ni��malmulk and opened in 459/1067, the so-called Ni��m�ya college was a celebrated institution of learning which �ourished for at least three centuries, possibly longer. On the Ni��m�ya college and its location see Le Strange Baghdad 297–300 with map 8 no. 32; further Pedersen/Makdisi “Madrasa” 1126.

22 His poem in which a �y “leaves a wound to rot” exempli�es this, see specimen 3 below; it also underlies his saying that certain diseases come “out of the blue” (min �ar�q as-sam�wa), see Ibn Ab� U�aibi�a �Uyn 1/267.

23 On this loan word from Syriac see Payne Smith Thesaurus 2/2688 with Margoliouth Supplement 237, and then Lane Lexicon 4/1364.

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INTRODUCTION 9

famous �A�ud� hospital,24 a post for life. Besides his medical career, Ibn at-Tilm� also appears to have played an important rôle in the social life and administrative organization of the Christian community in Baghdad, who elected him as their leader (ras) and gave him the oce of presbyter (qiss�s).

Less blessed, though, was the relationship he had with his son, Ra��addaula Ab� Na�r, who seems to have been a rather dicult, maladjusted and somewhat deranged individual, causing his father a lot of grief and despair which he occasionally expressed in the form of bitter poetic complaints; there is also a letter of admonition, considered a classic example of successful prose writing, which Ibn at-Tilm� had composed in very polished and elaborate Arabic, engaging even Plato,25 urging his son to turn away from his pranks, to learn something, to stop talking nonsense and wasting his time, and to do something useful with his life.26

Apart from suchlike domestic worries, which may now and then have cast a shadow over his life, Ibn at-Tilm� did just �ne. His practice brought him wealth, his headship at the hospital brought him fame, and his ecclesiastical oces brought him honour and, more importantly,

24 Founded in 368/979 at the bend of the Tigris in the western part of Baghdad by the Buyid prince �A�udaddaula and opened shortly before his death in 372/983, the so-called �A�ud� hospital was the best institution of its kind in the whole of Baghdad for more than 250 years; a combination of natural and political catastrophes around the middle of the 7th/13th century led to its decline, and when the Arab traveller Ibn Ba����a visited Baghdad in 730/1330 he found of the hospital’s former buildings no more than traces of walls. On the �A�ud� hospital and its location see Le Strange Baghdad 103�. with map 8 no. 39; further Dunlop “B�m�rist�n” 1223f.

25 al-fa��il murrat al-wird �ulwat a�-�adar war-ra��il �ulwat al-wird murrat a�-�adar “Virtues are bitter to arrive at (but) sweet to return from, and vices are sweet to arrive at (but) bitter to return from”, see e.g. Y�q�t Irš�d 7/246. A slightly di�erent, somewhat less archaic version of this (pseudo-?)Platonic gnomologium can be found here and there in Arabic wisdom literature, see Gutas Gnomologia 140f. no. 54; the Greek original, if there ever was one, seems to be lost.

26 This unfortunate relationship between father and son naturally aroused the curiosity of the Arab biographers, and it is indeed dicult to read the character of Ra��addaula Ab� Na�r. On the whole, he is portrayed as a downright fool—one who believed that there is a huge drill in the southern hemisphere wherefrom smoke arises and spirits descend, one who intended to build a wooden cart with big wheels to carry visitors home to Damascus fast and easy on the grounds that the journey goes ‘downhill’, one who in the presence of guests lathered his whole face, save the eyes, with soap, one who, in short, was not at all into anything his father would have considered worthwhile; see e.g. Ibn Ab� U�aibi�a �Uyn 1/263f. On the other hand, there are reports which describe him as a very diligent medical practitioner “who could see the diseases as though they were behind glass” ( yar� l-amr�� ka-annah� min war� zu���); see e.g. Ibn �allik�n Wafay�t 6/77.

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10 INTRODUCTION

political in�uence. Despite all this success, or possibly just because of it, he remained a modest and down-to-earth person, kept treating the poor free of charge, and apparently even went so far as to take an oath not to accept any ‘gifts’ except from a caliph or sultan.27 It was only a matter of time until the palace, too, took notice. Ibn at-Tilm� was in his early sixties when the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtaf� (reg. 530/1136–555/1160) entrusted him with the supervision (ri�sa) of medicine in Baghdad and the surrounding districts, which basically meant the promotion of some kind of licensing authority. It would appear that this took the form of an examination (imti��n), however informal, whereby groups of medical practitioners were summoned under the chairmanship of Ibn at-Tilm� who talked to them one by one in the presence of the others; standard questions included “Who were your teachers in medicine?” and “Which medical books have you read?”, implying that the emphasis was laid rather on theory than practice; old and experienced practitioners without such references, however, were allowed to continue to practise medicine under the conditions not to put a patient knowingly at risk (!), not to perform venesections, and not to prescribe strong purgative drugs.

It must have been round about this time that Ibn at-Tilm�’s annual salary (marsm) began to exceed 20,000 gold coins (d�n�r)—the claim that he used to spend all this money on itinerant scholars and other lost souls28 is no doubt a well-intended exaggeration, but it does re�ect his reputation of being a very generous and charitable man. He also owned a large landed estate (�ai�a or iq���), and the caliph himself once declared all of Ibn at-Tilm�’s property inviolable. Ibn at-Tilm� had by now, if not earlier, �rmly established himself in Baghdad—not only as a physician and church representative, but also as an associate of the ruling classes and member of various literary and scienti�c circles. We may consider this a re�ection of his political instincts as much as his wide-ranging intellectual interests. He particularly loved music and poetry, and liked to surround himself with musicians, poets, and men of letters; but among those who frequently visited his house we also �nd philosophers, astrologers, architects, and engineers. Ibn

27 It is said that he once refused to accept 4,000 gold coins (d�n�r), four saddles covered with ornate embroidery (tu�t �att�b� [on the latter term and its origin see Dozy Supplément 2/93]), four white slaves, and four horses which had been sent to him as a gift from a grateful wealthy patient, see Ibn Ab� U�aibi�a �Uyn 1/260f.

28 See Baihaq� Tatimma 145.

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at-Tilm� was a proli�c poet himself, and also on occasion liked to exchange stanzas with poetically disposed patients or politicians, notably to accompany a gift. Besides, he conducted over many years a lively artistic correspondence (tarassul), namely with high-ranking government ocials (kutt�b).

The culmination of his career, though, was being appointed court physician, in which capacity he served the aforesaid caliph al-Muqtaf� for more than two decades, and then the latter’s son and successor al-Mustan id (reg. 555/1160–566/1170), up until his own death. To honour this appointment, Ibn at-Tilm� moved to another house in the eastern part of Baghdad, on the street which led from the perfume market along the northern precinct wall of the caliphal palaces, past the so-called willow-tree gate, down to the bank of the Tigris.29 His early days as a court physician were spoiled to a certain measure by a feud between him and the Jew Au�adazzam�n Ab� l-Barak�t, a former fellow student who had pursued a double career as a philosopher and physician, recently converted to Islam, and a long-standing ambition to get his foot in the door to the palace. The two men had never liked each other, but so far managed to stay out of each other’s way—this was now impossible.30 Apparently in the end Ab� l-Barak�t fell victim to his own cunning, a petty and silly intrigue back�red on him, he was lucky to get away with his life, and died in exile a few years later. Ibn at-Tilm� must have served the Abbasid caliphs well, for they in turn honoured, trusted, and protected the old man. So we hear that Ibn at-Tilm�, who came to see the caliph once a week, was allowed to sit down in the latter’s presence—a most remarkable token of reverence.31

Ibn at-Tilm� died in Baghdad on 28 Rab� � I 560/12 February 1165,32 at the age of 94 lunar (91 solar) years, in full possession of his mental

29 For the approximate location of this house cf. Le Strange Baghdad map 8 nos. 8 and 26.

30 The feud between Ibn at-Tilm� and Ab� l-Barak�t was notorious, as the following poem by their contemporary, the astronomer-poet al-Bad� � al-As�url�b�, shows:

Ab l-�asan, the physician,And Ab l-Barak�t, his mime,Stand in total opposition:One’s humbly amidst the Pleiades found,The other’s proudly on the ground!

For the poem see e.g. Ibn �allik�n Wafay�t 6/75. 31 See Ibn al-Qif�� �ukam� 341.32 See e.g. Y�q�t Irš�d 7/245 and Ibn Ab� U�aibi�a �Uyn 1/264; cf., however, Ibn al-

Qif�� �ukam� 342 and (after him) Barhebraeus Duwal 209: “�afar 560 [/mid December

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faculties. He was buried in a courtyard nearby the old Nestorian church and great monastery in the Christian quarter of Baghdad,33 and we hear that there was nobody from the two sides of Baghdad who did not come to the church and attend the funeral procession.34

Ibn at-Tilm� left to his son and only heir a considerable fortune, both liquid assets and real estate, and a large library of inestimable worth. When the son, who had become a Muslim in his old age, choked to death in a corridor of his house, all his property was seized, and the books were taken on twelve camels to the house of al-Ma d Ibn a�-���ib, a high-ranking eunuch of the palace. A few years later the library resurfaces in the possession of the Abbasid caliph an-N��ir (reg. 575/1180–622/1225) who, in a �t of gratitude, passed it on to his ageing court physician Sa��d ibn Ab� l-�air al-Mas���,35 one of Ibn at-Tilm�’s pupils as it were.

Unfortunately, we possess only one unmediated eyewitness account on Ibn at-Tilm�, that of his much younger contemporary �Im�dadd�n al-K�tib al-I�fah�n�, the famous stylist and historian, who was born in Persia in 519/1125 and died in Syria in 597/1201. �Im�dadd�n lived in Baghdad at least until the year 551/1156, possibly longer, and met Ibn at-Tilm� on several occasions, towards the end of the latter’s life. �Im�dadd�n’s account is short, and written in a scholarly and mannered style, as is his wont. Here is an abridged translation focusing on those passages that contain a personal judgement: “Ibn at-Tilm� [. . .] was the world’s destination for the science of medicine. He was the Hippocrates of his epoch and the Galen of his time. He set his seal on this science, for nobody in the past had taken it thus far [. . .] When I saw him he was an old man with an elegant and pleasing appearance, a friendly, witty, re�ned and charming character, quite cheerful, high-minded, full of bright ideas, a man with an acute mind and a good judgement [. . .] He understood many sciences [. . .] His company was better than moulded gold and strung pearls. And looking at him made one wonder why a man of his understanding, intellect and knowledge

1164–mid January 1165]”, to which Ibn �allik�n Wafay�t 6/76 (after Ibn al-Azraq al-F�riq� [d. ca. 577/1181]) adds f� ��d an-na��r� “at Christmas” (normally ‘Easter’). The claim made Baihaq� Tatimma 145: “some time ( f� šuhr) in [5]49[/1154]”, is based on hearsay alone.

33 See Cheikho Šu�ar� 315; for a �ne description of this site see Le Strange Baghdad 208 with map 5 no. 56.

34 See I�fah�n� �ar�da (after Cheikho Ma��n� 4/305).35 See Ibn Ab� U�aibi�a �Uyn 1/302.

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INTRODUCTION 13

refused Islam”.36 And all we can add to this is the laconic statement of an even younger contemporary of Ibn at-Tilm�, that of the lute player Sa�dadd�n Ibn Ab� s-Sahl al-Ba�d�d�, who was still alive in 620/1223. As a young man, he had met Ibn at-Tilm�, and this is what he remembered: “He was a venerable old man of medium build, with a full beard, an engaging person, and a great raconteur”.37

Ibn at-Tilm� may have had only one rather awkward son but he had no lack of gifted and able students, some of whom went on to become famous physicians themselves. We already mentioned Sa��d ibn Ab� l-�air al-Mas��� (d. after 589/1193) who for his part served the Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad, or Ab� l-Fara Ibn T�m� (d. 620/1223) whose rank in the palace equalled that of a vizier. Others left Baghdad for Damascus after their teacher’s death, no doubt attracted by the N�r� hospital which had recently been established there, and by the rising star of the Ayyubid dynasty: Muhaibadd�n (Ibn) an-Naqq�š (d. 574/1178), Muwa�aqadd�n Ibn al-Mu�r�n (d. 587/1191), Ra��add�n ar-Ra�b� (d. 631/1233, aged 97!)—they were among the founding fathers of the new medical schools which began to �ourish in Syria and then Egypt in the 7th/13th century.38 Thus, to give but one example, there is a straight line leading from the two last-named physicians, through Muhaibadd�n ad-Da�w�r (d. 628/1230), to Ibn an-Naf�s (d. 687/1288), the man who discovered the pulmonary circuit some 300 years before Servetus and Colombo.

b. Works

As for Ibn at-Tilm�’s works, which are almost exclusively dedicated to medicine and pharmacy, we possess manuscripts and/or biblio-graphical records of the following:

1. Independent writings: al-Aqr�b���n “The Dispensatory”;39 Quw� l-adwiya al-mufrada “The Faculties of Simple Drugs” (preserved), see GaL 1/642 = Hamarneh Catalogue 139f.; al-Mu�arrab�t “The Empirical (Drugs)” (preserved), see GaL 1/642 = Ullmann Medizin 312; al-Maq�la al-Am�n�ya f� l-adwiya al-b�m�rist�n�ya “Am�n[addaula]’s Treatise on

36 See I�fah�n� �ar�da (after Cheikho Ma��n� 4/303f.).37 See Ibn Ab� U�aibi�a �Uyn 1/262f.38 Compare Savage-Smith “Medicine” 930–933.39 See section 3.a.

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14 INTRODUCTION

Hospital Drugs” (preserved), see Iskandar Catalogue 129f. = Ullmann Medizin 306f.; Maq�la f� l-Fa�d “A Treatise on Phlebotomy” (preserved), see GaL 1/642, Iskandar Catalogue 130f., Ullmann Medizin 163f., Hamarneh Catalogue 140;40 al-Kunn�š “The (Medical) Handbook” (lost?), see e.g. Y�q�t Irš�d 7/245, Ibn Ab� U�aibi�a �Uyn 1/276, Ibn �allik�n Wafay�t 6/75.41

2. Nonindependent writings:42 a) Commentaries on: Galen’s (d. 199 CE) ��lat al-bur ��������� � �����; the medical aphorisms attributed to the prophet Mu�ammad (d. 11/632) (a��d�� nabaw�ya taštamil �al� mas�il �ibb�ya); �unain ibn Is��q’s (d. 260/873 or 264/877) al-Mas�il f� �-�ibb; Ibn S�n�’s (d. 428/1037) al-Q�nn f� �-�ibb;43 b) Summaries of or selections from: Galen’s Abd�l al-adwiya ���� ����������� ���; Galen’s commentary on Hippocrates’ (d. ca. 375 BCE) al-Fu�l ��������, i.e. Tafs�r ��l�ns li-Fu�l Buqr�� ��� ���� !����"���� ��������� #����$����; Galen’s commentary on Hippocrates’ Taqdimat al-ma�rifa ���%����&�, i.e. Tafs�r ��l�ns li-kit�b Buqr�� f� Taqdimat al-ma�rifa ��� �' !����"���� ���%����&� #����$����; ar-R�z�’s (d. 313/925 or 323/935) al-��w� f� �-�ibb; Miskawaih’s (d. 421/1030) al-Ašriba; Sa��d ibn Hibatall�h’s (d. 495/1102) �alq al-ins�n;44 c) Notes on or glosses to: Ab� Sahl al-Mas���’s (d. 401/1010) al-Mia f� �-�in��a a�-�ibb�ya; Ibn �azla’s (d. 493/1100) Minh�� al-bay�n.

Apparently there once also existed a large volume of collected letters (d�w�n ras�il),45 as well as a small volume of collected poetry (d�w�n ši�r).

40 According to GaL Suppl. 1/891 this treatise is published: “gedr[uckt] Lucknow 1308[/1890]” (?).

41 �Al��� Tar�� 492 attributes to Ibn at-Tilm� another (independent) writing s.t. an-Nah� al-w��i� “The Obvious Method” (medicine?), and so does Zirikl� A�l�m 8/72 s.t. Maq�la f� U�l at-tašr�� �inda l-mas���y�n “A Treatise on the Sources of Legislation among the Christians”—where this information comes from, though, is not clear in either case; cf. further Cheikho Šu�ar� 318: ris�la [. . .] f� i�b�t �aq�id ad-d�n al-mas��� (was in Diyarbekir in 1895).

42 Unless otherwise noted none of these writings seem to be preserved; for records of their previous existence see e.g. Y�q�t Irš�d 7/244f. and Ibn Ab� U�aibi�a �Uyn 1/276.

43 For an edition and translation of the surviving parts of this marginal commentary, preserved in the author’s own hand, see Iskandar “Autograph” 192–235 with Iskandar “Fragment” 256–261.

44 According to Ebied Bibliography 107 this ‘selection’ is published: “Beirut 1912” (?).

45 It is likely that the book called at-Tauq���t wal-mur�sal�t “Sketches and Correspondence”, which is mentioned Ba�d�d� Had�ya 2/505, refers to this collection; cf. Ibn Ab� U�aibi�a �Uyn 1/276: kit�b yaštamil �al� tauq���t wa-mur�sal�t.

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Finally, to give the reader an idea of the nature of Ibn at-Tilm�’s poetry, I have translated below a few specimens of it, arranged under the headings of ethics, metaphysics, love, satire, humour, and enigmas—though the boundaries between these di�erent ‘genres’ are, of course, not always clear cut. However, the selected specimens are fairly representative of Ibn at-Tilm�’s favourite topics of poetic contemplation. There is, to be sure, no ‘medical’ poetry as such, but images and similes of medicine now and then reveal the poet’s profession.46

Ethics

���� ��� �� ��� �� * ���� ����� ����� ��������� ��� ���� !"# �$ * ���� �%� &� �'() +,�# -.�

Modesty is like a moonWhose disk has risen to the sky,Yet on the surface of the water

It still illuminates the eye.Without it, aiming high and yonder,

To glory people would aspireLike smoke that �eetingly arises

From a lowly burning �re.

/�0�� 123� 45�6,� * 7#89: ;<�=>� ?@�=> AB��/�C� D�� EF9� ���, * G���� �5H� �9IJ �KL� ?M.

Knowledge bene�ts a wise man,But is no good for a prat—

Daylight, which helps humans see,Dims the eyesight of the bat.

46 It may be worth noting that the old Arab biographers considered Ibn at-Tilm�’s poetry inferior to his prose writing, see e.g. Y�q�t Irš�d 7/243; unfortunately, hardly anything of the latter has come down to us. They also observed that he seemed to have been more at ease with the composition of short poems, normally consisting of two or three verses, rather than longer poems (qa��id), of which we possess a very small number of examples (elegies and panegyrics), see e.g. Cheikho Šu�ar� 319–334. All the translated specimens are taken from Ibn Ab� U�aibi�a �Uyn 1/268–273; parallel transmissions are found here and there in the Arabic sources referred to in note 17 above.

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NO�� P0��� ?�=Q !�RJ ��� * +�,@ !S ���� !�6T S��U �9 +�V WQ . X�� * �9 �'�� Y�O� Z 4H[\=�

Never scorn an enemyFor his friendliness,

Even if he’s little strongAnd almost powerless—

So it is the tiny �yThat leaves a wound to rot,

Thus completing what the lion’sMighty hand could not.

Metaphysics

X:U Z !8] ^� 46�6_� -V * `B�a b���� c.� de S��?=B��� X�=B�� Z 46�6_� fg * +�=0. IV h i jk�#S

The soul exists behind a curtain,Unable to make out for certain

Events in past in�nity—Or else it surely could have solved

Each problem, though it be involved, In fact, causality.

l�m �. no� pqr * +(�, Z s�tq�� �@� �u�l�0�9 !� ?vQ ;`� w * x�y�� �� !� G�z j(��

A vital spark in an old man’s soulIs a death in disguise—

Can’t you see a lamplight �ashesJust before it dies?

Love

b=F�� Z �_� #{H j|�,� } * X�(~. ?�=>� c3�� �6,�b���[ �6B�� ;9u� !� l6��� * `|~9 !� ��m +�2� jv�

When the darkness of the night fellLong in my embrace she lay;

Then I woke and found her jewelsCold before the break of day;

And I warmed them with my breath,

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Lest to chase her sleep away,Anxious not to melt the lace—

So I held the day at bay.

b.� -. ?�� � fg �#��� * �H�u� G��� G�� G�`�� l8,���b'q�� 1�� Z ��� �� D�9 * ��� ���� fg G�� j(��

Love has wasted me away,I can’t take it any more!

Your refusal eats me up—A victim of the day before!

All I care to see is you,Not the gaily dancing motesOn the sun’s remotest shore.

Satire

�:� S � j=6� * �:� �Q !3� ���Q�6��� lV�J +�=B� * +�� j�g �� ��

So-and-so is now vizier?Never! Not this nerd!

By God, if it were up to me,I’d make him cattleherd!

(on the appointment of ad-Darkaz�n�47 to the post of vizier)

47 There are several viziers of the Great Seljuks in the 6th/12th century who were known under the name of ad-Darkaz�n�. The most ‘distinguished’ of those was Qiw�madd�n Zainalmulk �Im�daddaula Ab l-Q�sim N��ir ibn �Al� ad-Darkaz�n� al-Ans�b��, whose �rst appointment to the post of vizier fell in the year 518/1124 while his fourth and �nal appointment in 527/1133 also marked the year of his execution. Ab� l-Q�sim ad-Darkaz�n�, the son of a peasant from the village of Ans�b� near the town of Darkaz�n in the Hamadan province of western central Iran, was stigmatized by many of his contemporaries for his plebeian background; more importantly, though, he was infamous for his ruthlessness, intriguing, �nancial exactions, and general mismanagement of a�airs, incurring along the way a great deal of both fear and enmity. On him and some other members of his clan see Bosworth “Dargaz�n�” 33; for the exact location of Darkaz�n see Ak��� “Darjaz�n” 55f. with Le Strange Lands map 5 s.n. Darguzin.

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18 INTRODUCTION

/�V ?�� ��� ?�� * �o�� DB�� ���.PB, �H Z `��m� * ���� +��V j6.� ��

His eye’s revolving in its socket!He should sow seed or topple a throne,

Look long enough at the PleiadesAnd spin them in the Great Bear’s pocket!

(on a person with a goggle)

��J� c�Q ���t() ^k ����� �(g �]���� ���H c�69 3� ������H c�69 S .

You slurped away a lot of eggsTo make your penis stronger?

There are no eggs that can replaceWhat’s in your own no longer!

Humour

G��# j��V ��=�� * G�� jB0Q D��@I��'� j =. 4@@:� * {¡ j =. 4@@I�

G��� c�¢ ?9:� GoH� * f�g j��� Gov�I broke my life in these two glasses,And this is how my lifetime passes:One glass is �lled with writing-ink,The other one with wine to drink—The former makes my wisdom stay,

The latter puts my grief away.

cB0�� £� DB9 !¤ * c��U ;`� l�09 ��c@ �9I. +���9 ?6B��� * c���� ¥�¤ ��y=>�

One glass of wine to cool the chest,A second one to help digest,

A third one, then, just to unwind,Another one will shift your mind!

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Enigmas

G�M. G�M. ¦� X�v�(. * G��� -. w b<� §���,¨� ?�� �©� ª� �u� * �B. Z +R©� �«¬�

It is forceful but not vile,Forever changes domicile,

Cries and laughs the very while,Weeps and makes all people smile.

(the cloud)

!�R�� 7�­ ��g w * ®(¯ �� c(�U -. h�!�RJ °±� ��² jQ� Z� * �#(�� +,�k ³��� ´9

D�9 b<=� j,[ �u� .�� * ���� ![ ���,U j,[ �u�It springs from bodies but a body it’s not,

It moves at times or stays on the spot,It comes into being and passes away,

Its hour of birth bears the seed of decay,It doesn’t go out when the lights are gone

But is otherwhile seen by everyone.(the shadow)

3. The Dispensatory

a. Arabic Manuscripts

The edition of the Arabic text containing the dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm� is based on the following manuscripts:

(A) London British Library Or. 8293/1, fols. 2a–128b. 11 lines per page of large vocalized calligraphic Nas��. Title (fol. 2a) Iqr�b���n [sic] Mad�nat as-Sal�m Ba d��48 and (fol. 2b) Kit�b Qar�b�d�n, subtitle (fol. 2a)

48 A dispensatory entitled Aqr�b���n Mad�nat as-Sal�m or Aqr�b���n Ba d�d� �gures among the writings attributed to Ibn at-Tilm�’s teacher Sa��d ibn Hibatall�h (d. 495/1102) in GaL Suppl. 1/888 and then Ullmann Medizin 306; this information, however, which seems to be based on a couple of manuscript witnesses, is not con�rmed by Ibn Ab� U�aibi�a �Uyn 1/254f. or, for that matter, by any other indigenous bio-bibliographical source.

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20 INTRODUCTION

intaza�ahu [scil. Ibn at-Tilm�] min �iddat aqr�b���n�t; author’s name (fol. 2a) Hibatall�h ibn ���id ibn Ibr�h�m al-ma�rf bi-Ibn at-Tilm��;49 copyist (fol. 2a) �Al� ibn Ab� ��lib ibn �Al� ibn �Al� ibn �Al� ibn �as�r [sic] al-�alab�; date (fol. 2a) 625[/1228]. The manuscript was collated with an autographed text, by the copyist himself and by another subsequent owner/user, who in the form of �ve marginal glosses introduced variant readings by the phrase min/bi-�a�� al-mu�annif (fols. 83b, 95b, 113b, 119a, and 120b).50 The textual quality of this manuscript is outstanding. Missing recipes: 90, 91, most of 121 through to the end of 135 (was originally there), 175, 360, 372, 391, 418, the second half of 421 with the �rst half of 422; due to a binding mistake, recipes 298–300 and the beginning of 301 occur in the manuscript as part of chapter 10.—Cf. Hamarneh Catalogue 139 no. 158; for a specimen see plate 1.

(B) London Wellcome Library Or. 9/4, fols. 79a–128b. 17 lines per page of medium-sized partly vocalized Nas��; the chapters on the contents page (fol. 79a) and in the headings of the main text are numbered by the letters of the ab�ad alphabet. Title (fols. 79a and 128b) (al-)Aqr�b���n, subtitle (fol. 79a) muntaza� min �iddat aqr�b���n�t; author’s name (fol. 128b) Am�naddaula Muwa�aqalmulk Ra�s al-�ukam� [!] Ab l-�asan Hibatall�h ibn ���id al-ma�rf bi-Ibn at-Tilm��; copyist (after Iskandar [as quoted below]) Ibr�h�m ibn Na�r ibn Ibr�h�m ibn Mu�ammad ibn al-�asan ibn Ibr�h�m ibn Mun�r al-Kind�, a physician; date (after Iskandar [as quoted below]) 597[/1200].51 The textual quality of this manuscript is very good. Missing recipes: 39, the end of 50 through to the end of 62 (was originally there), 202, most of 213 through to the end of 221 (was originally there), 360, 372, most of 407 through to 415 (was originally there), the �rst half of 417; recipes in reversed order: 416 and 417; recipe 232 appears twice in full; the ‘modern leaves’ cover the recipes 131–139.—Cf. Iskandar Catalogue 78; for a specimen see plate 2.

(C) Bethesda National Library A 3I/1, fols. 1b–66b. 19 lines on average per page of small to medium-sized normally unvocalized Nas��; the leaves are numbered in Coptic numerals. Title (fol. 1b) Afr�d�b���n

49 Additionally referred to as al-�ak�m al-failasf (fol. 2b).50 Brockelmann misread the date of copying as 525, see GaL 1/642; based on this

error, Dietrich Medicinalia 231 and then Ullmann Medizin 306 note 4 suggested the manuscript itself might be an autograph.

51 Two ‘modern leaves’ (95ab and 96ab, 19th century); �ve blank leaves (85ab, 86ab, 105ab, 106ab, and 127ab).

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INTRODUCTION 21

[sic] and (fol. 66b) al-Aqr�b���n; author’s name (fol. 1b) Am�naddaula and (fol. 66b) Am�naddaula Muwa�aqalmulk Ra�s al-�ukam� [!] Ab l-�asan Hibatall�h ���id ibn at-Tilm��; copyist unnamed; date (fol. 66b) 25 Rab�� I 902 [/1 December 1496]. The textual quality of this manuscript is very good. Missing recipes: 250–262, 264, the second half of 265 with the �rst half of 266, 267, 268, 270–273, 275–279, 302, 306–308, 368, the second half of 421 with the �rst half of 422; recipes in reversed order: 29 and 30, 159 and 160, 204 and 205, 331 and 332, 364 and 365, 416 and 417; recipe 176 precedes 174; recipe 232 appears twice in full; a wrong chapter heading at the wrong place (fol. 39a).—Cf. Savage-Smith Manuscripts s.v. Aqrabadhin; for a specimen see plate 3.

(D) Oxford Bodleian Library Marsh 537/10, fols. 182b–226b. 23 lines per page of small erratically vocalized Nas��; the chapters on the contents page (fol. 182b) are numbered by the letters of the ab�ad alphabet. Title (fol. 182b) Aqr�b���n, subtitle (fol. 182b) muntaza� min �iddat aqr�b���n�t tal��� [Ibn at-Tilm�] lil-b�m�rist�n al-�a�ud�; author’s name (fol. 182b) Am�naddaula Ab l-�Al� ���id ibn [addidit in margine Hibatall�h ibn Ibr�h�m al-ma�rf bi-Ibn] at-Tilm��;52 copyist (?); date (1000[/1591]?). The manuscript represents a strand of transmission di�erent but not entirely disconnected from AB and C—quite a few recipes are missing, and a lot of interpolations and additions (approximating 135 in total), generally short and to the point, now form an integral part of the main text;53 the quantity of alterations, though, decreases as the text progresses, such that from chapter 12 onwards the manuscript is again completely in line with AB and C; occasionally, the copyist refers to “another copy” (nus�a u�r�, e.g. fol. 208b). This manuscript has proved to be of only limited value for the establishment of the text. Missing recipes: 29, 34, 39, 43, 44, 56, 61, 69, 70, 80, 82, 84, 86, 91, 95, 100, 101, 104, 105, 159, 175, 176, 181–183, 188, 193, 196, 207, 210, 211, 214–217, 232, 239, 252, 254, 255, 262, 264–268,

52 This is a confusion with Ibn at-Tilm�’s father, who is not known to be the author of any pharmacological work.

53 Most of these addenda are of little interest to us, but some do actually deserve to be mentioned, i.e. a variation on the famous sa��izn�y� recipe (fol. 197b); a recipe against loss of memory after [�Al� ibn Sahl Rabban] a�-�abar� (fol. 198a); a recipe against the signs of old age ascribed to the Greek philosopher Pythagoras (F��� ras) as allegedly found engraved on a golden plate in the treasury of ��lid ibn Barmak (fol. 198b); and three di�erent versions of S�b�r ibn Sahl’s diy�q� (fol. 205b).

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22 INTRODUCTION

270–273, 275, 284–286, 289, 290, 300–302, 309, 312, 358, 360, 372, most of 411 through to the end (was originally there); recipe 74 is placed at the end of chapter 4.—The item is, as far as I can see, not registered in BBC; for a specimen see plate 4.

(E) Berlin Staatsbibliothek Petermann II 487, fol. 1ab then pp. 1–160. 13 later 11 lines per page of large generously vocalized Nas��. Title (fol. 1a) Kit�b [Aq]r�b�d�n mal�� [sic] and (p. 160) al-Aqr�b���n; author’s name not given; copyist unnamed; date (after Ahlwardt [as quoted below]) ca. 900[/1494]. The manuscript represents a strand of transmission which seems to be related to D but clearly distinct from AB and C—thus, many recipes are missing or rearranged within and across the chapters, some only correspond in name, and the numerous, now fully integrated interpolations and additions (amounting to 1/3 of the total material) are no doubt the result of later revisions and often even written in a di�erent style;54 the copyist sometimes refers to “a second copy” (nus�a ��niya, e.g. p. 63) when introducing variant readings. This manuscript stands at the end of a possibly long chain of modi�cation if not corruption, and in this respect its value for the establishment of the text is very limited indeed. Missing recipes: 12, 22, 24, 29, 30, 32, 36, 37, 39–44, 46, 47, 51, 57, 61, 62, 64, 67, 73, 75, 80, 89, 94, 95, 100, 101, 103, 109, 114, 115, 119, 120, 122–125, 127, 130–133, 136–138, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 150, 152, 153, 155, 156, 159, 167, 171, 174–176, 178, 179, 181, 192, 202–205, 207, 209–211, 213–216, the �rst half of 217, 221, 241, 244, 246, 255, 273, 277, 288, 300–302, 312, 314, 321, 325, 326, 330–332, 335–337, 339, 340, 342, 343, 346, 348–351, 354–357, 359–363, 365, 372, 376, 377, 379–381, 390, 391, 394–396, 401, 402, 404, 405, 407, 413, 417, 418, the second half of 421 with the �rst half of 422; the second half of recipe 406 is placed at the end of 408.—Cf. Ahlwardt Verzeichniss 5/640 no. 6442 with Fonahn “Handschrift” passim; for a specimen see plate 5.55

54 The general drift of suchlike addenda may be exempli�ed by two short passages which in the manuscript follow upon recipes 4 and 35 respectively:�oF��� D�µ�R� �. b)�[�.U� !.��� ;g� G����¶ . Y�Q �. �F5=> X6M.� ?@�=> D�6M. +�. ?'B�t()�... (¹)?� (»¼) ½�oF�� X��� -. 4�� �BH #���� . Z �06�� ?@��(�� -. ¾�a� j<��� ¿" À���� x[�J: x��� �. ���� Z ���� ;qm ��(. �� dÁ9� ;_� ���. Z 7#�'±� ���� �|g x�Â� D�5, Ã@��� �� 4Ä�� �06� 7#�'±�

.�BÅ 1�Q# Z !�R�� 4`ÆÇ��� �oB� !�� 55 Two extant manuscripts of the dispensatory could not be collated: Cairo D�r al-

Kutub �ibb 141/3 (see Šabb�� Fihris 23f. no. 24 = Muna id “Ma��dir” 253 no. 42) and

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INTRODUCTION 23

Apart from the usual and notorious deviations from common Arabic ‘orthography’, the individual manuscripts show the following more unusual, and hence noteworthy cases:

(A) The verb 1=� is always spelled 1=�, similarly ª05. is once spelled ¬0(.; the word ��g is spelled È�g; the word �� is once spelled É��; the words #��FH and G#��FH are spelled u��FH and Gu��FH; the letter � occasionally receives two or three dots underneath to dis-tinguish it from /; ®�5, occurs once as an abbreviation of Ê �# À5,; once, a word is separated at the end of the line, i.e. !��9 |:�H (loan-word!).

(B) The verb 1=� is sometimes spelled 1=�; the word Ì�Q is spelled Í�Q; the word �� is once spelled É��, likewise j<�=Ä is once spelled ¥<�=Ä; the word Ê �#, being the most frequent metrological unit, is considered implicit and largely omitted; the speci�cations of weight and, occasionally, of time appear generally in numerical �gures, with zero being represented by ¼ and �ve by ¹ Î; on the ‘modern leaves’, � is three times separated from the following word at the end of the line and, quite remarkably, even a short and genuine Arabic word is once split in this fashion, i.e. °� |�.

(C) The verb 1=� is sometimes spelled 1=�, likewise �ÏÄ� is spelled ÐÏÄ�; the words �Q�# and �'�� are spelled ��Q�# and ��'�� respectively; the weight -. pl. !�.� is also spelled �. pl. �.�; occasionally, ®�5, occurs as an abbreviation of Ê �# À5,, further Ñ=� for Ê��# 4�3� and, more often,c# for Ê �# or Ê��#.

(D) The word �Q�# is spelled ��Q�#; the word �� is once spelled É��, likewise j<�=Ä is often spelled ¥<�=Ä; the letter � occasionally receives three dots underneath to distinguish it from /; towards the end, speci�cations of weight begin to appear in numerical �gures; once, � is separated from the following word at the end of the line.

(E) The verb 1=� is twice spelled 1=�; the verb �# is occasionally spelled �u; the word Ì�Q is spelled Í�Q, similarly ®�� is once spelled ®Ò�; the word j9{] is once spelled ¥9{]; twice, a word is separated at the end of the line, i.e. b)�[ |�.� and ��o�0(Q |��� (loan-words!).

Manisa Kitapsaray 1781/9 (see Dietrich Medicinalia 231f. no. 116). Whether or not the manuscript Cairo �al�at �ibb 511 (see Muna id “Ma��dir” 253 no. 42), the “unidenti-�ed copy” Cairo D�r al-Kutub �ibb 1212 (see Hamarneh Catalogue 139), and the “Rabat copies” (see Hamarneh Origins 146 note 64) actually belong here is a moot point.

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24 INTRODUCTION

Stemma

Autograph(lost)

� ?

B A (1200 CE) � �(1228 CE)

C E (1496 CE) (ca. 1494 CE)

D (1591 CE?)

The edition of the text is eclectic in principle. However, A and to a lesser extent B served as ‘guide’ manuscripts, for they represent the oldest and best strand of transmission. The rigorous and indiscriminate application of a purely eclectic method tends to create a formally ‘correct’ but ahistorical and therefore in the end �ctitious text, which cannot be the aim of textual criticism.

The collation of Arabic pharmacological manuscripts almost always produces a huge number of variant readings—some important, but many with no relevance for the philological reconstruction or practical interpretation of the text. Therefore, and in order not to load the apparatus unnecessarily with information of little or no value, the

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INTRODUCTION 25

following variants have not been included: the arbitrary addition or omission of the conjunction wa- in the list of ingredients and procedure of preparation as well as the unmotivated change from wa- to fa- or �umma, and vice versa, in the procedure of preparation; changes in the use of Impf. Sg. 3. masc. or fem. respectively, when the verb refers either to the preceding ingredients (fem.) or to the following preparation of the pharmacological product (masc.); idiosyncrasies or plain mistakes in the construction of numerals; haplographies and dittographies, unless there is an etymological implication. Certain other types of variants have been disregarded by adopting in most cases the reading of one of the ‘guide’ manuscripts AB: the de�nite article al- when arbitrarily added to or omitted from the name of a drug or drug category, also in the construct state (e.g. [al-]iy�ra�, bizr [al-]qi���); the prepositions bi-, f�, �att�, il�, li-, ma�a, and min when arbitrarily added to or omitted from a pharmacological speci�cation, a speci�cation of time or place, and when used synonymically or repetitively (e.g. ra�l [min] sukkar, aš-šurba [minhu] dirham, yušrab minhu [min] mi�q�l il� dirhamain, x wa-y [min] kull w��id dirham, yu�arrak [f�] kull yaum marr�t, yakn mau�i�uhu [f�] mak�n raiyi�, ma�ll f�/bi-šar�b, yu��d f�/il� l-qidr, ya�mud f�/ma�a t-ta�r�k, an-n���a f�/min ��lika, �att�/il� an ya�i�, yu�all bi-sukkar au [bi-]�asal, an-n��� li-x wa-[li-]y); the synonymic use of singular or plural forms in pharmacological speci�cations and, with regard to drug categories, in the headings of the recipes (e.g. qišr/qušr, qur�/aqr��); the synonymic use of non-technical speci�cations as well as synonymic markers (e.g. m�rist�n�/b�m�rist�n�, maqšr/muqaššar, n���/yanfa� min, yudaqq na�iman/n��iman, dafa��t/duf�/marr�t/mir�r/nuwab, a�z� saw�/mutas�wiya, x �amsa wa-y �amsa / x wa-y �amsa �amsa, min kull w��id mi�q�l / mi�q�l mi�q�l, [n���] li-x, [duhn] š�ra�, [lubb] bizr �iy�r, [lubb] al-qur�um, �amar[at] a�-�arf�, isf���� [ar-ra���], sunbul [a�-��b] ); the arbitrary use of the nominative or accusative cases in singular nouns of speci�cation (e.g. min at-t�n �ašara �adad[an], �ašab al-k��� madqq[an], yu��f ilaihi mi�luhu sukkar[an]); random repetitions of pharmacological speci�cations (e.g. a�l ar-r�ziy�na� wa-[a�l] al-karafs, bizr qi��� wa-[bizr] �iy�r, bi-duhn al-�s wa-[duhn] al-�il�f, waraq al- ��t wa-[waraq] al-afsant�n); syntactic metatheses and the like of pharmacological or medical terms and speci�cations (e.g. ihl�la� a�far wa-aswad wa-k�bul� / ihl�la� k�bul� wa-a�far wa-aswad, al-m� al-��rr / al-��rr min al-m�, �al�b m��iz / laban m��iz �al�ban, al-kabid wa�-�i��l / a�-�i��l wal-kabid, �u�f al-�aš� wa-riqqatuh� / �u�f wa-riqqat al-�aš�, ba�d lattihi/

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26 INTRODUCTION

ba�d an yulatt, yudaqq al-�am� �/yu�ma� wa-yudaqq); demonstratives and words such as adwiya, �am��, kull, and w��id when used merely for the purpose of emphasis (e.g. tudaqq [h��ihi] al-adwiya, tu�ma� [al-adwiya] wa-tudaqq, yu�amma� [al-�am� �] wa-yudaqq, yu�ma� [��lika/kulluhu] wa-yus�aq, yu�a� ra�l [w��id]); the words yu�a� and yusta�mal as arbitrarily used at the beginning or end of a prescription; the word wazn as arbitrarily used in metrological speci�cations; the word �uz when used as a synonym of dirham. Plain variants of drug names have only been recorded once at the �rst occurrence in each collated manuscript, unless they reappear in a di�erent form and/or there is an etymological implication. Finally, there is a group of variants which clearly represent later additions on the part of the copyists of the di�erent manuscripts—these variants, which occur sporadically and irregularly and which are of no contextual relevance, have neither been included into the text nor into the apparatus: eulogies (e.g. bi-i�n All�h, in š�a ll�h, ra�imahu ll�h); the word �ifa as arbitrarily added to or omitted from the headings of the recipes; the word n��� when used isolated at the end of a recipe.

b. External Structure

The dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm� is divided into 20 chapters, com-prising a total of 424 recipes. The medico-pharmacological material is arranged systematically according to certain drug categories and/or forms of application,56 and the resulting compounds may involve any number of simples up to 45. The chapters are the following:

One Pastilles (aqr��)Two Pills and Hierata (�ubb wa-iy�ra��t)Three Powders (saff�t)Four Electuaries (ma����n)Five Stomachics (�aw�rišn�t)

56 Under the in�uence of Galen’s (d. 199 CE) ���� ����(���� ����"��, the remedies in mediaeval Arabic dispensatories are organized either according to the location of the disease (��) �&����) or according to the category of the drug (��) %(�*); the categorical arrangement was adopted inter alios by Ibn at-Tilm�’s predecessor S�b�r ibn Sahl (d. 255/869) and, though it seems less convenient than the topological arrangement, henceforth favoured by the majority of Arab physicians and pharmacologists, cf. Ullmann Medizin 48f. and 299–311. For system overlaps see English translation notes 69, 213, 239, and 253.

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INTRODUCTION 27

Six Lohochs and Robs (la�q�t wa-rubb)Seven Beverages (ašriba)Eight Preserves (murabbay�t)Nine Decoctions (ma�b��t)Ten Collyria, Catapasms, and Ophthalmics (ak��l wa-�arr�t wa-šiy�f�t)Eleven Oils (adh�n)Twelve Liniments (mar�him)Thirteen Cataplasms and Ointments (�im�d�t wa-a�liya)Fourteen Enemas and Suppositories (�uqan wa-fat�il)Fifteen Dry Preparations and Dentifrices (adwiya y�bisa wa-sann�t)Sixteen Nutrition (simna)Seventeen Snu�s and Gargles (sa���t wa- ar ar�t)Eighteen Rhinorrhoeal Preparations (adwiyat ar-ru��f )Nineteen Emetical Preparations (adwiyat al-qai )Twenty What Promotes and Prohibits Perspiration (m� yudirr al-�araq wa-ya�bisuhu)57

Within these chapters, the individual recipes are built more or less consequently around the same formal skeleton, whose essential parts can be described as follows:

name and/or category of the drug58

range of its application

57 For a list of all drug categories and/or forms of application occurring in the text see section 3.f.

58 About 40% of all compound drugs in the present text have a ‘proper’ name, that is some sort of a label under which they were known, quoted, and dealt with among specialists, and which in etymological terms may be derived from Arabic, Greek, Syriac, Persian, or Sanskrit. As a rule of thumb, compounds which are naturally durable or made durable by using acetic or saccharic acids more frequently carry a label than others which are less durable and/or prepared ad hoc. From the material on hand it follows that a drug may be named after one, two, or the total number of its ingredients; after the individual(s) to whom its composition is attributed, with whom it is associated, or for whom it is intended; after the medical condition it is expected to improve, its therapeutic e�ect, or the organ(s) a�ected; after speci�c aspects of its preparation or administration including colour, shape, taste, mode, and timing; after certain parascienti�c properties it is supposed to hold or its desired function; after its alleged provenance or metaphorical value; and after the category to which it belongs; occasionally, a drug may have two names. For a complete list of drug names in the text see technical terms 3; cf. also Kahl S�br² 15 note 57 for a preliminary evaluation of relevant material from the 3rd/9th century.

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28 INTRODUCTION

list of its ingredients with doses59

instructions for combining the ingredients60

directions for use61

c. Internal Structure

Apart from various natural or arti�cial products, the dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm� implies in principle the availability of 433 simple drugs, of which there are 328 vegetable, 49 animal, and 56 mineral substances; thus, the vegetable substances roughly make up 76%, the animal substances 11%, and the mineral substances 13% of the total materia medica.62 The distribution of these substances and products as ingredients over the total number of recipes varies considerably, such that some occur only once in the whole text while others are employed more often; among the ingredients which come up most frequently are almond, aloe, anise, bole, celery, ceruse, cinnamom, clove, coriander, emblic, fennel, frankincense, ginger, gum-arabic, honey, liquorice, mastic, myrobalan, myrrh, myrtle, opium, oxymel, pepper, pomegranate, quince, rose, sa�ron, salt, spikenard, sugar, tragacanth, vinegar, water, and wine.63 As regards their geographical provenance, it can be said that the various substances are dispersed over the whole of the Near and Middle East (i.e. Indo-Arabia), North and East Africa, Southern and Eastern Europe, Central Asia, South East Asia, and the Far East.64 The goods were brought to Iraq via a network of trade routes either by caravans or by seafaring merchants, who all participated in a semiglobal market that had become possible with the consolidation of Abbasid power in Baghdad and continued to run in

59 For weights and measures see section 3.d.60 For pharmacological utensils see section 3.e.61 As far as timing is concerned, relevant directions are frequently given in hours,

days, weeks, or months, also occasionally by referring to particular times of day or night, and further in relation to patterns of sleeping or eating.

62 This account, insofar as vegetable and animal substances are concerned, only includes whole species; what was normally used were in the case of plants the di�erent rhizomatous and aerial parts or products (e.g. seed, root, stem, twig, bark, leaf, �ower, fruit, sap, resin, ashes) and in the case of animals certain organs or organic products (e.g. gall, lungs, testicles, rennet, marrow, fat, excrement, horn, shell, milk, honey, ashes).

63 For a complete list of substances and products in the text see technical terms 1.64 This is also re�ected in the rather arbitrary use of ‘taxonomic’ markers which

may precede the name of a substance and refer to its actual or alleged place of cultivation, manufacture, or sale.

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INTRODUCTION 29

the same veins for over half a millennium up until the disintegration of the Mongol empire.65

The question of the origin of the recipes themselves is much more delicate and can, in truth, only be answered on a rather super�cial plane. Pharmacological knowledge grows out of long, oral, and by no means consistent popular traditions, whose traces tend to disappear in time and whose eventual emergence in the form of more or less systematic writings is a relatively late, albeit for us often the only visible stage of this development. The appropriation of ancient skills by a class of specialized professionals quite naturally goes hand in hand with various attempts at attributing and thereby ‘authorizing’ the individual components of that received body of knowledge, creating many �ctitious quantities along the way. In reality the very nature of suchlike material undermines, then as now, the search for the ‘inventor’ of a given recipe —any pharmacologist of an age of literacy can only incidentally be identi�ed as an ‘author’, and more often than not his ‘authorship’ will manifest itself in the realm of modi�cation rather than ‘invention’. General labels like “Greek” or “Indian” indeed point to a recipe’s Hippocratic or Ayurvedic extraction, but this does not mean that the supposed archetype can be recovered; and even in the case of generic drug names whose non-Arabic etymologies seem to suggest speci�c origins of the recipes so named, matters are never straightforward and immensely impeded by a dearth of comparative literature. Such are the limits of our task. Having established that, we can now turn to have a look, not at the corpus of pharmacological material which Ibn at-Tilm� implicitly uses but rather at those less remote sources which he explicitly quotes. Here we have to distinguish between speci�c and unspeci�c quotations, the former being more or less precise. Speci�c quotations include (in chronological order): Galen (d. 199 CE), see recipes 65, 201, 309; Zahr�n al-�arr�n� (�. mid 3rd/9th century), see recipes 35 (then 36), 183, 374; S�b�r ibn Sahl (d. 255/869), see recipes 29, 155, 204, 246; [Ya�q�b ibn Is��q] al-Kind� (d. shortly after 256/870), see recipes 115, 136; �unain [ibn Is��q al-�Ib�d�] (d. 260/873 or 264/877), see recipes 15, 307, 347, 351; [��bit ibn Qurra al-�arr�n�] (d. 288/901) a�-�a��ra, see recipe 68; Qus�� [ibn L�q� al-Ba�labakk�] (d. ca. 300/912), see recipe 85; [Mu�ammad ibn Zakar�y��]

65 For a graphical representation of the Arab trade routes “c. AD 1100”, that is in the days of Ibn at-Tilm�, see HAI 9.

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30 INTRODUCTION

ar-R�z� (d. 313/925 or 323/935), see recipes 65 (al-Muršid), 269, 360; Ab� l-�asan [��bit] ibn Sin�n (d. 365/976), see recipe 331; �Al� ibn al-�Abb�s [al-Ma �s�] (d. late 4th/10th century), see recipe 69; [�"s� ibn Ya�y�] al-Mas��� (d. 401/1010), see recipe 96; [al-�usain ibn �Abdall�h] Ibn S�n� (d. 428/1037), see recipe 140; Ra ��[add�n] al-I�fah�n� (�. �rst half of 5th/11th century), see recipe 138; and Ab� l-�Al�� ���id ibn at-Tilm� (�. second half of 5th/11th century), see recipes 50, 244. Unspeci�c quotations, which may refer to written sources or oral informants, include certain “copies” (nus�a pl. nusa�), “physicians” (a�ibb� ), and “people” (qaum), just as well as phrases like “they say” (�akar) and “it is said” (zu�ima), see recipes 34 (twice), 54, 75, 134 (twice), 136, 183, 185, 193, 208, 280 (twice), 329.66 Finally, there is a small number of self-quotations and short personal statements which appear in either the �rst or the third person as “[lit.] I have tried it” ( �arrabtuhu), “in my opinion” (�ind� ), “[lit.] he says” (q�la), and “[lit.] by him” (lahu), see recipes 29, 65 (twice), 89, 96, 159, 257 (twice), 309, 329, 393;67 the phraseogram lahu is also used three times to claim the ‘invention’ of a drug by the author, see recipes 45, 217, 365.

Another question which needs to be dealt with is that of the health standard. A statistical evaluation of the material relating to pathology and anatomy, as it is normally found at the beginning of a recipe, will give us some information about what kind of health problems the people had who lived in Iraq in the 12th century CE. Putting aside all those conditions which can be identi�ed as parasitic or systemic disorders (12.1%), complaints whose treatment falls rather under cosmetics, dietetics, or hygienics (6.3%), and injuries that result from accidents, warfare, or poisoning (3.7%), we can describe the speci�ed diseases68 as a�ecting or involving the

66 Sporadic mentions of “hospital(s)” ( [b�]m�rist�n[�t] ), insofar as they involve drugs which belonged to the regular pharmacological stock of these institutions, may also be considered unspeci�c references, see recipes 21, 33, 34, 49, 67, 84, 137, 183, 230 (as a generic drug name), 277, 310, 329; likewise phrases such as “generally used” (ma�ml �alaihi) or “remedy of traditional choice” (daw� as-sunna), see recipes 29, 34, 148.

67 Once, Ibn at-Tilm� seems to quote himself by name but this could be a later addition to the text, see recipe 30.

68 The fact that the old Arab physicians did not always distinguish as sharply as the moderns do between a sign or a symptom on the one hand and the underlying disease on the other hand, is not a mistake in reasoning but inherent in the holistic system of humoralism; it also means, of course, that any data based on current medical criteria will necessarily comprise a number of ambiguous cases. For full details on pathology and anatomy in the text see technical terms 2.

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INTRODUCTION 31

gastro-intestinal tract 16.5% eyes 11.9%skin 10.1%respiratory organs 7.3%nervous system 6.4%urinary tract 3.7%blood vessels 3.3%psyche 2.7% liver 2.5%teeth and gums 2.5%reproductive organs 2.4%brain 1.8%spleen 1.8%ear, nose and throat 1.8%heart 1.1%others 2.1%

As regards the clientèle for whom the drugs were prepared, we hardly get any direct information from the text itself. Considering its broad range of therapeutic applications, the dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm� is based on an inclusive design, covering not only the most common diseases of the time but also patients of all ages and walks of life, whether male or female. This observation is con�rmed by the frequent occurrence of recipes which involve large quantities of ingredients and further by a number of preparations which are clearly linked to clinical settings—these drugs were made by professional pharmacists to meet the demands of public health institutions like hospitals, which were generally classless and free of charge.69 However, as already indicated, explicit information about patients is scarce and only expressed in the shortest of terms—in fact, even the word “patient” (�al�l or mar��) occurs as such only three times in the whole text, see recipes 225, 269, 424; the “unborn” (a�inna), “children” (�iby�n), “adolescents” (šab�b), a “breast-feeding pregnant woman” ( �ila), “old men” (maš�yi�), the “ordinary” (�umhr), and “those who live a life of luxury” (mutrafn) are mentioned by name about a dozen times altogether, see recipes 34, 48, 102, 120, 122, 179, 204, 298, 330, 346 (twice).

69 For “hospital” drugs cf. note 66 above; for a classic example see recipe 230. An isolated claim that the ocials who oversaw the public markets in Baghdad obliged the drug retailers to abide by the dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm� is made by �Al��� Tar�� 109.

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32 INTRODUCTION

It has already been said that about 40% of compound drugs in the text carry a generic name, which may be Arabic in origin or derived from another language70—I have tried to establish etymologies for non-Arabic names in the notes to my translation. Yet there is a small number of foreign terms (eight drug names, two products, one substance) which Ibn at-Tilm� himself, in a rather arbitrary fashion, felt inclined to explain: Persian, see recipes 174, 217 (twice), 251, 389; Greek, see recipes 56, 250, 296; and Syriac, see recipes 24 (twice), 258.

Turning to the pharmaceutical nomenclature proper, that is to say the various substances and products which form the core material of the dispensatory, an etymological investigation results in the following �gures:

Arabic 40.3%Persian 30.1%Greek 12.7%Syriac 5.6%Sanskrit 4.8%Others 6.5%

The only data currently available for comparison are based on similar evaluations of the pharmaceutical nomenclature in three Arabic dispensatories from the middle of the 3rd/9th century.71 Here it would appear that in the course of the 300 years which separate these dispensatories from the dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm�, the process of terminological levelling in the Arab East had worked towards an average increase of Persian loan-words by 5% and a decrease of Greek loan-words by 4%, whilst the amount of Arabic, Syriac, and Sanskrit terms basically stayed the same. Whether this observation is generally applicable or merely down to the fact that Ibn at-Tilm� spent so much time of his life in Persia, remains to be seen as future research into the lexicon of later Arabic dispensatories may be conducted. As regards the medical nomenclature, that is the various pathological and anatomical terms employed by Ibn at-Tilm�, the number of non-Arabic contributions is, not surprisingly, just as low as it was three centuries earlier, i.e. roughly 2%.

70 Compare note 58 above.71 See Kahl S�br² 24�.

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INTRODUCTION 33

Finally, it seems worth noting that only once, in the context of a surgical procedure, Ibn at-Tilm� explicitly refers to the “physician” (�ab�b), see recipe 384; another time, he mentions in passing the “alchemists” (a���b al-k�miy� ), see recipe 389; and on one occasion, in the context of a minor operation, a patient is “put to sleep” (nwm II), see recipe 269. The somewhat ambiguous term mu�arrab, here always translated “proven by experience”, accompanies a small number of drugs, see recipes 19, 126, 257, 331, 393.

d. Metrological Units

The weights and measures employed in the text can be divided into three groups:

Speci�c72

d�niq 0.52–0.74g [recipe 33 and passim]dirham 3.125g [recipe 1 and passim]ist�r ~20g [recipe 211]kaila�a ~680g [recipe 230 and passim]makkk ~2040g [recipe 230 and passim]mann ~816g [recipe 116 and passim]mi�q�l 4.46g [recipe 1 and passim]q�r�� 0.223g [recipe 89 and passim]ra�l ~406g [recipe 43 and passim]q�ya ~33g [recipe 35 and passim]

Semispeci�c

cupful (uskurru�a) [recipe 288]�stful (qab�a) [recipe 367 and passim]handful (ka� or �afna) [recipes 334, 400 and passim]jugful (dauraq) [recipe 174 and passim]mouthful (�ur�a) [recipe 66]spoonful (mil�aqa) [recipe 114 and passim]

or when referring to the weight and/or shape of an

acorn (ball�a) [recipe 371]broad bean (b�qill�h) [recipe 111]

72 For basic conversions and comparative data still see Hinz Masse passim; for Arabic source literature on the subject see Ullmann Medizin 316–320.

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34 INTRODUCTION

chickpea (�imma�a) [recipe 49 and passim]hazelnut (bunduqa) [recipe 52 and passim]lentil (�adasa) [recipe 409]peppercorn (fulfula) [recipe 48 and passim]service fruit (naw�h al- ubair� ) [recipe 373]walnut (�auza) [recipe 126 and passim]

Nonspeci�c

amount (miqd�r or taqd�r) [recipes 69, 235 and passim]bunch (b�qa or ��qa) [recipes 138, 178 and passim]drop (qa�ra) [recipe 51 and passim]measure (wazn) [recipe 156]measure, standard (�iy�r) [recipe 211]number (�adad) [recipe 171 and passim]part (�uz ) [recipe 5 and passim]portion (�uz ) [recipe 419]quantity (miqd�r or qadr) [recipes 126, 297 and passim]quantity, relevant (�asab) [recipe 280]share (ma�al) [recipe 297]weight (wazn) [recipe 19 and passim]

e. Pharmacological Apparatus

The following utensils, including also a few therapeutic auxiliaries, are mentioned in the text:

aludel (u��l) [recipe 389]bag of cotton, new (k�s kirb�s �ad�d) [recipe 290]basket of palm-leaves, densely woven (zanb�l �� �af�q an-nas�) [recipe 226]bowl, earthen (bustqa) [recipe 121]branch of palm-leaf, skinned (a�l sa�afa maqšra) [recipe 309]cauldron (�in��r) [recipe 297 and passim]cauldron of stone (�in��r �a�ar) [recipe 226]cloth (�irqa) [recipe 138 and passim]cloth, dark-blue (�irqa ku�l�ya) [recipe 378]cloth, double (�irqa mu���afa) [recipe 138]cloth, soft (�irqa n��ima) [recipe 384]cloth of cotton (�irqa kirb�s) [recipe 290]cloth of linen (�irqa katt�n) [recipe 207 and passim]

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INTRODUCTION 35

cloth of linen, double (�irqa katt�n mu���afa) [recipe 138]cloth of linen, thick (�irqa katt�n �af�qa) [recipe 183 and passim]cloth of linen, thin (�irqa katt�n raq�qa) [recipe 208]cloth of silk (�ar�r[a] ) [recipes 22, 276 and passim]cooking-pot (qidr) [recipe 183 and passim]cooking-pot of baked clay and hair (qidr ma�mla min ��n wa-ša�r mufa��ara) [recipe 55]cooking-pot of clay, new (qidr �azaf �ad�d) [recipe 211]cooking-pot of stone (qidr �a�ar) [recipe 223]cup (uskurru�a) [recipe 288]fans (mar�wi�) [recipe 424]�le, small-toothed (mibrad daq�q an-naqš) [recipe 121]�annel (labad) [recipe 342]�ask (q�rra) [recipe 285 and passim]frying-pan, new (miqlan �ad�d) [recipe 281]jug (barn�ya or dauraq) [recipes 122, 174 and passim]jug of alabaster (barn�ya qaw�r�r) [recipe 207]jug of china, broad (barn�ya ��n� w�si�a) [recipe 121]jug of glass (barn�ya zu���) [recipe 221]knife (sikk�n) [recipe 229]knife, wooden (sikk�n �ašab) [recipe 186]mortar (h�wun) [recipe 159 and passim]napkin (qim��) [recipe 376]oven (tannr) [recipe 55 and passim]pestle (dasta� al-h�wun) [recipe 302]piece of barked �g-wood, fresh (�ašaba min �ašab at-t�n ra�ba ma��

�anh� li��uh�) [recipe 226]piece of hare’s fur (wabar al-arnab) [recipe 388 and passim]piece of paper (k� i�) [recipe 339]piece of willow-wood, fresh (�ašabat �il�f ra�ba) [recipe 226]piece of wood (�ašaba) [recipe 280 and passim]pipette (zarr�qa) [recipe 377]plate of marble ([�abaq] ru��ma) [recipes 133, 134 and passim]plate of silver (�abaq ���a) [recipe 133]pot (qidr) [recipe 216 and passim]pot, double (qidr mu���afa) [recipe 282]pot, earthen (qidr fa���r) [recipe 380]pot of stone (qidr bir�m) [recipe 376]pouch (�urra) [recipe 206]receptacle (�arf ) [recipe 138]

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36 INTRODUCTION

shred of linen (�irqa katt�n) [recipe 410 and passim]sieve (mun�al) [recipe 32 and passim]sieve, �ne-meshed (mun�al �af�q) [recipe 141]slab of stone (�al�ya) [recipe 310]spoon (mil�aqa) [recipe 114 and passim]stick, surgical (m�l) [recipe 257 and passim]stick of willow-wood, broad (�d �il�f �ar��) [recipe 136]tampon (�aml) [recipe 378]tampons of gauze ( �tal) [recipe 307]thread (�ai�) [recipe 372 and passim]threads of soft linen (�uy� katt�n n��ima) [recipe 395]trough (i���na) [recipe 383]trough, green (i���na �a�r� ) [recipe 174 and passim]trough of porcelain (i���na mu a��ara) [recipe 247]tube of reed (unbb min qa�ab) [recipe 412]tube of silver (unbb min ���a) [recipe 412]veil of cotton (iz�r kirb�s) [recipe 290]vessel (in� ) [recipe 74 and passim]vessel, tarred (in� muqaiyar) [recipe 210]vessel of alabaster (qaw�r�r) [recipe 212 and passim]vessel of brass (in� �ufr) [recipe 254]vessel of clay (in� �azaf ) [recipe 338]vessel of clay, new (in� �azaf �ad�d) [recipe 152]vessel of glass ([in�] zu���) [recipes 105, 133 and passim]vessel of glass, broad-brimmed (in� zu��� w�si� ar-ras) [recipe 244]vessel of porcelain (in� mu a��ar or u��r[a] ) [recipes 116, 138 and 287]whetstone (misann) [recipe 263]whetstone, new (misann �ad�d) [recipe 121]wick ( fat�la) [recipe 382 and passim]

f. Applicative Categories

The following drug categories and/or forms of application occur in the text:

analgesic (musakkin lil-wa�a� ) [recipe 309]beverage (šar�b) [recipe 7 and passim]catapasm (�arr or �ar�ra) [recipes 259, 374 and passim]cataplasm (�im�d) [recipe 310 and passim]

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INTRODUCTION 37

cautery (kaiy) [recipe 389]collyrium (ku�l) [recipe 256 and passim]condensation (�aq�d) [recipe 237]coolant (bard) [recipe 247 and passim]corrosive (akl) [recipe 383]decoction (ma�b� or �ab��) [recipes 99, 158 and passim]dentifrice (sann) [recipe 396 and passim]desiccative (mu�a�f ) [recipe 309]detergent ( asl) [recipe 329 and passim]diuretic (mudirr lil-baul) [recipe 52]dye (�i��b) [recipe 334 and passim]electuary (ma��n) [recipe 75 and passim]‘elixir’ (iks�r�n) [recipes 272 and 308]enema (�uqna) [recipe 22 and passim]errhine (mus�i�) [recipe 406]foot-wrap (kaffa) [recipe 349]gargle ( ar ara) [recipe 408]‘hazelnuts’ (ban�diq) [recipes 20 and 53]hiera (iy�ra�) [recipe 56 and passim]infusion (naq� � or naq� ) [recipes 98, 244 and passim]injection (tazr�q) [recipe 379]laxative (mudirr) [recipe 339]linctus (mi�a���) [recipe 154]liniment (marham) [recipe 291 and passim]lohoch (la�q) [recipe 61 and passim]narcotic (mu�addir) [recipe 309]nutritive (musammin or simna) [recipes 399, 400 and passim]oil (duhn) [recipe 280 and passim]ointment (�il� ) [recipe 323 and passim]ophthalmic (šiy�f ) [recipe 263 and passim]paste (�aly) [recipe 328 and passim]pastille (qur�) [recipe 1 and passim]pill (�abb) [recipe 48 and passim]plaster, adhesive (l�zq) [recipe 388]polish (�il� ) [recipe 393]potion (šurba) [recipe 1 and passim]powder (sa� or saff or šiy�f ) [recipes 35, 76, 274 and passim]preserve (murabban) [recipe 218 and passim]purgative (mushil) [recipe 65 and passim]

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38 INTRODUCTION

rob (rubb) [recipe 2 and passim]snu� (sa��) [recipe 405 and passim]stomachic (�aw�rišn) [recipe 50 and passim]suppository (šiy�f[a] ) [recipes 371, 373 and passim]treacle (tiry�q) [recipe 129 and passim]unguent (�il� or mas�) [recipes 21 and 406]vomitive (muqaiyi ) [recipe 339]wax-liniment (q�r�� [aš-šam�] ) [recipes 304 and 314]

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INTRODUCTION 39

Plate 1MS. London British Library fol. 70a

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40 INTRODUCTION

Plate 2MS. London Wellcome Library fol. 112b

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INTRODUCTION 41

Plate 3MS. Bethesda National Library fol. 23a

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42 INTRODUCTION

Plate 4MS. Oxford Bodleian Library fol. 221a

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INTRODUCTION 43

Plate 5MS. Berlin Staatsbibliothek p. 42

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ENGLISH TRANSLATION

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The Dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm��

Chapter One on PastillesChapter Two on Pills and HierataChapter Three on PowdersChapter Four on ElectuariesChapter Five on StomachicsChapter Six on Lohochs and RobsChapter Seven on BeveragesChapter Eight on PreservesChapter Nine on DecoctionsChapter Ten on Collyria, Catapasms, and OphthalmicsChapter Eleven on OilsChapter Twelve on LinimentsChapter Thirteen on Cataplasms and OintmentsChapter Fourteen on Enemas and SuppositoriesChapter Fifteen on Dry Preparations and DentifricesChapter Sixteen on NutritionChapter Seventeen on Snuf fs and GarglesChapter Eighteen on Rhinorrhoeal PreparationsChapter Nineteen on Emetical PreparationsChapter Twenty on What Promotes and Prohibits Perspiration

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Chapter Oneon

Pastilles

(1)The tabasheer pastille with alhagi

for (the treatment of ) acute fever, thirst, and crampTabasheer four dirham; alhagi �ve dirham; serpent melon seeds, cucumber seeds, and gourd (seeds) three dirham of each; starch, light-coloured poppy, tragacanth, and gum-arabic one dirham of each. The ingredients are brought together, and each one is pounded and strained separately. (This) is kneaded with the maceration of �eawort seeds, formed into pastilles of one mi�q�l, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one pastille in barley-water.

(2)The tabasheer pastille with sorrel seeds

for (the treatment of ) abdominal disorder,bloody expectoration, cough, and a

predominance of biliousnessTake �ne sorrel seeds, sealing bole, gum-arabic, and myrtle seeds ten dirham of each; barberry seeds and tabasheer eight dirham of each; rose petals seven dirham; roasted starch �ve dirham; acorn four dirham; saf-fron, amber, and red coral three dirham each; Fan��r camphor1 half a dirham. (This) is pounded, strained, kneaded with rose-water, formed into pastilles of one dirham, dried, and used with the myrtle only rob.2

1 Fan��r is the Arabic name for the modern district of Barus on the northwest coast of Sumatra which was famous for the best varieties of camphor, see Tibbetts Study 140f. with map 7[a]; the ‘variant’ qai��r� (instead of fan��r�), as it often occurs in the lit-erature (e.g. �assn� Mu�tamad 404 and Dozy Supplément 2/440), is in fact a ghostword and should accordingly be amended.

2 Compare recipe 166.

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(3)The small barberry pastille

which is useful against fever, thirst, and anxietyThe �esh of the barberry, liquorice rob, and tabasheer three dirham of each; Indian spikenard two dirham; cucumber seeds three and a half dirham; rose petals six dirham; purslane seeds, saron, starch, and tragacanth two dirham of each; Fan��r camphor3 half a dirham. (This) is ground, kneaded with alhagi-water, formed into pastilles of one mi�q�l, and dried.

(4)The large barberry pastille

which is useful against tumours of the liverand stomach, the early stages of dropsy,inveterate fevers, and yellow jaundice

The �esh of the fresh barberry, liquorice rob, red roses, serpent melon seeds, and the peeled seeds of musk melon three dirham of each; mas-tic, Indian spikenard, agrimony sap, dyer’s madder, the resin of unripe dates, absinthe sap, asarabacca, citronella blades, fumitory seeds, endive seeds, �ax dodder, Chinese rhubarb, saron, and tabasheer two dirham of each; alhagi six dirham. The alhagi is dissolved in hot water, and the (other) ingredients are kneaded with it. (This) is formed into pastilles of one mi�q�l, dried, and used.

(5)The sumach pastille

for (the treatment of ) dysentery and haemorrhageThe fruit of the tarfa, Syrian sumach, myrtle seeds, gum-arabic, pome-granate �owers, grains of paradise, and Egyptian opium one part of each. (This) is kneaded with apple-water, formed into pastilles of one dirham, (and) a potion (may be made by using) just one pastille.

3 On Fan��r see note 1 above.

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(6)Pastilles which tighten the belly

if its laxity is due to weaknessand softness of the bowels

Roses and pomegranate �owers four dirham of each; gum-senegal three dirham; gum-arabic and tragacanth two dirham of each; the bark of the frankincense(-tree) and raw Indian lignaloes one dirham of each; sukk 4 and saron half a dirham of each. (This) is pounded, brought together, strained, kneaded with the water from the spadix of the palm tree or date(-water) or lettuce(-water), formed into pastilles of two dirham, put in the shade to dry, and used.

(7)A cooling pastille with camphor

which is useful against �aming sensations,remnants of fevers, thirst, and gastric debility

Purslane seeds and the peeled seeds of serpent melon, cucumber, and gourd �ve dirham of each; fresh barberry sap or the �esh of the bar-berry, and light-coloured and dark-coloured poppy seven dirham of each; lettuce seeds, white Maq��r sandalwood,5 tabasheer, quince seed pulp, starch, and gum-arabic four dirham of each; yercum sugar eight dirham; Fan��r camphor6 half a mi�q�l. Each (ingredient) is ground on its own, (then) mixed together, kneaded with the maceration of �eawort seeds, formed into pastilles of one mi�q�l, and used with the water of purslane seeds and the pomegranate beverage.7

4 sukk is the name of a ‘perfume’, that is to say a medicinal preparation of which there are many dierent compositions; the basic ingredients seem to include musk, dates, gallnuts, oil, and certain other aromatics originally of Indian provenance, see e.g. Levey Kind� 294 and the very detailed descriptions in Wiedemann Schriften 2/821–826.

5 Maq��r, a variant spelling of Maq�ar, is the Arabic name for presumably the whole of the island of Celebes, see Tibbetts Study 255 with map 7[b] and the discussion in Dozy Supplément 2/366f.

6 On Fan��r see note 1 above.7 See recipe 194.

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(8)The agrimony pastilles

for (the treatment of ) prolonged feveraccompanied by shivering; they are

used with plain oxymel8 and rose-waterRoses, the resin of unripe dates, and agrimony sap one dirham of each; purslane seeds two dirham; tabasheer half a dirham; liquorice rob one fourth of a dirham. (This) is kneaded with rose-water, and formed into pastilles of one dirham.

(9)The caper pastilles

for (the treatment of ) sclerosisand enlargement of the spleen

The peels of the caper root four dirham; the seeds of agnus castus, black pepper, asarabacca, ‘long’ birthwort, the root of the sky-coloured iris, and Indian spikenard two dirham of each; saron half a dirham. (This) is kneaded with wine boiled down to one quarter, formed into pas-tilles of one dirham, and used with seeded oxymel.9

(10)The poppy pastilles

for (the treatment of ) hepatic feverLight-coloured and dark-coloured poppy four dirham of each; the peeled seeds of serpent melon, cucumber, gourd, and purslane, and starch and gum-arabic one part of each. (This) is pounded, kneaded with water, formed into pastilles of one mi�q�l, and drunk with seed-water, and with the pomegranate beverage10 and its oxymel.

(11)The pomegranate �ower pastilles

for (the treatment of ) abrasion, haemorrhage,bloody expectoration, and dysentery

Cassia, Armenian bole, and gum-arabic four dirham of each; gum-senegal, rose petals, and pomegranate �owers eight dirham of each;

8 See recipe 185. 9 See recipe 189.10 See recipe 194.

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tragacanth one and a half dirham. (This) is kneaded with the cooked water of fresh pomegranate �owers or rose-water, dried, (and) a potion (may be made by using) two dirham (of it).

(12)The red coral pastilles

which are useful against haemorrhage,consumption, and purulent matter

Red coral �fteen dirham; Oriental frankincense, pomegranate �owers, and gum-senegal four dirham of each; gum-arabic and cinnamom half a dirham of each. (This) is ground, strained, kneaded with egg white, formed into pastilles of one dirham, and drunk with water.

(13)The gum-senegal pastilles

which are useful against bleeding,urinating blood, and bloody expectoration

Gum-senegal twenty dirham; sumach three dirham; the seed vessels and �owers of the pomegranate, and plantain sap two and a half dirham of each; washed Armenian bole and washed haematite one dirham of each; burnt staghorn, the �nest amber, red coral, mussel shells, and opium one dirham of each. (This) is formed into pastilles of one mi�q�l by (using) water, and drunk after six months with the myrtle rob.11 And so it is with all pastilles and other drinkable compounds which contain opium—they are only drunk after six months and not used before that.

(14)The rhubarb pastilles

for (the treatment of ) sclerosis of the spleenand liver, and inveterate fevers

Rhubarb, lac, madder, celery seeds, agrimony sap, and anise in equal parts. (This) is kneaded with water, formed into pastilles of one dirham, and drunk with oxymel.

11 See recipe 166.

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(15)The amber pastilles

—(according to) �unain’s copy12—for (the treatment of ) hyperaemia in general

Amber, red coral, and purslane seeds four dirham of each; burnt stag-horn and gum-arabic three dirham of each; roasted coriander and light-coloured poppy six dirham of each; burnt mussel shells, hen-bane seeds, haematite, and sealing bole three dirham of each. (This) is pounded, strained, kneaded with rose-water, formed into pastilles of one dirham, dried, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one dirham (of it).

(16)The mountain alkekengi pastille

which is useful against urinating bloodand purulent matter

Light-coloured poppy ten dirham; celery seeds, wormwood, and mari-juana six dirham of each; saron, opium, wild sorrel seeds, pine nuts, and peeled almonds three dirham of each; fennel seeds two dirham; �fty alkekengi berries; olibanum and tragacanth two dirham of each. (This) is pounded, strained, kneaded with wine boiled down to one third, formed into pastilles, put in the shade to dry, (and) after six months a potion (may be made) from it.

(17)Pastilles for (the treatment of ) urinating blood

Armenian bole ten dirham; amber, gum-senegal, pomegranate �owers, and gum-arabic ten dirham of each; salsify sap three dirham; henbane seeds two dirham; absinthe one dirham. (This) is pounded, strained, kneaded with water, and formed into pastilles of two dirham.

12 �unain ibn Is�q al- Ibd� (d. 260/873 or 264/877) was one of the leading minds of the receptive period in Arabic scienti�c history, an ingenious translator of mainly Greek texts, and a proli�c author of genuine medical and pharmacological works as well; the ‘copy’ Ibn at-Tilm�� refers to in the present context is most probably �unain’s own dispensatory (aqr�b��n) of which we possess unfortunately nothing but a dozen or so scattered quotations, see Ullmann Medizin 299 note 1 and GaS 3/255 no. 2.

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(18)The absinthe pastilles

which are useful against obstruction of the liverAnise, celery seeds, asarabacca, peeled bitter almonds, and absinthe in equal parts. (This) is pounded, strained, kneaded with water, formed into pastilles of one mi�q�l, and drunk pulverized with oxymel.

(19)The iris pastille

for (the treatment of ) sclerosis of the spleenThe root of the sky-coloured iris four dirham; white pepper, Indian spikenard, and ammoniacum two dirham of each. (This) is pounded and strained, the ammoniacum is soaked in wine vinegar, the (other) ingredients are kneaded with it, (and) a potion (may be made by using) from it a weight of one dirham together with seed-oxymel.13 This pastille is strong in loosening sclerosis of the spleen (and) proven by experience.

(20)The seed ‘hazelnuts’

for (the treatment of ) burning urinary sensations,urinating purulent matter, and ischuria

Gum-arabic, light-coloured poppy, the peeled seeds of serpent melon, starch, and linseed in equal parts; celery seeds one third of a part. (This) is kneaded with water, formed into pills, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one dirham (of it) with poppy beverage14 and seed-water.

(21)The triangular pastilles

for (the treatment of ) headache and insomnia;they are rubbed onto the forehead

Myrrh, opium, henbane seeds, the peels of the mandrake root, and dry mandrake in equal parts; saron one third of a part. (This) is kneaded with lettuce-water and nightshade-water, and formed into triangular pastilles. These take on a triangular (shape) for no other reason than

13 Compare recipe 189.14 See recipe 191.

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ENGLISH TRANSLATION 185

to avoid that someone confuses them and they be drunk, (since) the only way to use them is externally as an unguent—and yet in some hospitals they are occasionally confused, so beware of changing their shape hereafter!

(22)The hypocistis pastilles

as used in the enemas (against) abrasions15

Burnt Egyptian papyrus, washed haematite which is ‘bloodstone’, burnt staghorn, amber, gum-senegal, washed Armenian bole, ceruse, dragon’s blood which is q�ir,16 plantain sap, and the sap of salsify which is ‘hypocistis’17 ten dirham of each; burnt biscuit eight dirham; burnt mussel shells three dirham; pomegranate �owers �ve dirham; saron three dirham; opium four dirham; frankincense three dirham. All (this) is pounded, strained through a cloth of silk, kneaded with pomegranate �ower-water or rose-water, and formed into pastilles of three and a half dirham each, one of which is used pulverized in an enema—the management of such an enema is mentioned in the chap-ter on enemas.18

(23)A pastille for him who brings up his food

Roses, tabasheer, and dried cumin soaked in wine vinegar one dirham of each; sumach three dirham; dried roasted coriander soaked in wine vinegar two dirham; the mash of pomegranate seeds two dirham; pis-tachio shells one dirham; mastic half a dirham. (This) is kneaded with rose-water, and one mi�q�l to two dirham from it is drunk with the minty pomegranate beverage.19

15 See recipe 370 in particular.16 q�ir lit. “the dripping” is used here synonymously to denote the resinous

exudation or inspissated juice of the dragon-tree Dracaena draco which is otherwise and more commonly known in Arabic as dam al-a�awain “dragon’s blood”, cf. Levey Kind� 268.

17 The equation of salsify Tragopogon porrifolius and ‘hypocistis’ Cytinus hypocistis may be explained by the assumption that Ibn at-Tilm�� considered both plants to represent what in modern taxonomic terms is classi�ed as Tragopogon pratensis, i.e. “goat’s beard”, cf. the discussion in Schmucker �abar� 527f.

18 See e.g. recipe 370.19 See recipe 200.

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(24)The kaukab pastille

which is (also) called l� mazda�y�n�, that is‘invincible’20—owing, as they say, to the

strength of its eect; it is called kaukab pastillesimply because it contains talc, and in the Syriac

language it (appears as) kauka ar��, that is‘star of the earth’;21 it is useful for (the treatment of )

the weak stomach which suers from residues,acid belching, and headache when drunk orrubbed onto the forehead with vinegar; for

(the treatment of ) bloody expectoration, catarrh,chronic cough, fevers which (come) with paroxysms,

and pain in the ears when some of it is shed intothem with sweet marjoram-water; and for(the treatment of ) bleeding, painful gums,

and toothache if you knead it with galbanumand put it on the decayed (area)

Myrrh, castoreum, Indian spikenard, cassia, sealing bole, and the peels of the mandrake root �ve dirham of each; poppy six dirham; car-rot, anise, moon carrot, the seeds of white henbane, storax, and celery seeds one dirham of each; talc four dirham. (This) is pounded, brought together, formed into pastilles of half a dirham, and dried.

(25)The rose pastilles

which are useful against phlegmatic feversand against pain in the stomach

Roses two parts; Indian spikenard and liquorice rob one part of each. (This) is kneaded with wine boiled down to one third, formed into pastilles of one mi�q�l, and used.

20 Syriac l� mazda�y�n� (i.q. �������) “invincibilis”, see Payne Smith Thesaurus 1/1121.

21 Syriac kauka ar�� (i.q. � ��� �) “stella terrae, lapis amiantus, talcum”, see Payne Smith Thesaurus 1/1694 and WkaS 1/446f.

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(26)The rose pastilles with tabasheer

which are useful against the alternation of tertianThe petals of red roses �ve dirham; Indian spikenard two dirham; tabasheer one dirham; agrimony sap eight dirham. (This) is brought together, ground, strained, kneaded with water, formed into pastilles, put in the shade to dry, and one mi�q�l from it is drunk with oxymel.

(27)The mezereon pastilles

for those who suer from dropsyand a lack of strength

Endive seeds ten dirham; mezereon and agaric one dirham and two thirds of a dirham each; peeled cucumber seeds two and a half dirham; the petals of Persian roses just as much. All (this) is pounded, ten pastilles are made, and every day one pastille is taken with quince oxymel.22

(28)The lignaloes pastille

for (the treatment of ) coldness of the stomachThe petals of red roses and scraped iris root �ve dirham of each; mastic, grains of paradise, Indian spikenard, and Indian laurel two dirham of each; wild marjoram and Indian lignaloes one dirham of each; saron half a dirham. (This) is pounded, kneaded with rose-water, formed into pastilles of one mi�q�l, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one pas-tille with quince wine.

(29)The lac pastille

for (the treatment of ) hepatic debilityClear lac, madder, anise, celery seeds, the sap or herbs of absinthe, peeled bitter almonds, bitter alecost, dry elecampane, cinnamom, ‘long’ birthwort, and the sap or stems of agrimony one dirham of each. All that is brought together, ground, strained, kneaded with fresh water, formed

22 See recipe 195.

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188 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

into pastilles, put in the shade to dry, (and) a potion (may be made by using) a weight of one mi�q�l (of it) with tepid water and oxymel. Sb�r ibn Sahl says: “In another copy there is found Chinese rhubarb instead of cinnamom, and the addition of barberry sap and liquorice rob in similar parts to the remaining ingredients”; he (also) says: “And there is no mention of elecampane”. Ibn at-Tilm�� (however con�rms that) the �rst (prescription) is the one which is generally used.23

(30)The resin pastilles

which are useful against hepatic debilityand membranous dropsy; they rank among(the prescriptions) preferred by the great

Hibatallh ibn � id ibn Ibrh�m Ibn at-Tilm��The resin of unripe dates, Chinese rhubarb, and mastic three dirham of each; Indian spikenard, celery seeds, visnaga, citronella, savin, bit-ter almonds, alecost, madder, agrimony sap, asarabacca, ‘rolled’ birth-wort, and gentian one and a half dirham of each. (This) is made into pastilles, and one mi�q�l of these is drunk with roots-water obtained from endive, celery, fennel, and citronella roots.24

(31)A remedy known as Barmak� 25

which rids the stomach and the intestinesfrom phlegmy residues, and delays the

advance of old ageYellow, black, and chebulic myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, emblic, and embelia one part of each; lupine two parts; and from candy the total weight. The candy is dissolved, measured like strong julep, and the

23 This is a nice example of how meticulously Ibn at-Tilm�� dealt with his sources, and at the same time it reveals his ultimately pragmatic approach; he quite lengthily quotes his famous predecessor Sb�r ibn Sahl (d. 255/869) for a modi�cation of the recipe’s ingredients only to conclude with the dry remark that these expositions are obsolete. Which ‘copy’, however, Sb�r himself refers to in this quotation is a crux—the general drift as much as the speci�c wording of the quotation seem to rule out any of his own medico-pharmacological works which, insofar as they are preserved, do not testify to this option anyhow; he therefore would have used, at least according to Ibn at-Tilm��, a very early, and in all likelihood lost pharmacological text, probably designed for clinical settings and clearly considered commonplace; but stu like that hardly existed in those days.

24 Compare recipe 225.25 Barmak� denotes a person or a thing belonging to or associated with the

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(other) ingredients are kneaded with it. (This) is made into pastilles of ten dirham each, dried, and used.

(32)A remedy which is useful against epilepsy

Take the ingredients mentioned in the aforesaid Barmak� remedy and admix the following—French lavender, polypody, mastic, cassia, and asarabacca half a part of each; and candy set at about the total (weight). Pick up the candy, pound it �rst, besprinkle it with hot water, and once it dissolves pour forth enough of that water to cover it; then, when the candy has (properly) melted, strain it through a sieve, and knead the (other) ingredients with it. (This) is made into pastilles of ten dirham each, (and) a potion (may be prepared) by dissolving a single pastille in hot water at the break of day.

(33)The hospital pastille (called) violet

Askar violet26 two dirham; white turpeth one dirham; liquorice rob four d�niq; grilled Antioch scammony one d�niq; anise and tragacanth one third of a dirham each. (These ingredients) are brought together, and they (make) one potion.

(34)The purgative pastilles (called) violet

Violet two dirham; ‘hollow’ turpeth one dirham; liquorice rob four d�niq; scammony one d�niq—(another) copy has one and a half d�niq, but what is generally used in the hospitals is ( just) one d�niq; ( yet another) copy has anise in a weight of two d�niq, but they do not actu-ally add it to this pastille which is made for the ordinary.

Barmakids, an illustrious Iranian family of secretaries and viziers during the time of the early Abbasid caliphs; the term is also linked to this family’s semi-legendary eponym Barmak who �gures in the Arabic tradition as the high priest of a Zoroastrian �re temple or, more likely, a Buddhist monastery, and who is further said to have been a gifted healer if not a trained physician, see Barthold/Sourdel “Barmika” 1033 and Abbas “Barmakids” 806. The connotations of Barmak�, as it is used in the present con-text, are therefore ‘time-honoured, sacred, mighty, eective’ and the like.

26 banafsa� �askar� lit. “soldier’s violet” is a somewhat obscure designation; con-sidering that �askar “camp”, when followed by a marker, was a fairly common place name, it may in the present context be short for Askar Mukram, a formerly �our-ishing but now ruined town in the province of ��zistn in southwestern Iran, see Streck/Lockhart “ Askar Mukram” 711 with Le Strange Lands map 2.

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(35)A violet pastille according to Zahr�n27

Sugar ten �q�ya; Askar violet28 six �q�ya; turpeth one �q�ya; agaric and liquorice rob half an �q�ya of each; scammony one third of an �q�ya. (This) is pounded, (and) a potion (may be made by using) fourteen dirham of all the powder.

(36)Another violet pastille by him

Violet one hundred dirham; liquorice rob twenty-�ve dirham; anise and Indian salt twelve and a half dirham of each; scammony ten dirham. A potion (may be made by using) four dirham from it.

(37)The brimfull hiccup pastilles

Bitter alecost, aloe, citronella, dry wild thyme, mountain mint, dry mint, dry rue, celery seeds, Oriental frankincense, and asarabacca two dirham of each; Egyptian opium and the petals of red roses half a dirham of each. (This) is pounded, kneaded with wine or wine boiled down to one half or wine boiled down to one third, formed into pas-tilles of one mi�q�l, dried, and used.

(38)The ail�wus29 pastilles

and they are useful (against) vomitingdue to coldness of the stomach and belly

Celery seeds and anise eighteen dirham of each; absinthe twelve dirham; cassia twenty-four dirham; myrrh, black pepper, opium, and castoreum �ve dirham of each. (This) is pounded, kneaded with water, put in the shade to dry, and after six months a potion (may be made) by using one dirham (of it).

27 There is an isolated mention in Ibn Ab� U�aibi a �Uy�n 1/240,–6 of a certain physi-cian named Zahr�n who is said to have been a contemporary of Ab� l-Fara� Abdallh ibn a�-�aiyib (d. 435/1043); but since Ibn at-Tilm�� refers to Zahr�n again in recipe 374 by adding the genealogical indicator al-�arr�n�, it is more likely that Zahr�n was the grandfather of the physician Ab� l-�asan �bit ibn Ibrh�m ibn Zahr�n al-�arrn� (d. 369/980, see e.g. Ibn al-Qif�� �ukam�� 111–115), which would place him in the mid-dle of the 3rd/9th century. This is all we can say.

28 On Askar see note 26 above.29 ail�wus < ����� “intestinal obstruction”, see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 486.

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(39)(Some) mezereon pastilles

for (the treatment of ) dropsywhen strength is lacking

Endive seeds ten dirham; mezereon leaves soaked in vinegar (and) then dried one dirham; two thirds of a dirham (from) agaric; cucumber seeds two and a half dirham; rose petals two and a half dirham. This is made into ten pastilles, (and) a potion (may be prepared by using) one pastille with the quince oxymel.30

(40)Another mezereon pastille

Mezereon, dodder, and turpeth one dirham of each; Kerman cumin, Indian salt, and chebulic and yellow myrobalan half a dirham of each. (These ingredients) are brought together by grinding, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one dirham (of it) with hot water.

(41)The spikenard pastilles

for (the treatment of ) an inveterate tumourin the stomach

Citronella blades, cassia, roses, rhubarb, lemon grass, and Indian spikenard three dirham of each; saron, anise, alecost, and black pep-per one dirham of each; bdellium africanum three dirham; mastic two dirham; ammoniacum one dirham. (This) is formed into pastilles, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one mi�q�l (of it) every day with wine boiled down to one quarter.

(42)A pastille for (the treatment of ) chronic scabies

Burnt vitriol and burnt salt, sulphur, mercury dust, oak galls, turmeric, and litharge one part of each. (This) is pounded, strained, kneaded with water, formed into pastilles of three dirham each, dried, and used after scratching the scabious area and rubbing onto it wine vinegar, honey, salt, and green lye.

30 See recipe 195.

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(43)A pastille for (the treatment of ) moist scabies

Ceruse, kamala, babul, tabasheer, and pomegranate �owers half a ral of each; potsherds one ral. (This) is pounded, strained, kneaded with rose oil and wine vinegar, and used.

(44)A pastille for (the treatment of ) dry scabies

Pomegranate �owers, turmeric, and litharge one part of each; pine resin, bitter lentils, greater celandine, and ‘long’ birthwort half a part of each. (This) is pounded, kneaded with wine vinegar, and used.

(45)A pastille for those who suer from spleen

disease—(invented) by Ibn at-Tilm��Agrimony sap two mi�q�l; water �ag two mi�q�l; the peels of the caper root four (mi�q�l); the pulp of serpent melon seeds and musk melon seeds �ve (mi�q�l) of each; endive seeds and �ax dodder three (mi�q�l) of each; anise, celery seeds, and fennel seeds two dirham of each; bitter almonds three (dirham); rusty back fern �ve dirham. (This) is pounded, kneaded with bitter endive-water or with vinegar in which had been soaked ammoniacum, and formed into pastilles of one mi�q�l.

(46)And for (the treatment of ) the

indurated spleenRusty back fern is cooked in wine, strained o, and drunk on an empty stomach for a few days; the application of a cataplasm (made) from ammoniacum and vinegar—as if it were clay—(also) relaxes the spleen.

(47)And (again) for that

Agnus castus seeds and the peels of the caper root �ve dirham of each. (This) is soaked in vinegar, dried, pounded, and three dirham from the lot are taken every day with oxymel beverage31 to cure the spleen within a week.

31 Compare recipe 185.

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Chapter Twoon

Pills and Hierata

(48)A pill for (the treatment of ) the cough

in children who, besides heavy coughing,are (also) troubled by vomiting

Opium one dirham; starch, gum-arabic, liquorice rob, and light-coloured poppy one dirham of each. (This) is pounded, kneaded with �eawort maceration, formed into pills similar to peppercorns, and one (of these) is put in the mouth at bedtime, not to be swallowed.

(49)A hospital pill for (the treatment of ) coughing

Liquorice rob, starch, tragacanth, sweet almonds, and gum-arabic three dirham of each; white sugar candy �ve dirham. (This) is pounded, strained, kneaded with quince seed maceration, formed into pills sim-ilar to chickpeas, and used.

(50)A pill for (the treatment of ) the cough

in a frail dispositionStarch, tragacanth, gum-arabic, almonds, peeled broad beans, and Armenian bole in equal parts are kneaded with �eawort maceration. The sheikh Ab� l- Al� � id ibn at-Tilm�� says about the treatment of the soft and slippery stomach: “The carob stomachic32 with fresh box-thorn-water is among the strongest (remedies) to toughen the stom-ach, followed by the pomegranate �ower pastille33 with the myrtle rob,34 and the astringent quince stomachic35 with the sour apple rob;36 one may (also) apply to the stomach a cataplasm (made) from roses, lignaloes, saf-fron, lemon grass, cyperus, and ramie kneaded together with myrtle-water and mint-water; and the diet (should consist) of baked or grilled

32 See e.g. recipe 247 in Kahl S�b�r¹ 151 and S�b�r² 127 respectively.33 See recipe 11.34 See recipe 166.35 See recipe 134.36 Compare recipe 162.

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francolin or partridge—if (the patient) is too weak to digest these, (he is given) spoon-meat,37 and if he dislikes them (that way), they are boiled in vinegar (and) then roasted”.38

(51)For (the treatment of ) moist cough,

and choking with a super�uity of moisturereleased from the stomach and oesophagus

Inspissated turpeth two dirham; peeled sweet almonds four dirham; sugar eight dirham. (This) is pounded, kneaded with (a few) drops of wine boiled down to one quarter, and made into pills which are swal-lowed before going to sleep.

(52)A diuretic

Celery seeds, dyer’s madder, carrot seeds, parsley, savin, asarabacca, visnaga, fennel, Indian spikenard, alecost, and bitter almonds ten dirham of each; musk melon seeds �ve dirham; ammoniacum three dirham. (This) is dissolved in wine, made into ‘hazelnuts’, (and) a potion (may be prepared by using) a weight of three dirham (of it).

(53)‘Hazelnuts’ for (the treatment of )

burning urinary sensations and vesical ulcersMusk melon seeds ten dirham; cucumber seeds �ve dirham; gourd seeds �ve dirham; purslane seeds two dirham; henbane seeds, marshmal-low seeds, almonds, tragacanth, liquorice rob, light-coloured poppy, starch, Armenian bole, and celery seeds two dirham of each. (This) is kneaded with water, formed into pills, and used.

37 z�rb��a “spoon-meat” < Persian z�rah-b� “puls cum carne avis pinguis, cumino et aceto cocta”, see Vullers Lexicon 2/170; cf. also Dozy Supplément 1/618.

38 Ab� l- Al� � id ibn at-Tilm�� (�. second half of 5th/11th century), on whose authority the preceding information is given, was Ibn at-Tilm��’s own father and apparently himself a physician of some repute, see Ibn Ab� U�aibi a �Uy�n 1/259,–4f.; since this is practically all we know about � id, it is impossible to say whether the quotation originates from a (hypothetical) text or rather a personal instruction.

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(54)(A remedy) which crumbles kidney stones

Balm seeds, radish seeds, carrot, parsley, the peels of the caper root, the peels of the opopanax root, bitter almonds, bay laurel seeds, cit-ronella, cyperus, Indian spikenard, rusty back fern, harmala, gentian, birthwort, asarabacca, Jews’ stone, wild caraway, myrrh, ammonia-cum, sagapenum, bdellium mukul, black pepper, and sweet �ag in equal parts. Pound what can be pounded, and mix it with balm oil; (then) soak the remaining (ingredients), namely the resins, in a little water, and knead the (other) ingredients with it. (This) is made into pills, and every day one dirham (of it) is drunk together with one d�niq (of ) scorpions’ ashes39—for that crumbles the kidney stones within fourteen days, or so they say.

(55)Scorpions’ ashes

Take the scorpions, put them in a cooking-pot made of baked clay and hair, close its top, place it on a brick in a moderately preheated oven for six hours, (then) remove and use (that).

(56)The hiera picra

—hiera meaning ‘divine’ and picra ‘bitter’40

Mastic, saron, Indian spikenard, balm seeds, balm twigs, asarabacca, cassia, and cinnamom one dirham of each; aloe sixteen dirham. A potion (may be made by using) two dirham (of it).

(57)The hiera pill

Hiera picra41 and white turpeth ten dirham of each; yellow and chebu-lic myrobalan, and anise �ve dirham of each; Indian salt two dirham; scammony grilled in quinces two and a half dirham. (This) is pounded, kneaded with Nabataean celery-water, (and) a potion (may be made by using) two and a half dirham (of it).

39 See recipe 55.40 hiera picra < ���� ����� lit. “divine bitter” is the name of an “antidote” (thence

‘higry-pigry’), see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 1403 with Ullmann Medizin 296.41 On hiera picra see note 40 above.

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(58)The aloe pill

Aloe ten dirham; roses, chebulic myrobalan, and mastic �ve dirham of each; saron one dirham. (This) is formed into pills (by kneading it) with celery-water in which had been soaked bdellium mukul, (and) a potion (may be made by using) two and a half dirham (of it).

(59)The meadow sa�ron pill

Aloe, meadow saron, and yellow myrobalan one part of each; Antioch scammony one sixth of a part. A potion (may be made by using) two and a half dirham (of it).

(60)The joints pill

Meadow saron, green-winged orchid, cocculus, paeony, small cen-taury, turpeth, aloe, and black myrobalan one part of each. (This) is pounded, kneaded with hot water, formed into pills, (and) a potion (may be made by using) two and a half dirham (of it) and one d�niq (of ) scammony each time.

(61)The plum lohoch

Half an �q�ya of plums together with one d�niq (of ) scammony (make) a potion.42

(62)The stomachic43 pill

Balm seeds, balm twigs, cassia, Indian spikenard, asarabacca, cinnamom, citronella root, saron, mastic, the rootstock of sweet �ag, absinthe sap, ‘rolled’ birthwort, and Indian salt one dirham of each; Socotra aloe �fteen dirham; scammony, agaric, and the pulp of colocynth

42 This recipe should rather be expected to �gure in chapter six on lohochs and robs.43 In the present text, “stomachic” occurs either as the name of a pharmacological

product (speci�c), or as the name of a pharmacological category (general). The former is represented by the term u�uma��q�n < ���������� “good for the stomach”, see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 1649; the latter is represented by the term �aw�rišn < Persian guw�rišn “medicamentum compositum, quod cibi digerendi caussa edunt”, see Vullers Lexicon 2/1040.

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four dirham of each. (These ingredients) are brought together by pounding and straining, and (then) by kneading them with celery-water. (This) is formed into pills similar to peppercorns, (and) a potion (may be made by using) two dirham (of it) with hot water.

(63)A pill which is useful against melancholia

Dodder twenty dirham; polypody ten dirham; agaric ten dirham; black hellebore two and a half dirham; Indian salt two and a half dirham; French lavender seven dirham; hiera picra44 �fteen dirham. (This) is brought together, pounded, strained, formed into pills, (and) a potion (may be made by using) three to four dirham (of it).

(64)The šaby�r 45 pill

Aloe three dirham; mastic and roses one dirham of each. (This) is pounded, formed into pills, dried, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one mi�q�l to two dirham (of it) at bedtime.

(65)The q�q�y�46 pill

which is attributed to Galen the famous,47

and which is (also) mentioned by ar-Rz�in (his book entitled) al-Muršid as an example

for the composition of purgative drugs48

Aloe, mastic, the sap or leaves of absinthe, scammony, and the pulp of colocynth in equal parts. (This) is brought together with celery-

44 On hiera picra see note 40 above.45 šaby�r < Persian šab-y�r lit. “friend of the night”, i.e. a remedy (here: a pill) to

be taken at bedtime; cf. Vullers Lexicon 2/409 “(noctis amicus) nom. electuarii vel potionis somniferae” and Ullmann Medizin 298.

46 q�q�y� < Syriac < ������ (dim.[?] of �����) “pill”, cf. Liddell/Scott Lexicon 971, Dozy Supplément 2/428, and Schmucker �abar� 367; an isolated reference to the actual use of the term ������ “[little] pill” in Greek is a prescription against coughing given by Alexander of Tralleis (d. 605 CE) under the heading ������ ������ “Hustenpillen”, see Puschmann Alexander 2/182f. In any case the expression “q�q�y� pill” (�abb q�q�y�) is a curious tautology.

47 Galen (��l�n�s < ������) of Pergamon (d. 199 CE), the famous Greek physician on whom see Kudlien/Wilson “Galen” passim; on Galen in Islam cf. Walzer “Djl�n�s” 402f. with Ullmann Medizin 35–68 and GaS 3/68–140. I have not been able to substanti-ate the attribution of the q�q�y� pill to Galen.

48 For the essentials of this recipe, adopted from Mu�ammad ibn Zakar�y� ar-Rz�’s

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water, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one and a half up to two dirham (of it). Ibn at-Tilm�� (however says): “(A �nal dose of ) two dirham would contain (a relative share of ) four d�niq scammony and just as much colocynth pulp, making this (prescription) very strong indeed. In my opinion the potion should be (made by using only) half a dirham up to one dirham—such that (a �nal dose of ) half a dirham would contain (a relative share of ) one d�niq of (each of ) these two (ingredients), which makes a weak potion; and that (a �nal dose of ) one dirham would contain (a relative share of ) two d�niq (of each), which makes a perfect potion. Perhaps when using this (prescription) to (counter) colicky powers, one may actually end up with (a �nal dose of ) two dirham, as mentioned”.

(66)A pill which expels worms and �ukes

Male fern, kamala, indigo seeds, Kabul embelia, lupine, white turpeth, yellow myrobalan, and Turkish wormwood half a ral of each; add to it the same (amount of ) sugar. (This) is pounded, formed into pills, (and) a potion (may be made by using) six dirham from it—(but) drink half a ral (of ) fresh goatmilk before taking this (remedy), and afterwards gulp down (a few) mouthfuls (of ) wine vinegar.

(67)A hospital pill which clears the chest

White agaric three dirham; liquorice rob in a weight of one dirham; white horehound one dirham; turpeth three dirham; hiera picra49 eleven dirham; the pulp of colocynth and sarcocolla two dirham of each. (This) is pounded, formed into pills, (and) a potion (may be made by using) two dirham (of it).

(d. 313/925 or 323/935) aphoristic medical treatise al-Muršid, see Iskandar “Murshid” 62,4.

49 On hiera picra see note 40 above.

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(68)A pill for (the treatment of ) halitosis—from (the book entitled) a-�a��ra50

Lignaloes, clove, and mastic in equal (parts). (These ingredients) are kneaded in pounded form with gum-arabic dissolved in aromatic wine. (This) is formed into pills, and put in the mouth.

(69)An hiera

—mentioned by Al� ibn al- Abbs51—which rids the stomach, the intestines,

the brain, and the nerves from residues,loosens trapped wind, opens obstruction,stimulates the appetite, strengthens thedigestion, straightens the mind, delays

ageing, and is useful in the preservationof health, especially for those whose nature

is dominated by phlegmCelery seeds and anise four dirham of each; fennel seeds, absinthe, and visnaga three dirham of each; mastic, Indian spikenard, and cinnamom in a weight of two dirham each; scraped (and) then pounded liquorice root three dirham; Socotra aloe thirty dirham. (This) is �nely pounded, strained, and kneaded with the water of citron leaves for those who are aected by phlegm, and with oxymel for those who are aected by yellow bile; for those (however) who are aected by black bile admix to all that �ve dirham (of ) dodder, and knead it with the waters of lemon balm and pennyroyal; and for him who is in need of this rem-edy whilst suering from rectal pain or haemorrhoids knead it with the water of bdellium africanum, whereby the amount of bdellium going into each potion should be about half a dirham. (Such) a potion (may be made by using) two to three dirham (of any of these prepara-tions)—and what a marvellous (remedy) it is!

50 For this recipe from �bit ibn Qurra al-�arrn�’s (d. 288/901) pseudepigraphic (?) medical handbook a-�a��ra see �bit �a��ra 53,5.

51 In its essential parts this recipe is a pretty neat adoption from Al� ibn al- Abbs al-Ma��s�’s (d. late 4th/10th century) celebrated medical encyclopaedia, see Ma��s� K�mil 2/20,–4.

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(70)The musk remedy

—that is the musk remedy with absinthe—which is useful against palpitations, delusions,and laryngeal tumours, and which desiccates

gastric moistureAbsinthe and aloe eight dirham of each; Chinese rhubarb six dirham; visnaga, saron, and celery seeds four dirham of each; musk, nard, lau-rel, and myrrh two dirham of each; castoreum one and a half dirham. (This) is pounded, kneaded with honey, (and) a perfect potion (may be made by using) one mi�q�l (of it).

(71)A pill which is suitable for jaundice in most cases

Agaric seven dirham; hiera picra52 six dirham; �ax dodder seeds six dirham; yellow myrobalan and garden orache seeds �ve dirham of each; fresh dodder and black myrobalan four dirham of each; Indian salt, radish seeds, and scammony three dirham of each; anise, celery seeds, and fennel two dirham of each. (This) is kneaded with the water of young radish leaves, (and) a potion (may be made by using) two dirham to two mi�q�l (of it).

(72)The seed ‘hazelnuts’53

which strongly promote urinationCelery seeds, spignel, valerian, carrot, parsley, savin, asarabacca, visnaga, fennel seeds, Indian spikenard, and bitter almonds twenty dirham of each; peeled musk melon seeds ten dirham; ammoniacum three dirham. The ammoniacum is dissolved in wine, and (the other ingredients) are kneaded with it. This is formed into ‘hazelnuts’, (and) a potion (may be made by using) three or �ve of these.

52 On hiera picra see note 40 above.53 For a dierent prescription bearing the same name and also relating to urology

see recipe 20.

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(73)For (the treatment of ) �ukes and large worms

Male fern, embelia, kamala, turpeth, lupine, and myrrh (in) equal (parts). A potion (may be made by using) four dirham (of it) with hot water.

(74)The sweet musk remedy

for (the treatment of ) palpitations,black-bilious diseases, di�culty in

breathing, epilepsy, hemiplegia, facial paralysis, and quartan

Take zerumbet and great leopard’s bane one dirham of each; small pearls, amber, red coral, and burnt raw silk one and a half dirham of each; red sea lavender, white sea lavender, Indian laurel, Indian spike-nard, grains of paradise, clove, castoreum, and usnea half a dirham of each; ginger and long pepper four d�niq of each; musk one and a half d�niq. The ingredients are pounded, strained through a cloth of silk, and kneaded with raw honeycombs undisturbed by �re (in a ratio of ) three parts of honey to one (part of ingredients). (This) is stored in a vessel, and after two months a potion (may be made) with aromatic wine by using from it (an amount) similar to a chickpea.

(75)A pill which is useful against most kinds of colic

The pulp of colocynth and scammony two dirham of each; aloe three dirham; borax and bdellium mukul one dirham of each. (This) is formed into pills, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one dirham to one mi�q�l (of it).Among the electuaries which prove useful in resolving colic are the (ones called) datish54 and šahriy�r�n,55 and with regard to easing colical pain the (one called) Greek Fil�niy�56 and, it is said, (also) the

54 See recipe 145 (“stomachic”).55 See e.g. recipe 252 in Kahl S�b�r¹ 152f. and S�b�r² 129 respectively (“stomachic”).

šahriy�r�n < Persian šahr-y�r�n lit. “friends of the city”, i.e. princes, kings, emperors and the like, cf. Vullers Lexicon 2/486; at the same time, Šahry�r is an Iranian proper name of ancient fame, see Justi Namenbuch 174.

56 See recipe 119.

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Persian Fil�niy�57—but compared to the other, the Greek is particularly renowned for this (eect); and hiera picra58 is of great bene�t when checking nausea in those who suer from colic.

Chapter Threeon

Powders

(76)The bole powder

for (the treatment of ) abrasionand yellow-bilious diarrhoea

Sweet basil seeds, plantain seeds, sorrel seeds, starch, gum-arabic, and purslane seeds one part of each; Armenian bole, rose seeds, and pome-granate �owers one and a half parts of each. (This) is roasted except the bole, and three dirham from it are swallowed dry with the quince only rob.59

(77)The pomegranate seed powder

which strengthens the stomach and the intestinesPomegranate seeds, the seeds of unripe grapes, the seeds of (ripe) grapes, myrtle seeds, Syrian carob, Nabataean carob, acorn, dried coriander soaked in sumach-water, and sumach one part of each; babul and Bengal quince one and a half parts of each. All (this) is then roasted, pounded, and a potion (may be made) by using three dirham (of it).

(78)The stalks powder

Roast the stalks of the service-tree, the lote-tree, the date-palm, the quince-tree, the Syrian carob-tree, and the mulberry-tree (bearing)

57 See recipe 120.58 On hiera picra see note 40 above.59 Compare recipe 161.

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immature (fruit), bring them together (in) equal (parts), and use them.

(79)A powder for those who suer from the cough

in conjunction with diarrhoeaSweet chestnut, the peels of dainty reddish almonds, Syrian carob, Nabataean carob, washed Armenian bole, gum-arabic, starch, purs-lane seeds, and poppy. (This) is roasted except the bole, and used.

(80)A powder which retains urine

Cyperus, Indian spikenard, French lavender, frankincense and the bark of its tree, and the grilled inner skins of acorn-cups in equal parts. (This) is pounded, brought together, and one mi�q�l from it is taken in the mornings and (again) at the end of the day.

(81)A powder which retains trickling urine

Acorn, the bark of the frankincense(-tree), myrrh, and elecampane in equal (parts). (This) is pounded, and one mi�q�l from it is swallowed dry, if necessary with wine boiled down to one quarter—(so) it is used, and sumach is eaten upon the powder.

(82)The cray�sh powder

for (the treatment of ) coughing uppurulent matter

The ashes of freshwater cray�sh ten dirham; gum-arabic, Cyprian bole, and light-coloured and dark-coloured poppy �ve dirham of each; tragacanth three dirham. (This) is �nely pounded, (and) a potion (may be made by using) a weight of two dirham (of it) with forty dirham ass’s milk; sometimes it is drunk with two �q�ya jujube beverage, and one may also take a mi�q�l from it at the end of the day together with poppy beverage.60

60 See recipe 191.

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(83)The maqliy���61 powder

for (the treatment of ) long-standingdiarrhoea, dysentery, gastric debility,

coldness, and haemorrhoidsFried garden peppercress one and a half ral; leek seeds and cumin half a ral of each; linseed one third of a ral; mastic one �q�ya; chebulic and black Indian myrobalan fried in cow’s ghee one fourth of a ral each. All (this) is roasted, brought together, and used.

(84)The hospital powder (called) maqliy���

Chebulic myrobalan, acorn, pomegranate �owers, and babul one part of each; pomegranate seeds two parts; oak gall half a part. The myro-balans, acorns, and oak galls are crushed and fried in rose oil, the pomegranate seeds are roasted. (This) is pounded, and used.

(85)A powder which is useful against epilepsy

according to Qus�62

Chebulic myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, mastic, French lavender, and polypody in equal parts. Three dirham from it are drunk every day.

(86)The purgative powder with cheese-water63

Yellow myrobalan, Socotra aloe, roses, tragacanth, scammony grilled in quinces, anise, washed Armenian stone, dodder, absinthe, French lavender, fumitory seeds, polypody, borage, turpeth, and agaric. Take from these (ingredients) whichever seem appropriate to be washed down in the (given) situation, and have three dirham of this (compound powder); or else con�ne yourself to three dirham of yellow myrobalan,

61 maqliy��� < Syriac maqly��� (root ql�) “roasted” (scil. ingredients), cf. Payne Smith Thesaurus 2/3620. and Schmucker �abar� 484f.

62 Qus� ibn L�q al-Ba labakk� (d. ca. 300/912) was a philosopher-physician, math-ematician, and translator of notably Greek scienti�c texts; as matters stand, I have not been able to trace the above reference in any of Qus�’s hitherto published medi-cal writings for which see Kahl “Qus�” 312 note 4 (adding L. Ambjörn, Qus� ibn L�q� on Numbness, Stockholm 2000).

63 For the preparation of cheese-water see recipe 226.

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pulverized like kohl and mixed with sweet almond oil and a similar (amount of ) sugar—(either way) swallow it dry and wash it down with cheese-water. You may also take black Indian myrobalan together with two d�niq (of ) Indian salt and grilled scammony or, for a cooling (eect), sugar and tabasheer. And as for substitute drugs (to go) with cheese-water it is possible to take tabasheer, the �esh of the barberry, roses,64 the peeled seeds of serpent melon, cucumber, and sweet gourd, purslane seeds, light-coloured poppy, white sandalwood, and things like that. This (remedy) is useful for (the treatment of ) hot tempers.

(87)A remedy which purges from (any)

viscid mucous residueGinger, turpeth, and sugar in equal parts. (These ingredients) are brought together by grinding and straining, and two dirham are swal-lowed dry (with) a potion of hot water.

(88)A purgative remedy with cold water

Turpeth one dirham; Indian salt one and a half dirham. (These) two (ingredients) are brought together by grinding and straining. (This) is swallowed dry, and cold water is drunk upon it; drinking hot water stops regurgitation.

(89)A remedy which is drunk with hot water,

and which expels viscid phlegm and black bileScammony seven q�r�; Socotra aloe ten q�r�; Cretan dodder twelve q�r�; polypody �ve q�r�. (These ingredients) are brought together by straining and are swallowed dry, whereafter hot water is taken. Ibn at-Tilm�� (says): “For those who cannot tolerate that, (prepare) an altogether perfect potion (by using) one d�niq scammony and one dirham polypody (instead)”.

64 Roses are in fact already mentioned at the beginning of the recipe as constitu-ents of the ‘standard’ composition.

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(90)A remedy which prevents geophagism

Kerman cumin and visnaga one part of each. (This) is chewed, and swallowed before food.

(91)Another for that

Grains of paradise, Malabar cardamom, and cubeb one part of each; sugar as much as the total (amount). (This) is ground, and swallowed dry on an empty stomach.

(92)A remedy which prevents geophagism

and other such wicked things, andwhich chases �atuses away

Kerman cumin and anise two dirham of each; cyperus, dry mint, and pennyroyal one mi�q�l of each; chebulic myrobalan, beleric myroba-lan, and emblic three dirham of each. The ingredients are pounded, white sugar candy is added to them in a weight matching their (total), (and) a potion (may be made by using) just one dirham (of it) with cold water.

(93)Another powder which purges from black bile,

and which is drunk with cheese-water65

Polypody and dodder two dirham of each; chebulic and black myro-balan �ve dirham of each; borage and lemon balm leaves three dirham of each; washed Armenian stone one dirham. A potion (may be made by using) one to two dirham (of it) at �rst, and twice as much towards the end.

65 For the preparation of cheese-water see recipe 226.

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(94)A powder which balances the (humoral)

mixture in the liver of someone who suersfrom jaundice following evacuation

Roses and tabasheer two dirham of each; lac half a dirham; saron and rhubarb one fourth of a dirham each; camphor one d�niq. If the natural disposition (of the patient) is retaining, (this remedy) is taken with the waters of plum, tamarind, and alhagi; if (the natural disposition) is balancing, (it is taken) with oxymel.

(95)A pastille for that as well

Barberry, tabasheer, and roses three dirham of each; endive seeds, gourd (seeds), cucumber (seeds), purslane seeds, lettuce, and white sandalwood one dirham of each; camphor one fourth of a dirham. (This) is formed into pastilles of two dirham.66

(96)A remedy for him who had contaminated foodthat will not pass through (the digestive tract);it softens the belly without (causing) stings or

(any other) damage—from al-Mas��� 67

Dry �gs and sa�ower pulp one part of each. (These) two (ingredients) are pounded, and a bit of pulverized fresh dodder is added. (This) is used as necessary. Ibn at-Tilm�� (says): “If (the amount of ) �gs and sa�ower is one hundred dirham altogether, then (the amount of ) dod-der should be ten dirham to ten mi�q�l; and between ten and �fteen dirham of this (remedy) are taken”.

66 This recipe should rather be expected to �gure in chapter one on pastilles.67 �s ibn Ya�y al-Mas��� (d. 401/1010) was a famous physician, one of the teach-

ers of Avicenna, and best known as the author of a medical encyclopaedia entitled al-Mi�a which Ibn at-Tilm�� himself furnished with notes and glosses, cf. introduction 2.b.2.c; however, I have not been able to trace the above reference in this most likely source of information for which see Sanagustin Livre passim.

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(97)A powder for (the treatment of )

palpitations of the heart due to heatThe pulp of serpent melon seeds, cucumber seeds, and gourd (seeds), barberry, Armenian bole, roses, and tabasheer two dirham of each; amber and pure lignaloes one dirham of each; Fan��r camphor68 one fourth of a dirham; mastic one third of a dirham. All (this) is pounded, and as required swallowed dry with apple-water or pomegranate-water.

(98)A powder which suppresses haemorrhage

Haematite, amber, dragon’s blood, red coral, Yemenite alum, pome-granate �owers, and Armenian bole �ve dirham of each. (This) is pounded, swallowed dry together with sumach infusion, and admin-istered for seven days.

(99)A powder which crumbles kidney stones

The seeds of cucumber, gourd, serpent melon, musk melon, marsh-mallow, and fennel one dirham of each; saxifrage seeds and plum muci-lage two dirham of each; Jews’ stone half a dirham. (This) is pounded, strained, and drunk with a decoction which is prepared as follows—boil two dirham caltrop seeds in twelve dirham water until half (of it) is left, (then) throw into it one �q�ya �eawort maceration and �ve dirham sugar, and make that last for seven days.

(100)A powder which crumbles kidney stones69

for the cold-temperedBalm seeds, radish seeds, the peels of the caper root, the peels of the opopanax root, bitter almonds, bay laurel seeds, citronella, cyperus, Indian spikenard, rusty back fern, harmala, Greek gentian, birthwort,

68 On Fan��r see note 1 above.69 For a parallel transmission (with minor variants) see recipe 54 which more

appropriately �gures in chapter two on pills and hierata.

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asarabacca, Jews’ stone, wild caraway, ammoniacum, myrrh, saga-penum, bdellium mukul, black pepper, and sweet �ag in equal parts. (These ingredients) are pounded, thoroughly mixed with balm oil, kneaded with all the aforesaid (and) thence dissolved resins, made into pills, (and) a potion (may be prepared by using) from them a weight of one dirham together with one d�niq from scorpions’ ashes.70

(101)Another powder for (the treatment of )

kidney stones in the hot-temperedThe pulp of serpent melon seeds, cucumber (seeds), gourd (seeds), musk melon (seeds), dark-coloured chickpeas, marshmallow seeds, fennel seeds, and scorpions’ ashes three dirham of each; plum muci-lage �ve dirham; Jews’ stone �ve dirham; maidenhair three dirham; the calci�ed shells of hatched eggs in a weight of two dirham. (This) is pounded, brought together, and a potion (may be made) by using from it a weight of two dirham with water in which had been cooked caltrop seeds.

(102)A powder which crumbles

the kidney stones of childrenMusk melon seeds ten (dirham); plum mucilage and saxifrage seeds �ve dirham of each. (This) is brought together, pounded, and used.

(103)A powder for (the treatment of ) diabetes

Dry coriander and red roses �ve dirham of each; the seeds of the sour pomegranate ten dirham; myrtle seeds four dirham. (This) is roasted except the roses, pounded, strained, (and) a potion (may be made by using) three dirham (of it).

70 See recipe 55.

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Chapter Fouron

Electuaries

(104)An electuary which increases sexual potency

Carrot seeds, onion seeds, radish seeds, rocket seeds, lucerne seeds, the pulp of cotton seeds, green-winged orchid, sweet alecost, ginger, wall�ower, common ash, parsnip, the two sea lavenders,71 long pep-per, and asafoetida resin one part of each. All (this) is pounded, and three dirham from it are taken in the morning as well as before going to sleep; and the diet (should consist of ) a thick bouillon72 with fat meat, broad beans, chickpeas, egg white, cinnamom, and galingale, or with chopped and grilled �sh.

(105)Sulaim’s yellow73

for (the treatment of ) black-bilious palpitationsWhite pepper, ginger, and Indian salt six dirham of each; opium, castoreum, clove, mastic, pellitory, and alecost �ve dirham of each; red bryony which is f�šr�,74 white bryony which is šašband�n,75 cype-rus, zerumbet, great leopard’s bane, and ‘long’ birthwort two dir-ham of each; balm oil and camphor-water four dirham of each. (These

71 That is red sea lavender Limonium vulgare and white sea lavender Centaurea behen, cf. Schmucker �abar� 122f.

72 isb�db��a “thick bouillon” < Persian isp�d-b� “cibi genus ex carne, cepis, butyro, oleo, apio et coriandro paratum”, see Vullers Lexicon 1/92; cf. also Dozy Supplément 1/20.

73 The identity of Sulaim, clearly a proper name, is uncertain. �abar� Firdaus 453, when introducing a variant transmission of this recipe, mentions that one Slym an-Nkr�w� (sic) used it (ista�malahu)—a passage which Schmucker �abar� 75 leaves in limbo; Qalnis� Aqr�b��n 43 and 49, when mentioning a recipe of the same name, says that its inventor Slym was a mandatary (wak�l) of Abdallh ibn Ab� Bakr (d. ca. 12/633), a son of the �rst caliph—a statement which according to Fellmann Qal�nis� 116 is based on the physician Ab� l-Fara� Ibn Hind� (d. 410/1019 or 420/1029). Why this compound should also be called yellow is even more obscure; the only reason I can possibly think of is a designation contraria contrariis, i.e. a yellow remedy to counter a black-bilious condition, implying of course that the drug did actually have a yellow colour once made and administered.

74 f�šr� is the (somewhat mistakenly) arabicized form of Syriac alpašr� “red bry-ony” Bryonia dioica, see Schmucker �abar� 520f.

75 šašband�n is Persian for “white bryony” Bryonia alba, see Schmucker �abar� 265f.

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ingredients) are brought together by pounding and straining, and (then) by kneading them with clari�ed honey. (This) is �lled into a glass vessel well below the brim, and left.

(106)The smaller ir�fal76

which is useful against laxity and moistnessof the stomach, haemorrhoidal cramps, it straightens

the mind, and embellishes the complexionStoneless chebulic, yellow, and black myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, and emblic in equal parts. (This) is pounded, strained, mixed with sweet almond oil, kneaded with clari�ed honey, stored in a vessel, and a potion (may be made) by using three dirham (of it).

(107)The larger ir�fal77

which increases the sexual potency ofthose who have a moist-cold temper

Stoneless chebulic and black myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, the ‘milk’ of emblic, black pepper, and long pepper three dirham of each; gin-ger, green-winged orchid, mace, Indian garden cress, parsnip, red and white wall�ower, common ash, wild pomegranate seeds which are the seeds of qilqil,78 peeled sesame, white sugar candy, light-coloured poppy, and the two sea lavenders79 one dirham of each. (These ingre-dients) are brought together by pounding and straining, and (then) by kneading them with clari�ed honey which had been mixed before with cow’s ghee. (This) is stored in a vessel, and used.

76 ir�fal < Sanskrit triphal� (not to be confused with ���������), a name sometimes given to such compounds which are based on the following ‘group of myrobalans’: Terminalia chebula var. citrina (Sanskrit har�tak� / Arabic hal�la� or ihl�la�), Terminalia bellerica (Sanskrit vibh�tak� / Arabic bal�la�), and Phyllanthus emblica (Sanskrit �malak� / Arabic amla�), see Schmucker �abar� 75f.

77 On ir�fal see note 76 above. 78 qilqil is, strictly speaking, a name for the East Indian cassia variety Cassia tora, but

its identi�cation with the pomegranate Punica granatum sspp. goes back a long way, see e.g. Schmucker �abar� 357.

79 See note 71 above.

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(108)The raisin electuary

for those who suer from epilepsyChebulic and yellow myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, emblic, and French lavender ten dirham of each; paeony which is f�w�niy� 80 �ve dirham; pellitory seven dirham. Pound (this), bring it together, take one ral (of ) seedless raisins, pound (that), and knead the (other) ingredients with it. A potion (may be made by using) �ve dirham (of it).

(109)The minty electuary

for (the treatment of ) cold pains in the bowelsWatermint, mountain mint, parsley, and moon carrot twelve dirham of each; celery seeds, chamomile, and calamint four dirham of each; lovage �fteen dirham; black pepper forty-four dirham. (These ingredi-ents) are brought together by pounding and straining, (and then by kneading them) with thrice as much clari�ed honey. A potion (may be made by using) just one mi�q�l (of it) with hot water.

(110)The happy end electuary

which is useful against melancholiaBlack myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, and emblic ten dirham of each; polypody, dodder, French lavender, and turpeth �ve dirham of each. (This) is pounded, kneaded, (and) a potion (may be made by using) �ve dirham (of it). Sometimes, on a day when it seems necessary to stimulate nature, (this remedy) is enforced by an appropriate amount of Armenian stone and agaric—(such that) �ve dirham of these two and twice as much or a little bit more of the (other) ingredients are added to and kneaded with one dirham or one mi�q�l (of ) honey; the latter may be replaced by sugar, dissolved (and) thickened like honey.

80 f�w�niy� is the arabicized form of ������� “paeony” Paeonia o�cinalis, see Schmucker �abar� 308.

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(111)The Greek sealing bole electuary

which is useful against lethal poisonsthat were drunk or emptied into human

bodies by reptiles and (other) verminGreek bole and bay laurel seeds two dirham of each; gazelle’s rennet eight dirham; hare’s rennet four dirham; Greek gentian, ‘rolled’ birth-wort, rue seeds, myrrh, and bay laurel leaves one dirham of each. (These ingredients) are brought together by straining, and (then) by knead-ing them with clari�ed honey. (This) is stored, and as required a potion (may be made) by using (from it an amount) similar to a broad bean.

(112)A delightful hot electuary

for (the treatment of ) palpitations occurringfrom coldness; it heats and strengthens theheart, and it does the same to the stomach

Canella, clove, cinnamom, and Indian spikenard one part of each; usnea, opercula of snail shells, pomegranate, and sweet basil two parts of each; saron and mastic half a part of each. (This) is ground, and kneaded with clari�ed honey.

(113)A delightful cold (remedy)

which, among other things, is good forthe hot liver, and whose bene�ts are

opposite to those of the formerLight-coloured poppy, dry coriander, and sweet musk melon seeds three parts of each; white tabasheer, red roses, and borage one and a half parts of each; barberry sap and sealing bole one part of each. (This) is ground, and kneaded with honey in which are preserved myrobalans.

(114)A delightful balancing (remedy)

The two sea lavenders81 �ve parts of each; stoneless chebulic myro-balan twenty dirham; fumitory, borage, and lemon balm ten dirham

81 See note 71 above.

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of each; coriander, tabasheer, and sealing bole three dirham of each; raw silk cocoons which had been scorched—not burnt to ashes—so that they char and can be ground, Maq��r sandalwood,82 and pista-chio skins two dirham of each; red coral, pearls, and the �nest amber one dirham of each; raw Indian lignaloes half a mi�q�l. Pound these ingredients, and mix them together. (Then) take from apple-water, fragrant quince(-water), sour citron-water, barberry-water, sourish pomegranate-water, rose-water, and (from) the �nest aromatic wine or wine boiled down to one half (an amount of ) one fourth of a ral each. Bring the waters together, melt into them three ral (of ) pure sugar, skim o the scum, and let them gain the consistency of honey. (Finally) knead the (previous) ingredients with it. (This) is stored, and every day a spoonful or �ve dirham from it are taken; and the diet to go along with it (should consist) in most cases of barberry relish or sweetened spoon-meat.83

(115)An electuary which helps particularly

those who have a moist temper to improve(their) memory—from al-Kind� 84

Lucerne seeds two dirham; sweet �ag one dirham. (This) is pounded, mixed with cow’s ghee, and kneaded with honey.

(116)A delightful wholesome (remedy containing)

a precious stoneMountain borage, lemon balm, sweet basil seeds, and red and white sea lavender seven dirham of each; cinnamom, dry coriander, tabasheer, amber, red coral, raw Indian lignaloes, and burnt raw silk cocoons—as described before85—in a weight of two dirham each; sealing bole and unpierced pearls one mi�q�l of each; saron one dirham; clove two dirham; zerumbet and great leopard’s bane three dirham of each; gold,

82 On Maq��r see note 5 above.83 On z�rb�� (a sidekick of z�rb��a) “spoon-meat” see note 37 above.84 For a full-blown version of this recipe, adopted from Ya q�b ibn Is�q al-Kind�’s

(d. shortly after 256/870) dispensatory originally entitled al-I�tiy�r�t, see Levey Kind� 32f. no. 2.

85 See the instruction given in recipe 114 regarding the ‘burning’ of silk.

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silver, and ruby �lings two d�niq of each; orache two dirham; cubeb and grains of paradise three dirham of each; emblic soaked in aromatic wine and then roasted twenty dirham; the petals of Persian roses �ve dirham; the bark of Maq��r sandalwood86 three dirham. Pound the ingredients �nely, and bring them together. (Then) take from chebulic myrobalans preserved in honey half a ral, from julep having gained the consistency of honey one and a half mann at most, and from seed-less Rziq� raisins87 just one ral. Pound the raisins by sprinkling on them rose-water and a bit of aromatic wine so as to mix them prop-erly. (Finally) blend all the (other) ingredients with it, and with the myrobalan honey and the consolidated julep, and whip that well until its parts are even. (This) is stored in a vessel of glass or porcelain, and every day two to three mi�q�l (of it) are used.

(117)Again a delightful balancing (remedy)

The two sea lavenders,88 chebulic myrobalan, senna, fumitory, roses, and borage in equal parts. (These ingredients) are kneaded with thrice as much honey.

(118)The asafoetida resin electuary

Asafoetida resin, black pepper, myrrh, and rue leaves in equal parts. (This) is kneaded with honey, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one dirham (of it).

(119)The Greek Fil�niy�89

which eases colical pains and the likeWhite pepper and henbane seeds twenty mi�q�l of each; opium ten mi�q�l; saron �ve mi�q�l; spurge, Indian spikenard, and pellitory one

86 On Maq��r see note 5 above.87 Rziq�—“les raisins qui portent ce nom sont petits, blancs et à très-petits pépins”,

see Dozy Supplément 1/524.88 See note 71 above.89 Fil�niy� < !��"��� or, correctly, !��"���� “(remedy) invented by Philo”, see

Liddell/Scott Lexicon 1942 with Dozy Supplément 2/282; this recipe is also known as Philonium romanum, see e.g. Schmucker �abar� 324. On Philo of Tarsos, a ‘poet-physician’ and pharmacologist of the late Hellenistic period, see DkP 4/776 no. 13.

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mi�q�l of each. (This) is kneaded with clari�ed honey, (and) a potion (may be made by using from it an amount similar to) a chickpea with tepid water.

(120)The Persian Fil�niy�90

for (the treatment of ) bleeding and a laxconstitution; it (also) protects the unborn

White pepper and henbane seeds twenty dirham of each; opium and sealing bole ten dirham of each; saron �ve dirham; spurge, Indian spikenard, and pellitory two dirham of each; castoreum one dirham; zerumbet, great leopard’s bane, unpierced pearls, and musk half a dirham of each; camphor one and a half d�niq; and (enough) clari�ed honey to knead (the ingredients) with. A potion (may be made by using) one dirham (of it) with any suitable beverage.

(121)A delightful cold (remedy)

Tabasheer ten dirham; rose petals �ve dirham; borage ten dirham; bar-berry sap �ve dirham; Greek bole seven dirham; the ‘milk’ of emblic �fteen dirham; Maq��r sandalwood91 two dirham; dry coriander two dirham; the ‘outer’ shells of the pistachio two dirham; great leopard’s bane from Greece two dirham; the two sea lavenders,92 amber, red coral, and unpierced pearls two dirham of each; saron two d�niq; pure gold and unalloyed silver one mi�q�l of each; ruby half a mi�q�l; raw silk cocoons which had been burnt in an earthen bowl with its top closed one dirham. Pound the ingredients, and turn the gold and silver into �lings—either by scraping it over a new whetstone and (then) wash it or by rasping it with a small-toothed �le. Bring everything together in ground form. Then take from sour apple-water and from sour citron-water �fteen dirham each, and from ��zistn sugar93 two mann; melt

90 On Fil�niy� see note 89 above; this recipe is also known as Philonium persicum, see e.g. Schmucker �abar� 324.

91 On Maq��r see note 5 above.92 See note 71 above.93 ��zistn is a province in southwestern Iran which in the Middle Ages was famous

for its sugar plantations and in the 4th/10th century even had a monopoly on the sale of cane-sugar throughout Iran, Iraq, and Arabia, see Wiedemann Aufsätze 2/306 and Savory “Kh�zistn” 80.

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the sugar with the waters, skim o the scum, and let them gain the consistency of honey. (This) is put into a broad jug (made of ) china (clay) so that it can breathe, and as required �ve dirham to �ve mi�q�l (of it) are used.

(122)An ir�fal94

which rids the stomach and the adjacent(organs) as well as the head from phlegmand black bile; it is safe (to be used even)

by a pregnant woman who is breast-feedingStoneless chebulic, yellow, and black Indian myrobalan, beleric myro-balan, and emblic twelve dirham of each; scraped (and) inspissated white turpeth ten dirham; anise two dirham; fresh dodder �ve dirham. Pound (that), mix it with forty dirham sweet almond oil, and knead it with three ral of ��zistn sugar95—(the latter you prepare by) evaporating one mann of rose-water and borage-water to half (of that amount), (then) by cooking (the sugar) in it, skimming o the scum, and letting it gain the consistency of honey. (This) is stored in a jug, (and) a potion (may be made by using) �ve mi�q�l (of it).

(123)The happy end electuary96

for those who suer from melancholiaBlack myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, and emblic ten dirham of each; polypody, dodder, French lavender, and turpeth �ve dirham of each. (This) is pounded, kneaded with honey, (and) a potion (may be made by using) �ve dirham (of it). If it appears necessary to enforce the pur-gative (eect) of this (remedy), one mi�q�l of agaric and Armenian stone is put into a single potion.

(124)An electuary which is useful against epilepsy

Bay laurel seeds four dirham; moon carrot three dirham; ‘rolled’ birth-wort two dirham; paeony root three dirham; castoreum two dirham; the

94 On ir�fal see note 76 above. 95 On ��zistn see note 93 above.96 For a parallel transmission (with minor variants) see recipe 110.

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squill pastilles97 one dirham. (This) is kneaded, and one spoonful from it is drunk with honey-water or squillitic oxymel.98 Pellitory on its own, kneaded with honey, is (also) useful against epilepsy.

(125)An electuary which protects from poisons

Take sealing bole and bay laurel seeds ten dirham of each. (This) is pounded, strained, kneaded with cow’s ghee and clari�ed honey, and used before and after food.

(126)An electuary which is useful againstvitiligo—it is proven by experience

Reddish Cretan dodder thirteen dirham; yellow myrobalan thirty-two dirham; black and chebulic myrobalan seven dirham of each; very sweet seedless raisins twelve dirham. All (this) is pounded until it resembles marrow, ground with violet oil or almond oil, and every morning a quantity of one walnut is taken from it, and likewise in the evening.

(127)An electuary which is useful against

fear and black bileBlack myrobalan twelve (dirham); dodder �fteen (dirham); harmala, sweet basil seeds, white wild marjoram, agaric, black hellebore, and borage �fteen (dirham) of each; French lavender ten (dirham); clove two dirham; lemon balm, citron rinds, and sweet basil three dirham of each; nutmeg and sukk99 one dirham of each. (This) is �nely pounded, kneaded with currants and honey, and used.

(128)An electuary which is useful against

facial paralysisKerman cumin �ve dirham; frankincense one mi�q�l; globe thistle which is �az��100 two dirham; white pepper one dirham; clove, nutmeg,

97 See e.g. Ibn S�n Q�n�n 3/314,12–17. 98 Compare recipe 186. 99 On sukk see note 4 above. 100 �az�� is, strictly speaking, a name for the wild variety of dill Anethum silvestre,

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and saron half a mi�q�l of each. All (this) is �nely pounded, kneaded with clari�ed honey, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one to two dirham (of it).

(129)The large marking-nutty (remedy)

which is a treacle against hemiplegia,tremor, and apoplexy in particular, and

all (kinds of ) cold disordersGinger, pellitory, black cumin, alecost, black pepper, long pepper, and sweet �ag ten dirham of each; rue leaves, asafoetida resin, gentian, birthwort, bay laurel seeds, castoreum, garden cress, and mustard �ve dirham of each; the ‘honey’ of marking nuts �ve dirham and one third (of a dirham). (This) is �nely pounded, mixed with walnut oil, kneaded with clari�ed honey, (and) a potion (may be made by using) from it (an amount) similar to one hazelnut.

(130)The small marking-nutty (remedy)

for (the treatment of ) lichen, weakness of sight,(the symptoms of ) ageing, and forgetfulness

Black myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, and emblic ten dirham of each; frankincense, globe thistle, black pepper, ginger, and the ‘honey’ of marking nuts �ve dirham of each; and (enough) bee honey to bring (the ingredients) together. A potion (may be made) as (with) the pre-vious (remedy), but sometimes sweet �ag, cyperus, and Indian spike-nard are added to it (in a weight of ) �ve dirham each.

(131)An electuary which is very useful

against epilepsyPellitory, moon carrot, and French lavender ten dirham of each; agaric, wild caraway, good asafoetida resin, ‘rolled’ birthwort, asphodel which is the root of ašr�s,101 balm seeds, and paeony two and a half dirham of

but not uncommonly identi�ed with the globe thistle Echinops ruthenicus var. sphaero-cephalus, see e.g. Schmucker �abar� 176f. and 223f.

101 ašr�s is another name for asphodel Asphodelus spp., see Löw P�anzennamen 290.

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each; chebulic, yellow, and black Indian myrobalan �fteen dirham of each. Express the juice of the squill, pour on it the same (amount of ) honey, cook (that), and (then) knead the (previous) ingredients with it—this is an excellent (and) eective (preparation) from which you may draw the utmost bene�t by regularly employing it with (the rem-edies called) hiera Hermes102 and small marking-nutty.103

(132)An electuary which is useful against

chill, and which intensi�es (the desire for)sexual intercourse

Galingale twelve dirham; carrot seeds and rocket seeds �fteen dirham of each. All (this) is �nely pounded, kneaded with clari�ed honey, (and) at bedtime a potion (may be made by using from it an amount) similar to one walnut.

Chapter Fiveon

Stomachics

(133)The hammer-scale stomachic

which is useful against gastric debilityThe petals of Persian roses, Maq��r sandalwood,104 Indian spike-nard, the �esh of the barberry, chebulic, yellow, and black myroba-lan, beleric myrobalan, emblic, washed Armenian bole, coriander, tabasheer, borage, cinnamom, cubeb, grains of paradise, mastic, areca, cyperus, pistachio shells, �anf lignaloes,105 dry mint, myrtle, and the

102 See e.g. recipe 38 in Kahl S�b�r¹ 61 and S�b�r² 51 respectively (“electuary”). On Hermes (Hirmis < #���) Trismegistos and Hermetism in Islam see Ullmann NGw 368–378 and passim; hiera < ���� “(remedy �lled with or manifesting) divine (power)”, see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 820 and 822.

103 See recipe 130.104 On Maq��r see note 5 above.105 �anf is the Arabic name for the historical state of Champa which covered

roughly the middle part of modern Vietnam and was famous for its excellent aloes, see Tibbetts Study 159f. with map 5 and Lamant “�anf” 17.

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dried �eshless rinds of the yellow citron one part of each; Basra iron oxide prepared with sour vinegar and potash three parts. Pound these ingredients �nely, and mix them together. (Then) take from ��zistn sugar106 as much as their total, melt it in rose-water, skim o the scum, and wait until it sticks to the hand a little. (Now) strew the ingredients on it, and whip (that) until (all) parts are absorbed. (Finally) besmear a plate of silver or marble with superb rose oil, spread the stomachic over it, cut it in span-long pieces, leave these to dry, store them in a glass (vessel), and use from them (a quantity of ) one or two mi�q�l.

(134)The astringent quince stomachic

Take coreless peeled quinces and clari�ed honey two ral of each; black pepper, long pepper, and ginger �ve dirham of each; cardamom one dirham; grains of paradise, clove, Indian spikenard, cinnamom, and saf-fron two dirham of each. These ingredients are brought together by pounding and straining. The quinces (however) are cooked in wine, which is the original, or wine boiled down to (either) one half or one third or raisin wine and honey—some physicians cook them in fra-grant vinegar but aromatic wine is more appropriate—, then taken o the �re, drained so as to loose all moisture, and �nely pounded; the puri�ed honey (in turn), which should be (�avoured with) savory and (in quality) superb, is cooked on a low �ame. (Now) sprinkle the ingre-dients on it, and mix (that) until it is even. (Finally) spread it over a marble (plate) covered with superb rose oil, cut it in span-long pieces (weighing) about four mi�q�l each, wrap them into citron leaves, and store these in a glass (vessel). Some physicians add to this (remedy) a bit of Tibetan musk.

(135)The purgative quince stomachic

Take peeled quinces two ral; clari�ed honey two ral; ginger and long pepper four dirham of each; cinnamom two dirham; cardamom, grains of paradise, and saron three dirham of each; mastic �ve dirham; scam-mony ten dirham; white turpeth thirteen dirham. (These ingredients)

106 On ��zistn see note 93 above.

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are brought together by pounding and straining. The quinces (how-ever) are cooked in wine or wine boiled down to one half or raisin wine and honey, and (the remedy) is prepared in exactly the same (way) as the previous. (Then) it is stored, (and) a potion (may be made by using) four dirham from it with hot water.

(136)A delightful stomachic from al-Kind�107

Roses six dirham; cyperus �ve (dirham); clove, mastic, Indian spike-nard, and asarabacca three dirham of each; canella, orache, and saron two dirham of each; cardamom, mace, grains of paradise, and nutmeg one dirham of each. Grind (this), and strain it through a cloth of silk. Then take one ral (of ) emblic, cook it in nine ral water until one third of it is left, throw half a ral (of ) bee honey on it, and cook (this) until it thickens. (Now) strew the ingredients on it, stir (that) with a broad willow-wood stick, store it, (and make) a potion (by using) two and a half mi�q�l (of it). Sometimes sweet basil, lemon balm, pearls, and laurel (in a quantity of ) two dirham each are cast into the ingredients, and one d�niq (of ) musk may be added (as well); and (then there are) some people who set the mace, the grains of paradise, and the nutmeg at two dirham each.

(137)A hospital stomachic which is useful against

incontinence of urine by retaining itCyperus, Indian spikenard, French lavender, frankincense and the bark of its tree, acorns and the inner skins of their cups, and cumin in equal parts. A potion (may be made by using) one mi�q�l (of it) in the morning, and just as much in the evening.

107 For the archetype of this recipe, adopted from Ya q�b ibn Is�q al-Kind�’s (d. shortly after 256/870) dispensatory originally entitled al-I�tiy�r�t, see Levey Kind� 32–35 no. 3.

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(138)The hammer-scale remedy

(also) called fan�n�š 108

—according to Ra�� al-I�fahn�109—which is useful against gastric and hepatic

debility, and which embellishes the complexionYellow, black Indian, and chebulic myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, and the clear ‘milk’ of emblic seven dirham of each; barberry, sumach, roses, and fumitory �ve dirham of each; fennel seeds, endive (seeds), dried Baghdad �ax dodder, dry coriander, and Kerman cumin three q�r� of each; Bengal quince and Maq��r sandalwood110 two dirham of each. Pound all (this) coarsely, and put it in a double cloth of linen; take half a ral from light brittle fragmented Basra iron oxide which had been soaked in vinegar for fourteen days then dried (and) roasted, grind it, and put it in another double cloth. Hang the two cloths into (one of the) porcelain vessels, pour over them one and a half ral of recent curd, and throw onto it a small bunch of each of these herbs—rue, celery, mint, sweet basil, and fresh fennel; leave (that) for a day and a night; then strain from it half a ral (of liquid) every day after having repeatedly squeezed the two cloths, and sprinkle on it every day half a mi�q�l of the following ingredients, ground and combined—white tabasheer, fresh barberry sap, and Chinese rhubarb one dirham of each, and clear lac and Persian pomegranate �owers half a mi�q�l of each. (This is the medicine) you take. Renew the herbs every third day and the curd every day (in order) to replace what has been drunk; rinse the receptacle containing the curd every second or third day so as to prevent (the growth of ) mould; clean the brim of this vessel sev-eral times a day from the stu that has gathered upon it; and keep the vessel in a draughty place during the day, and at night cover it with a cloth and expose it to the air.

108 fan�n�š < Persian pan�-n�š, a name originally given to an “electuarium e quinque rebus compositum”, see Vullers Lexicon 1/376; later the term apparently became inde-pendent and was used, for reasons I cannot explain, as the name of an “electuarium e scoria ferri [!], vino et oleo amygdalarum paratum”, see Vullers Lexicon 2/693 with Schmucker �abar� 326f.

109 I have not been able to identify this man. There is a mention en passant in Ibn Ab� U�aibi a �Uy�n 1/240,–6 of a physician (ab�b) from �ursn bearing the (not exactly widespread) name of Ra�� (probably short for Ra��add�n) and who �gures among the contemporaries of Ab� l-Fara� Abdallh ibn a�-�aiyib (d. 435/1043)—but this is little to go by.

110 On Maq��r see note 5 above.

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(139)A lignaloes stomachic

which strengthens the cold stomachbut not in those who are heated (by a fever),

it digests the food, and absorbs phlegmIndian spikenard which is sunbul a-�b,111 Greek spikenard which is n�rd�n iql�� and (also) called maiba��ša,112 celery seeds, anise, and mas-tic one dirham of each; lignaloes three dirham; clove two dirham; mace two and a half dirham; canella and sukk113 two dirham of each; chebulic myrobalan soaked in wine two and a half dirham; nutmeg one and a half dirham; wild marjoram three dirham; roses and lemon grass two dirham of each. (This) is kneaded with quince wine, (and) a potion (may be made by using) two mi�q�l (of it).

(140)A lignaloes stomachic from Ibn S�n114

Cardamom, ginger, cinnamom, cassia, saron, black pepper, sweet basil, and zerumbet �ve dirham of each; cyperus, orache, Indian laurel, and clove three dirham of each; raw lignaloes seven dirham; amber-gris one mi�q�l; lapis lazuli the same; camphor two d�niq; turpeth four dirham; Indian salt one dirham. All (this) is ground, and made into a stomachic with honey or sugar.

(141)The bishop’s stomachic

which loosens the belly and chases�atuses away; it is useful against

foul smells, haemorrhoidal cramps,pain in the hip and pelvic bones, andcolic; and it increases sexual potency

Take from white turpeth and scammony �ve mi�q�l each; white pepper and grains of paradise three mi�q�l of each; ginger, cinnamom, emblic,

111 sunbul a-�b is another name for Indian spikenard Valeriana jatamansi, see Schmucker �abar� 248f.

112 n�rd�n iql�� lit. “Celtic nard” is another name for Greek spikenard Valeriana cel-tica, see Schmucker �abar� 248f. and 497f.; maiba��ša (originally corresponding to $ %�� ���%�� �&��) is its Persian equivalent, see Dozy Supplément 2/634f.

113 On sukk see note 4 above.114 For this recipe from al-�usain ibn Abdallh Ibn S�n’s (d. 428/1037) famous

medical encyclopaedia see Ibn S�n Q�n�n 3/359,3–7.

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mace, clove, and nutmeg one mi�q�l of each; white sugar half a ral. All (this) is pounded, strained through a �ne-meshed sieve, kneaded with clari�ed honey, and as required a potion (may be made) by using four mi�q�l (of it).

(142)A lignaloes stomachic

Indian lignaloes three dirham; the rinds of the yellow citron with its �esh two dirham; cinnamom and anise one dirham of each; saron half a dirham; sugar one mann.

(143)Another lignaloes stomachic

Ginger two dirham; cinnamom three dirham; clove three dirham; wild marjoram three dirham; anise three dirham; mastic two dirham; saron one dirham; lignaloes �ve dirham; mace two dirham; zerumbet two dirham; sugar one mann; aromatic wine one ral. (The wine) is cooked, the (other) ingredients are brought together in ground form, and (all this) is made (into a stomachic which) is wrapped into citron leaves.

(144)The cuminy stomachic

for (the treatment of ) chill and acid belchingKerman cumin soaked in wine vinegar for a day and a night (then) dried (and) roasted, rue leaves dried in the shade, black pepper, and ginger thirty dirham of each; Armenian borax ten (dirham). (This) is strained, kneaded with thrice as much clari�ed honey, (and) a potion (may be made by using) one to two dirham (of it).

(145)The datish stomachic

for (the treatment of ) retention and detentionwhen caused by coldness

Armenian borax, Kerman cumin, parsley, ginger, and white pepper twelve dirham of each; scammony �ve dirham; seedless Hair�n dates115

115 Hair�n is a crux—Freytag Lexicon 4/423 simply has al-hair�n “dactylorum

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or heavy red dates, almond nuts, and rue leaves ten dirham of each. The dates are soaked in wine vinegar for a day and a night, (then) pounded, and kneaded with the remaining ingredients (and) twice the total of honey.

(146)A stomachic for (the treatment of ) gastric

debility in conjunction with coldnessVisnaga, frankincense, cinnamom, mastic, raw lignaloes, and pista-chio shells. (This) is kneaded with honey and cooked emblic-water.

(147)The seed stomachic

which is useful against gastric �atulenceCaraway, anise, Kerman cumin, grains of paradise, canella, visnaga, and celery seeds two dirham of each; clove and Malabar cardamom half a dirham of each; ginger and long pepper two d�niq of each; sugar twenty mi�q�l. (This) is brought together, and as required two dirham (of it) are swallowed dry.

(148)The kings stomachic

which is a remedy of traditional choice(and) great reliability for those who have

a cold-moist temper(Stone)less black myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, and emblic thirty-six mi�q�l of each; black cumin twenty-four mi�q�l; black pepper, ammo-niacum, long pepper, ginger, and long pepper root two mi�q�l of each;

species”, Dozy Supplément 2/774 gives hair�n� “espèce de dattes inconnue au Maghrib”, and Schmucker �abar� 132 s.v. tamr Hair�n proceeds to a brief discussion of this well-attested yet obscure epithet. Phonetically it seems obvious that Hair�n should refer to Heron ('���) of Alexandria (�. ca. 100 CE), a Greek mathematician and mechanic who as such was also known to the Arabs, see DkP 2/1106–1109 and GaS 5/151–154; logically though it is of course much more tempting to associate Hair�n with Heras ((�)) of Cappadocia (�. early 1st century CE), a Greek physician and author of a pharmacological work entitled *��+�,, but we cannot say for sure whether he was known to the Arabs at all and, if so, whether it is his name that is hidden behind the mysterious Hwd�s, Hr�ws, and Hr�ds as quoted three times in Mu�ammad ibn Zakar�y� ar-Rz�’s (d. 313/925 or 323/935) huge medical encyclopaedia al-��w�, see DkP 2/1053 and GaS 3/58.

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cubeb and marking nut six mi�q�l of each. (This) is ground, dissolved in six hundred dirham of Si�istn candy116 or pomegranate-candy con-serve, kneaded, and used—when shaping this (remedy) into ‘hazel-nuts’, turn your hand in cow’s ghee; and take from it one ‘hazelnut’.

(149)The musk stomachic

for (the treatment of ) coldness of the bowelsand palpitations of the heart

Musk half a mi�q�l; cinnamom, nutmeg, canella, Malabar cardamom, clove, galingale, long pepper, and Indian lignaloes half an �q�ya of each; saron two dirham; white sugar candy half a ral. Bring all (this) toge-ther, and pound and strain it. Take an appropriate quantity (of ) honey, boil it, and remove the scum. Sprinkle the ingredients on it, throw (that) on a marble (plate), spread it, and cut it in span-long pieces.

(150)A good purgative stomachic

Turpeth two dirham; clove, nutmeg, saron, and lignaloes two d�niq of each; scammony one q�r�. (This) is pounded, strained, and formed into a stomachic with candied honey which (gives) a single potion.

(151)The visnaga stomachic

which is useful against gripes, gastric debility, and �atulence

Visnaga, celery seeds, and black cumin ten dirham of each; ginger two and a half dirham. Grind (this), boil honey, remove the scum, sprinkle the ingredients on it, and do what you do with stomachics.

116 Si�istn or S�stn is a region of eastern Iran which must have been quite famous for its candy, judging from the fact that “Si�istn candy” is mentioned in Arabic phar-maceutical literature with great nonchalance and just like a trade name.

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(152)The cardamom stomachic

which is useful against colical painand cold disorders

White turpeth two dirham; Chinese ginger ten dirham; cardamom and Antioch scammony �ve dirham of each; saron one dirham. Bring (this) together, and pound and strain it. Boil honey so as to condense it. Sprinkle the ingredients on it, stir (that), throw it on a marble (plate), spread it, cut it in span-long pieces, store these in a new clay vessel, (and make) a potion (by using) three to �ve mi�q�l (of them).

(153)A stomachic which purges from phlegm

Cardamom and anise one dirham of each; cinnamom, Indian salt, and scammony half a dirham of each; long pepper �ve q�r�; sugar four dirham. (This) is pounded, formed into a stomachic, (and) a potion (may be made by using) four dirham (of it) with tepid water.

Chapter Sixon

Lohochs and Robs

(154)The almond linctus117

for (the treatment of ) cough and sore throatGum-arabic, starch, tragacanth, liquorice rob, and Si�istn candy118 one part of each; quince seed pulp, the pulp of sweet gourd seeds, and peeled sweet almonds half a part of each. (This) is �nely pounded, kneaded with julep, and used as required together with sweet al-mond oil.

117 The rather unusual term used here for “linctus” is a straight borrowing from Syriac mea��� (i.q. -������) “res quae lingitur”, see Payne Smith Thesaurus 2/2076.

118 On Si�istn see note 116 above.

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(155)A diy�q� from Sb�r ibn Sahl119

Light-coloured poppy ten dirham; dark-coloured poppy ten dirham; marshmallow seeds, tragacanth, gum-arabic, hollyhock seeds, �ea-wort, and quince seeds �ve dirham of each; scraped (and) crushed liq-uorice root two dirham. All (this) is soaked in �ve ral rainwater for a day and a night, (then) cooked until half of the water is gone, strained over two ral (of ) the �nest wine and one ral (of ) pomegranate-candy conserve, condensed on a low �ame until it gains the consistency of a lohoch, stored, and used.

(156)The grape lohoch

Light-coloured poppy, gently pounded, �fty dirham; maidenhair twenty dirham; fennel one fourth (of that); hollyhock seeds and marshmal-low seeds of each one eighth; sebesten one fourth; liquorice root ten dirham; quince seeds ten dirham. All (this) is soaked in ten ral rainwa-ter for a day and a night, then cooked until half (of it) is gone, strained over an equal measure of the �nest matured grape wine and about half as much pomegranate-candy conserve, and condensed until it gains the consistency of a lohoch; once cooking is completed, �ve dirham each of strained tragacanth and ‘Persian gum’ which is almond mucilage are thrown into it, and (so it is) stored.

(157)The dark-coloured poppy lohoch

for those who suer from consumptionLight-coloured poppy, crushed, ten dirham; �eawort three dirham; hollyhock seeds and marshmallow (seeds) seven dirham of each. All (this) is cooked in one ral water until half (of it) is left, (then) strained, cooked (again) with one ral (of ) candy, mixed together with the pow-ders of one and a half �q�ya (of ) gum-arabic and ten dirham (of ) dark-coloured Egyptian poppy, condensed, and stored.

119 diy�q� < (.) %�� ��%��� lit. “(remedy made) with poppy capsules”, cf. Liddell/Scott Lexicon 1016 and then Dozy Supplément 1/480. This prescription appears to be a considerably modi�ed version of a rob against irritations of the respiratory tract in Sb�r ibn Sahl’s (d. 255/869) small dispensatory, cf. recipe 338 in Kahl S�b�r¹ 186f. and S�b�r² 156f. respectively.

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(158)A lohoch which is useful against asthma

Peeled almonds �ve dirham; maidenhair two dirham; liquorice rob one dirham; large pine nuts and pistachios three dirham of each; fen-nel seeds and hyssop one mi�q�l of each; vetch ‘beans’ and fenugreek (seeds) two dirham of each. (The ingredients) are brought together by pulping them with honey or (with) the �g decoction,120 and this paste is used (in a quantity of ) one to two mi�q�l with raisin-water or honey-water, both of which should be (made) hot.

(159)The hyssop lohoch

for those who suer from asthmaHyssop, white horehound, and fennel seeds three dirham of each; maidenhair and liquorice rob seven dirham of each; turpentine and fenugreek two dirham of each; seedless raisins twenty dirham. The ingredients are ground, the raisins and the resin121 (however) are soaked in wine boiled down to one quarter before they (too) are ground in a mortar. (This) is kneaded with one ral (of ) clari�ed honey, (and) as required a potion (may be made) by using (from it) a weight of one mi�q�l together with the �g decoction122 and bitter almond oil. Ibn at-Tilm�� (says): “For those whose humours are tenacious, the (dose to go with this) potion is by far higher than what we just mentioned”.

(160)A lohoch which dispels

tough phlegm from the chestPure myrrh, liquid storax, and the root of the sky-coloured iris three dirham of each. Liquefy altogether half a ral of clear raisin honey, �g (honey), and sugar, mix (everything) up, and take from it one spoonful at night.

120 Compare recipes 173 and 203.121 That is the turpentine.122 Compare recipes 173 and 203.

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(161)The quince rob

Cook the juice of quinces until it is reduced by one fourth, strain it, and leave it to clear completely; (then) cook it again until one half is left—that is from the original (amount of ) juice.

(162)The apple rob

Boil the juice (of apples) until one fourth (of it) is left, then store it. If it is (too) thin, you may have to expose it to the sun.

(163)The pomegranate only rob

Press ripe sourish pomegranates, boil their juice until one fourth (of it) is left, and expose it to the sun. In the same way (you prepare) the unripe grape rob. And if you want to take these robs sweetened, cook the juice until one half (of it) is left, throw into what remains a similar (amount) of sugar, and let that gain consistency.

(164)The mulberry rob

Express the juice of ripe Syrian mulberries and, if desired plain, boil it until one fourth (of it) is left; or else you may add to one ral of rob one dirham each of myrrh, alum, and saron.

(165)The walnut rob

(Prepare walnuts) in the same way (after having) removed their green husks, and consolidate (them), just as before, with myrrh, alum, and saron.

(166)The myrtle rob

Press ripe (myrtle) berries, and boil their juice until one fourth (of it) is left.

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(167)The �aisuw�n date123 rob

Extract the juice (of these dates), and boil it until one third (of it) is left.

(168)The sour citron rob

Boil the juice (of citrons) gently until one fourth (of it) is left.

(169)The light-coloured poppy rob

Crush the capsules of light-coloured poppies, press them, strain them, melt into this juice about half as much sugar, and let (that) gain consistency.

(170)The liquorice rob lohoch

for (the treatment of ) viscid residues in the chestLiquorice rob and tragacanth one �q�ya; peeled almonds and fennel in equal parts. Pound what can be pounded, soak what can be soaked, knead (all that) with clari�ed honey, and use (from it an amount) simi-lar to an hazelnut with the hyssop decoction.124

(171)A grape lohoch

for (the treatment of ) asthmaFennel seeds �ve dirham; moon carrot two dirham; ‘king �gs’125 �fteen fruits in number. Cook this in one mann (of ) the �nest matured grape

123 �aisuwn “ne signi�e pas, comme on lit chez Freytag, une excellente espèce de palmier, mais c’est le nom que porte dans l’Irâc une espèce de datte très-mûre et très-molle”, see Dozy Supplément 1/238.

124 See recipe 224; cf. also recipe 233.125 š�han��r < Persian š�h-an��r lit. “the king of �gs” denotes “la meilleure espèce de

�gues” and perhaps also “petite �gue qui n’est pas mûre”, see Dozy Supplément 1/717; according to Vullers, š�h-an��r is a kind of �g also called an��r waz�r� “species �ci albae et suavis”, see Lexicon 1/127; and Ibn at-Tilm�� himself describes these �gs once as “�eshy” and “yellowish” (recipe 224) and another time as “black” (recipe 375). In any case the expression “š�han��r �gs” (t�n š�han��r) is in part a tautology.

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ENGLISH TRANSLATION 233

wine together with half a ral of ��zistn sugar126 until one half (of it) is left, strain it, add to it ten dirham (of coagulated and then) ground liquorice rob, and let (that) gain consistency.

(172)For (the treatment of ) cold

tough-mattered chronic coughingEat �gs with walnut kernels, and prepare a lohoch from savory(-�a-voured) honey, liquid storax, pennyroyal, and turpentine.

(173)The �g lohoch

for those who suer from asthmaFigs, maidenhair, and pennyroyal. Cook the �gs, take their syrup, let it gain consistency, and add from those (other two ingredients) as (much as is) necessary; or cook them (at once) with the �gs, and strain (that).

(174)The m�rd�na� or ‘myrtle seed’127 rob

for (the treatment of ) abdominal disorderand torrential vomiting

Take from thick black aged il�� wine128 four jugfuls and from ripe black myrtle seeds six and a half ral, pour this wine over the seeds into a green trough,129 and leave (that) for six days; (then) press it and extract the juice (of the seeds) by straining the wine. (This) is put into one of the wine vessels, and used after six months.

126 On ��zistn see note 93 above.127 m�rd�na� < Persian m�rd-d�nah “semen myrti”, see Vullers Lexicon 2/822 s.v. krm

with 2/1226.128 According to Ibn at-Tilm��’s own expositions concluding recipe 217, il�� is “pure

wine of good quality” or “superior wine” and also a synonym of maifu�ta� “wine boiled (down to one quarter)”.

129 According to Ibn at-Tilm��’s own explanatory remark in recipe 247, a green trough (i���na �a�r��) is one that is made of porcelain (mu�a��ara); it was probably a vessel glazed in a green or blue-green colour by using copper silicates, cf. Levey Kind� 32 note *.

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(175)The m�rd�na� only (rob)

for (the treatment of ) an (increased) a�uxof blood, ulcerations, and the cough

Express the juice of myrtle seeds, cook it until more than one half (of it) is gone, (and make) a potion (by using) just one spoonful (of it).

(176)The pomegranate rob130

(This) is made by boiling the juice (of pomegranates) until it gains consistency.

(177)The fenugreek lohoch

which is useful against the coughLinseed �fteen dirham; Syrian fenugreek and peeled sweet almonds four dirham of each; tragacanth, scraped liquorice root, peeled pine nuts, peeled bitter almonds, wheat starch, and gum-arabic two dirham of each. Bring the ingredients together, grind what needs grinding and soak what needs soaking, then take wine boiled down to one third, boil it (again) to the point of coagulation, scatter the ingredients on it, mix (that) well, and store it in a glass vessel.

(178)The winner lohoch

Roses, service-berry mush, the ‘outer’ shells of the pistachio, pome-granate seeds, and barberry seeds �fteen dirham of each; sumach seven dirham; mint and myrtle two bunches. Cook (this) in three ral water until one ral is left, strain it, add to it tamarind-water, lemon-water, the water from unripe grapes, quince-water, and wine vinegar (in a quantity of ) �fteen dirham each, bring (all that) together (by stir-ring it), add to it two mann (of ) white sugar candy, boil (that) towards a (certain) consistency, then lift it into the sun until it gains the con-sistency (required) of lohochs, and (�nally) store it.

130 Compare recipe 163.

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(179)A lohoch for children

—drunk together with mothers’ milk—for (the treatment of ) heat and raucity in the chest

Liquorice rob, tragacanth, gum-arabic, and candy eight dirham of each; quince seed mucus two dirham; white sugar candy �fty dirham. Dissolve the candy and the sugar in fresh water, and cook (that) until it coagulates; (then) pound what must be pounded from the (other) ingredients, give also a bit of sweet almond oil to it, beat (all that) into an (even) mixture, and store it.

(180)The soft-rinded pomegranate131 lohoch

Take the juice of pomegranates, boil it, and remove the scum; once it is clear, throw into it white sugar candy at half of its weight, light a gentle �re below it, (and cook that) until it gains the consistency of a lohoch. Sometimes gum-arabic, starch, and tragacanth are added to it, each (in a weight equalling) one twentieth of the pomegranate juice.

(181)A lohoch for (the treatment of )

long-standing cough and hoarsenessCassia and olibanum ten dirham of each; liquorice root two dirham; myrrh, Indian spikenard, and tragacanth four dirham of each; honey as necessary. (This) is �nely pounded, and processed like the (other) lohochs.

(182)A lohoch for (the treatment of ) dry cough

Peeled sweet and bitter almonds, liquid storax, linseed, anise, tra-gacanth, and gum-arabic four dirham of each; sugar and candy �ve dirham of each. (This) is pounded, kneaded with fresh fennel-water, and stored.

131 iml�s� “soft-rinded” denotes “une variété de certains fruits, de grenades [. . .] et semble signi�er qui a la peau lisse”, see Dozy Supplément 2/620.

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Chapter Sevenon

Beverages

(183)The pandanus132 beverage

for (the treatment of ) smallpox and measles—(according to) the copy of the hospital133

(and �rst) made by Zahr�n134

Coarsely pounded pandanus wood, the stalks, seeds, and root peels of fennel, and seedless Meccan tamarind one ral of each; red roses half a ral; Indian spikenard and clear lac four dirham of each; unscraped red and white Maq��r sandalwood135 four dirham of each. Bring (this) together, crush what can be crushed, soak it in four times as much fresh water for a day and a night, then cook it on a low �ame until one fourth (of it) is left, squash (that), strain it through a thick cloth of linen, return it to the cooking-pot, cast upon it a quantity of two ral wine vinegar and one ral each of sour and sweet pomegranate-water, cook (that) on a calm �re until it gains a certain consistency, throw into it one mann (of ) white sugar candy, leave it on the smouldering embers until the scum rises (only) to be removed, take it o the �re, mix into it three dirham (of ) Fan��r camphor136 and three dirham (of ) ‘hairy’ saron, both �nely ground, store (this) in a glass vessel, (and make) a potion (by using) one to three dirham (of it).

132 The term used here for “pandanus” Pandanus odoratissimus is kadar, which seems to be of ultimately Hindi origin; in the recipe itself, “pandanus” reappears under its Persian name k��, cf. Vullers Lexicon 2/805 and WkaS 1/10.

133 This is almost certainly the famous A�ud� hospital in Baghdad, an institution which Ibn at-Tilm�� knew very well since he worked there for many years as head physician, cf. introduction 2.a. with note 24. More di�cult to answer is the ques-tion which ‘copy’ Ibn at-Tilm�� refers to in the present context—we know that in the �rst half of the 5th/11th century the physicians of the A�ud� hospital had prepared a revised and abridged edition of the large version of Sb�r ibn Sahl’s (d. 255/869) dispensatory to serve their highly specialized purposes, and that precisely this text was eventually replaced by Ibn at-Tilm��’s own dispensatory, see Kahl S�b�r¹ 21f. with note 69; however, no reliable manuscript of the large version of Sb�r’s dispensatory has survived, whilst in the small version the recipe on hand is missing altogether, see Kahl S�b�r¹ and S�b�r² passim.

134 On Zahr�n see note 27 above.135 On Maq��r see note 5 above.136 On Fan��r see note 1 above.

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(184)The rose beverage

Take one part of red roses, cook them in ten parts (of ) water until one part of that water is gone, press the roses, and keep immersing them like this a number of times, depending on how strong a purgative (eect) you wish (to achieve)—stronger if one tenth of the water is (eventually) left, weaker if one half of it remains; then take this water wherein the roses have repeatedly been (immersed), melt into it a similar (amount of ) pure sugar, let (that) gain the consistency of an oxymel, (and make) a potion (by using) four �q�ya (of it) together with thirty dirham of ice—(this remedy) purges from yellow bile by forc-ing it out (of the body), and its force is backed up by the ice; it (also) purges from delicate humours other than the yellow bile.

(185)Plain oxymel

Take for each mann of sugar eight �q�ya (of ) wine vinegar and one fourth of a ral (of ) fresh water, beat into that water the white of two eggs, mix it (all) together, skim o the scum repeatedly until (the mix-ture) is clear, and store it. Some people make (this remedy) without (the use of ) �re (and wait) until the sugar dissolves (naturally)—they claim it is better.

(186)The squill oxymel

for (the treatment of ) tenacious humours, a bad complexion,

and the calamities of juvenilityThe bulbs of squills one part; vinegar ten parts. Cook (this) until (the squills) disintegrate after having cut them into pieces with a wooden knife, strain it, throw into each ral of vinegar one and a half ral of white sugar candy, consolidate (that), and store it.

(187)The lemon beverage

Boil the juice of lemons until half of it is gone, throw into what remains a similar (amount of ) sugar, consolidate (that), and store it in a glass vessel.

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(188)The winner beverage

Barberry seeds ten dirham; fruitless sumach (leaves) six dirham; seed-less tamarind two �q�ya; myrtle two dirham; dry mint, cubeb, and grains of paradise two dirham of each; clove three dirham; roses three dirham; sandalwood three dirham; the ‘outer’ shells of the pistachio four dirham; hard dry dates one fourth of a ral. Cook (this) in four ral water until one ral (of it) is left and, having strained it, return it to the cooking-pot; (now) add to it twenty dirham each of wine vinegar, the water from unripe grapes, quince-water, and sour apple-water, melt into it three ral of white sugar candy, take it o (the �re), cast upon it �fteen dirham (of ) fresh lemon-water, ten dirham (of ) sour citron-water, one �q�ya (of ) rose-water, and one �q�ya (of ) sour pome-granate-water, and boil (that) again; then �avour it with one d�niq (of ) camphor, and put it in a glass vessel—(prior to this last step) you may add to it (further shots of ) the aforesaid lemon-water and so on, (however) without boiling it (yet again) but rather putting it away (as before); (�nally) close the top of the vessel, place it into the sun until (the mixture) consolidates, and use (this).

(189)Seeded oxymel

Celery seeds, fennel (seeds), and aniseed one part of each. Crush (this), boil it in ten parts (of ) sour vinegar until one half (of it) is gone, strain it, and melt into every each eight �q�ya of vinegar one mann (of ) sugar.

(190)The (remedy which is as good as a) coin of gold

Prepare endive seeds in the following manner—crush them (and) boil one part of them, or even the washed (and) afterwards crushed roots of this plant, in thrice as much or more of vinegar so as to reduce it by half, (then) strain it, and melt sugar into it; if the juice of the bitter endive has been extracted without (prior) washing (of the roots), you should clear it and then melt (into) eight �q�ya of it and an additional two �q�ya of sour vinegar one mann (of ) sugar.

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(191)A poppy beverage

Take �fty dirham (from) the seeds of the light-coloured poppy, boil them in one mann (of ) water until one ral (of it) is left, strain (that), and melt into it one mann (of ) sugar.

(192)The sandalwood beverage

Crush �ve dirham (of ) Maq��r sandalwood,137 boil (that) in one mann (of ) water until one ral (of it) is left, and melt into it one mann (of ) sugar.

(193)The ribes beverage

Express the juice of fresh ribes, and melt into it one mann (of ) sugar; due to (these berries) being so watery, a plain rob may (only be made) by clearing one part of their juice from twenty parts of water, and (even then) it hardly ever gains the consistency of a rob without (the addition of ) a little sugar. When making (this beverage) some peo-ple do not (use) �re (straightaway but wait) until the sugar dissolves (naturally and only) then cook it—they claim it is better.

(194)The pomegranate beverage

Take for each mann of sugar one ral or ten �q�ya of sour pomegran-ate juice, and proceed as before. By adding some mint to the juice of the sweet and sour pomegranates you get the minty pomegranate beverage,138 which is suitable for (the treatment of ) nausea and free from vinegar.

(195)The quince oxymel

Four �q�ya vinegar, half a ral quince juice, and one mann sugar are cooked as before.

137 On Maq��r see note 5 above.138 See recipe 200.

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(196)The apple beverage

Take one part from the juice of peeled coreless apples, one part from white sugar candy or pure honey, and two parts from rainwater, and cook (this).

(197)The citron beverage made with its leaves

which is useful against coldness of the bowelsTake citron leaves, wipe o the dust, soak them for seven days in wine of good quality, (then) strain the wine, throw into every each six parts of it one part of pure honey, cook (that), remove the scum, and store it.

(198)The citron beverage made with its sour juice

which is useful against heat of the bowelsExpress the juice of ripe sour citrons having rid them from their seeds, throw into each ral of it one mann of superb sugar, leave (that) until (the sugar) melts without (the help of ) �re, then bring it to the boil on a low �ame, take away the scum, and let it gain consistency.

(199)The myrtle beverage made with its seeds

Crush the myrtle seeds, soak them for seven days in wine of good qual-ity, cook (this) gently, strain it, and let it gain a degree of consistency.

(200)The minty pomegranate beverage

Peel (both) sweet and sourish pomegranates, pound them with their pulp, express their juice, and leave it to clear; (then) take from it four ral, cook it together with a bunch (of ) mint until half of the juice is left, strain it, cook it (again) together with one ral (of ) sugar until half (of it) is left, and store (this).

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(201)Plain quince ‘wine’139 from Galen140

for (the treatment of ) loss of appetitecombined with a bad hot (humoral) mixture

in the liver and stomach, and a down�owof biliousness towards these (organs)

Take large sweet-smelling quinces, peel them from the outside and clear them from the inside, then pound them, express three ral of their juice, and mix it together with a similar (amount) of �rst-rate honey—(but) whoever wishes to employ sugar instead of honey may do so; (now) mix (that) together with two ral of sour vinegar, lift it on a �re of smouldering embers, take away the scum as it rises, (wait) until it gains the consistency of honey, and (thus) use it—if (however) the (humoral) mixture in the liver and stomach (inclines) to coldness, admix three dirham (of ) ginger and two dirham (of ) white pepper, and �avour (this) with a bit of mastic, lignaloes, musk, and the like; (�nally make) a potion (by using) three to six mi�q�l (of it) before food, and at bedtime you may take the same amounts (again).

(202)The squill beverage

(which is used) to open obstructionand to cut the humours

It hardly ever gains the consistency of a rob without (the addition of ) a little sugar.141

139 maibah “quince ‘wine’ ” < Persian mai “potus, vinum” and bih “malum cydo-nium”, see Vullers Lexicon 2/1245 and 1/283 respectively; cf. also Ibn at-Tilm��’s own expositions concluding recipe 217.

140 On Galen see note 47 above. I have not been able to trace this recipe in Galen’s extant writings; however, there is a ‘prototype’ in Dioscorides’ (�. 1st century CE) /��0 1�� ������� (translated into Arabic mid 3rd/9th century) s.t. /��0 ��%������ �2���: $ �3� �4� ��%����� 5� -���� ������� ����6�� �����7���� �1�� �8��� ��%����� 9,��;� �< ��=��� ��0 ���;� > ����%� �� ������?� ��@��� ������� ��) �AB ��< .�=�� � B �&�� %�C���� ���+�� �����7���� %3 ��0 �1�� %�D ���� �< ��E�� ��0 9�+��E�� �� ��%"��� ��6 ����6 ��@��� ��,�� ��D �AB ,=���� F�� ,=���� �=���� ��0 �1�� ��? ���+=�+�� -��� %3 �������< �G������� %���������� H���7�� .������D ���������D �� ��0 %������6��, see MGO 25/714.

141 This recipe should rather be expected to �gure in chapter six on lohochs and robs.

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(203)The �g beverage

for those who suer from colicAs regards the plain (kind), throw onto the syrup obtained by cooking the �gs about one fourth of its (amount) in Si�istn candy,142 and let (that) gain consistency; as regards the consolidated (kind), add to one ral of the said beverage one dirham each of cinnamom, galingale, and long pepper, all ground. This (remedy) is suitable for (the treatment of ) colic caused by tough phlegm and cold �ux.

(204)A condite143

which is useful against coldness of thestomach, indigestion, quartan fever, painin the belly, and it strengthens old men

—from Sb�r ibn Sahl144

Take three mann (of ) clari�ed bee honey and cast upon it ten and a half mann pure aged wine of good quality, which is the original, or wine boiled down to one half; (now) get �ve dirham (of ) ginger, half a dirham each of grains of paradise and Malabar cardamom, one d�niq (of ) clove, half a dirham (of ) cinnamom, half a dirham (of ) unground saron, and one and a half d�niq (of ) long pepper, and grind these ingredients coarsely except the saron which is not to be ground; (next tie them all up) in a piece of cloth, (throw this) into the wine, leave (the jug) in a warm place for three days, stirring (the mixture) three times daily, and then strain it well; (�nally) add to it one d�niq (of ) ground musk, and store it in a glass vessel.

(205)Iron oxide with wine

for (the treatment of ) gastric debilityin conjunction with coldness

Celery seeds, fennel, anise, cumin, asafoetida, visnaga, savory, lovage, caraway, coriander, long pepper, black pepper, cinnamom, frank-

142 On Si�istn see note 116 above.143 �und�q�n “condite” < ���%D��� “spiced wine” < Latin conditum “aromatic, spiced

(wine)”, see Liddell/Scott Lexicon Suppl. 182 and Lewis/Short Dictionary 408; cf. also Ibn at-Tilm��’s own expositions concluding recipe 217.

144 For this recipe from Sb�r ibn Sahl’s (d. 255/869) small dispensatory see Kahl S�b�r¹ 189 and S�b�r² 158f. no. 342 (“rob”).

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incense, Indian spikenard, clove, nutmeg, cyperus, and ginger one mi�q�l of each; Basra iron oxide ten mi�q�l. All (that) is cooked in six times as much wine until half of the wine is left, and every day thirty dirham of this beverage are drunk; the food should be light during the three weeks of application, and that which is sour as well as fresh fruits are forbidden.

(206)Flavoured quince wine

Gently cook one part (of ) sour quince juice which had been �ltered for two days and one part (of ) aged wine, take away the scum, add to each ral of it one dirham (of ) ginger, one dirham (of ) canella, and two dirham (of ) mastic—crushed, stued in a pouch, and thrown (into the liquid) towards the end of cooking—, bring (all that) to the boil two or three (times), strain it, and store it.

(207)Iris wine

which is useful against fatigue, feebleness,frailty, vomiting, and gastric and hepatic

debility caused by coldness (if ) piece(s) ofcloth are steeped into it and laid on the hands,

the feet, and the neck, and (also) on thestomach, between the shoulders, on the

joints, and on the venous and nervous clustersTake alecost, lemon grass, cassia, and clove four �q�ya of each; Indian spikenard two �q�ya; naphthalene six �q�ya; saron one �q�ya; grape ivy, mace, and Greek mastic two �q�ya of each; liquid storax six �q�ya. Pound (these ingredients) dry, and strain them; the saron, the mas-tic, and the storax (however) grind in aged il�� wine.145 Then bring it all together, take eight hundred (�ower) heads from the white wild iris, wipe o the yellow with a cloth of linen, and arrange (alternating) layers of the irises and the spices in an alabaster jug until (everything) is used up. Then pour ten jugfuls of il�� wine over it, close the top of the vessel, daub it with clay, and put it in a (storage) room for six months. Sometimes a bit of musk is added to it (as well).

145 On il�� see note 128 above.

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(208)Quince wine

for (the treatment of ) abdominal disorderand dryness of the uvula, or so it is said

Take quinces at the beginning of winter, rid them from their peels and seeds, soak them in aged il�� wine146 for a day and a night, then pound them �nely, take four jugfuls from their pressed juice, cook (that) until it comes to one half, strain it, return it to the cooking-pot, and cast one jugful of clari�ed honey upon it; (now get) four mi�q�l each of grains of paradise and cardamom, one mi�q�l (of ) cinnamom, two mi�q�l each of Greek mastic and clove, and three mi�q�l (of ) canella, pound these ingredients, put them in a thin cloth of linen, tie it up, and throw it into the pot (as well); then cook (all that) until it thickens a little, strain it into a glass vessel, grind one fourth of a mi�q�l from musk and half a mi�q�l from camphor, sprinkle it onto and whip it into (the mixture) so as to be absorbed, (and make) a potion (by using) one spoonful (of this remedy) with cold water.

(209)A mixed juice147 whose bene�t issimilar to (that of ) quince wine

Take two jugfuls (from) the pressed juice of sourish apples and half a jugful (from) clari�ed honey, cook that until one third (of it) vanishes, then put (what remains) into a glass vessel, grind four mi�q�l each of clove and cinnamom, sprinkle it onto the mixture, close the top of the vessel, daub it with clay, and use (this remedy) after six months.

(210)A condite148

Blend four jugfuls (of ) aged il�� wine149 with one jugful (of ) clari�ed honey, grind one �q�ya (of ) black pepper, half an �q�ya (of ) sukk,150 and just as much (of ) canella and Indian spikenard, mix (that)—and sometimes saron (too)—(into the liquid), put it (all) in a tarred ves-sel, daub its top with clay, leave (the mixture) to ripen, and (then) use

146 On il�� see note 128 above.147 maiš�b “mixed juice” seems to be a neologistic hybrid derived from the Arabic

verbal noun maiš “mixing” and the Persian noun �b “water”.148 On the etymology of �und�q�n “condite” see note 143 above.149 On il�� see note 128 above.150 On sukk see note 4 above.

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it—and he who wants to add to it about one mi�q�l of musk and (again) saron may do so.

(211)The squill beverage

Take four ral from iris roots, two ral from dodder, just one ral from agaric, one ral from squills, and seventeen ist�r from garden pennyroyal, put it (all) into a new cooking-pot of clay, pour over it two jugfuls (of ) water, cook (that) until it comes to one half after having soaked (the above ingredients) prior to cooking, and use it one month later.Wines. The standard measure when using wine from dates, raisins, and currants is (to mix) one (part of this) with thrice as much water, cook the mixture until two thirds (of it) vanish and one third remains, (then) strain it, spice it, and press it quite through so that it ripens; the spices may vary depending on what is required (but) are picked and chosen (from among) cyperus, clove, cinnamom, galingale, �ax dod-der, iris leaves, ginger, absinthe, mastic, Indian spikenard, roses, nut-meg, alecost, parsnip, saron, and Indian lignaloes, and sometimes sweetened with sugar or honey.

(212)A pennyroyal beverage

for (the treatment of ) diarrhoea, andmoistful and bitterish torrential vomiting

Cook two parts each of sweet and sour pomegranate juice until half (of it) is left, add to it two parts of clari�ed honey and one part of the pressed juice of fresh pennyroyal, cook (that again) with olive oil, let it cool o, and (then) store it in an alabaster (vessel).

(213)Ab� M�l� 151

Add to �ve ral (of ) honey and four ral (of ) fresh water three dirham each of cyperus, mastic, and cinnamom, and one dirham (of ) saron, cook (that) on a low �ame until it is reduced to one half and, having removed the scum, let it cool o in an alabaster (vessel).

151 Ab� M�l� (the latter term < �=��) lit. “the father of honey”, that is “the original one with honey”.

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(214)(A remedy called) an��r afšura�152

Take ten jugfuls from the pressed juice of sweet and ‘half-and-half ’ grapes—(the latter) being those which have a rest of acidity—and two jugfuls from clari�ed honey, cook (that) gently until it thickens, and use it. One spoonful of this (remedy) with cold water clears the stom-ach and strengthens it, too.

(215)The fruit beverage

which strengthens the stomach, settlesvomiting, and astricts the belly

Take sour quince juice, sourish pomegranates, apples, sumach, myrtle seeds, service, sour citrons, and lote, cook (the quince juice) in water (so as) to lessen its juiciness, strain it, add to it the saps of the remain-ing (ingredients), let (that) gain the consistency of a rob, and use it.

(216)The myrtle beverage

Take fresh myrtles with their seeds, chop them in small pieces, besprinkle them with water, pound them, press them, take two parts from their sap and two and a half parts from clari�ed honey, put (that) into a pot, and cook it until it coagulates; then �avour it with Indian spikenard, clove, cinnamom, and nutmeg in the manner of the spices (mentioned) before,153 strain it once it has cooled down, and put it in an alabaster (vessel).

(217)An oxymel for those who suer from spleen

disease—(invented) by Ibn at-Tilm��The peels of the caper root �ve dirham; rusty back fern �ve dirham; dodder �ve dirham; the fruit of the tarfa three dirham; madder three dirham; asarabacca one third of a dirham; sweet �ag three dirham; the bast of the willow-tree six dirham. Provided that the weights are

152 an��r afšura� < Persian ang�r “uva” and afšurah “res quaevis expressa, succus expressus”, see Vullers Lexicon 1/137 and 1/113 respectively.

153 Compare the concluding section of recipe 211.

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(quanti�ed in) dirham, (all this) is boiled in just one ral of wine vine-gar until one third of it is gone, (then) strained, and (�nally) one mann (of ) sugar is melted into what remains.Beverages. Pure wine of good quality, that is superior wine, is called il��; �amh�r� in turn is a variety of maifu�ta� which has not (yet) gone over the state of being drinkable to that of being (too) syrupy,154 whilst maifu�ta� itself means ‘cooked wine’155 and is (also) called il�� in the Arabic language; mu�alla� is (another) variety of maifu�ta� which is cooked until two thirds of it are gone,156 and honeyed raisin wine may be made from both of them; �und�q�n is a wine (prepared with) honey and spices;157 maibah is Persian meaning ‘quince beverage’, that is to say ‘quince wine’, and on account of this designation it ought to con-tain wine rather than vinegar.158

Chapter Eighton

Preserves

(218)Roses preserved with honey or with sugar

For one part of Persian rose-leaves (take) twice as much of either (honey or sugar).

(219)Preserved violets

For one part of violet �owers (take) two parts of sugar.

154 �amh�r� is (grape) wine boiled down to one half, see e.g. Siggel Wörterbuch 26.155 maifu�ta� < Persian mai-pu�tah is (grape) wine boiled down to one quarter, see

e.g. Siggel Wörterbuch 70.156 mu�alla� is (grape) wine boiled down to one third, see e.g. Siggel Wörterbuch 67.157 On the etymology of �und�q�n see note 143 above.158 On the etymology of maibah see note 139 above; Ibn at-Tilm��’s observation

that, strictly speaking, maibah “ought to contain wine rather than vinegar” is aimed at the old recipe 201, which bears this name yet involves vinegar instead of wine.

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(220)Preserved citron rinds

For one part of yellow citron rinds—including the pulp that (has been squeezed so as) to remove its natural acidity—washed with salt and water and thereafter left to dry (take) one part of pure honey, cook (that) together, and lift it into a jug; whenever (this concoction) grows �uid, take out (the citrons), stir the honey with your �ngers, boil it thoroughly to get rid of (all) wateriness, (then) put (the citrons) back in, and keep doing that until (the mixture) �nally thickens, no more wateriness is found, and the honey sticks �rmly to the rinds; now is the time to store it away and, lastly, to �avour it with a bit of saron. In the same way you preserve gourds, apples, and quinces.

(221)Preserved unripe dates

which are useful for those who havecold-moist stomachs

Take recent unripe dates which contain little moisture and boil them �rst thing; then remove their seeds and stems; then stu (the berries) with honey, clove, cinnamom, ginger, and ground saron instead; then restore the stems, put (all that) into a glass jug, and pour forth an amount of clari�ed honey su�cient to cover it.

(222)Preserved carrots

Take one part (of ) red carrots, grill them, peel them, and pull out their insides, and one part of pure honey, (mix that together), and check the honey (for consistency) every �ve days by boiling and (then) reunit-ing it (with the carrots).159

(223)Preserved ginger

Cut Chinese ginger into large pieces, soak these in water for twenty days, dry them up, pour out enough water and honey to cover them, put (all that) in a cooking-pot of stone, give it a good boiling, then remove (the worn ginger) from the water and the honey, form it into

159 Compare the more detailed instructions given in recipe 220.

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small pastilles, pour out enough clari�ed honey to cover these, throw onto (the mixture) the same spices as when preserving myrobalans,160 and use (this).

Chapter Nineon

Decoctions

(224)The hyssop decoction

for (the treatment of ) asthma in hot tempersRziq� raisins161 �fteen dirham; jujubes and sebesten twenty fruits of each; husked barley ten dirham; light-coloured poppy four dirham; vio-let, nenuphar, cucumber seeds, purslane seeds, maidenhair, scraped (and) crushed liquorice root, and hyssop three dirham of each; �eshy yellowish �gs which are ‘king �gs’162 seven (fruits) in number; gum-arabic two dirham. All (this) is cooked in �ve ral water until one third (of it) is left, (then) strained, (and) a potion (may be made by using) four �q�ya (of it) together with �ve dirham (of ) white sugar candy and one dirham (of ) sweet almond oil. Sometimes, when the sputum is clotted and hard to cough up, (this remedy) is made without gum(-arabic).

(225)Roots-water

which opens obstruction and molli�es tenacious humours

The peels of the fennel root, the peels of the celery root, citronella root, fennel seeds, celery seeds, anise, Indian spikenard, mastic, and dyer’s madder one part of each; seedless raisins two parts. (These ingredients) are cooked, the water—having acquired their faculties—is strained, four �q�ya from it are measured up, drunk moderately hot, and sometimes augmented by two dirham (of ) castor oil and one dirham

160 There are no speci�c instructions in the text on hand as to the preservation of myrobalans, but we may guess from recipe 221 that the ‘spices’ referred to in the present context would run along the lines of clove, cinnamom, and saron.

161 On Rziq� see note 87 above.162 On ‘king �gs’ cf. note 125 above.

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(of ) sweet almond oil or, alternatively, by bitter almond oil on its own at the combined weight of the aforesaid two oils. When using roots-water to crumble kidney stones, rusty back fern should be added to the decoction which is (then) drunk with Jews’ stone; in order to relax tremor and (to treat) phlegmatic diseases it may be used together with certain electuaries, like the curcuma remedy163 or the (one called) amr�siy�,164 as indicated by the condition of the patient.

(226)Cheese-water

and (this) is used in springChoose a young goat that has given birth about a month earlier and ared(-woolled) blue(-eyed) young sheep of the kind that has a sound temper, but before obtaining their milk feed them for a few days coarsely ground wet barley and (its) bran, dog’s grass, endive, and fumitory; then milk o (a total of ) two ral every day, cook (that) in a stone cauldron on a calm �re, and stir it with a piece of fresh barked �g-wood which had been crushed (�at) in order to convey to the cheese-water through the lacteous sap inside the fresh �g-wood a speci�cally mild purgative faculty—if (however) what we just men-tioned is not intended and the cheese-water is (meant to be) drunk (merely) to moisten but not to purge, you may replace the �g-wood by a piece of fresh willow-wood; wipe around the cooking-pot, that is to say (around) its edges, with a piece of cloth which had been drenched in fresh water; when the milk boils, take the cauldron o the �re, and sprinkle on the milk inside thirty dirham of plain sugared oxymel165 and, as is often done, about three dirham of pure sour wine vinegar, too—but make sure the oxymel and the vinegar are very cold, and be quick to add them so that the cheesiness may separate from the wateriness; stir (the mixture) with the aforesaid wood, and leave it for a short while until it curdles and the wateriness has separated; then strain it through a thick cloth of linen or a densely woven basket made of palm-leaves, and hang up the remaining cheesy stu until the water stops dripping from it; (�nally) return (all) the watery stu

163 See e.g. Ibn S�n Q�n�n 3/330,–5. and 331,1–11.164 amr�siy� < ��A����� “immortality, elixir of life; an antidote”, see Liddell/Scott

Lexicon 79; for the recipe itself see e.g. Kahl S�b�r¹ 47f. and S�b�r² 39 no. 14.165 Compare recipe 185.

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to the washed cauldron, boil it gently, throw into it half a dirham of ground white salt, and strain it once more. Take from said cheese-water between one half and two thirds of a ral with white sugar candy, gradually increasing (the dose), and augment it with a purgative pow-der or else a substitute for that.166

(227)Endive-water

Take fresh unwashed endives, cut away their underground parts, extract their water, and drink (from it) thirty dirham to half a ral together with plain oxymel167 in order to open obstruction. Sometimes (this remedy) is administered in combination with certain pastilles which are useful for that (purpose), like the absinthe pastille.168

(228)The water of the Indian musk melon

which is (also known as) Raqqa169

or Palestinian (melon)Take a ripe musk melon, one whose seeds have gone black, cut it in two halves, incise its �esh but do not remove it until (all) wateriness has leaked out, (then) strain it o, and take (from it) �fty dirham to half a ral together with any beverage that appears to be appropri-ate in the (given) situation, like the pomegranate or another cooling beverage.170

(229)Grilled pumpkin-water

Pick a juicy pumpkin and pierce with a knife through a number of spots (on its surface); then take red clay, knead it together with barley meal and fresh water, and cover the whole pumpkin in it as if with a

166 See recipe 86; cf. also recipe 93.167 See recipe 185.168 See recipe 18.169 Raqqa, situated at the great bend of the river Euphrates, was once one of the

chief cities of Upper Mesopotamia but not particularly known for its melons, cf. Meinecke “Ra��a” passim and Le Strange Lands 124 with map 1; from the context it would appear that Ibn at-Tilm�� is referring here to the kind of melon which is other-wise called ‘Syrian’ or indeed ‘Palestinian’, see e.g. Dozy Supplément 1/457 s.v. dull��.

170 See recipe 194; cf. also recipes 198 and 200.

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dress—but do not apply it too thickly or else you prevent the interior of the pumpkin from maturing; (now) carry it to a moderately preheated oven, place two rows of bricks—one above the other—at the bottom of the oven, and put the daubed pumpkin on top of these; when the clay has become dry and hard, lift out the pumpkin and leave it to cool down; (�nally) crack o the coating, release the water (from inside the pumpkin), and take from it �fty to sixty dirham together with cer-tain cooling beverages, like the pomegranate or the poppy beverage.171

(230)The hospital decoction

�ulwn plums172 �ve mann; �ur�n jujubes173 two and a half mann; �ursn apricots174 �ve mann; Meccan tamarinds �ve mann; sebesten one mann; Rziq� raisins175 �ve mann; sweet-smelling violets and nenu-phars three ral of each; roses one mann; stoneless chebulic, yellow, and black Indian myrobalan �ve mann altogether; beleric myroba-lan, emblic, and the ‘milk’ of emblic one mann of each; Meccan senna three ral; pistachio(-coloured) polypody and scraped (and) crushed liquorice root one and a half ral of each; French lavender, ground pine, wall germander, bull thistle, giant thistle, and the leaves and seeds of lemon balm two and a half ral of each; absinthe leaves one mann; small centaury three ral; light-coloured poppy �ve ral; serpent melon seeds, cucumber seeds, and purslane (seeds), all crushed, one kaila�a of each; fennel seeds, celery (seeds), and �ax dodder (seeds) one kaila�a of each; pomegranate seeds and barberry seeds one mann of each; coriander one makk�k; borage �ve ral; Cretan dodder, tied up in a cloth of linen and thrown (into the mixture) towards the end of

171 See recipes 194 and 191 respectively.172 �ulwn is the Arabic name of an ancient town situated on the great �ursn

highway as it crosses the natural frontier between Iraq and Iran; the place was known for an abundance of fruit (dates, pomegranates, �gs) though not explicitly plums, see Lockhart “�ulwn” 571 and Le Strange Lands 191 with map 2.

173 �ur�n is a province in northern Iran bordering on the Caspian Sea and crossed by the old caravan route to Russia, see Hartmann/Boyle “Gurgn” 1141; the place was known for its excellent jujubes, see �assn� Mu�tamad 340 and Wiedemann Aufsätze 1/867.

174 �ursn is a province in northeastern Iran which in the Middle Ages was generally regarded as covering a much wider geographical area than today, see Bosworth “Khursn” 55f.; for a (rather isolated) apricot connection see Dozy Supplé-ment 2/603.

175 On Rziq� see note 87 above.

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cooking, one ral; endive and mint a bunch of each; sweet basil seeds one mann; agrimony leaves one and a half ral; turpeth and agaric one mann of each. All (this) is cooked in one thousand ral fresh water until one third (of it) is left, and (then) strained.

(231)The hospital backup for this decoction

Turpeth, aloe, liquorice rob, and scammony in equal parts; a potion of the backup (may be made by using) one dirham (of it) at nightfall. The decoction (itself is measured out) at daybreak (in a quantity of ) one ral together with two �q�ya (of ) alhagi and two �q�ya (of ) purging cassia pods which are dissolved in it; (then) it is strained (again), aug-mented by two �q�ya (of ) julep, half a dirham (of ) washed Armenian stone, and half a dirham (of ) lapis lazuli, and (thus) drunk.

(232)The hyssop decoction

(which is associated) with heatRziq� raisins176 �fteen dirham; jujubes and sebesten twenty fruits of each—but (this remedy) has already been mentioned.177

(233)Now the hyssop decoction for

(the treatment of ) tenacious humoursTake the water from coarsely ground bran, ‘king �gs’,178 the �esh of rai-sins and jujubes, liquorice root, fennel and its seeds, maidenhair, hys-sop, moon carrot, and violets (mixed) with candy and bitter almond oil all at quantities that vary depending on what is required—but tra-gacanth, gum(-arabic), sebesten, and the like are not used here.

176 On Rziq� see note 87 above.177 See recipe 224.178 On ‘king �gs’ see note 125 above.

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(234)The aloe infusion

for (the treatment of ) hot headacheExpress the water from unwashed endives, throw into it a bit of good aloe and a bit of tragacanth, leave these two (ingredients) to dissolve, and then drink (this) as necessary.

(235)The aloe infusion

for (the treatment of ) cold phlegmatic headache;it thoroughly clears the head and (also) the stomach

Black myrobalan, beleric myrobalan, and emblic ten dirham of each; fennel root, celery (root), citronella root, and liquorice root eight dirham of each; Indian spikenard and lemon grass four dirham of each; bull thistle and giant thistle �ve dirham of each; the pulp of colocynth two dirham. Cook all (this) in �ve ral water until one and a half ral (of it) are left, (then) throw into it one �q�ya of Socotra aloe, put it in a glass vessel into the sun for three days, and as required drink (from it) one to two �q�ya—the amount of aloe in the previous aloe infusion, which is for (the treatment of ) hot headache, should be roughly the same as here.

(236)A decoction for (the treatment of )

asthma if there is no feverFigs, raisins, celery seeds, fennel seeds, maidenhair, hyssop, white horehound, liquorice root, wild caraway, bitter almonds, and ‘rolled’ birthwort as necessary. (This) may be used as a decoction as well as an electuary.

(237)Some purgatives for (asthma) suerers

Agaric, the pulp of colocynth, liquorice rob, white horehound, tur-peth, and hiera picra179 are measured up and formed into pills with wine boiled down to one quarter; lohochs (too) are made for these

179 On hiera picra see note 40 above.

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ENGLISH TRANSLATION 255

(patients) from grilled squills, white horehound, water �ag, ‘long’ birthwort, wormwood, rhubarb, myrrh, and saron (all of which) are measured up to appropriate amounts, inspissated with honey or a decoction of �gs or a condensation of grapes, and used.

(238)And (again) for that

Dried fox lung, pennyroyal, celery seeds, laurel, and grape ivy are brought together with �g honey, formed into pills, and used at bedtime.

(239)And (again) for that

Fenugreek, large pine nuts, and white horehound are cooked, strained over honey, and inspissated.

(240)The roots decoction

for (the treatment of ) long black-biliousand phlegmatic fevers, pains in the liver

and spleen, and humoral putridityThe peels of the fennel root, celery roots, citronella (roots), fennel seeds, celery seeds, anise, mastic, Indian spikenard, the petals of red roses, bull thistle, giant thistle, agrimony leaves, absinthe leaves, madder, clear lac, Chinese rhubarb, and seedless raisins as necessary. (These ingredients) are cooked in fresh water, their juice is extracted, and drunk together with sweet or bitter almond oil.

(241)Some purgatives which are healthy for those

who suer from facial paralysis and hemiplegiaThe chebulic myrobalan decoction on its own (at a weight of ) �fty dirham—originally ten dirham; (or) one dirham (of cooked and then) strained myrobalans together with one d�niq (of ) ground colocynth pulp.

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256 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(242)The dodder decoction

which is useful against black-bilious diseases,mange, tetter, and ‘black’ lichen

Black myrobalan ten dirham; polypody �ve dirham; Meccan senna and seedless Rziq� raisins180 seven dirham of each; turpeth four dirham; French lavender and dodder ten dirham of each. Bring (this) together, crush what needs to be crushed, cook it (all) in four ral fresh water—the dodder being tied up in a cloth of linen and thrown (into the mixture) towards the end of cooking—, leave it on the �re until it is reduced to one ral, (then) strain it, and drink it together with a pill that expels the black bile, and with agaric, aloe, Indian salt, and black hellebore.

(243)A decoction which makesthe menstrual blood �ow

Take endive seeds, �ax dodder seeds, anise, celery seeds, and fennel two dirham of each; �ur�n jujubes181 thirty fruits; seedless Rziq� raisins182 �fty (in number); red kidney beans, priced like chickpeas, ten dirham; ‘king �gs’183 ten in number; dry coriander �ve dirham; rue two bunches. Bring (this) together, cook it in two ral water, (then) strain it, and take from it sixty dirham together with one �q�ya (of ) the seed-oxymel.184

(244)A sunny infusion from � id185

Jujubes and plums thirty dirham of each; (seed)less tamarinds twenty (dirham); fumitory twenty dirham; nenuphars �ve dirham; roses ten dirham; Meccan senna three dirham; endive seeds, �ax dodder, and borage three dirham of each; liquorice root, polypody, beleric myroba-lan, and emblic, all crushed, three dirham of each; the crushed seeds

180 On Rziq� see note 87 above.181 On �ur�n see note 173 above.182 On Rziq� see note 87 above.183 On ‘king �gs’ see note 125 above.184 Compare recipe 189.185 On � id, the ‘inventor’ of this recipe which in all probability was handed down

to Ibn at-Tilm�� by way of oral transmission, see note 38 above.

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ENGLISH TRANSLATION 257

of serpent melon, cucumber, gourd, and purslane ten dirham of each; barberry seeds ten dirham; pomegranate seeds �ve dirham; coriander �ve dirham; (stone)less yellow and chebulic myrobalan �ve dirham of each; plantain �ve dirham. Bring this together, soak it in ten ral water, boil it brie�y, take it o the �re, leave it in a broad-brimmed vessel of glass, close its top �rmly, place it into the sun, stir it (every) morning and evening for a duration of one week or ten days (at most), then dispense from (that) water on the morn of each day thirty to forty dirham—depending on how much the drinker can tolerate—, but aug-ment it at the time of drinking with one mi�q�l (of ) pumpkin seed pulp, two d�niq (of ) washed Armenian stone, half a dirham (of ) barberry sap, one fourth of a dirham (of ) tabasheer, one �q�ya (of ) the pomegran-ate oxymel without vinegar, one �q�ya (of ) julep, and one dirham (of ) almond oil; and the diet (consisting) of vegetable stu186 with the juice of unripe grapes or (else) pullet (is taken) in the afternoon. (This regi-men) must be followed for �ve days up to one week.

Chapter Tenon

Collyria, Catapasms, and Ophthalmics

(245)The dust-coloured (remedy)

Kerman tutty and burnt caltrop one part of each; sugar one fourth of a part. (This) is ground, then strained, and used.

(246)The polisher from Sb�r187

Starch four parts; gum-arabic two parts; ceruse, argentic slag, and sti-bium one part of each. (This) is ground, and used.

186 muzauwara “vegetable stu ” denotes “[un] plat maigre, aux légumes, sans viande, et aussi: boisson douce et enivrante [. . .] aliment préparé sans viande; on y met de la coriandre ou quelque autre ingrédient de ce genre, et on le donne au malade [. . .] muzauwara signi�e ordinairement chez les médecins: chaque plat sans viande qu’on donne à un malade”, see Dozy Supplément 1/612.

187 For this recipe from Sb�r ibn Sahl’s (d. 255/869) small dispensatory see Kahl S�b�r¹ 197 and S�b�r² 166 no. 365.

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258 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

(247)The unripe grape coolant

Tutty and yellow myrobalan �fteen dirham of each; ginger seven and a half dirham; long pepper three and a half dirham; turmeric �fteen dirham; emblic and greater celandine two dirham of each. All (this) is pounded, strained, steeped in the water of fresh unripe grapes in a green—that is a porcelain—trough for seven days, (then) dried, ground again, and used.

(248)The ash-coloured (remedy)

which strengthens the sightand dries up lachrymation

Kohl, Indian tutty, copper scoriae, and burnt wormwood one part of each; greater celandine one fourth of a part. (This) is pounded, strained through a cloth of silk, and stored.

(249)The mighty (remedy)

which is useful (against) loss of vision,dries up lachrymation, and strengthens the eye

Auric slag, copper scoriae, Indian tutty, lobster, stibium, laurel, black and white pepper, long pepper, and sal ammoniac one dirham of each; saron two dirham; sweet basil half a dirham; musk one q�r�. (This) is properly ground and strained, and (then) stored.

(250)The (remedy called) b�sil�q�n

—meaning ‘royal’ or ‘kingly’188—for (the treatment of ) itchiness of the eye

and loss of sightArgentic slag and scaled sepiolite ten dirham of each; oxidized copper �ve dirham; ceruse, white salt, sal ammoniac, germander, black pep-per, and long pepper two and a half dirham of each; clove and usnea one dirham of each. All (this) is pounded, strained, and used.

188 b�sil�q�n < A�������� (scil. ��������) “royal, kingly” is a name given to various collyria, liniments, and other compound drugs, both in the Greek and Arabic phar-macy, see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 309f. and Fellmann Qal�nis� 242f.

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(251)The (remedy called) r�šan���

—meaning ‘light’189—which is useful against weakness

of sight and �oatersHaematite, oxidized copper, argentic slag, Indian salt, Armenian borax, verdigris, black and white pepper, long pepper, and sepiolite four parts of each; Socotra aloe, Indian spikenard, and clove one and a half parts of each; ginger and lilac two parts of each. (This) is brought together, and used.

(252)The painters coolant

which is (also called) the pomegranate coolant,and which sharpens the sight

Tutty is steeped in the strained water of red pomegranates for seven days, (then) ground, and used.

(253)A coolant which makes the eyelashes grow,and which is useful (against) lachrymation

Lapis lazuli, the ground seeds of Medina dates190 or (another kind of ) exquisite dates, and frankincense soot are pulverized, strained, and used.

(254)An Indian coolant

for (the treatment of ) moist scalyeruptions (around the eyes)

Oxidized copper and iron scoriae eight dirham of each; aloe four dirham; salt, Armenian borax, black pepper, ginger, and Basra vitriol two dirham of each; glass-slag which is the mas�aq�niy� of glass,191

189 Persian r�šan��� “lux, claritas; lucem, splendorem dans”, see Vullers Lexicon 2/75f.

190 �ai��n�, reduced in my translation to “Medina”, is traditionally described as a sort of date which is black and hard to chew, and allegedly so called after a certain ram named �ai�n that was once tied to a palm-tree in Medina, see e.g. Lane Lexicon 4/1752.

191 mas�aq�niy� is a hybrid ultimately derived from Syriac meš�� “oleum” and

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260 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

white mustard, and burnt Oriental frankincense one dirham of each. (This) is pounded, kneaded with wine vinegar, left in a brass vessel in the sun until (the mixture) is dry, and (then) used.

(255)An unripe grape coolant

for (the treatment of ) hot mixtures (in the eyes),blepharitis, and ophthalmic fever

Tutty is steeped in the �ltered water of fresh unripe grapes for seven days, and (then) used.

(256)A collyrium for (the treatment of ) albugo

Sarcocolla steeped in ass’s milk seven dirham; saron two d�niq; horn poppy powder two d�niq. (This) is ground, and used.

(257)Another collyrium for (the treatment of ) albugo

The shells of ostrich eggs, pieces of broken Chinese porcelain, tutty, verdigris, and Šalwa� kohl192—a kind of stibium which is compact, shad-ing into redness, and (in structure) similar to an agate—�ve (dirham) of each; lobster, Indian tutty, and tabasheer two dirham of each; lizard droppings and ta��r�—a compact white stone which is similar to white marble except that the ta��r� is lighter, whiter, and �rmer, and that it lacks the translucency of some (varieties of ) marble—one dirham of each; black pepper half a dirham; yercum sugar three dirham; washed haematite three dirham; new whetstone and marcasite two dirham of each. (These ingredients) are brought together rinsed, and they are used as a collyrium which is applied precisely to the albugineous spot by passing a surgical stick over it. This (remedy) is useful, (as) Ibn at-Tilm�� (himself says): “I can con�rm that it is proven by experience”.

������ “dark-blue”, see Payne Smith Thesaurus 2/2238 (with 2240 for the intermedi-ate mša� q�ny�) and Liddell/Scott Lexicon 1003; cf. also Vullers Lexicon 2/852 s.v. kaf-i �bg�nah “aqua spumae instar in super�cie vitri, quod funditur, apparens” (but never mind his etymology).

192 Šalwa� was the Arabic name of a town (balda) in Andalusia which produced and exported kohl, see Yq�t Buld�n 3/316.

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(258)The (remedy called) malk�y�

—that is ‘kingly’193—for (the treatment of ) acute conjunctivitis

Sarcocolla steeped in ass’s milk, starch, and white sugar candy are pounded, strained, and used.

(259)The yellow catapasm

for (the treatment of ) pains in the eye causedby moisture, and inveterate conjunctivitis

Sarcocolla steeped (in ass’s milk) �ve dirham; horn poppy two dirham; aloe, rose seeds, and saron half a dirham of each; opium four d�niq. (This) is pounded, strained, and used.

(260)The deliverer

A combination of the white and the yellow catapasms194 by equal shares.

(261)The rosy (remedy)

which is useful against (ophthalmic) ulcers,conjunctivitis, and pimples (around the eyes)

Ceruse eight parts; argentic slag, gum-arabic, and haematite four parts of each; opium, mace, oxidized copper, and saron one part of each; camphor one q�r�. (These ingredients) are brought together in ground form, and (so) they are used.

(262)Another rosy (remedy)

for (the treatment of ophthalmic) ulcersBeans and washed haematite one part of each. Grind the two (ingredi-ents), and use (this).

193 Syriac malk�y� (i.q. A�������) “regius, regalis”, see Payne Smith Thesaurus 2/2144.

194 See recipes 263 and 259 respectively.

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(263)A white ophthalmic

for (the treatment of ) the early stages of hotconjunctivitis, and burning sensations in the eye

Gum-arabic, tragacanth, and starch two dirham of each; ceruse �ve dirham; opium two thirds of a dirham. (This) is ground, strained, kneaded with egg white or rainwater, set up as an ophthalmic, scraped over a whetstone, and used.

(264)The daiza�195 ophthalmic

for (the treatment of ) pterygium, inveteratepannus, inveterate scaly eruptions (around the eyes),

and felty albugo if there is no heatGum-arabic, auric slag, and ceruse four dirham of each; verdigris two dirham; myrrh, opium, castoreum, lycium, and galbanum one fourth of a dirham each. (This) is ground, strained through a cloth of silk, kneaded with leek-water or rue-water or wine, and set up as an ophthalmic.

(265)A mild red ophthalmic

for (the treatment of ) the remnants ofconjunctivitis, and swollen eyelids

Gum-arabic, tragacanth, starch, ceruse, oxidized copper, haematite, and Indian laurel in equal parts. (This) is pounded, strained through a cloth of silk, kneaded with water, and set up as an ophthalmic.

(266)A sharp red ophthalmic

for (the treatment of ) blepharitis, scalyeruptions (around the eyes), ptosis and

relaxation of the eyelids, and pannusHaematite twelve dirham; gum-arabic ten dirham; opium and aloe six dirham of each; verdigris six dirham; myrrh and saron half a dirham of

195 daiza� < Persian d�zah “color cinereus ad nigredinem vergens”, see Vullers Lexicon 1/952.

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each; dragon’s blood two dirham. (This) is ground, strained through a cloth of silk, set up as an ophthalmic with water, and used.

(267)A green ophthalmic

for (the treatment of ) inveterate scalyeruptions (around the eyes), swollen eyelids,

inveterate pannus with no evidence ofredness or harshness, �oaters, and albugo

Ceruse, ammoniacum, and gum-arabic two dirham of each; starch one dirham; verdigris two dirham. (This) is ground, kneaded with rue-water, and set up as an ophthalmic.

(268)A black ophthalmic

which is (called) the lead ophthalmic,and which �lls ulcers (of the eyes)

Oxidized black lead, kohl, oxidized copper, tutty, gum-arabic, and tra-gacanth one part of each; opium half a part. (This) is pounded, strained through a cloth of silk, kneaded, set up as an ophthalmic, and used.

(269)An ophthalmic for (the treatment of lachrymal)

�stula—ar-Rz� mentions this (remedy) andattributes (its invention) to himself when he says

‘by me’196

Aloe, Oriental frankincense, sarcocolla, dragon’s blood, pomegranate �owers, kohl—that is to say stibium—, and alum in equal parts; verdi-gris one fourth of a part. All (this) is pounded, strained through a cloth of silk, set up as an ophthalmic, and used as follows—put the patient to sleep on the healthy side, squeeze out the �stula (located) in the larger, inner corner of the eye very thoroughly, shed three drops of the ophthalmic into the eye, (waiting) a short while between each drop,

196 There are a few ‘self-invented’ prescriptions and applications which are simi-lar to the one on hand in the relevant sections of Mu�ammad ibn Zakar�y� ar-Rz�’s (d. 313/925 or 323/935) huge medical encyclopaedia al-��w� but none of them is close enough to be clearly recognized as Ibn at-Tilm��’s source, cf. Rz� ��w� 2/246–258.

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264 ENGLISH TRANSLATION

and let (the patient) sleep for (a further) two hours; proceed with this application for (about) one week until nothing (more) emerges from the �stula when squeezed, then stop treatment.

(270)The galls ophthalmic

for (the treatment of ) the early stagesof (eye)water

Take for one part of the dried gall-bladders of an ox, a carp, a crane, a falcon, an eagle, and a quail about one tenth of this (amount) in spurge, just as much again (of ) colocynth pulp, and from sagapenum the same, bring (all this) together with fennel-water, and set it up as an ophthalmic.

(271)The Indian tutty collyrium

for (the treatment of ) albugoSepiolite, auric slag, lizard droppings, glass-slag, new whetstone, lob-ster, and ‘golden’ marcasite four d�niq of each; Šalwa� kohl,197 washed haematite, and unpierced pearls half a dirham of each; yercum sugar one dirham; verdigris, sal ammoniac, black pepper, long pepper, clove, and Indian spikenard one and a half d�niq of each; Chinese greater celandine two d�niq; pieces of broken Chinese porcelain and the shells of ostrich eggs one dirham of each; Indian salt two d�niq; Syrian glass half a dirham; Indian tutty one dirham. All (this) is �nely pounded and ground, strained through a cloth of silk, and applied as a collyrium in the morning and in the evening.

(272)A red ‘elixir’198

for (the treatment of ) ophthalmic ulcersOpium, washed haematite, oxidized copper, and starch eight dirham of each; gum-arabic forty-eight dirham; ceruse four dirham; argentic slag twenty-eight dirham. Grind the haematite and the copper prop-

197 On Šalwa� see note 192 above.198 iks�r�n, translated ‘elixir’ to maintain the term’s alchemical and thence mirac-

ulous connotations, is Syriac ks�r�n < ,����� “desiccative powder”, see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 1190 with Ullmann NGw 257–260.

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erly in water, then, when they are dry, bring them together with the remaining (ingredients), and apply (all) this as a collyrium resembling (calcined and powdered) stibium (in density).

(273)An ophthalmic called perfumer

which is useful against pimples (around the eyes),deep (ophthalmic) ulcers, and chorioid melanoma199

Burnt argentic slag slaked with mothers’ milk sixteen mi�q�l; washed ceruse eight mi�q�l; saron four mi�q�l; tragacanth two mi�q�l. (This) is kneaded with rainwater, set up as an ophthalmic, and used by rubbing it into egg white.

(274)A catapasm which is useful (against)

itchiness and scaly eruptions (around the eyes)Aloe, lycium, yellow myrobalan, and horn poppy powder in equal parts. (This) is ground, and applied as a collyrium.

(275)The myrtle coolant

Tutty ten dirham; kohl three dirham; auric slag, gum-senegal, and greater celandine two dirham of each; Yemenite alum eight dirham; yellow myrobalan six dirham; washed haematite �ve dirham. All (this) is �nely pounded, and steeped in myrtle-water and sumach-water (exposed) to the sun for seven days.

(276)The twelver collyrium

which is useful against loss of sightWashed haematite ten dirham; Indian tutty and (the kind of tutty that) resembles (the white colour of ) tabasheer, opium, copper scoriae, unpierced pearls, horn poppy, Socotra aloe, lycium, saron, oxidized copper, and Chinese greater celandine two dirham of each. The ingre-

199 The term used here for “chorioid melanoma”, i.e. m�sara�, is the arabicized form of Persian m�rsarak “(small) like an ant’s head” which, in turn, is a calque of �����=����� “(a complaint in the eyes, in which the uvea protrudes) like a �y’s head”, see Dehkhod Lu�at-N�mah s.v. mwrsrk and Liddell/Scott Lexicon 1151.

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dients are brought together, pounded, strained through (a cloth of ) silk, pestled in a mortar until they are (�ne) like dust, and applied as a collyrium.

(277)A hospital coolant

which lifts (drooped) eyelidsand makes the lashes grow

Nard and the burnt seeds of dates in equal parts. (This) is pounded, and used.

(278)The haematite catapasm

which is useful against pannus and swollen eyelidsHaematite ten dirham; Socotra aloe, lycium, and black and chebulic myrobalan �ve dirham of each; ‘hairy’ saron one mi�q�l. The ingredi-ents are brought together, ground, strained through (a cloth of ) silk, and used.

(279)A catapasm which is useful against albugo

Sepiolite and eggshells �ve dirham of each; sugar, sarcocolla, and ceruse four dirham of each; starch one dirham. (This) is �nely pounded, strained through (a cloth of ) silk, and used.

Chapter Elevenon

Oils

(280)The myrtle oil

which darkens and strengthens the hairTake three �q�ya (of ) stoneless emblic and cook it in three ral water until one half (of it) is left—some people use wine instead of water; (now) strain it, cast upon it one ral (of ) fresh myrtle-water, cook it (again) until it is reduced to one half, (then) cast upon it one ral (of ) violet oil, and cook it a third time until (all) the water vanishes and

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(only) the oil remains—this you can tell by dipping into it a piece of burning wood, which makes a hissing sound if some of the water is (still) left; if there is no (more) hissing, take (the oil) o the �re, but not before throwing �ve dirham (of ) pure ladanum into it. According to some copies a relevant quantity (of ) myrtle-water is cooked together with a similar (amount of ) sesame oil.

(281)The egg oil

which makes the hair growTake a number of eggs and boil them until they are well-cooked; then take the white and cast it aside; (now) rub the yolk thoroughly between your �ngers, throw it in a new frying-pan, light a �re below it, tilt the pan so that the oil �ows to one side, strain it by and by, and keep it safe.

(282)The mastic oil

which is useful against gastric debilityTake three ral (of ) sesame oil and six �q�ya (of ) mastic, cook (that) on a low �ame in a double pot until the mastic melts into the oil and is absorbed by it, (then) take it o the �re, let it cool down, and store it.

(283)The gourd oil

Go for a juicy gourd, express its water, strain it, cast upon each two mann of gourd-water one ral of sesame oil, cook (that) on a low �ame until the water is gone and the oil is left, and store (this).

(284)The basil200 oil

The water from fresh sweet basil one part; sesame oil one part. All (this) is cooked until the water is gone and the oil is left, and (then) stored.

200 The term used here for “basil”, i.e. š�hasfaram, is the arabicized form of Persian š�h-ispar�am which strictly speaking is “bush basil” Ocimum minimum, see Schmucker �abar� 259; in the present context, however, it is clearly used as a synonym of rai��n “sweet basil” Ocimum basilicum, one of the two ingredients of this recipe.

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(285)An oil with which to anoint the penis

that goes �accid during sexual intercourseThe seeds of Roman nettle, castoreum, and asafoetida resin two dirham of each; Oriental frankincense three dirham. Bring (this) together, crush what needs to be crushed, put it (all) in a �ask, cast upon it ten dirham each of gilly�ower oil, jasmine oil, and narcissus oil, boil (that) until the frankincense dissolves and the (other) ingredients (too) blend into it, (then) lift it o just as it is—including the sediment—, fasten the top of the �ask with wax, and store it.

(286)Another oil to stimulate sexual desire

Add to four �q�ya each of narcissus oil and gilly�ower oil one dirham (of ) spurge, half a dirham (of ) natron, and one d�niq (of ) musk, and oil with it penis and pubes when required.

(287)The absinthe oil

Pour one mann (of ) sesame oil into a vessel of glass or porcelain, throw on it two �q�ya of absinthe blades, leave (that exposed) to the sun for forty days, (then) strain o the oil, and use it. In the same way (you prepare) the oil which is obtained from dill ‘seeds’.

(288)The caltrop oil

Crushed caltrop ten dirham; ginger four dirham; sesame oil one cupful; fresh water �fteen cupfuls. Cook (this) in a pot on a low �ame until the water is gone and the oil is left, (then) take it o the �re, strain it, and use it as an enema from the back or from the front by injecting it into (the rectum or) the urethra; and when rubbed into the pubic region, it resolves urinary detention.

(289)An oil which lengthens the hairof the head and the beard, andwhich accelerates its growth

Take fresh white husked barley and soak it in hot water until it grows and swells up; when it can be pressed, press it; (now) take one part

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from this ‘starch’, one part from Cyprian ladanum, one part from milky emblic-water (obtained) by macerating (the fruits) for three days, and the total weight from oil of ben, and boil (all that) on a low �ame until the waters vanish and the oil remains (in a consistency) similar to glue; then strain o the oil to one side, wrap the sediment (around the hair) at night, wash it out in the morning, and (�nally) apply the oil after washing and drying of the hair.

(290)The violet oil

Take properly peeled unroasted dried sesame, put a layer of it into a new bag of cotton, and (another) layer of clean stalkless unrinsed vio-let �owers which do not (contain too) much (natural) moisture—then they become mouldy—and not (too) little but rather in between; close the top of the bag, cover it with a cloth of cotton, and leave it for three or four days; (now) take out (the content), spread it on a veil of cotton in a room which is absolutely smokefree, (wait for it) to become dry, and (then) throw away the violets; repeat this three or four or more times, depending on how many violets you wish to use; then spread it out (a last time), let it dry o completely, mill (the seeds), and extract their oil; pour (that) in a glass vessel and whenever a deposit settles at the bottom of the vessel, �lter (the liquid) through into another vessel; repeat this a number of times until (the oil) is clear. In exactly the same way you prepare violet oil with almond kernels; and rose oil, nenuphar (oil), narcissus (oil), and (many) other oils are made just like that.

Chapter Twelveon

Liniments

(291)A white liniment

Ceruse half a ral; clear wax half a ral in the season of summer and �ve �q�ya in winter; bz�y oil201 one mann. Melt the wax in the oil on a

201 I have little doubt about the reading bz�y, which reoccurs twice in the text on hand and is backed reasonably well by the manuscript tradition; what the term rep-resents, however, I have no idea.

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low �ame, beat one part (of it) together with the ceruse in a mortar, ceaselessly stirring (the mixture) until it cools o and stiens under the movement lest the ceruse subside, (then) store it, and use it.

(292)The vinegar liniment

Grind and strain one part of litharge of gold, throw it into a green trough,202 knead it with two parts (of ) olive oil, beat (that) gently with your hand, add to it four parts of vinegar little by little, beating (the mixture) until it consolidates, and (then) store it.

(293)The verdigris liniment

Wax one fourth of a ral; mastic one �q�ya; ammoniacum two �q�ya. Dissolve the ammoniacum in two ral wine vinegar and olive oil, melt the wax into it on a �re, mix it together with the remaining (ingredi-ent), add to it two and a half �q�ya (of ) ground verdigris little by little, beating (the mixture) thoroughly, leave it to cool down, and (then) use it.

(294)The black liniment

which is (also called) the pitch linimentWax one and a half parts; pitch and pine resin one part of each. Melt (this) in thrice as much olive oil, strain it through a sieve, leave it to stien, and (then) store it.

(295)The quicklime liniment

for (the treatment of ) burnsTake burnt lime, slake it seven times with fresh water, knead it with olive oil little by little so as to retract the water from the body of the lime, leaving (inside only) the oil, and use (this).

202 Compare note 129 above.

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(296)The liniment (called) diy��il�n

—that is ‘mucilages’203

The mucilages of linseed, the seeds of wild marjoram, the seeds of the pale-coloured marshmallow, and fenugreek (seeds) half a ral of each; wax one fourth of a ral. (This) is inspissated with one and a half ral of olive oil, and stored.

(297)A liniment which is useful for

(the treatment of ) ulcers of the headand the early stages of scabies

Crush �ve parts each of myrobalan stones and oak galls, and scorch all (this) in sesame oil in a cauldron; then grind it in a mortar, and throw onto it two parts of ground myrtle and half a part of white salt; then cast upon it a su�cient quantity (of ) wax and bz�y oil204—which is to say �ve times as much as of the (other) ingredients, whereby the wax should have one share and the oil four shares in that total of �ve. Put (this preparation) on the ulcers, and put on top of it beet and endive.

(298)The haematite liniment

which is useful against tenesmus and (anal)�ssures in children, and ulcers of the vulva and

the penis when injected together with maid’s milk,the oil of white jasmines, and rose oil

Violet oil and rose (oil) one �q�ya of each; clear washed wax �ve dirham. Melt the wax, and pour it in a mortar onto the following ingredients, all ground—ceruse three dirham; washed haematite, Armenian bole, and Cyprian bole two dirham of each; salsify sap three dirham; opium �ve d�niq; saron one dirham. (Then) mix it well.

203 diy��il�n < (.) %�� ���I� lit. “(remedy made) with plant juices”, cf. Liddell/Scott Lexicon 2013; further Dozy Supplément 1/480 “emplâtre considéré comme résolutif, et dans lequel il entre des substances mucilagineuses”.

204 Compare note 201 above.

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(299)How to wash wax-and-oil

Melt (the wax in the oil), pour (the mixture) into water, and keep melt-ing it and pouring it into water until the latter does not taste of wax (any more).

(300)How to wash pitch

In order to reduce its sharpness and its (natural) heat, beat (the pitch)—as indicated—in clear (boiling) water very thoroughly for a long time, (then) let (the water) calm down; when (the pitch) rises to the surface take it, empty out that water, and throw the pitch into another water; repeat this a few times until you �nd the colour (of the water) pure and its taste agreeable; if it is right, wash it (one) more time, and (thereafter) use it.

(301)How to wash olive oil

Take as much as you like from the purest olive oil, cast it in a cauldron, pour on it a bit of limpid water, throw into it two dates and a handful of �our tied up in a cloth of linen, and boil (all this) gently on a low �ame until the water vanishes and the oil remains in a clear state; then take out the �our and the dates, let the oil cool o, and use it as required.

(302)How to wash lac

Take woodfree lac, grind it, and in order to reduce its sharpness and its (natural) heat pour over it boiling water in which had been cooked rhubarb and citronella roots; (now) stir it gently with a pestle, strain it into a sieve, and throw away the sediment (that has gathered upon it); then clear it again, take what has been puri�ed, let it dry, and use it in the lac remedy.205

205 See recipe 29 (“pastille”).

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(303)A liniment for (the treatment of )

acute white vitiligoOxidized copper which is r�sa�ta�,206 orpiment, garden cress, (burnt but) not slaked lime, and potash in equal parts. Steep (these ingredi-ents), once pounded, in children’s urine or in wine vinegar (exposed) to the sun, stir (the mixture) every day, do this for four days, (then) store it, and apply it after having washed the (aected) area before-hand with children’s urine or with wine vinegar.

(304)The cooling wax-liniment207

Wax one part; rose oil three parts. Melt (the wax in the oil), and mix it thoroughly with endive-water in a mortar.

(305)The prophets liniment

which is (also called) the apostles linimentfor (the treatment of ) �stulae and severe scrofula;

it cleans and healsWhite wax and pine resin twenty-eight dirham of each; ‘long’ birthwort and Oriental frankincense six dirham of each; myrrh and galbanum four dirham of each; bdellium mukul six dirham; litharge nine dirham; opopanax and verdigris four dirham of each; ammoniacum fourteen dirham. The bdellium is soaked in wine vinegar, and (everything) is cooked with two ral olive oil in summer and three ral in winter.

(306)The bdellium-and-hump liniment

for (the treatment of ) haemorrhoidsYellow wax, sesame oil, duck’s grease, the bone marrow from a cow’s shank, the fat from a camel’s hump, and bdellium mukul. The bdel-lium is dissolved in linseed mucus, everything is brought together, and stored.

206 r�sa�ta� is the arabicized form of Persian r�y-su�tah “oxidized copper” Cu�O, see Schmucker �abar� 505f.

207 The term used here for “wax-liniment”, i.e. q�r��, is a transliteration of �����8 “cerate”, see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 949.

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(307)A liniment which brings out arrowheads fromthe limbs—not on the authority of �unain208

Take Greek pitch, Nabataean gum, pine gum, ammoniacum, bdellium mukul, opopanax, and sagapenum in a weight of one mi�q�l each; ver-digris and chickpeas in a weight of three dirham; old cow’s ghee in a weight of �ve dirham; ‘rolled’ birthwort three dirham; fresh wax in a weight of four (dirham). Melt what can be melted, pound what can be pounded, mix it all together, and store it in a vessel. Smear some of this (preparation) over a piece of cloth, and put that on the (aected) spot so as to open (the wound); then smear some of it over gauze tampons, and insert them into (the wound on) the limb wherein the arrowhead is (stuck)—this will draw and drag it out.

(308)An ‘elixir’209 which is useful

in (treating) ulcers that are aboutto scar over and fade away

Myrrh, alum, and olibanum one part of each; ceruse about the total (amount). (This) is mixed with oil, kneaded with wine, and used.

(309)The liniment which is made with iron sulphate,

and which Galen called ‘the palmy’;210

this liniment heals and skins over ulcers,it puts away tumours, gout, rheumatism,

and swellings of the soft tissue, it dissolvesabscesses, and it is suitable for (the

208 I have no idea why Ibn at-Tilm�� would have felt obliged to emphasize that the remedy on hand was not taken from �unain, on whom see note 12 above.

209 Compare note 198 above.210 On Galen see note 47 above. I have not been able to trace this recipe in Galen’s

extant writings; however, it is interesting to see what he says about the date-palm in his /��0 ������ ��0 %������ �I� H��I� �������� (translated into Arabic mid 3rd/9th century) s.t. /��0 �������: ��D��, �< %=�%��� �������� ���=��� %������ 9� J���� ��D K����6 �=����� $ �3� �4� �I� ���%�� ���< �G����� 9���� 9, L%��"%�� �G��� �����) ��0 �"%�� E���) ��������� $���� %3 ��@��� �@��� -��� ��0 $ ����@���� 9�=���� 9%"%��� L������ [. . .] M��� %����� 9�0 �I� ����%���%I� K��I� �G�N ��I���� ��0 ��D �������� �� ��������=�� �I� O�+��� �������� ���@���� ��0 ��D .������D �� ��0 ���������D %�������� -,�+�� �� ��0 -��+��, see MGO 12/151f.

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treatment of ) burns, frostbite on the handsand the feet, open fractures of the bones,

and burst (hydro)cele—in case of rheumatism(however) it is only used if there is no painand no ache involved, that is if the swellingis painless or almost painless; (further it issuitable for the treatment of ) gastric and

hypogastric tumours as well as a contusionof (certain) organs when �xed above themin a bandage; and it is useful (against) the

bloatedness and bluish-green discolourationthat result from a punch

Old unsalted pig’s fat melted and cleared from its (gelatinous) coating two ral; old pure olive oil three ral; litharge three (ral); iron sulphate which is a kind of yellow vitriol four �q�ya. Grind the iron sulphate and the litharge �nely, mix the two (substances) together with the afore-said fat and olive oil in a mortar, and beat them gently; then put it all in a cauldron, (cook it), and stir it with the branch of a skinned palm-leaf, having cut what remained of the leaf into small pieces and thrown these in the decoction so that the liniment absorbs the moisture (not only) from the branch that has been deprived of the leaves which were rooted in it (but also) from the other (parts like) the peeled-o and chopped-up (skin and leaves); then, when (the mixture) has gained the consistency of a liniment, remove from it the bulk of the palm-leaf. For (those patients who have) robust constitutions you may add (from the beginning) another �q�ya or two of iron sulphate, up to (a total amount of ) half a ral; but the palm-leaf must be freshly (cut) for its moisture to pass over into the concoction. Ibn at-Tilm�� says: “If the aforementioned swellings are recent or (still) growing, this lini-ment should be diluted with a very astringent but not very mature wine which is less strong than must, pure, of �ne quality, (a wine) which feeds into the faculty of the remedy whilst enhancing its liquid-ity, and of which you admix to the liniment as much as it can absorb; if (the swellings however) are fully developed, forget about the wine altogether and use old olive oil instead when diluting the liniment, (again) with the intention to strengthen its dissolvent (eect)—for the astringency of the wine (used) in the �rst (instance) aims at noth-ing but a limitation (of the remedy’s power). Using castor oil instead of old olive oil is also an option. And where the liniment (amounts to), say, ten parts, the oil with which it is diluted should (amount to)

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nine parts—this is in spring and in summer; in winter (however only) seven (parts) of oil go into ten parts of liniment, such that the fac-ulty of the remedy reveals itself (in a form) capable of resisting the cold season. Choosing rose oil will give (the remedy) an analgesic and desiccating (eect), and diluting it with vinegar will make it particu-larly eective in the treatment of burns. If (the patient) is very sensi-tive to physical (pain) and has bad chymes, add to this liniment when treating open fractures a narcotic sap, which may be (obtained from) fresh henbane or (from) the roots or ripe fruits of the mandrake or it may be opium and also horn poppy (sap), and (further) the saps of lettuce, endive, knotgrass, forget-me-not, and water moss—except that the sap of forget-me-not hardly cools; and if these saps are not readily available (take) vinegar and water, in which case the cooling (eect) of the remedy (rests on the use of ) ice or (very) cold water—except when (the skin) shows a bluish-green discolouration. (In gen-eral terms you should measure) for each ral of liniment one �q�ya of sap, increasing or decreasing (the amount) as you see �t. Rose oil, too, is (an) appropriate (complement) in such a situation. (This liniment) is (also) used for (the treatment of ) hot bloodshot swellings whose nature resembles the (kind of ) swelling called erythema,211 together with rose oil and the saps of nightshade or unripe grapes or purslane or houseleek—except that the sap of unripe grapes is very astringent and therefore, out of harm’s way, not used in this (case) on its own but (only) in combination with purslane sap”.

Chapter Thirteenon

Cataplasms and Ointments

(310)A hospital cataplasm for

(the treatment of ) herniaMastic, the bark of the frankincense(-tree), the cones and leaves of the cypress, myrrh, sarcocolla, and �sh-glue in equal parts. Grind (this) except the glue which is dissolved in wine vinegar and tepid water; once dissolved, mix it together with the (other) ingredients,

211 The term used here for “erythema”, i.e. �umra, is a calque of 9�@+��� lit. “red-ness”, see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 692.

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and spread it all on a stone slab; once dried, grind it (again), wet it with water, and use it.

(311)The bone-setting cataplasm

Gum-senegal, glossostemon root, aloe, Armenian bole, marshmallow, and asphodel which is the root of �un�� and (also) called ‘shoemaker asphodel’212 one part of each. (This) is pounded, wet with myrtle-water, and used.

(312)Another cataplasm for the setting of bones

Glossostemon root �ve mann; Armenian bole one and a half mann; pale-coloured marshmallow one mann; myrtle and mung beans one mann of each; gum-senegal and asphodel just one ral of each; and from aloe six �q�ya. All (this) is pounded, strained, and used.

(313)A cataplasm for (the treatment of )

the hot stomachFresh myrtle-water, quince-water, rose-water, apple-water, gum-sen-egal, hard dry dates, biscuit, sandalwood, ladanum soaked in rose-water, and sometimes also oak galls and saron. (This) is brought together, and used.

(314)A cataplasm for (the treatment of )gastric debility if there is no heat,

(if ) the disposition (of the patient) is lax,and (if ) there is vomiting

Add to the previous cataplasm mastic, aloe, absinthe, and myrrh, put these together with one part of all those (other ingredients), and pre-pare from it a liniment with wax and rose oil.213

212 �un�� is another name for asphodel Asphodelus spp., see Löw P�anzennamen 290.; the additional synonym ‘shoemaker asphodel’ (šar�s al-as�kifa) looks like a one-o to me.

213 In categorical terms, the present prescription is on the borderline between cataplasms and liniments; for the original “liniment with wax and rose oil” see recipe 304.

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(315)A cataplasm for (the treatment of )

soft tumours in the extremitiesSulphur, cow’s dung, and fenugreek in equal parts. (This) is wet with wine vinegar, and used.

(316)A cataplasm for (the treatment of )

indurate hydroceleSeedless raisins, fresh goat’s fat, peeled boiled broad beans, lentils, alkekengi leaves, barley meal, egg yolk, and rose oil are prepared like a liniment, and applied as a cataplasm.

(317)The soft lumps cataplasm

Fermented wheat dough three parts; Armenian borax, Roman nettle, salt, calamint, pigeon’s droppings, and dry mint (one part of each). (This) is ground, kneaded with olive oil, and used.

(318)A cataplasm for (the treatment of )

abscessesDry yellow �gs are heated in water until they are well-cooked, (then) ground, and mixed together with borax, sesame oil, cow’s ghee, and olive oil.

(319)A cataplasm for (the treatment of )

nervous convulsionsBdellium mukul one �q�ya; chicken’s grease, duck’s grease, and the bone marrow from a cow’s shank half a ral of each. Dissolve the bdel-lium by submerging it in hot water, (then) mix it all in a mortar, and use it.

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(320)A cataplasm for (the treatment of )

in�amed and swollen nervesPeeled sesame and the fresh leaves of sweet marjoram are squashed in a mortar, and this (mixture) is smeared over a piece of cloth and put onto (the aected area).

(321)The �g cataplasm

for (the treatment of ) sclerosis of the spleenBdellium mukul two �q�ya; ammoniacum one �q�ya; broad bean meal, lupine meal, melilot, fenugreek, linseed, chamomile, and Indian spike-nard �ve dirham of each; dry yellow �gs one ral. Cook the �gs until they disintegrate and become, when pounded, like a liniment; (then) throw the (other) ingredients on it in a mortar, having dissolved the ammoniacum and the bdellium in water, mix it (all) with chamomile oil or rue oil, and use it.

(322)A cataplasm (which is) like a linimentfor (the treatment of ) Persian �re,214

and burns and blisters (in general)(Burnt) lime, slaked seven times (then) drained (and) dried, four �q�ya; beet leaves two �q�ya; wax four �q�ya; rose oil half a ral. All (this) is �nely ground in a mortar, and (then) used.

(323)An ointment for (the treatment of ) hot

tumours—it is known by (the name of ) nardRed sandalwood and cimolite �ve dirham of each; white sandalwood and horn poppy powder three dirham of each; Armenian bole ten dirham; areca, gum-senegal, and lycium two dirham of each; ceruse and litharge one dirham of each. All (this) is �nely ground, kneaded with endive-water, prepared like the nard (ointment should be prepared), and when required scraped o.215

214 That is anthrax.215 It is not clear to me how and when the Persian word nard, denoting a kind of

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(324)An ointment for (the treatment of )

desquamation (of the skin)Garden cress, the peels of the caper root, and hellebore in equal parts. (This) is pounded, kneaded, wet with wine vinegar and honey, and applied as an ointment in the bathhouse.

(325)An ointment for (the treatment of )

‘black’ lichenRocket seeds, garden cress, radish seeds, baby’s breath, mustard, and musk melon seeds (in) equal (parts). (This) is pounded, strained, wet with wine vinegar and honey, and used in the bathhouse.

(326)A remedy for (the treatment of )

moist scabiesCeruse, kamala, babul, Bengal quince, tabasheer, and pomegranate �owers half a ral of each; potsherds one ral. (This) is pounded, and kneaded with wine vinegar and rose oil.

(327)A remedy for (the treatment of )

dry scabiesPomegranate �owers and turmeric one part of each; pine resin, len-tils, myrrh, Chinese greater celandine, and ‘long’ birthwort half a part of each. (This) is pounded, and kneaded with wine vinegar.

(328)A fragrant paste for

(the treatment of ) mangeGreater celandine, horn poppy powder, sweet alecost, mahaleb ker-nels, rattah which is Indian hazelnut,216 the ‘honey’ of white amber

board game, came to be used as the name of an ointment; equally unclear is why the Persians consider this word, when used in the latter sense, to be of Arabic provenance.

216 rattah is another name for Indian hazelnut Corylus avellana var. indica, see Löw P�anzennamen 48f.

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which is a variety of liquid storax,217 and mercury one part of each. (This) is pounded, and kneaded with the oil from unripe olives.

(329)A hospital paste for (the treatment of )

mange—(according to) the complete copy218

Baby’s breath, litharge, argentic slag, borax, salt, arsenic, alum from ruddy (earth), sal ammoniac, black cumin, potash, turmeric, ‘dead-ened’ mercury,219 and whitish sulphur one part of each; oleander four parts. Pound all (this), steep it in sesame oil, and use it in the bath-house, patiently waiting for the sweat to run and then washing it o with lye followed by mild detergents like barley meal and lentil (meal). Ibn at-Tilm�� says: “ ‘Deadened’ mercury is mercury into which salt and ashes have been mixed (and left) for a long time so as to form a cohesive mass”.

(330)A paste for (the treatment of ) moist

mange in those who live a life of luxury‘Deadened’ mercury,220 argentic slag, litharge, and oleander are pounded and used with rose oil.

(331)A paste for (the treatment of ) mangeaccording to Ab� l-�asan ibn Sinn221

—it is proven by experienceLitharge, kamala, curcuma tubers, and oleander leaves in equal parts. (This) is steeped in two parts (of ) rose oil and one part (of ) wine vin-egar, and (then) used.

217 For the equation of white amber and liquid storax Liquidambar orientalis see e.g. Schmucker �abar� 430f. and 494f.

218 This is probably a reference to Sb�r ibn Sahl’s (d. 255/869) large dispensatory in its unrevised and unabridged (hence “complete”) form, of which only a few frag-ments have come down to us, see the diagram in Kahl S�b�r¹ 22 with Ullmann Medizin 301 note 1; cf. also note 133 above.

219 On how to ‘deaden’ mercury see Ibn at-Tilm��’s own brief comment at the end of this recipe; for a dierent though related method see recipe 389.

220 Compare the conclusion of recipe 329.221 I guess this would be Ab� l-�asan ��bit ibn Sinn (d. 365/976, see e.g. Ibn al-Qif��

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(332)Another paste for

(the treatment of ) mangeRealgar two dirham; litharge the same; baby’s breath four d�niq; ‘dead-ened’ mercury two and a half dirham; liquid storax one dirham and one third (of a dirham); sulphur one and a half dirham. Having ‘deadened’ the mercury as we mentioned (before),222 steep everything in �fteen dirham (of ) pure olive oil, and apply (the mixture) as a paste in the bathhouse with green lye and a little salt, patiently waiting for a short while before washing it o with detergents that mollify the burning sensation (on the skin) like barley meal, lentil (meal), musk melon seed (meal), and so on.

(333)A paste for (the treatment of )

dry mangeTurmeric, borax, salt cake, myrrh, sweet alecost, and baby’s breath two dirham of each; liquid storax �ve dirham. Steep (this) in rose oil, patiently wait for three hours (after its application), and (then) wash it o with tepid water.

(334)A dye which darkens the hair

Take barley meal, let it properly ferment so that it becomes sour, add to one handful of it one �q�ya (of ) r�sa�ta� which is oxidized copper,223 pound (this), strain it through a cloth of silk, and liquefy it little by little with acid wine vinegar until that mixture of fermented dough and oxidized copper gains the consistency of pulped lote (fruits); then wrap it around the hair and stu into it beet leaves or lettuce (leaves) or vine leaves or gourd leaves in order to prevent the dye from drying out (too soon); leave it (like this) for twelve hours, then take away (the leaves) and shake o (the dye) from the hair. Meanwhile you should have prepared twenty unpierced oak galls by burning them almost to the point of complete combustion, (then) by quenching them so that

�ukam�� 109.), a grandson of �bit ibn Qurra al-�arrn� and himself a distinguished physician; wherefrom Ibn at-Tilm�� got the present recipe is hard to say since �bit ibn Sinn is not known to have written anything except one historical work.

222 Compare the conclusion of recipe 329.223 Compare note 206 above.

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they can (easily) be crushed whilst some of their faculty is (still left), and (�nally) by grinding them, straining them through a cloth of silk, and wetting them with water; (now) wrap (this dye) around the hair, put leaves into it, and let it alone for twelve hours as (you did) before; then take away (the leaves) and wash o (the dye). This will bring out a long-lasting beautiful black colour.

(335)A paste for (the treatment of )

‘white’ lichenIndian garden cress four �q�ya; realgar one �q�ya; baby’s breath two �q�ya; oxidized copper, lime, and potash one �q�ya of each. (These ingredients) are brought together by pounding and (then) wetting them with wine vinegar.

(336)A cataplasm for (dealing with)

intestinal wormsAs regards the cataplasm which kills them, (take) green vitriol and the treacle (made) with wormwood-water, bitter alecost-water, and southernwood-water; as regards the one which (merely) drives them out, (take) lupine kneaded with coniferous tar, colocynth pulp, and aloe, and put (that) on the umbilicus.

(337)A cataplasm for (the treatment of )

thin(-watery) dropsyBarley meal, cyperus, the dung of small cattle, borax, and Armenian bole in equal parts. (This) is wet with vinegar and smeared (onto the skin).

(338)A cataplasm for (the treatment of )

rheumatism and sciaticaTake fenugreek, throw it into a clay vessel, cast upon it a mix of vin-egar and wine, and cook (that) on smouldering embers until (the fenugreek) is worn soft; now cast honey upon it, again boil it on the embers, (then) lift it o, and apply it as a cataplasm.

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(339)A cataplasm which has vomitive,

purgative, and laxative (properties),depending on where it is placed

—on the mouth of the stomach it causesvomiting, on the umbilicus it purges, and

on the pubes it relaxes the menstrual bloodEmbelia and the sap of wild serpent melon three mi�q�l of each; white hellebore and litharge four dirham of each; the caul of a goat �ve dirham; the lees of olive oil ten mi�q�l; wax �ve dirham. Melt the wax in the lees of the oil, admix the (other) ingredients, smear (that) over (a piece of ) paper, and stick it on.

(340)A cataplasm which drains soft lumps

Chamomile, barley meal, dill, and marshmallow one handful of each; bdellium twenty dirham. Dissolve the bdellium in the mucus of lin-seed and wild marjoram seeds, and grind (that) together with the (other) ingredients after having pounded them (�rst); apply (this) on an empty stomach, and take it o at mealtimes until digestion is completed.

(341)A cataplasm for (the treatment of )

the bite of a rabid dogKnead a bit of treacle with the ashes of vine stems,224 and apply that as a cataplasm.

(342)A cataplasm for (the treatment of )

sclerosis of the spleenCook �ve bunches (of ) rue in half a ral (of ) wine vinegar together with �ve dirham (of ) birthwort and �ve dirham (of ) absinthe, strain o the vinegar, and (then) dissolve in it �ve dirham of ammoniacum; now take ten dirham each of barley meal and darnel meal, ten �gs in number, and �ve dirham of tarfa leaves, pound (that), knead it with the

224 šafš “stems” is a Persian word which has no currency in the Arabic language.

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vinegar, and apply (this), after having fomented the spleen with �an-nel soaked in hot vinegar, as a cataplasm by putting it on the sclerotic (area) for the whole night.

(343)A cataplasm for (the treatment of )

the cold stomachCyperus, Indian spikenard, citronella, absinthe, lemon grass, and mas-tic are brought together with aged wine and quince-water.

(344)For (the treatment of ) scurfy mange

without heat (of the skin)Grind roses in sour vinegar until (the mixture) gains (some) consist-ency; then admix to it ground sulphur in a quantity (equalling) one half of the roses, rub (this) over the body in the bathhouse, and wash it o with mild detergents.

(345)And for (the treatment of ) the itch

Celery-water and vinegar (are applied) in the bathhouse.

(346)Simples for (the treatment of ) mange,

to be compounded as necessarySulphur, orpiment, realgar, ammonium chloride, ammonium hydrox-ide, salt in (all) its varieties, ribes seeds, ‘deadened’ mercury,225 the ashes of vine (stems), argentic slag, auric slag, litharge, oleander leaves, baby’s breath, borax, alum from ruddy (earth), potash, black cumin, turmeric, kamala, liquid storax, greater celandine, horn poppy, alecost, and mahaleb kernels are prepared with olive oil or sesame oil or violet and rose oil as well as with vinegar and citron juice, and (their application) is followed by (the use of ) lye and (other) kinds of deter-gents. (When prepared to treat) acute ulcerating mange during the summer in those who live a life of luxury or adolescents, the strength of some of these (drugs) can be broken by (adding) camphor.

225 Compare the conclusion of recipe 329.

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(347)For (the treatment of ) warts

—�unain’s (remedy of ) choice226

The fruit of the tarfa pounded in vinegar is applied as a cataplasm; or else bdellium africanum, pine resin, and the peels of the caper root with vinegar.

(348)For (the treatment of ) tetter

Burnt staghorn with vinegar; also gum-arabic melted in vinegar.

(349)The toenail foot-wrap

Linseed and fenugreek are pounded, kneaded with honey and melted wax, and applied as a cataplasm.

(350)For (the treatment of ) moles

on the faceWhite baby’s breath one mi�q�l; six peeled almonds; white sugar one and a half mi�q�l. Apply this in the form of a paste over a period of ten days.

(351)A paste for (the treatment of ) freckles

—�unain’s (remedy of ) choice227

Mix ivory sawdust, �g seeds, red kidney beans, mung beans, and bitter almonds into barley-water, apply (this) as a paste at night, and set out in the early morning for the bathhouse.

226 On �unain see note 12 above. The word “choice” (i�tiy�r) certainly contains an allusion to a lost pharmacological writing by �unain entitled al-I�tiy�r�t “The (Drugs of ) Choice”; for references to some minor fragments of this text see Ullmann Medizin 300 note 1 and GaS 3/255 no. 6.

227 Compare note 226 above.

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(352)A remedy for (the treatment of )

lenticular wartsSepiolite one part; borax one part; peeled almonds two parts.

(353)And (again) for that

Lupine meal and burnt sepiolite in equal (parts). (This) is softened in narcissus oil, and applied as a paste.

(354)For (the treatment of ) black marks

on the faceBarley meal, broad bean (meal), and the roots of the sky-coloured iris one dirham of each; sal ammoniac and gum ammoniac two dirham of each. (The ammoniacs) are dissolved in hot water, kneaded together with the remaining (ingredients), and made into pastilles; (or) they are dissolved in egg white and applied as a paste, as required.

(355)A paste for (the treatment of )

speckles and frecklesPigeon’s droppings and borax in equal (parts). (This) is pounded, kneaded, and applied to the face many times.

(356)For (the treatment of ) scrofula

The ashes of a jade’s hoof (are mixed) with olive oil and applied as a cataplasm.

(357)A dye which darkens (the hair)

Mix the water from new walnut husks or sumach-water with henna, then with wasma which is indigo leaves,228 (and also) with one dirham (of ) clove, and use this for dyeing.

228 wasma is generally considered to denote the leaves of the indigo plant Indigofera tinctoria, see e.g. Schmucker �abar� 534f.

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(358)Alecost oil delays ageing

Black cumin oil (however) is stronger than that, or so they say.229

(359)A paste for (the treatment of )

desquamation (of the skin)Cantharides, arsenic, and garden cress are ground in vinegar and honey, and applied as a paste.

(360)A remedy from among the writings of ar-Rz�

for (the treatment of ) dumbness230

Sal ammoniac, pellitory, sweet �ag, black pepper, and mustard in equal (parts). (This) is ground, and applied as a thick smear below and above the tongue several times a day.

(361)A paste for (the treatment of )

dumbnessPellitory, ‘sea’ alecost, and castoreum are ground, and applied to the tongue as a paste (whilst the patient) must not swallow his saliva.

(362)A paste which makes the traces

of smallpox disappearLitharge steeped (in oil), dry reed root, chickpea meal, decayed bones, rice meal, musk melon seeds, ben seeds, and the rinds of the sweet pomegranate (as much) as necessary of each. (This) is brought together, ground, applied at night as a paste with the water of musk melon seeds, and washed o the next morning in the bathhouse.

229 This brief ‘recipe’ looks like an interpolation, except that it is well-attested by the manuscript tradition; in any case, it should rather be expected to �gure in chapter eleven on oils.

230 The relevant section in Mu�ammad ibn Zakar�y� ar-Rz�’s (d. 313/925 or 323/935) huge medical encyclopaedia al-��w� oers a number of very similar though not identical prescriptions, cf. Rz� ��w� 3/206–215.

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(363)A paste for (the treatment of )

vitiligoGarden cress, Asiatic crowfoot, larkspur, and the (dried) bodies of can-tharides one part of each. (This) is kneaded with a decoction of mad-der and wine vinegar.

(364)A paste for (dealing with) lice

and (other) parasites in the beardStavesacre two dirham; borax, sumach, alecost, carob, and horn poppy powder one dirham of each. (This) is pounded, strained, kneaded with violet oil and wine vinegar, and applied as a paste.

(365)A paste for (the treatment of ) ‘white’lichen—(invented) by Ibn at-Tilm��

Radish seeds and peppergrass seeds �ve dirham of each; green lye ten dirham; borax two dirham. (These ingredients) are pounded, kneaded with wine vinegar and honey, and applied as a paste before entering the bathhouse.

Chapter Fourteenon

Enemas and Suppositories

(366)A mild enema which is used

in acute diseasesHusked crushed barley one handful; dry violet, nenuphar, marshmal-low tied up in a cloth of linen, and bran tied up in a cloth of linen �ve dirham of each. Cook (this) in two ral water until eight �q�ya (of it) are left, (then) strain it o, take from it �fty dirham altogether, dissolve in it one and a half �q�ya (of ) violet oil or almond oil and one and a half �q�ya (of ) sugar together with one mi�q�l (of ) salt cake, and use (that)—if nature responds, (then good); if not, repeat (the treatment).

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(367)A purgative ‘medium’ enema

which is stronger than the previousA bunch of �nely chopped beet; twenty yellow �gs in number; violet, nenuphar, and crushed barley a �stful of each; ‘green’ marshmallow and bran tied up in a cloth of linen �ve dirham of each; chamomile seven dirham. Cook all (this) in four ral water until one third (of it) is left, (then) take eight �q�ya from what has been strained o, mash up in it one and a half �q�ya (of ) purging cassia pods, two �q�ya (of ) red sugar, �ve dirham (of ) bz�y oil,231 �ve dirham (of ) Nabataean garum, and two dirham (of ) salt cake, and use (that liquid) tepid—if nature responds, (then good); if not, repeat (the treatment) as before.

(368)An enema for (the treatment of )

colical pain due to moisture and �atusChamomile, melilot, caltrop, small centaury, dill, linseed, and sa�ower ten dirham of each; a bunch of chopped beet; twenty-�ve chopped yel-low �g fruits; bran and marshmallow ten dirham. Cook (this) in two ral water, strain it o as before, enforce it like you enforced the �rst (enema), and use it.

(369)An enema for (the treatment of )pain in the back and ischia, theearly stages of sciatica, uterine

disorders, and the dryness that resultsfrom frequent sexual intercourse

Chamomile, melilot, violet, and nenuphar �ve dirham of each; a hand-ful of barley; thirty sebesten fruits. Cook (this) in three ral water until one third (of it) is left, (then) take from it sixty dirham, mix it with one �q�ya (of ) violet oil and �ve dirham each of chicken’s grease, goat’s suet, wax oil, and butter, and use (that).

231 Compare note 201 above.

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(370)An enema for (the treatment of ) abrasion

Roasted crushed barley, red rice, millet, and peeled lentils one �stful of each; roses, pomegranate �owers, myrtle, plantain, and the inner skins of acorn-cups four dirham of each. Cook (this) in two ral water until it is reduced to one half, (then) strain it o, take from it a weight of �fty dirham, and use (that) tepid together with egg yolk boiled in wine vinegar, �ve dirham (of ) rose oil, and one of the hypocistis pas-tilles which are mentioned in the chapter on pastilles.232

(371)A suppository which stimulates

nature whilst being gentleRed sugar and salt cake one part of each. Melt the sugar, inspissate it with the ground salt, form (this) into an ‘acorn’, roll it in oil, and insert it (into the rectum). Sometimes borax is added to it, sometimes colocynth pulp, and sometimes it is made with pale-coloured marsh-mallow.

(372)A suppository which is inserted

(into the rectum) in order to stopanal bleeding

Amber, pomegranate �owers, bdellium africanum, dragon’s blood, mastic, gum-senegal, stalkless rosebuds, gum-arabic, and sarcocolla one part of each. The ingredients are pounded, strained, kneaded with the water of the leek herb, attached to a thread, and put in the shade to dry.

(373)The thread suppository

for (the treatment of ) dysenteryand anal bleeding

Myrrh, opium, Oriental frankincense, and saron in equal parts. (This) is kneaded with coriander-water, attached to the tip of a thread in a size (similar to that of ) a service fruit or (a bit) bigger, inserted (into the rectum), and when required taken out by the thread.

232 See recipe 22.

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(374)An enema fabricated by Zahr�n al-�arrn� 233

for (the treatment of ) abrasionRed rice and barleymeal porridge �fteen dirham of each; dry myrtle, roses, pomegranate �owers, and the inner skins of acorn-cups ten dirham of each; dry plantain ten dirham. Boil (this) in six ral water until one third (of it) is left, (then) strain o three �q�ya, mix into it one egg yolk boiled in sumach-water or vinegar or both, three dirham (of ) rose oil, and two dirham from the abrasion catapasm,234 and use that as an enema—cold in summer, tepid in winter.

(375)A comprehensive enema which

resolves most kinds of colicFenugreek and linseed one �q�ya of each; the fresh seeds of the cas-tor oil plant thirty dirham; black ‘king �gs’235 ten in number; sa�ower pulp thirty dirham; a small bunch of fresh rue; cumin one �q�ya; a handful of bran; peeled almonds one �q�ya; sebesten, beet root, and cabbage root two �q�ya of each. Cook (this), strain it o, and if you do not shun the heat of resins (also) put half an �q�ya (of ) bdellium and one mi�q�l each of sagapenum, gum ammoniac, and opopanax into it. The (amount of ) water (used for cooking) should be ten times as much as the total (amount of ) ingredients, leaving one sixth of that water (as a product); the (amount of the) aforesaid resins to (contribute to) that given sixth depends on the exact amount of the preceding ingre-dients, on the whole adding or subtracting as appears necessary. The enema itself is used in an amount of �ve �q�ya together with one �q�ya (of ) nard oil, two �q�ya (of ) garum, two �q�ya (of ) honey, and one �q�ya (of ) melted chicken’s grease.

(376)An enema designed for sexual potency

Take the head of a fat one-year-old sheep, its trotters, its testicles, its kidneys including the suet, its right side, and a piece from its fatty tail, and crash it (all) in a stone pot together with twenty dirham (of )

233 On Zahr�n al-�arrn� cf. note 27 above.234 See recipe 394.235 On ‘king �gs’ cf. note 125 above.

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brayed wheat, just as much chickpeas, and �ve dirham each of cal-trop, sa�ower, terebinth, carrot seeds, leek seeds, asparagus seeds, and lucerne seeds, all crushed. Cook this until it is worn soft, (then) strain o half a ral from that greasy broth, add ten dirham (of ) Syrian sugar, and (thus) use it—�rst (however) you must use an enema to (promote) the discharge of faeces, prepared from beet-water, sesame oil, garum, and sugar, and injected twice so as to empty the bowels (completely); (now) send up the previous (enema), let (the patient) sleep on it wrapped tight in a napkin, and call it a day—if he can hold the liquid (inside) for three or four hours, be content.

(377)The ashes water

which, when injected as an enematowards the bladder, is useful against

suppression of urine due to coagulatedmatter or a tumour in the (urinary) tube

Take acorn ashes or the ashes of vine wood, potash, and lime, pour (enough) water over these (ingredients) to cover them, and leave (this) for three days; then strain it, and inject (the liquid) through a pipette into the penis.

(378)A tampon for (the treatment of )

uterine tumoursIris sap together with fat and rose oil in a dark-blue cloth.

(379)An injection for (the treatment of )

ulcers in the penisPlantain-water, rose oil, and the white ophthalmic which is (normally) prepared to (treat) conjunctivitis236 (but now) dissolved in moth-ers’ milk and the oil of white jasmines are (all) mixed together, and (thus) used.

236 See recipe 263.

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(380)An enema for (the treatment of ) rheumatism

Fenugreek, bitter almonds, castor oil plant, and linseed one handful of each; bay laurel seeds, chamomile, and dill thirty dirham of each; caltrop thirty dirham; meadow saron, bdellium, and white hellebore ten dirham of each; centaury twenty-�ve dirham; ammoniacum, sagap-enum, opopanax, and colocynth six dirham of each; celery seeds �f-teen dirham; dill seeds and rue seeds twelve dirham of each; �ulwn �gs237 ten in number; �ur�n jujubes238 ten in number; sebestens forty in number. Bring (this) together, cook it on a low �ame in an earthen pot, and leave it in the oven until the next morning; (then) take eight �q�ya (from it), cast one �q�ya each of cow’s ghee and gilly�ower oil upon it, and use that tepid as an enema.

(381)An enema which is useful for

(the treatment of ) intestinal ulcers(Take) twelve dirham each of rice-water and barley mash cooked together with unsalted goat’s suet, and throw the following ingredi-ents on it, all pounded (and) strained—ceruse, burnt papyrus, gum-arabic, gum-senegal, and dragon’s blood one dirham of each; three egg yolks boiled in wine vinegar and rose oil. Mix it all well, and use that as an enema.

(382)A powder for (the treatment of )

ulcers in the earSarcocolla, dragon’s blood, frankincense, myrrh, sepiolite, Armenian borax, iron oxide, verdigris, and aloe (as much) as necessary of each. Pound (this) �nely, setting it up as a powder, and drop some of it (mixed) with vinegar and water several times into the ear; then twine a wick, besmear it with honey, pass it through this (powdery) remedy, and plug it into the ear.239

237 On �ulwn see note 172 above.238 On �ur�n see note 173 above.239 This remedy, a powder applied through a plug to the ear, seems out of place in

a chapter that deals with enemas and suppositories; the point of classi�cation there-fore must be its �nal design when administered, which may well be compared to that of a suppository.

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Chapter Fifteenon

Dry Preparations and Dentifrices

(383)A corrosive remedy from Chalcis240

which is made in June, July, and August241

Orpiment and realgar—(that is) the one which is (commonly) used together with lime—half a ral of each; borax, sal ammoniac, and ver-digris half a ral of each; potash three ral; (burnt but) not slaked lime as much as the total (weight). Grind the ingredients, throw them into a trough, cast upon them wine vinegar, stir them with a piece of wood, leave them exposed to the sun (for a while), restore whatever (amount of ) vinegar may have evaporated, and repeat this three times—but make sure the vinegar (which you choose) is (very) sour (and) of a white colour; now dry the ingredients, put them into a �red oven onto a brick that has acquired the intense heat of the oven, and leave them inside until the oven cools down; (then) take the remedy out, store it away, and when required grind it and use it.

(384)The (remedy called) s�rint���n242

for (the treatment of ) putrid and squashy gumsTurmeric, alum, gum-senegal, pomegranate �owers, oak galls, sumach, pomegranate rinds, and salt in equal parts. Pound (this), use it with vinegar, and afterwards rinse (the mouth) with sumach-water and rose oil. The appropriate procedure is (to take) a surgical stick, wrap around its tip a piece of soft cloth, wet it with the vinegar, pass it through the ground remedy, and reach out for those areas of the gums which need (treatment)—(all) that is done by a physician in a bright place. Sometimes also the �eshy tissue in the corners of the mouth, when putrid, is embrocated with this (preparation).

240 Qalqid�q�n “from Chalcis” < P����%����, see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 1973.241 The summer months June-July-August are represented here by their Syriac

names �az�r�n-Tamm�z-�b for the obvious reason that the Muslim lunar year takes no account of seasonal change.

242 s�rint���n < Syriac s�r�nt�kon “medicamentum pro morbis oris, ex arsenico etc. [?] compositum”, see Payne Smith Thesaurus 2/2586.

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(385)The rose coolant

for (the treatment of ) feverish and blisteredgums—it is called udunt���n243

Roses, the gall-apples of the Oriental tamarisk, pellitory, roasted cori-ander, and purslane seeds in equal parts. (This) is pounded, stored, and used. If the heat (of the gums) is overwhelming, (the remedy) is made without pellitory.

(386)The blocker

for (the treatment of ) �abbinessand prolapse of the rectum

The inner skins of acorn-cups, frankincense and the bark of its tree, burnt wormwood, oak galls, burnt pomegranate �owers, staghorn, litharge, burnt mussel shells, and cadmia which is iql�miy�� 244 in equal parts. (This) is ground, and used.

(387)The dry remedy to stop

(the emission of ) blood from a woundPomegranate �owers, the bark of the frankincense(-tree), dragon’s blood, sarcocolla, myrrh, burnt cyperus, burnt staghorn, and burnt Egyptian papyrus one part of each; washed Armenian bole one part. (This) is pounded, stored, and used.

(388)An adhesive plaster to stop

(the emission of ) blood from the arteriesDragon’s blood, sarcocolla, alum, yellow vitriol, gum-senegal, pome-granate �owers, aloe, and frankincense dregs one part of each; gum-arabic two parts. (This) is pounded, kneaded with egg white, put onto (a piece of ) hare’s fur, placed (over the cut), �xed, and not removed for a few days.

243 udunt���n < Q%������� “dental” (scil. remedy), see Liddell/Scott Lexicon 1198.244 The two terms used here to denote “cadmia” ZnO are qadmiy�� < ��%���� (scil. �)

and iql�miy�� which is an alteration of the former parallel to Mediaeval Latin calamina, cf. Schmucker �abar� 83. and 337.

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(389)The (remedy called) d�k bar d�k

—that is ‘pot upon pot’Take orpiment, potash, lime, and verdigris half a ral of each; mercury and sal ammoniac one fourth of a ral each. Grind (this) in the prime water—whose description follows—so long as it takes for the mercury to ‘die’,245 (then) dry it, put it into the device which the alchemists call aludel,246 heat it with a �re from below such that (the substance) vaporizes, and (on cooling) collect the sublimate in a �ask. You can sprinkle (this preparation) on whatever you want to get rid of, like for example a �stula, (using it) in place of cautery.

(390)The prime water

Take one part each of unhydrated lime and potash, grind the latter, pour over the two (ingredients) six times as much water, put it aside, and whip (the mixture) three times daily over (a period of ) three days; now strain o (the liquid), cook it until it gains the density of the (aromatic called) �al�q,247 and (then) leave it in the sun so as to thicken. (This preparation), once made into pastilles, is dried, stored in a place where it cannot be aected by dampness, when required �nely ground, and (so) used.

(391)(Another) dry remedy to stop

(the emission of ) blood from a wound248

Pomegranate �owers, dragon’s blood, and washed haematite one part of each; gum-arabic two parts. (This) is pounded, kneaded with egg white, put onto (a piece of ) hare’s fur, placed (over the wound), �xed, and not removed for a few days.

245 For a dierent though related method see the conclusion of recipe 329.246 u��l “aludel” < ��+����� “Apparat zum Destillieren und Sublimieren trockener

Stoe”, see Ullmann NGw 265.247 �al�q is “eine Art von �üssigem Parfüm, das aber eine dicke Konsistenz besitzt;

es besteht aus Safran und anderen Substanzen. Die rote und gelbe Farbe überwiegen in ihm [. . .] Rezepte für die Herstellung der Chalûq selbst habe ich bisher nicht �nden können, wohl aber [. . .] solche für das ‘Wasser der Chalûq’, das nachher destilliert wird. Eines [. . .] teile ich mit: [recipe follows]”, see Wiedemann Aufsätze 2/128 note 1.

248 See also recipe 387.

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(392)The mouth coolant

Purslane seeds, roses, tabasheer, coriander, pomegranate �owers, sumach, yellow myrobalan, and peeled lentils one part of each. (This) is pounded, and a little camphor is added to it.

(393)A polish for the teeth

which also tightens the gumsand improves the smell of the breath

Ibn at-Tilm�� says: “It is proven by experience”Burnt barley, white salt, and sepiolite ten dirham of each; pellitory, cubeb, and the fruits of the tarfa �ve dirham of each; Yemenite alum two dirham; sumach four dirham; clove two dirham. These ingredients are brought together, pounded, strained, and used.

(394)The abrasion catapasm

Ceruse, roasted gum-arabic and starch, salsify sap, plantain sap, Armenian bole, and Cyprian bole two dirham of each; amber, washed haematite, gum-senegal, and dragon’s blood one dirham of each. (This) is pounded, and used.

(395)And to stop (the emission of ) blood

from the arteriesEgg white, (burnt but) not slaked lime, hare’s fur, and soft linen threads are applied as a plaster and �rmly �xed.249

(396)A dentifrice which is useful against

loose teethPomegranate �owers, roses, the gall-apples of the Oriental tamarisk, and alum one part of each. (This) is �nely pounded, and stuck against the gums. Sometimes one part each of sandalwood sawdust, yellow myrobalan, coriander, and turmeric is added to it.

249 Compare the procedure described in recipe 388.

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(397)A dentifrice for (the treatment of )

toothache caused by coldnessBlack pepper ten dirham; pellitory, ginger, and larkspur four dirham of each; Armenian borax six dirham. (These ingredients) are brought together by pounding (and) straining, and (then) they are pressed on the teeth.

(398)A remedy for (the treatment of )

smelly armpitsYemenite alum two dirham; myrrh three dirham; roses six dirham; litharge eight dirham; myrtle six dirham. Pound (this) �nely, wash the armpits with lye, and (then) use it.

Chapter Sixteenon

Nutrition

(399)A nourishing (preparation)

Glossostemon root, orchil, sea lavender, zerumbet, tragacanth, poppy seeds, and amber three dirham of each. Pound (this), fry it in a lit-tle ghee, mix it with two mann wheat mush and one mann sugar, take from all (that) twenty dirham every day, cook it in one ral fresh milk, cast upon it a bit of sweet fresh ghee or, for those who dislike ghee, some sweet almond oil, and sip it hot.

(400)A nourishment for the hot-tempered

Peeled broad beans and peeled gourd seeds one part of each. Pound (this) �nely, knead it with almond oil, take a handful from it, cook it in about one ral barley-water, drink (that), and afterwards have pome-granate-water.

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(401)A nourishment for the well-tempered

Immerse chickpeas fully in fresh milk, and leave (this) until the milk is absorbed; now dry (the product), take one part from it, and cook (that) very thoroughly in milk; once it is well-cooked, throw into it three parts each of dried pounded semolina and white sugar candy, add (more) milk to make it like soup, perhaps strew on it (some) cumin, and (then) have it.

(402)Another nourishment

Semolina meal one kaila�a; light-coloured sarcocolla one and a half �q�ya. Grind the sarcocolla �nely, mix it with the meal, blend (this) with cow’s ghee or almond oil into a saturated dough, knead (that), let it ferment and dry, and take from it ten dirham daily with cold water for a few consecutive days.

(403)A good nourishment

White chickpeas soaked in fresh milk (then) dried (and) pounded �fty dirham; broad beans, mung beans, white rice, husked wheat, husked barley, peeled lentils, white glossostemon root, light-coloured poppy, peeled almond ‘hearts’, peeled pumpkin seeds, and the best part of biscuit twenty-�ve dirham of each; the pulp of serpent melon seeds, almond mucilage, cucumber seed pulp, washed (and) dried purslane seeds, peeled sesame, and tragacanth seven dirham of each. Pound all (this) �nely, strain it, take a handful from it, cook it in fresh milk (to make it) like soup, throw salt, a little cumin, and almond oil into it, lift it o (the �re), sip it, sucking out a sourish pomegranate before and after, and have that over a period of �fteen days.

(404)Another nourishment

Tragacanth, white sea lavender, dark-coloured and light-coloured poppy, orchil, and visnaga ten dirham of each. Bring (this) together, pound it, strain it, fry it in ghee, mix it into one makk�k (wheat) mush, and drink from it in the morning.

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Chapter Seventeenon

Snus and Gargles

(405)Some snus which are healthy for those

who suer from facial paralysis and hemiplegiaDry ground mountain mint perhaps mixed with a little baby’s breath and ground small centaury; cyclamen is strong, and so is baby’s breath on its own.

(406)Some (more) errhines for these (patients)

Burnt black cumin (mixed) with the water of dog’s violet or sweet mar-joram-water and castoreum in this (case) or pennyroyal-water; useful against hemiplegia (in particular) is to sni (the scent of ) wild thyme, sweet marjoram—especially (when) dry—, and irises—(both) the sky-coloured ones and the (ones known as) Rziq� which are white; jas-mine oil, too, is good for them (as) an unguent.

(407)A snu which is useful against

hemiplegia, facial paralysis, andheadache resulting from coldness

White hellebore four dirham; aloe, black cumin, spurge, and opopanax three dirham of each; Armenian borax and baby’s breath two dirham of each; castoreum and saron one and a half dirham of each. All (this) is pounded, kneaded with beet-water, formed into small pills, and when required a weight of one q�r� from it is used with gilly�ower oil.

(408)A gargle which is useful against

hemiplegia, facial paralysis, and apoplexyHiera picra,250 sweet �ag, mustard, larkspur, pellitory, ginger, black cumin, pennyroyal, savory, the root of the sky-coloured iris, and the

250 On hiera picra see note 40 above.

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peels of the celery root �ve dirham of each. All (this) is �nely pounded—each single (ingredient) separately—, (then) mixed together, strained through (a cloth of ) silk, stored in a vessel, and used as a gargle with oxymel or honey-water in the bathhouse.

(409)A snu which is useful against rheumypannus, and swollen and moist eyelids

Baby’s breath one dirham; myrrh, saron, and Socotra aloe two d�niq of each; lycium one d�niq. Pound (this), strain it, knead it with sweet marjoram-water or sweet basil-water, form it into pills similar to len-tils, and put it in the shade to dry; when required take from it one pill, dissolve it in maid’s milk and violet oil, and use (some of ) that as a snu and some to massage the forehead and the nose.

Chapter Eighteenon

Rhinorrhoeal Preparations

(410)First wash the nostrils with good wine vinegar; (then) take one q�r� each of Egyptian opium and saron, and pound the two (ingredients) �nely; (now) make a wick from a shred of linen, wet it with wine vin-egar, roll it in the remedy, and introduce (such a wick) into each one of the two nostrils.

(411)A snu which stops nosebleed

Burnt papyrus, gum-senegal, alum, Egyptian opium, date r�mik,251 and camphor �ve dirham of each; vitriol, pomegranate �owers, black bry-ony, oak gall r�mik,252 burnt mussel shells, burnt oak galls slaked with

251 r�mik is the name of a ‘perfume’ which is made from unripe dates, oak galls, pomegranate rind, honey, musk, and certain other aromatics in varying proportions of mixture, and whose prevailing ingredient may serve as an additional label, cf. Wiedemann Aufsätze 2/118f. and Levey Kind� 270f.

252 On r�mik see note 251 above.

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wine vinegar, and plantain ten dirham of each; salsify sap, dragon’s blood, and burnt wormwood seven dirham of each; dry burnt corian-der eight dirham. All (this) is �nely pounded, kneaded with plantain-water, formed into pastilles, and when required two d�niq from it are used with plantain-water.253

(412)A remedy which is useful against

nosebleedYemenite alum, burnt yellow vitriol, white vitriol, (Egyptian) vitriol,254 burnt papyrus, washed (then) dried (and) burnt staghorn, washed (then) dried (and) burnt mussel shells, burnt oak galls slaked in wine vinegar, and camphor (as much) as necessary. (This) is pounded, and blown into the nose through a tube (made) from reed or silver after the nostrils have been washed with wine vinegar.

(413)And again for (the treatment of )

nosebleedSnu up the water of the bitter serpent melon or the water (obtained) from salsola; or (make) a wick from a shred of linen, steep it in ink, sprinkle vitriol on it, and put it into the nose.

(414)Another (remedy) for (the treatment of )

nosebleedThe bark of the frankincense(-tree), burnt papyrus, and Egyptian vit-riol �ve dirham of each. All (this) is �nely pounded, strained, and blown into the nose after having washed the nostrils with wine vinegar.

253 This is another example of ‘�uid’ classi�cation since the remedy on hand could just as well have been incorporated into the chapter on pastilles, never mind its ulti-mate form of application.

254 The addition of a qualifying marker is required by the context, and “Egyptian” has been chosen in analogy to recipe 414.

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Chapter Nineteenon

Emetical Preparations

(415)A remedy to (induce) vomiting

—it expels the yellow and the black bile,and is used as an emetic in nonacute fevers

Artichoke gum, nux vomica, rocket seeds, radish seeds, dill seeds, orache seeds, and Indian salt in equal parts. (These ingredients) are brought together in ground form, taken as appropriate, and drunk with hot water and honey.

(416)A remedy which causes the vomiting forth

of black bile and poison that was drunkIndian salt, wild serpent melon sap, and borax one part of each; mus-tard half a part. (This) is pounded, brought together, strained, and drunk with honey-water and dill-water.

(417)Another (remedy) to (induce) vomiting

Chopped radish twenty dirham; dill stalks ten dirham; Indian salt, musk melon seeds, and orache seeds �ve dirham of each. Cook (this) in four ral fresh water until one third (of it) is left, (then) strain o the remaining water, immerge in it more or less two �q�ya (of ) honey or sour-honey, and drink (that) tepid—it is a very reliable emetic.

(418)Another (remedy) to (induce) vomiting

Nux vomica, artichoke gum, and radish seeds two dirham of each; mus-tard and Indian salt one dirham of each; orache seeds three dirham. Pound (this), take from it three dirham, (mix it) together with thirty dirham (of ) oxymel in which chopped radish had been soaked over night (and some) hot water in which dill had been boiled, and drink (that)—it is (also) a very reliable emetic.

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(419)A remedy which causes the vomiting forth

of yellow-biliousness(Mix together) orache-water, hollyhock-water, and dill-water in which had been cooked savory, oxymel, and beer, (then) throw a portion of coarse salt into (the mixture), and drink (that) tepid.

(420)A remedy which stops yellow-biliousvomiting and settles qualmishness

Barberry seeds, the seeds of the sour pomegranate, and sumach ten dirham of each; tabasheer, roses, the seeds of unripe grapes, and the ‘outer’ shells of the pistachio �ve dirham of each. (This) is brought together, pounded, strained, and two dirham from it are drunk with apple-water, quince-water, and the minty pomegranate beverage.255

Chapter Twentyon

What Promotes and Suppresses Perspiration

(421)To promote perspiration

Armenian borax dissolved in chamomile oil is applied to the body as an ointment; chamomile oil on its own (also) promotes perspiration.

(422)Another

Pellitory cooked in sesame oil is applied to the body as an ointment—this (preparation) shakes out the sweat, and is (also) useful against the coldness that occurs in fevers.

255 See recipe 200.

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(423)To prohibit perspiration

(Take) ten dirham each of dry coriander, pure sumach, and rice that has been washed repeatedly, cook all (this) in three ral water until one third of it is left, then strain it, drink from it three �q�ya every day, and also anoint the body with quince oil; (further) you may sprinkle over the body Armenian bole, myrtle, and tarfa leaves, all pounded (to become as �ne) as dust; likewise you may anoint (the body) with myrtle oil and willow (oil).

(424)Something that prevents perspiration

Wipe the body with rose oil and myrtle oil, besplash it with rose-water, air it with fans, and let the patient sleep in a place which has been decorated with willow leaves, vine leaves, myrtle, pear, and apple (leaves).

Finis

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Iskandar “Murshid” = A.Z. Iskandar, “Rhazes’ K. Al-Murshid aw al-Fu��l (The Guide or Aphorisms) with Texts Selected from his Medical Writings. Followed by a Critical Study of Rhazes’ Medicine by M.K. Hussein”, in Ma�allat Ma�had al-Ma�����t al-�Arab�ya / Revue de l’Institut des Manuscrits Arabes 7,1/1380–1961/5–214.

Justi Namenbuch = F. Justi, Iranisches Namenbuch, Marburg 1895.Ka �la Mu��am = �Umar Ri�� Ka �la, Mu��am al-mu�allif�n. Tar��im mu�annif� l-kutub

al-�arab�ya, 1–15, Dimašq 1376/1957–1381/1961.Kahl “Qus��” = O. Kahl, “Qus�� ibn L�q� on Sleeplessness”, in Journal of Semitic Studies

43/1998/311–326.Kahl S�b�r¹ = O. Kahl, S�b�r ibn Sahl. Dispensatorium parvum (al-Aqr�b�dh�n al-�agh�r),

Leiden–New York–Köln 1994 (Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science 16). Kahl S�b�r ² = O. Kahl, S�b�r ibn Sahl. The Small Dispensatory, Leiden–Boston 2003 (Islamic

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tion London–Edinburgh 1863–1893).Laufer Sino-Iranica = B. Laufer, Sino-Iranica. Chinese Contributions to the History of

Civilization in Ancient Iran. With Special Reference to the History of Cultivated Plants and Products, Taipei 1967 (reprint of the edition Chicago 1919) (Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 201, Anthropological Series XV 3).

Le Strange Baghdad = G. Le Strange, Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate. From Contemporary Arabic and Persian Sources, Oxford 1900.

Le Strange Lands = G. Le Strange, The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate. Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur, Cambridge 1930 (reprint of the edition 1905) (Cambridge Geographical Series).

Leclerc Histoire = L. Leclerc, Histoire de la Médecine Arabe. Exposé Complet des Traductions du Grec, les Sciences en Orient, leur Transmission à l’Occident par les Traductions Latines, 1–2, New York 1971 (reprint of the edition Paris 1876) (Burt Franklin Research and Source Works Series 18, Science Classics 6).

Levey Kind� = M. Levey, The Medical Formulary or Aqr�b�dh�n of al-Kind�, Madison–Milwaukee–London 1966 (The University of Wisconsin, Publications in Medieval Science).

Levey/Khaledy Samarqand� = M. Levey and N. al-Khaledy, The Medical Formulary of al-Samarqand� and the Relation of Early Arabic Simples to Those Found in the Indigenous Medicine of the Near East and India, Philadelphia 1967.

Lewis/Short Dictionary = C.T. Lewis and C. Short, A Latin Dictionary, Oxford 1958 (reprint of the edition 1879).

Liddell/Scott Lexicon = H.G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon. With a Revised Supplement, Oxford 1996 (9th edition).

Lockhart “�ulw�n” = L. Lockhart, “�ulw�n”, in EI² 3/571–572.Löw P�anzennamen = I. Löw, Aramäische P�anzennamen, Hildesheim–New York 1973

(reprint of the edition Leipzig 1881).Ma��s� K�mil = �Al� b. al-�Abb�s al-Ma��s�, K�mil a�-�in��a f� �-�ibb [wa-huwa l-Kit�b al-

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R. Payne Smith, S.T.P., Oxford 1927.Meinecke “Ra��a” = M. Meinecke, “al-Ra��a”, in EI² 8/410–414. Meyerhof “Ibn al-Tilm�dh” = M. Meyerhof, “Ibn al-Tilm�dh”, in EI² 3/956–957.

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Meyerhof Vorwort = M. Meyerhof, Das Vorwort zur Drogenkunde des B�r�n�, Berlin 1932 (Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Medizin III 3).

MGO = Medicorum Graecorum Opera quae exstant, ed. C.G. Kühn, 1–26, Lipsiae 1821–1833.Muna��id “Ma��dir” = �. al-Muna��id, “Ma��dir �ad�da �an ta�r� a�-�ibb �inda l-�arab”,

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absinthe (afsant�n) 4, 17, 18, 29, 38, 62, 65, 69, 70, 86, 211, 230, 240, 287, 314, 342, 343

acorn (ball��) 2, 77, 80, 81, 84, 137, 370, 374, 377, 386

agaric (��r�q�n) 27, 35, 39, 62, 63, 71, 86, 110, 123, 127, 131, 211, 230, 237, 242

agaric, white (��r�q�n abya�) 67agate (�um�han) 257agnus castus (fanankušt) 9, 47agrimony (��t) 4, 8, 14, 26, 29, 30, 45,

230, 240alecost (qus�) 30, 41, 52, 105, 129, 207,

211, 346, 358, 364alecost, bitter (qus� murr) 29, 37, 336alecost, sweet (qus� �ulw) 104, 328, 333alhagi (taranub�n) 1, 3, 4, 94, 231alkekengi (k�kan) 16, 316almond (lauz) 16, 50, 53, 79, 126, 145,

156, 158, 170, 244, 290, 350, 352, 366, 375, 400, 402, 403

almond, bitter (lauz murr) 18, 29, 30, 45, 52, 54, 72, 100, 159, 177, 182, 225, 233, 236, 240, 351, 380

almond, sweet (lauz �ulw) 49, 51, 86, 106, 122, 154, 177, 179, 182, 224, 225, 240, 399

aloe (�abir) 37, 56, 58, 59, 60, 64, 65, 70, 75, 231, 234, 235, 242, 254, 259, 266, 269,

274, 311, 312, 314, 336, 382, 388, 407alum (šabb) 164, 165, 269, 308, 384, 388,

396, 411alum from ruddy earth (šabb al-�umra)

329, 346amber (kahrub� /k�rub�) 2, 13, 15, 17,

22, 74, 97, 98, 114, 116, 121, 372, 394, 399

amber, white (lubn� abya�) 328ambergris (�anbar) 140ammoniacum (ušša/q) 19, 41, 45, 46,

52, 54, 72, 100, 148, 267, 293, 305, 307, 321, 342, 380

ammonium chloride (n�š��ir ma�din� ) 346

ammonium hydroxide (n�š��ir ma�n��)346

anise (an�s�n) 14, 18, 24, 29, 33, 34, 36, 38, 41, 45, 57, 69, 71, 86, 92, 122, 139, 142, 143, 147, 153, 182, 189, 205, 225, 240, 243

Antioch scammony (ma�m�da an��k� ) 33

Antioch scammony (saqam�niy� an��k� ) 59, 152

apple (tu���) 5, 97, 114, 121, 162, 188, 196, 209, 215, 220, 313, 420, 424

areca ( faufal) 133, 323Armenian bole (��n arman� ) 11, 13, 17,

22, 50, 53, 76, 79, 97, 98, 133, 298, 311, 312, 323, 337, 387, 394, 423

Armenian borax (bauraq arman� ) 144, 145, 251, 254, 317, 382, 397, 407, 421

Armenian stone (�aar arman�) 86, 93, 110, 123, 231, 244

arsenic (zirn��) 329, 359artichoke gum (kankarzad) 418artichoke gum (�am� al-kankar) 415asafoetida (anu��n) 205asafoetida resin (�ilt�t) 104, 118, 129,

131, 285asarabacca (as�r�n) 4, 9, 18, 30, 32, 37,

52, 54, 56, 62, 72, 100, 136, 217ashes (ram�d) 329Asiatic crowfoot (kab�ka) 363�Askar violet (banafsa �askar�) 33, 35asparagus (hilyaun) 376asphodel (ašr�s) 131, 311, 312asphodel (�un��) 131, 311ass’s milk (laban al-utun) 82, 256, 258

babul (qara�) 43, 77, 84, 326baby’s breath (kundus) 325, 329, 332,

333, 335, 346, 405, 407, 409baby’s breath, white (kundus abya�) 350

INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

All numbers refer to the recipes.

1. Substances and Products

a. English—Arabic

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314 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Baghdad �ax dodder (kaš�� ba�d�d�) 138

balm (balas�n) 54, 56, 62, 100, 105, 131barberry (am�rb�r�s/barb�r�s) 2, 3, 4, 7,

29, 86, 97, 113, 114, 121, 133, 138, 178, 188, 230, 244, 420

barberry (zirišk) 95barberry relish (zirišk�ya) 114barley (ša��r) 1, 224, 226, 316, 329, 332,

334, 337, 340, 342, 351, 354, 366, 367, 369, 370, 374, 381, 393, 400, 403

barley, white (ša��r abya�) 289Basra iron oxide (�aba� al-�ad�d al-ba�r� )

133, 138, 205Basra vitriol (z� ba�r�) 254bay laurel (��r) 54, 100, 111, 124, 125,

129, 380bdellium (muql al-yah�d) 340, 375, 380bdellium africanum (muql azraq) 41, 69,

347, 372bdellium mukul (muql) 54, 58, 75, 100,

305, 306, 307, 319, 321bean (�urram) 262bee honey (�asal an-na�l) 130, 136, 204beer ( fuqq��) 419beet (silq) 297, 322, 334, 367, 368, 375,

376, 407ben (b�n) 289, 362Bengal quince (�ar����) 77, 138, 326birthwort (zar�wand) 54, 100, 129, 342birthwort, ‘long’ (zar�wand �aw�l) 9, 29,

44, 105, 237, 305, 327birthwort, ‘rolled’ (zar�wand muda�ra)

30, 62, 111, 124, 131, 236, 307biscuit (ka�k) 22, 313, 403‘bloodstone’ (�aar ad-dam) 22bones, decayed (�i��m b�liya) 362borage (lis�n [a�-]�aur) 86, 93, 113, 114,

117, 121, 122, 127, 133, 230, 244borax (bauraq) 75, 318, 329, 333, 337,

346, 352, 355, 364, 365, 371, 383, 416bouillon, thick (isb�db�a) 104boxthorn (�ausa) 50bran (nu��la) 366, 367, 368, 375broad bean (b�qill�) 50, 104, 316, 321,

354, 400, 403bryony, black (siy�h d�war�n) 411bryony, red (f�šr�) 105bryony, red (haz�raš�n) 105bryony, white (f�šarašt�n) 105bryony, white (šašband�n) 105bull thistle (šuk���) 230, 235, 240butter (zubd) 369

cabbage (kurunb) 375cadmia (iql�miy� ) 386cadmia (qadmiy� ) 386calamint (��š�) 109, 317caltrop (�asak) 99, 101, 245, 288, 368,

376, 380camel’s hump (san�m al-amal) 306camphor (k�f�r) 94, 95, 105, 120, 140,

188, 208, 261, 346, 392, 411, 412candy ( f�n��) 31, 32, 157, 179, 182, 233canella (qirfa) 112, 136, 139, 147, 149,

206, 208, 210cantharides (�ar�r��) 359, 363caper (kabar) 9, 45, 47, 54, 100, 217,

324, 347caraway (karwiy� ) 147, 205caraway, wild (qardam�n�) 54, 100, 131,

236cardamom (hail/h�l [bauw�] ) 134, 135,

136, 140, 152, 153, 208carob (�urn�b) 364carp’s gall (mar�rat aš-šabb��) 270carrot (d�q�) 24, 54, 72carrot (azar) 52, 104, 132, 222, 376cassia (sal��a) 11, 24, 32, 38, 41, 56, 62,

140, 181, 207castor oil plant (�irwa�) 225, 309, 375,

380castoreum (undb�/�dastar) 24, 38, 70,

74, 105, 120, 124, 129, 264, 285, 361, 406, 407

cattle’s dung (ba�r al-�anam) 337celery (karafs) 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 29, 30,

37, 38, 45, 52, 53, 58, 62, 65, 69, 70, 71, 72, 109, 138, 139, 147, 151, 189, 205, 225, 230, 235, 236, 238, 240, 243, 345, 380, 408

centaury (qan��riy�n) 380ceruse (isb/f��� [ar-ra���]) 22, 43, 246,

250, 261, 263, 264, 265, 267, 272, 273, 279, 291, 298, 308, 323, 326, 381, 394

chamomile (b�b�na) 109, 321, 340, 367, 368, 369, 380, 421

cheese-water (m� al-ubn) 86, 93, 226chicken’s grease (duhn/ša�m ad-da�)

319, 369, 375chickpea (�imma�) 104, 307, 362, 376,

401chickpea, dark-coloured (�imma�

aswad) 101chickpea, white (�imma� abya�) 403children’s urine (baul a�-�iby�n) 303Chinese ginger (zanab�l ��n�) 152, 223

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INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS 315

Chinese greater celandine (m�m�r�n ��n�) 271, 276, 327

Chinese porcelain (�u��r ��n�) 257, 271Chinese rhubarb (r�/�wand ��n�) 4, 29,

30, 70, 138, 240cimolite (��n q�m�liy�) 323cinnamom (d�r ��n�) 12, 29, 56, 62, 69,

104, 112, 116, 133, 134, 135, 140, 141, 142, 143, 146, 149, 153, 203, 204, 205, 208, 209, 211, 213, 216, 221

citron (utru) 69, 114, 121, 127, 133, 134, 142, 143, 168, 188, 197, 198, 215, 220, 346

citronella (i��ir) 4, 30, 37, 41, 54, 62, 100, 225, 235, 240, 302, 343

clove (qaranful) 68, 74, 105, 112, 116, 127, 128, 134, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 147, 149, 150, 188, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 211, 216, 221, 250, 251, 271, 357, 393

cocculus (m�h�zahrah) 60colocynth (�an�al) 62, 65, 67, 75, 235,

237, 241, 270, 336, 371, 380common ash (lis�n/alsinat al-�a��f�r)

104, 107condite (�und�q�n) 204, 210, 217copper, oxidized (nu��s mu�raq) 250,

251, 254, 261, 265, 268, 272, 276, 303, 334, 335

copper, oxidized (r�sa�ta) 303, 334copper scoriae (t�b�l an-nu��s) 248,

249, 276coral, red (bussa�) 2, 12, 13, 15, 74, 98,

114, 116, 121coriander (kus/zb/fara) 15, 23, 77, 103,

113, 114, 116, 121, 133, 138, 205, 230, 243, 244, 373, 385, 392, 396, 411, 423

cotton (qu�n) 104cow’s dung (a��� al-baqar) 315cow’s ghee (samn [al-]baqar) 83, 107,

115, 125, 148, 307, 318, 380, 402cow’s shank (s�q al-baqar) 306, 319crane’s gall (mar�rat al-kurk�) 270cray�sh ashes (ram�d as-sara��n�t

an-nahr�ya) 82Cretan dodder (af��m�n iqr���) 89, 126,

230 cubeb (kab�ba) 91, 116, 133, 148, 188,

393cucumber (�iy�r) 1, 3, 7, 10, 27, 39, 53,

86, 95, 97, 99, 101, 224, 230, 244, 403cumin (kamm�n) 23, 83, 137, 205, 375,

401, 403cumin, black (�abbat as-saud� ) 129

cumin, black (š�n�z) 148, 151, 329, 346, 358, 406, 407, 408

curcuma (kurkum) 331curd (r� ib) 138currant (qišmiš) 127currant wine (nab�� qišmiš� ) 211cyclamen (ba��r maryam) 405cyperus (su�d) 50, 54, 80, 92, 100, 105,

130, 133, 136, 137, 140, 205, 211, 213, 337, 343, 387

cypress (sarw) 310Cyprian bole (��n qubrus�) 82, 298, 394Cyprian ladanum (l��an qubrus�) 289

darnel (šailam) 342date (bala�) 6, 78, 411date (tamr) 277, 301date, exquisite (barn� ) 253date, hard dry (qasb) 188, 313date, heavy red (�araf�n) 145date, unripe (busr) 4, 8, 30, 221date wine (nab�� tamr�) 211dill (šibi��) 287, 340, 368, 380, 415, 416,

417, 418, 419dodder (af��m�n) 40, 63, 69, 71, 86, 93,

96, 110, 122, 123, 127, 211, 217, 242dog’s grass (�aiyil) 226dog’s violet (š�b�bak) 406dough, fermented (�am�r) 317, 334dragon’s blood (dam al-a�awain) 22,

98, 269, 372, 381, 382, 387, 388, 391, 394, 411

dragon’s blood (q��ir) 22, 266duck’s grease (ša�m al-ba��) 306, 319dyer’s madder (f�wat a�-�abb���n) 4,

52, 225

eagle’s gall (mar�rat al-�uq�b) 270egg (bai�) 281egg white (bay�� [al-]bai�) 12, 104, 185,

263, 273, 281, 354, 388, 391, 395egg yolk (�ufrat [al-]bai�[a]) 281, 316,

370, 374, 381 eggshells (quš�r al-bai�) 101, 279Egyptian opium (afy�n mi�r�) 5, 37, 410,

411Egyptian papyrus (qar��s mi�r�) 22, 387Egyptian poppy, dark-coloured (�aš��š

aswad mi�r�) 157Egyptian vitriol (z� mi�r�) 414elecampane (r�šan) 29, 81embelia (biran/ibran) 31, 73, 339emblic (amla) 31, 92, 106, 107, 108,

110, 116, 121, 122, 123, 130, 133, 136,

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316 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

138, 141, 146, 148, 230, 235, 244, 247, 280, 289

endive (hindab� ) 4, 27, 30, 39, 45, 95, 138, 190, 226, 227, 230, 234, 243, 244, 297, 304, 309, 323

endive, bitter (hindab� murra) 45

falcon’s gall (mar�rat al-b�z�) 270Fan��r camphor (k�f�r fan��r�) 2, 3, 7,

97, 183fat (ša�m) 378fennel (r�ziy�na) 16, 30, 45, 52, 69, 71,

72, 99, 101, 138, 156, 158, 159, 170, 171, 182, 183, 189, 205, 225, 230, 233, 235, 236, 240, 243, 270

fenugreek (�ulba) 158, 159, 239, 296, 315, 321, 338, 349, 375, 380

�g (t�n) 96, 172, 173, 203, 224, 236, 237, 342, 351

�g, yellow (t�n a�far) 318, 321, 367, 368�g honey (�asal at-t�n) 160, 238�sh (samak) 104�sh-glue (�ar� s-samak) 310�ax dodder (kaš��) 4, 45, 71, 211, 230,

243, 244�eawort (bizrqa��n�) 1, 7, 48, 50, 99,

155, 157 �our (saw�q) 301forget-me-not (���n al-fa r) 309fox lung (ri at a�-�a�lab) 238francolin (durr�) 50frankincense (basta) 253frankincense (kundur) 6, 22, 80, 81, 128,

130, 137, 146, 205, 310, 382, 386, 387, 388, 414

French lavender (us�����us) 32, 63, 80, 85, 86, 108, 110, 123, 127, 131, 137, 230, 242

fruits (f�kiha) 205fumitory (š�htara) 4, 86, 114, 117, 138,

226, 244

�aisuw�n date (busr aisuw�n) 167 galbanum (b�rza�) 24, 264galbanum (qinna) 305galingale (��lan�n) 104, 132, 149, 203,

211garden cress (š��ara) 129, 303, 324,

325, 359, 363garden orache (qa�af ) 71garden pennyroyal (f�tan bust�n�) 211garden peppercress (�urf ) 83garum (murr�) 375, 376gazelle’s rennet (infa�at �aby) 111gentian (an�iy�n�) 30, 54, 129

germander (a�da) 250ghee (samn) 399, 404giant thistle (b���ward) 230, 235, 240gilly�ower (��r�) 285, 286, 380, 407ginger (zanab�l) 74, 87, 104, 105, 107,

129, 130, 134, 135, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 151, 201, 204, 205, 206, 211, 221, 247, 251, 254, 288, 397, 408

glass-slag (mas�aq�niy�) 254glass-slag (zabad al-qaw�r�r) 254, 271globe thistle (�az� ) 128globe thistle (zaufar�) 128, 130glossostemon root (mu���) 311, 312, 399glossostemon root, white (mu���

abya�) 403goat’s caul (�arb al-m��iz) 339goat’s fat (ša�m al-m��iz) 316goat’s suet (ša�m kul� l-m��iz) 369, 381goatmilk (laban [al-]m��iz) 66, 226gold, pure (�ahab ibr�z) 121 gold �lings (su��lat a�-�ahab) 116 gourd (qar�) 1, 7, 10, 53, 95, 97, 99, 101,

220, 244, 283, 334, 400gourd, sweet (qar� �ulw) 86, 154grains of paradise (q�qulla [kib�r]) 5,

28, 74, 91, 116, 133, 134, 135, 136, 141, 147, 188, 204, 208

grape (�inab) 77, 214, 237grape, unripe (�i�rim) 77, 178, 188, 244,

247, 255, 309, 420grape ivy (�am�m�) 207, 238grape wine (sul�fat [al-]�inab) 156, 171great leopard’s bane (�ar�na) 74, 105,

116, 120greater celandine (m�m�r�n) 44, 247,

248, 275, 328, 346Greek bole (��n r�m�) 111, 121Greek gentian (an�iy�n� r�m�) 100, 111Greek great leopard’s bane (�ar�na

r�m�) 121Greek mastic (�ilk r�m�) 207, 208Greek pitch (zift r�m�) 307Greek spikenard (maiba��ša) 139Greek spikenard (n�rd�n iql���) 139Greek spikenard (sunbul r�m�) 139green-winged orchid (b�z�d�n) 60, 104,

107ground pine (kam�f���s) 230gum ammoniac (uššaq) 354, 375gum-arabic (�am� [�arab�]) 1, 2, 5, 6,

7, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 20, 48, 49, 50, 68, 76, 79, 82, 154, 155, 157, 177, 179, 180, 182, 224, 233, 246, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 272, 348, 372, 381, 388, 391, 394

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gum-senegal ([a]q�qiy�) 6, 11, 12, 13, 17, 22, 275, 311, 312, 313, 323, 372, 381, 384, 388, 394, 411

�ur�n jujube (�unn�b ur�n� ) 230, 243, 380

haematite (š��ana) 13, 15, 22, 98, 251, 257, 261, 262, 265, 266, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 298, 391, 394

Hair�n date (tamr hair�n) 145hare’s fur (wabar al-arnab) 388, 391, 395hare’s rennet (infa�at arnab) 111harmala (�armal) 54, 100, 127hellebore (�arbaq) 324hellebore, black (�arbaq aswad) 63, 127,

242hellebore, white (�arbaq abya�) 339,

380, 407henbane (ban) 15, 17, 21, 53, 119, 120,

309henbane, white (ban abya�) 24henna (�inn� ) 357hollyhock (�ubb�z�) 155, 156, 157, 419honey (�asal) 42, 70, 105, 106, 107, 109,

110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 134, 135, 140, 141, 144, 145, 146, 149, 151, 152, 158, 159, 170, 172, 181, 196, 197, 201, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 237, 239, 324, 325, 338, 349, 359, 365, 375, 382, 408, 415, 416, 417

honey, candied (�asal a�-�abarza�) 150honey wine, spiced (šar�b mu�assal

mufauwah) 217honeycomb (�asal šahd) 74horehound, white ( far�siy�n) 67, 159,

236, 237, 239horn poppy (m�m���) 256, 259, 274,

276, 309, 323, 328, 346, 364houseleek (�aiy al-��lam) 309ulw�n �g (t�n �ulw�n� ) 380ulw�n plum (i�� �ulw�n� ) 230�ur�s�n apricot (mišmiš �ur�s�n� ) 230��zist�n sugar (sukkar ��z� ) 121, 122,

133, 171‘hypocistis’ (h�f�qis����s) 22hyssop (z�f� y�bis) 158, 159, 224, 233, 236

ice (�al) 184, 309Indian garden cress (š��ara hind�) 107,

335Indian hazelnut (bunduq hind�) 328Indian hazelnut (rattah) 328

Indian laurel (s��a hind�) 28, 74, 140, 265

Indian lignaloes (��d hind�) 6, 28, 114, 116, 142, 149, 211

Indian musk melon (bi���� hind�) 228Indian myrobalan, black (ihl�la aswad

hind�) 83, 86, 122, 131, 138, 230Indian salt (mil� hind�) 36, 40, 57, 62,

63, 71, 86, 88, 105, 140, 153, 242, 251, 271, 415, 416, 417, 418

Indian spikenard (sunbul [a�-��b]) 3, 4, 9, 19, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 41, 52, 54, 56, 62, 72, 74, 80, 100, 112, 119, 120, 130, 133, 134, 136, 137, 139, 181, 183, 205, 207, 210, 211, 216, 225, 235, 240, 251, 271, 321, 343

Indian spikenard (sunbul hind�) 69, 139Indian tutty (t�tiy� hind�) 248, 249,

257, 271, 276indigo (n�l) 66, 357indigo (wasma) 357ink (�ibr) 413iris (sausan) 28, 211, 378iris, sky-coloured (sausan �sm�n�n�) 9,

19, 160, 354, 406, 408 iris, white (sausan abya�) 406iris, wild white (sausan �z�d abya�) 207iris wine (mais�san) 207iron oxide (�aba� al-�ad�d) 382iron scoriae (t�b�l al-�ad�d) 254iron sulphate (qalqa��r) 309ivory (��) 351

jade’s hoof (��r al-bir�aun) 356jasmine (y�sam�n) 285jasmine oil (r�ziq�) 406jasmine oil, white (zanbaq [al-]b��) 298,

379Jews’ stone (�aar yah�d� ) 54, 99, 100,

101, 225juice, mixed (maiš�b) 209jujube (�unn�b) 82, 224, 232, 233, 244julep (ull�b) 31, 116, 154, 231, 244

Kabul embelia (ibran k�bul� ) 66kamala (qinb�l) 43, 66, 73, 326, 331, 346Kerman cumin (kamm�n kirm�n� ) 40,

90, 92, 128, 138, 144, 145, 147Kerman tutty (t�tiy� kirm�n� ) 245kidney bean, red (l�biy� a�mar) 243,

351‘king �g’ (t�n š�han�r) 171, 224, 233,

243‘king �g’, black (t�n aswad š�han�r) 375

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318 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

knotgrass (�a�� r-r���) 309kohl (ku�l) 248, 268, 269, 275

lac (lakk) 14, 29, 94, 138, 183, 240, 302ladanum (l��an) 280, 313lapis lazuli (l�zward) 140, 231, 253larkspur (maiw�za) 363, 397, 408laurel (s��a) 70, 136, 238, 249lead (ab�r) 268lead, black oxidized (ra��� aswad

mu�raq) 268leek (kurr��) 83, 264, 372, 376lemon (l�m�) 178, 187, 188lemon balm (b��irnab�yah) 69, 93,

114, 116, 127, 136, 230lemon grass (qa�ab a�-�ar�ra) 41, 50,

139, 207, 235, 343lentil (�adas) 44, 316, 327, 329, 332, 370,

392, 403 lettuce (�ass) 6, 7, 21, 95, 309, 334lignaloes (��d) 50, 68, 97, 139, 140, 143,

146, 150, 201lilac (n�lan) 251lime (n�ra) 295, 303, 322, 335, 377, 383,

389, 390, 395linseed (bizrkatt�n) 20, 83, 177, 182,

296, 306, 321, 340, 349, 368, 375, 380liquorice (s�s) 3, 4, 8, 25, 29, 33, 34, 35,

36, 48, 49, 53, 67, 69, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 170, 171, 177, 179, 181, 224, 230, 231, 233, 235, 236, 237, 244

litharge (martak) 309litharge (murd�san) 42, 44, 305, 323,

329, 330, 331, 332, 339, 346, 362, 386, 398

litharge of gold (murd�san �ahab�) 292lizard droppings (ba�r a�-�abb) 257, 271lobster (sara��n ba�r�) 249, 257, 271long pepper (d�r fulful) 74, 104, 107,

129, 134, 135, 147, 148, 149, 153, 203, 204, 205, 247, 249, 250, 251, 271

long pepper root (fulfulmuwaih) 148lote (nabiq) 78, 215lovage (k�šim) 109, 205lucerne (ra�ba) 104, 115, 376lupine (turmus) 31, 66, 73, 321, 336, 353lycium (f�lzahrah) 276 lycium (�u�a�) 264, 274, 278, 323, 409lye (ušn�n) 329, 346, 398lye, green (ušn�n a��ar) 42, 332, 365

mace (basb�sa) 107, 136, 139, 141, 143, 207, 261

madder (f�wa [��d�n]) 14, 29, 30, 217, 240, 363

mahaleb (ma�lab) 328, 346maid’s milk (laban �riya) 298, 409maidenhair (baršiy�wuš�n) 101, 156,

158, 159, 173, 224, 233, 236Malabar cardamom (q�qulla �i��r) 91,

147, 149, 204male fern (sara�s) 66, 73mandrake (lu���) 21, 24, 309mandrake (yabr��) 309Maq���r sandalwood (�andal maq���r�)

114, 116, 121, 133, 138, 192Maq���r sandalwood, red (�andal a�mar

maq���r�) 183Maq���r sandalwood, white (�andal abya�

maq���r�) 7, 183marble (ru��m) 257 marcasite (m�rqaš���) 257marcasite, ‘golden’ (marqaš��� �ahab� )

271marijuana (šahd�na) 16marjoram, sweet (marzan�š) 24, 320,

406, 409marjoram, wild (marm���z) 28, 139, 143marjoram, wild (marw) 296, 340marjoram, wild white (marw abya�)

127marking nut (bal��ur) 129, 130, 148marshmallow (�a�m�) 53, 99, 101, 155,

156, 157, 311, 340, 366, 368marshmallow, ‘green’ (�a�m� a��ar) 367marshmallow, pale-coloured (�a�m� [ya]

abya�/bai�� ) 296, 312, 371mastic (�ilk) 293mastic (ma��ak�) 4, 23, 28, 30, 32, 41,

56, 58, 62, 64, 65, 68, 69, 83, 85, 97, 105, 112, 133, 135, 136, 139, 143, 146, 201, 206, 211, 213, 225, 240, 282, 310, 314, 343, 372

meadow sa ron (s�rin�n) 59, 60, 380meat, fat (la�m sam�n) 104Meccan senna (san� makk�) 230, 242,

244Meccan tamarind (tamrhind� makk� )

183, 230Medina date (tamr �ai��n�) 253melilot (ikl�l al-malik) 321, 368, 369mercury (zi baq) 42, 328, 329, 332, 389mercury, ‘deadened’ (zi baq maqt�l)

329, 330, 332, 346mezereon (m�zariy�n) 27, 39, 40milk (laban) 401milk, fresh (laban �al�b) 399, 401, 403millet ( �wars) 370mint (na�na�) 37, 50, 92, 133, 138, 178,

188, 194, 200, 230, 317

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moon carrot (sas�liy�s) 24, 109, 124, 131, 171, 233

mothers’ milk (laban an-nis� ) 179, 273, 379

mountain borage (lis�n a�-�aur al-abal� )116

mountain mint (f��/tan abal�) 37, 109, 405

mulberry (t�t) 78mung bean (m�š) 312, 351, 403musk (misk) 70, 74, 120, 136, 149, 201,

204, 207, 208, 210, 249, 286musk melon (bi����) 4, 45, 52, 53, 72, 99,

101, 102, 113, 325, 332, 362, 417mussel shell (wada�) 13, 15, 22, 386,

411, 412must (�a��r) 309mustard (�ardal) 129, 325, 360, 408,

416, 418mustard, white (�ardal abya�) 254myrobalan (ihl�la) 113, 223, 241, 297myrobalan, beleric (bal�la) 31, 85, 92,

106, 107, 108, 110, 122, 123, 130, 133, 138, 148, 230, 235, 244

myrobalan, black (hal�la/ihl�la aswad) 31, 60, 71, 93, 106, 107, 110, 123, 126, 127, 130, 133, 148, 235, 242, 278

myrobalan, chebulic (hal�la/ihl�la k�bul� ) 31, 40, 57, 58, 83, 84, 85, 92, 93, 106, 107, 108, 114, 116, 117, 122, 126, 131, 133, 138, 139, 230, 244, 278

myrobalan, yellow (ihl�la a�far) 31, 40, 57, 59, 66, 71, 86, 106, 108, 122, 126, 131, 133, 138, 230, 244, 247, 274, 275, 392, 396

myrrh (murr) 21, 24, 38, 54, 70, 73, 81, 100, 111, 118, 160, 164, 165, 181, 237, 264, 266, 305, 308, 310, 314, 327, 333, 373, 382, 387, 398, 409

myrtle (�s) 2, 5, 50, 77, 103, 133, 166, 174, 178, 188, 199, 215, 216, 275, 280, 297, 311, 312, 313, 370, 374, 398, 423, 424

myrtle (m�rd�na) 174, 175

Nabataean carob (�urn�b naba��) 77, 79Nabataean celery (karafs naba��) 57Nabataean garum (murr� naba��) 367Nabataean gum (�ilk al-anb��) 307naphthalene (mil� naf��) 207narcissus (naris) 285, 286, 290, 353nard (n�rd�n) 70, 277, 375natron (na�r�n) 286nenuphar (n�l�far) 224, 230, 244, 290,

366, 367, 369

nightshade (�inab a�-�a�lab) 21, 309nutmeg (auz bauw�) 127, 128, 136,

139, 141, 149, 150, 205, 211, 216nux vomica (auz al-qai ) 415, 418

oak gall (�af�) 42, 84, 297, 313, 334, 384, 386, 411, 412

oleander (di��) 329, 330, 331, 346olibanum (lub�n) 16, 181, 308olive, unripe (unf�q) 328olive oil (zait) 212, 292, 293, 294, 295,

296, 301, 305, 309, 317, 318, 328, 332, 339, 346, 356

onion (ba�al) 104opium (afy�n) 13, 16, 21, 22, 38, 48, 105,

119, 120, 259, 261, 263, 264, 266, 268, 272, 276, 298, 309, 373

opopanax (�wš�r) 54, 100, 305, 307, 375, 380, 407

orache (sarmaq) 415, 417, 418, 419orache (zarnab) 116, 136, 140orchil (/kauz /kundum) 399, 404Oriental frankincense (kundur �akar)

37, 254, 269, 305, 373Oriental frankincense (lub�n �akar) 12,

285Oriental tamarisk (kazm�za) 385, 396orpiment (zirn�� a�far) 303, 346, 383,

389ostrich egg (bai� an-na��m) 257, 271oxgall (mar�rat al-baqar) 270oxymel (iskanub�n/sakanub�n) 8, 9,

10, 14, 18, 19, 26, 27, 29, 39, 47, 69, 94, 124, 185, 186, 189, 195, 217, 226, 227, 243, 244, 408, 418, 419

paeony (f�w�niy�) 60, 108, 124paeony (��d a�-�al�b) 108, 131Palestinian melon (bi���� las��n�) 228palm-leaf (sa�afa) 309palm spadix (�al�) 6pandanus (kadar) 183pandanus (k���) 183papyrus (qar��s) 381, 411, 412, 414parsley (fa�r�s�liy�n) 52, 54, 72, 109, 145parsnip (šašq�qul) 104, 107, 211partridge (�aih�) 50pear (kumma�r�) 424pearl (lu lu ) 74, 114, 116, 120, 121, 136,

271, 276pellitory (��qir qar��) 105, 108, 119,

120, 124, 129, 131, 360, 361, 385, 393, 397, 408, 422

pennyroyal ( f��/tan) 69, 92, 172, 173, 212, 238, 406, 408

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320 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

pepper, black ( fulful [aswad]) 9, 38, 41, 54, 100, 107, 109, 118, 129, 130, 134, 140, 144, 148, 205, 210, 249, 250, 251, 254, 257, 271, 360, 397

pepper, white (fulful abya�) 19, 105, 119, 120, 128, 141, 145, 201, 249, 251

peppergrass (raš�d) 365‘Persian gum’ (�am� f�ris� ) 156Persian pomegranate �ower (ullan�r

f�ris� ) 138Persian rose (ward f�ris� ) 27, 116, 133,

218pig’s fat (ša�m �inz�r) 309pigeon’s droppings (�ur� /zibl al-�am�m)

317, 355pine (�anaubar) 16, 158, 177, 239, 307pine resin (r�t�na) 44, 294, 305, 327,

347pistachio ( fustuq) 23, 114, 121, 133,

146, 158, 178, 188, 420pitch (zift) 294, 300plantain (lis�n al-�amal) 13, 22, 76, 244,

370, 374, 379, 394, 411plum (i��) 61, 94, 99, 101, 102, 244polypody (basb/f�yi) 32, 63, 85, 86, 89,

93, 110, 123, 242, 244polypody, pistachio-coloured (basf�yi

fustuq� ) 230pomegranate (n�rmušk) 112pomegranate (rumm�n) 13, 23, 77, 84,

97, 103, 114, 163, 176, 178, 180, 183, 188, 194, 200, 212, 215, 230, 244, 252, 362, 384, 400, 403, 420

pomegranate, wild (qilqil) 107pomegranate, wild (rumm�n barr� ) 107pomegranate-candy conserve ( f�n��

�az� in� ) 148, 155, 156pomegranate �ower (ullan�r) 5, 6, 11,

12, 13, 17, 22, 43, 44, 76, 84, 98, 269, 326, 327, 370, 372, 374, 384, 386, 387, 388, 391, 392, 396, 411

poppy (�aš��š) 20, 24, 79, 82, 399poppy, dark-coloured (�aš��š aswad) 7,

10, 82, 155, 404poppy, light-coloured (�aš��š abya�) 1,

7, 10, 15, 16, 20, 48, 53, 82, 86, 107, 113, 155, 156, 157, 169, 191, 224, 230, 403, 404

porridge (�al�l) 374potash (qily) 133, 303, 329, 335, 346,

377, 383, 389, 390potsherd (�azaf at-tann�r) 43, 326pullet (farr�) 244pumpkin (yaq��n) 229, 244, 403

purging cassia (�iy�r šanbar) 231, 367purslane (baqla [�amq� ]) 3, 7, 8, 10, 15,

53, 76, 79, 86, 95, 224, 230, 244, 309, 385, 392, 403

quail’s gall (mar�rat al-�aal) 270quince (safaral) 7, 27, 49, 57, 78, 86,

114, 134, 135, 154, 155, 156, 161, 178, 179, 188, 195, 201, 206, 208, 215, 220, 313, 343, 420, 423

quince wine (maibah) 28, 139, 201, 206, 208, 209, 217

radish ( ful) 54, 71, 100, 104, 325, 365, 415, 417, 418

rainwater (m� al-ma�ar) 155, 156, 196, 263, 273

raisin (zab�b) 108, 126, 158, 159, 225, 233, 236, 240, 316

raisin honey (�asal az-zab�b) 160raisin wine (nab�� az-zab�b/zab�b�) 134,

135, 211raisin wine, honeyed (nab�� az-zab�b

wal-�asal) 217ramie (r�mik) 50Raqqa melon (bi���� raqq�) 228R�ziq� iris (sausan r�ziq�) 406R�ziq� raisin (zab�b r�ziq�) 116, 224, 230,

232, 242, 243realgar (zirn�� a�mar) 332, 335, 346, 383reed (qa�ab) 362rhubarb (r�/�wand) 14, 41, 94, 237, 302ribes (r�b�s) 193, 346rice (aruzz) 362, 381, 423rice, red (aruzz a�mar) 370, 374rice, white (aruzz abya�) 403rocket (ir�r) 104, 132, 325, 415Roman nettle (anura) 285, 317rose (ward) 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 15, 22, 23, 25,

28, 39, 41, 43, 50, 58, 64, 76, 84, 86, 94, 95, 97, 114, 116, 117, 121, 122, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139, 178, 188, 211, 230, 244, 259, 290, 298, 304, 309, 313, 314, 316, 322, 326, 330, 331, 333, 344, 346, 370, 374, 378, 379, 381, 384, 385, 392, 396, 398, 420, 424

rose, red (ward a�mar) 4, 26, 28, 37, 103, 113, 183, 184, 240

rosebud (zirr ward) 372ruby (y�q�t a�mar) 121ruby �lings (su��lat al-y�q�t al-a�mar)

116rue (sa��b) 37, 111, 118, 129, 138, 144,

145, 243, 264, 267, 321, 342, 375, 380

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rusty back fern (usq�l�ndriy�n) 45, 46, 54, 100, 217, 225

sa�ower (qur�um) 96, 368, 375, 376sa ron (za�far�n) 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 16, 21, 22,

28, 41, 50, 56, 58, 62, 70, 94, 112, 116, 119, 120, 121, 128, 134, 135, 136, 140, 142, 143, 149, 150, 152, 164, 165, 183, 204, 207, 210, 211, 213, 220, 221, 237, 249, 256, 259, 261, 266, 273, 276, 278, 298, 313, 373, 407, 409, 410

sagapenum (sakab�na) 54, 100, 270, 307, 375, 380

sal ammoniac (nu/�š��ir) 249, 250, 271, 329, 354, 360, 383, 389

salsify (li�yat at-tais) 17, 22, 298, 394, 411

salsola (q�qull�) 413salt (mil�) 42, 220, 254, 317, 329, 332,

346, 384, 403, 419salt, white (mil� �ar �n�) 226, 250, 297,

393salt cake (mil� al-�a�n) 333, 366, 367,

371Šalwa� kohl (ku�l šalwa��) 257, 271sandalwood (�andal) 188, 313, 396sandalwood, red (�andal a�mar) 323sandalwood, white (�andal abya�) 86,

95, 323�anf lignaloes (��d �anf�) 133sarcocolla (anzar�t) 67, 256, 258, 259,

269, 279, 310, 372, 382, 387, 388sarcocolla, light-coloured (anzar�t

abya�) 402savin (abhal) 30, 52, 72savory (�/za�tar) 134, 172, 205, 408, 419saxifrage (qult) 99, 102scammony (ma�m�da) 36, 60, 61, 62,

231scammony (saqam�niy�) 34, 35, 57, 65,

71, 75, 86, 89, 135, 141, 145, 150, 153scorpions (�aq�rib) 55scorpions’ ashes (ram�d al-�aq�rib) 54,

55, 100, 101‘sea’ alecost (qus� ba�r�) 361sea lavender (bahman) 399sea lavender, red (bahman a�mar) 74,

116sea lavender, white (bahman abya�) 74,

116, 404sea lavenders, two (bahman�n) 104,

107, 114, 117, 121sealing bole (��n ma�t�m) 2, 15, 24, 113,

114, 116, 120, 125

sebesten (sabist�n) 156, 224, 230, 232, 233, 369, 375, 380

semolina (sam�d) 401, 402senna (san�) 117sepiolite (zabad al-ba�r) 250, 251, 271,

279, 352, 353, 382, 393serpent melon (qi��� ) 1, 4, 7, 10, 20, 45,

86, 97, 99, 101, 230, 244, 403, 413serpent melon, wild (qi��� al-�im�r) 339,

416service (�ubair� ) 78, 178, 215sesame (simsim) 107, 290, 320, 403, 422sesame oil (�all) 280, 282, 283, 284, 287,

288, 306sesame oil (š�ra) 297, 318, 329, 346, 376sheep’s fatty tail (alyat a�-�a n) 376sheep’s head (ra s a�-�a n) 376sheep’s kidneys (kulyat� �-�a n) 376sheep’s right side (anb a�-�a n al-aiman)

376sheep’s suet (ša�m kulyatai �-�a n) 376sheep’s testicles (�u�yat� �-�a n) 376sheep’s trotters (ak�ri� a�-�a n) 376sheepmilk (laban aš-š�h) 226‘shoemaker asphodel’ (šar�s al-as�kifa)

311Siist�n candy (f�n�� siz�) 148, 154,

203silk (�ar�r) 74silk cocoon (ibr�sam) 114, 116, 121silver, unalloyed (��a ��ya) 121silver �lings (su��lat al-��a) 116slag, argentic (iql�miy� al-��a/��� )

246, 250, 251, 261, 272, 273, 329, 330, 346

slag, auric (iql�miy� a�-�ahab/�ahab�) 249, 264, 271, 275, 346

small centaury (qan��riy�n daq�q) 60, 230, 368, 405

snail shell opercula (a�f�r a�-��b) 112Socotra aloe (�abir suq��ar�/usq��ar�)

62, 69, 86, 89, 235, 251, 276, 278, 409sorrel (�umm��) 2, 76sorrel, wild (�umm�� barr�) 16sour-honey (iskanub�n al-�asal) 417southernwood (qai��m) 336spices (af�w�h) 207, 216, 223spignel (m�) 72spoon-meat (z�rb�a) 50spoon-meat, sweetened (z�rb�

mu�allan) 114spurge ([u]furbiy�n) 119, 120, 270, 286,

407

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322 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

squill (isq�l) 211, 237squill (�un�ul) 131, 186, 202staghorn (qarn aiyal) 13, 15, 22, 348,

386, 387, 412starch (naš� ) 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 20, 48, 49,

50, 53, 76, 79, 154, 180, 246, 258, 263, 265, 267, 272, 279, 394

stavesacre (zab�b abal� ) 364stibium (i�mid) 246, 249, 257, 269 storax (mai�a) 24storax, liquid (�asal [al-]lubn�) 160, 172,

207storax, liquid (mai�a s� ila) 182, 328,

332, 333, 346sugar (sukkar) 35, 51, 66, 86, 87, 91, 99,

110, 114, 140, 142, 143, 147, 153, 160, 163, 169, 182, 184, 185, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 198, 200, 201, 202, 211, 217, 218, 219, 245, 279, 366, 376, 399

sugar, red (sukkar a�mar) 367, 371sugar, white (sukkar abya�) 141, 350sugar candy, white (sukkar �abarza�) 49,

92, 107, 149, 178, 179, 180, 183, 186, 188, 196, 224, 226, 258, 401

sulphur (kibr�t) 42, 315, 332, 344, 346sulphur, whitish (kibr�t abya�) 329sumach (summ�q) 13, 23, 77, 81, 98,

138, 178, 188, 215, 275, 357, 364, 374, 384, 392, 393, 420, 423

sweet basil (b��ar�) 138sweet basil (l/ranmušk) 112, 116, 127,

136, 140, 230, 249sweet basil (rai��n) 76, 127, 284, 409sweet basil (š�hasfaram) 284sweet chestnut (š�h ball��) 79sweet �ag (wa) 54, 62, 100, 115, 129,

130, 217, 360, 408Syrian carob (�arr�b/�urn�b ša m� ) 77,

78, 79Syrian fenugreek (�ulba ša m�ya) 177Syrian glass (zu� ša m�) 271Syrian mulberry (t�t ša m�) 164Syrian sugar (sukkar ša m�) 376Syrian sumach (summ�q ša m�) 5

tabasheer (�ab�š�r) 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 23, 26, 43, 86, 94, 95, 97, 114, 116, 121, 133, 244, 257, 326, 392, 420

tabasheer, white (�ab�š�r abya�) 113, 138

talc (�alq) 24tamarind (tamrhind�) 94, 178, 188, 244tar, coniferous (qa�r�n) 336tarfa (�arf� ) 5, 217, 342, 347, 393, 423

terebinth (bu�m) 376thyme, wild (namm�m) 37, 406Tibetan musk (misk tibit�) 134tragacanth (ka��r� ) 1, 3, 6, 11, 16, 33,

49, 50, 53, 82, 86, 154, 155, 156, 170, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 233, 234, 263, 265, 268, 273, 399, 403, 404

Turkish wormwood (š�� turk� ) 66turmeric (�ur�q [a�-�abb���n/a�-�ib�])

42, 44, 247, 327, 329, 333, 346, 384, 396turpentine (�am� [al-]bu�m) 159, 172turpeth (turba�) 35, 40, 51, 60, 67, 73,

86, 87, 88, 110, 123, 140, 150, 230, 231, 237, 242

turpeth, ‘hollow’ (turba� awaf ) 34turpeth, white (turba� abya�) 33, 57,

66, 122, 135, 141, 152tutty (t�tiy� ) 247, 252, 255, 257, 268,

275tutty, white-coloured (t�tiy� �ab�š�r�)

276

usnea (ušna) 74, 112, 250

valerian (f�) 72vegetable stu (muzauwara) 244verdigris (zin�r) 251, 257, 264, 266, 267,

269, 271, 293, 305, 307, 382, 383, 389vetch (kirsinna) 158vine (karm) 334, 341, 346, 377, 424vinegar (�all) 24, 39, 45, 46, 47, 50, 133,

134, 138, 186, 189, 190, 194, 195, 201, 217, 244, 292, 309, 337, 338, 342, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 359, 374, 382, 384

violet (banafsa) 34, 36, 126, 219, 224, 230, 233, 280, 290, 298, 346, 364, 366, 367, 369, 409

visnaga (n�n�aw�h) 30, 52, 69, 70, 72, 90, 146, 147, 151, 205, 404

vitriol (z�) 42, 411, 412, 413vitriol, green (qalqant) 336vitriol, white (qalqad�s) 412 vitriol, yellow (qalqa��r) 388, 412vitriol, yellow (z� a�far) 309

wall germander (kam��ariy�s) 230wall�ower (t��ar�) 104wall�ower, red (t��ar� a�mar) 107wall�ower, white (t��ar� abya�) 107walnut (auz) 129, 165, 172, 357water (m� ) 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 26,

38, 42, 53, 54, 99, 101, 136, 157, 178, 184, 188, 191, 192, 211, 215, 216, 220, 223, 224, 235, 243, 244, 265, 266, 272, 280, 299, 302, 309, 310, 318, 321, 334,

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INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS 323

366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 374, 375, 377, 382, 390, 423

water, clear (m� ��n) 300water, cold (m� b�rid) 88, 92, 208, 214,

309, 402water, fresh (m� �a�b) 29, 179, 183, 185,

213, 230, 240, 242, 288, 295, 417water, hot (m� ��rr) 4, 32, 40, 60, 62,

73, 87, 88, 89, 109, 135, 289, 319, 354, 415, 418

water, limpid (m� qar��) 301water, tepid (m� f�tir) 29, 119, 153,

310, 333water �ag (�ris�) 45, 237water moss (�u�lub) 309watermint (f��an nahr�) 109wax (šam�) 291, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298,

299, 304, 307, 314, 322, 339, 349, 369wax, white (šam� abya�) 305wax, yellow (šam� a�far) 306wheat (�in�a) 177, 317, 376, 399, 403whetstone, new (misann ad�d) 257, 271willow (�il�f ) 217, 423, 424wine (�amr) 217, 338wine (šar�b) 37, 46, 52, 72, 134, 135,

139, 197, 199, 204, 205, 206, 217, 264, 280, 308, 309, 343

wine (sul�fa) 114, 155wine (�il� ) 174, 207, 208, 210, 217wine, aromatic (šar�b rai��n�) 68, 74,

114, 116, 134, 143wine boiled down to one half

(amh�r�) 37, 114, 134, 135, 204, 217wine boiled down to one quarter

(maifu�ta) 9, 41, 51, 81, 159, 217, 237

wine boiled down to one third (mu�alla�) 16, 25, 37, 134, 177, 217

wine vinegar (�all [al-]�amr) 19, 23, 42, 43, 44, 66, 144, 145, 178, 183, 185, 188, 217, 226, 254, 293, 303, 305, 310, 315, 324, 325, 326, 327, 331, 334, 335, 342, 363, 364, 365, 370, 381, 383, 410, 411, 412, 414

wines (anbi�a) 211wormwood (š��) 16, 237, 248, 336, 386,

411

Yemenite alum (šabb yam�n�) 98, 275, 393, 398, 412

yercum sugar (sukkar al-�ušar) 7, 257, 271

zerumbet (zurunb��) 74, 105, 116, 120, 140, 143, 399

b. Arabic—English

ab�r � leadabhal � savin���n al-fa r � forget-me-not�adas � lentilaf�w�h � spices�af� � oak gallafsant�n � absintheaf��m�n � dodderaf��m�n iqr��� � Cretan dodderafy�n � opiumafy�n mi�r� � Egyptian opium�� � ivorya��� al-baqar � cow’s dungak�ri� a�-�a n � sheep’s trottersalsinat al-�a��f�r � common ashalyat a�-�a n � sheep’s fatty tailam�rb�r�s � barberryamla � emblic�anbar � ambergrisanbi�a � winesanu��n � asafoetidaanura � Roman nettlean�s�n � anise

anzar�t � sarcocollaanzar�t abya� � sarcocolla,

light-colouredaq�qiy� � gum-senegal�aq�rib � scorpions��qir qar�� � pellitoryaruzz � ricearuzz abya� � rice, whitearuzz a�mar � rice, red�s � myrtle�a�� r-r��� � knotgrass�asal � honey�asal (al-)lubn� � storax, liquid�asal an-na�l � bee honey�asal šahd � honeycomb�asal a�-�abarza� � honey, candied�asal at-t�n � �g honey�asal az-zab�b � raisin honeyas�r�n � asarabacca�a��r � mustašr�s � asphodel�ausa � boxthorna�f�r a�-��b � snail shell opercula

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324 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

b�b�na � chamomileb��ar� � sweet basilb���ward � giant thistleb��irnab�yah � lemon balmbahman � sea lavenderbahman abya� � sea lavender, whitebahman a�mar � sea lavender, redbahman�n � sea lavenders, twoba��r maryam � cyclamenbai� � eggbai� an-na��m � ostrich eggbal��ur � marking nutbala� � datebalas�n � balmbal�la � myrobalan, belericball�� � acornb�n � benbanafsa � violetbanafsa �askar� � �Askar violetban � henbaneban abya� � henbane, whiteb�qill� � broad beanbaqla (�amq� ) � purslaneba�r a�-�abb � lizard droppingsba�r al-�anam � cattle’s dungbarb�r�s � barberrybarn� � date, exquisitebaršiy�wuš�n � maidenhairb�rza� � galbanumba�al � onionbasb�sa � macebasb/f�yi � polypodybasf�yi fustuq� � polypody,

pistachio-colouredbasta � frankincensebaul a�-�iby�n � children’s urinebauraq � boraxbauraq arman� � Armenian boraxbay�� (al-)bai� � egg whitebiran � embeliabi���� � musk melonbi���� las��n� � Palestinian melonbi���� hind� � Indian musk melonbi���� raqq� � Raqqa melonbizrkatt�n � linseedbizrqa��n� � �eawortbunduq hind� � Indian hazelnutbusr � date, unripebusr aisuw�n � �aisuw�n datebussa� � coral, redbu�m � terebinthb�z�d�n � green-winged orchidbzy 291, 297, 367

�ahab ibr�z � gold, puredam al-a�awain � dragon’s bloodd�r fulful � long pepperd�r ��n� � cinnamom�ar�r�� � cantharides�ar�na � great leopard’s bane�ar�na r�m� � Greek great leopard’s

banedi�� � oleanderduhn ad-da� � chicken’s greased�q� � carrotdurr� � francolin

f�kiha � fruitsfanankušt � agnus castusf�n�� � candyf�n�� �az� in� � pomegranate-candy

conservef�n�� siz� � Siist�n candyfar�siy�n � horehound, whitefarr� � pulletf�šarašt�n � bryony, whitef�šr� � bryony, redfa�r�s�liy�n � parsleyfaufal � arecaf�w�niy� � paeony��a ��ya � silver, unalloyedl/ranmušk � sweet basilf�lzahrah � lyciumf� � valerianf��an � pennyroyalf��an abal� � mountain mintf��an nahr� � watermintful � radishfulful (aswad) � pepper, blackfulful abya� � pepper, whitefulfulmuwaih � long pepper rootfuqq�� � beerfurbiy�n � spurgefustuq � pistachiof�tan � pennyroyalf�tan bust�n� � garden pennyroyalf�tan abal� � mountain mintf�wa (��d�n) � madderf�wat a�-�abb���n � dyer’s madder

a�da � germander��t � agrimonyamh�r� � wine boiled down to one halfanb a�-�a n al-aiman � sheep’s right

sidean�iy�n� � gentianan�iy�n� r�m� � Greek gentian

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INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS 325

��r � bay laurel�ar� s-samak � �sh-glue��r�q�n � agaric��r�q�n abya� � agaric, whiteauz � walnutauz bauw� � nutmegauz undum � orchilauz al-qai � nux vomica�wars � millet�wš�r � opopanaxazar � carrotir�r � rocket�ubair� � service�u��r ��n� � Chinese porcelainull�b � julepullan�r � pomegranate �owerullan�r f�ris� � Persian pomegranate

�owerundb�/�dastar � castoreum

�aba� al-�ad�d � iron oxide�aba� al-�ad�d al-ba�r� � Basra iron oxide�abbat as-saud� � cumin, black��r al-bir�aun � jade’s hoof�aar arman� � Armenian stone�aar ad-dam � ‘bloodstone’�aar yah�d� � Jews’ stonehail � cardamom�aiy al-��lam � houseleekh�l (bauw�) � cardamom�al�l � porridgehal�la aswad � myrobalan, blackhal�la k�bul� � myrobalan, chebulic�all � sesame oil�all � vinegar�all (al-)�amr � wine vinegar�am�m� � grape ivy�am�r � dough, fermented�amr � wine�an�al � colocynth�arbaq � hellebore�arbaq abya� � hellebore, white�arbaq aswad � hellebore, black�ardal � mustard�ardal abya� � mustard, white�ar�r � silk�armal � harmala�arr�b ša m� � Syrian carob��š� � calamint�asak � caltrop�aš��š � poppy�aš��š abya� � poppy, light-coloured�aš��š aswad � poppy, dark-coloured

�aš��š aswad mi�r� � Egyptian poppy, dark-coloured

�ass � lettuce�a�m� � marshmallow�a�m� a��ar � marshmallow, ‘green’�a�m�(ya) abya�/bai�� � marshmallow,

pale-coloured�az� � globe thistle�azaf at-tann�r � potsherdhaz�raš�n � bryony, red�ibr � ink�il�f � willow�ilt�t � asafoetida resinhilyaun � asparagus�imma� � chickpea�imma� abya� � chickpea, white�imma� aswad � chickpea, dark-colouredhindab� � endivehindab� murra � endive, bitter�inn� � henna�in�a � wheat��r� � gilly�ower�irwa� � castor oil plant�i�rim � grape, unripe�iy�r � cucumber�iy�r šanbar � purging cassia�ubb�z� � hollyhock�u�a� � lyciumh�f�qis����s � ‘hypocistis’��lan�n � galingale�ulba � fenugreek�ulba ša m�ya � Syrian fenugreek�um�han � agate�umm�� � sorrel�umm�� barr� � sorrel, wild�und�q�n � condite�un�� � asphodel�urf � garden peppercress�urn�b � carob�urn�b naba�� � Nabataean carob�urn�b ša m� � Syrian carob�urram � bean�ur� al-�am�m � pigeon’s droppings�u�yat� �-�a n � sheep’s testicles

ibran � embeliaibran k�bul� � Kabul embeliaibr�sam � silk cocooni��ir � citronellai�� � plumi�� �ulw�n� � ulw�n plumihl�la � myrobalanihl�la a�far � myrobalan, yellow

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326 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

ihl�la aswad � myrobalan, blackihl�la aswad hind� � Indian myrobalan,

blackihl�la k�bul� � myrobalan, chebulicikl�l al-malik � melilot�ilk � mastic�ilk al-anb�� � Nabataean gum�ilk r�m� � Greek mastic�inab � grape�inab a�-�a�lab � nightshadeinfa�at arnab � hare’s rennetinfa�at �aby � gazelle’s rennetiql�miy� � cadmiaiql�miy� a�-�ahab/�ahab� � slag, auriciql�miy� al-��a/��� � slag, argentic�ris� � water �agisb/f��� (ar-ra���) � ceruseisb�db�a � bouillon, thickiskanub�n � oxymeliskanub�n al-�asal � sour-honeyisq�l � squilli�mid � stibium�i��m b�liya � bones, decayed

kab�ba � cubebkabar � caperkab�ka � Asiatic crowfootkadar � pandanusk��� � pandanusk�f�r � camphork�f�r fan��r� � Fan��r camphorkahrub� � amberka�k � biscuitk�kan � alkekengikam��ariy�s � wall germanderkam�f���s � ground pinekamm�n � cuminkamm�n kirm�n� � Kerman cuminkankarzad � artichoke gumkarafs � celerykarafs naba�� � Nabataean celerykarm � vinek�rub� � amberkarwiy� � carawayk�šim � lovagekaš�� � �ax dodderkaš�� ba�d�d� � Baghdad �ax dodderka��r� � tragacanthkauz kundum � orchilkazm�za � Oriental tamariskkibr�t � sulphurkibr�t abya� � sulphur, whitishkirsinna � vetchku�l � kohlku�l šalwa�� � Šalwa� kohl

kulyat� �-�a n � sheep’s kidneyskumma�r� � pearkundur � frankincensekundur �akar � Oriental frankincensekundus � baby’s breathkundus abya� � baby’s breath, whitekurkum � curcumakurr�� � leekkurunb � cabbagekus/zb/fara � coriander

laban � milklaban �riya � maid’s milklaban �al�b � milk, freshlaban (al-)m��iz � goatmilklaban an-nis� � mothers’ milklaban aš-š�h � sheepmilklaban al-utun � ass’s milkl��an � ladanuml��an qubrus� � Cyprian ladanumla�m sam�n � meat, fatlakk � laclauz � almondlauz �ulw � almond, sweetlauz murr � almond, bitterl�zward � lapis lazulili�yat at-tais � salsifyl�m� � lemonlis�n al-�a��f�r � common ashlis�n al-�amal � plantainlis�n (a�-)�aur � boragelis�n a�-�aur al-abal� � mountain boragelub�n � olibanumlub�n �akar � Oriental frankincensel�biy� a�mar � kidney bean, redlubn� abya� � amber, whitelu��� � mandrakelu lu � pearl

m� � waterm� �a�b � water, freshm� b�rid � water, coldm� f�tir � water, tepidm� al-ubn � cheese-waterm� ��rr � water, hotm� al-ma�ar � rainwaterm� qar�� � water, limpidm� ��n � water, clearm�h�zahrah � cocculusma�lab � mahalebma�m�da � scammonyma�m�da an��k� � Antioch scammonymai�a � storaxmai�a s� ila � storax, liquidmaibah � quince wine

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maiba��ša � Greek spikenardmaifu�ta � wine boiled down to one

quartermaiš�b � juice, mixedmais�san � iris winemaiw�za � larkspurm�m�r�n � greater celandinem�m�r�n ��n� � Chinese greater

celandinem�m��� � horn poppymar�rat al-baqar � oxgallmar�rat al-b�z� � falcon’s gallmar�rat al-�aal � quail’s gallmar�rat al-kurk� � crane’s gallmar�rat aš-šabb�� � carp’s gallmar�rat al-�uq�b � eagle’s gallmarm���z � marjoram, wildm�rqaš��� � marcasitemarqaš��� �ahab� � marcasite, ‘golden’martak � lithargemarw � marjoram, wildmarw abya� � marjoram, wild whitemarzan�š � marjoram, sweetm�š � mung beanmas�aq�niy� � glass-slagma��ak� � masticm�zariy�n � mezereonmil� � saltmil� al-�a�n � salt cakemil� �ar �n� � salt, whitemil� hind� � Indian saltmil� naf�� � naphthalenemisann ad�d � whetstone, newmisk � muskmisk tibit� � Tibetan muskmišmiš �ur�s�n� � �ur�s�n apricotm� � spignelmu��� � glossostemon rootmu��� abya� � glossostemon root, whitemuql � bdellium mukulmuql azraq � bdellium africanummuql al-yah�d � bdelliumm�rd�na � myrtlemurd�san � lithargemurd�san �ahab� � litharge of goldmurr � myrrhmurr� � garummurr� naba�� � Nabataean garummu�alla� � wine boiled down to one

thirdmuzauwara � vegetable stu

nab�� qišmiš� � currant winenab�� tamr� � date winenab�� az-zab�b/zab�b� � raisin wine

nab�� az-zab�b wal-�asal � raisin wine, honeyed

nabiq � lotenamm�m � thyme, wildna�na� � mintn�n�aw�h � visnagan�rd�n � nardn�rd�n iql��� � Greek spikenardnaris � narcissusn�rmušk � pomegranatenaš� � starchna�r�n � natronn�l � indigon�lan � lilacn�l�far � nenupharnu��la � brannu��s mu�raq � copper, oxidizedn�ra � limenu/�š��ir � sal ammoniacn�š��ir ma�din� � ammonium chloriden�š��ir ma�n�� � ammonium hydroxide

qadmiy� � cadmiaqai��m � southernwoodqalqad�s � vitriol, whiteqalqant � vitriol, greenqalqa��r � vitriol, yellowqalqa��r � iron sulphateqan��riy�n � centauryqan��riy�n daq�q � small centauryq�qiy� � gum-senegalq�qull� � salsolaq�qulla (kib�r) � grains of paradiseq�qulla �i��r � Malabar cardamomqar� � gourdqar� �ulw � gourd, sweetqaranful � cloveqara� � babulqardam�n� � caraway, wildqarn aiyal � staghornqar��s � papyrusqar��s mi�r� � Egyptian papyrusqa�ab � reedqa�ab a�-�ar�ra � lemon grassqasb � date, hard dryqa�af � garden oracheq��ir � dragon’s bloodqa�r�n � tar, coniferousqilqil � pomegranate, wildqily � potashqinb�l � kamalaqinna � galbanumqirfa � canellaqišmiš � currantqi��� � serpent melon

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qi��� al-�im�r � serpent melon, wildqult � saxifragequr�um � sa�owerqus� � alecostqus� ba�r� � ‘sea’ alecostqus� �ulw � alecost, sweetqus� murr � alecost, bitterquš�r al-bai� � eggshellsqu�n � cotton

r� ib � curdrai��n � sweet basilram�d � ashesram�d al-�aq�rib � scorpions’ ashesram�d as-sara��n�t an-nahr�ya � cray�sh

ashesr�mik � ramiera s a�-�a n � sheep’s headraš�d � peppergrassr�šan � elecampanera��� aswad mu�raq � lead, black oxidizedra�ba � lucerner�t�na � pine resinrattah � Indian hazelnutr�wand � rhubarbr�wand ��n� � Chinese rhubarbr�ziq� � jasmine oilr�ziy�na � fennelri at a�-�a�lab � fox lungr�b�s � ribesr�wand � rhubarbr�wand ��n� � Chinese rhubarbru��m � marblerumm�n � pomegranaterumm�n barr� � pomegranate, wildr�sa�ta � copper, oxidized

sa�afa � palm-leafš�b�bak � dog’s violetšabb � alumšabb al-�umra � alum from ruddy earthšabb yam�n� � Yemenite alum�abir � aloe�abir suq��ar�/usq��ar� � Socotra aloesabist�n � sebestensa��b � rues��a � laurels��a hind� � Indian laurelš��ana � haematitesafaral � quinceš�h ball�� � sweet chestnutš�hasfaram � sweet basilšahd�na � marijuanaša�m � fat

ša�m al-ba�� � duck’s greaseša�m ad-da� � chicken’s greaseša�m �inz�r � pig’s fatša�m kul� l-m��iz � goat’s suetša�m kulyatai �-�a n � sheep’s suetša�m al-m��iz � goat’s fatš�htara � fumitoryšailam � darnelša��r � barleyša��r abya� � barley, whitesakab�na � sagapenumsakanub�n � oxymelsal��a � cassiašam� � waxšam� abya� � wax, whitešam� a�far � wax, yellowsamak � �sh�am� (�arab�) � gum-arabic�am� (al-)bu�m � turpentine�am� f�ris� � ‘Persian gum’�am� al-kankar � artichoke gumsam�d � semolinasamn � gheesamn (al-)baqar � cow’s gheesan� � sennasan� makk� � Meccan sennasan�m al-amal � camel’s hump�anaubar � pine�andal � sandalwood�andal abya� � sandalwood, white�andal abya� maq���r� � Maq���r

sandalwood, white�andal a�mar � sandalwood, red�andal a�mar maq���r� � Maq���r

sandalwood, red�andal maq���r� � Maq���r sandalwoods�q al-baqar � cow’s shanksaqam�niy� � scammonysaqam�niy� an��k� � Antioch scammonyšar�b � winešar�b mu�assal mufauwah � honey wine,

spicedšar�b rai��n� � wine, aromatic�araf�n � date, heavy redsara�s � male fernšar�s al-as�kifa � ‘shoemaker asphodel’sara��n ba�r� � lobstersarmaq � orachesarw � cypresssas�liy�s � moon carrotšašband�n � bryony, whitešašq�qul � parsnip�a�tar � savorysausan � iris

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sausan abya� � iris, whitesausan �sm�n�n� � iris, sky-colouredsausan �z�d abya� � iris, wild whitesausan r�ziq� � R�ziq� irissaw�q � �ouršibi�� � dillš�� � wormwoodš�� turk� � Turkish wormwoodsilq � beetsimsim � sesameš�ra � sesame oilš��ara � garden cressš��ara hind� � Indian garden cresssiy�h d�war�n � bryony, blacksu�d � cyperus�ufrat (al-)bai�(a) � egg yolksu��lat a�-�ahab � gold �lingssu��lat al-��a � silver �lingssu��lat al-y�q�t al-a�mar � ruby �lingsšuk��� � bull thistlesukkar � sugarsukkar abya� � sugar, whitesukkar a�mar � sugar, redsukkar ��z� � ��zist�n sugarsukkar ša m� � Syrian sugarsukkar �abarza� � sugar candy, whitesukkar al-�ušar � yercum sugarsul�fa � winesul�fat (al-)�inab � grape winesumm�q � sumachsumm�q ša m� � Syrian sumachsunbul (a�-��b) � Indian spikenardsunbul hind� � Indian spikenardsunbul r�m� � Greek spikenardš�n�z � cumin, blacks�rin�n � meadow sa rons�s � liquorice

�ab�š�r � tabasheer�ab�š�r abya� � tabasheer, whiteta��r� 257�aih� � partridge�aiyil � dog’s grass�al� � palm spadix�al � ice�alq � talctamr � datetamr hair�n � Hair�n datetamr �ai��n� � Medina datetamrhind� � tamarindtamrhind� makk� � Meccan tamarindtaranub�n � alhagi�ar���� � Bengal quince�arb al-m��iz � goat’s caul

�arf� � tarfa�il� � winet�n � �g��n arman� � Armenian bolet�n a�far � �g, yellowt�n aswad š�han�r � ‘king �g’, blackt�n �ulw�n� � ulw�n �g��n ma�t�m � sealing bole��n q�m�liy� � cimolite��n qubrus� � Cyprian bole��n r�m� � Greek bolet�n š�han�r � ‘king �g’t�b�l al-�ad�d � iron scoriaet�b�l an-nu��s � copper scoriaet��ar� � wall�owert��ar� abya� � wall�ower, whitet��ar� a�mar � wall�ower, redtu��� � apple�u�lub � water mossturba� � turpethturba� abya� � turpeth, whiteturba� awaf � turpeth, ‘hollow’turmus � lupinet�t � mulberryt�t ša m� � Syrian mulberryt�tiy� � tuttyt�tiy� hind� � Indian tuttyt�tiy� kirm�n� � Kerman tuttyt�tiy� �ab�š�r� � tutty, white-coloured

��d � lignaloes��d hind� � Indian lignaloes��d a�-�al�b � paeony��d �anf� � �anf lignaloesufurbiy�n � spurgeunf�q � olive, unripe�unn�b � jujube�unn�b ur�n� � �ur�n jujube�un�ul � squill�ur�q (a�-�abb���n/a�-�ib�) � turmericušna � usneaušn�n � lyeušn�n a��ar � lye, greenusq�l�ndriy�n � rusty back fernušša/q � ammoniacumuššaq � gum ammoniacus�����us � French lavenderutru � citron

wabar al-arnab � hare’s furwada� � mussel shellwa � sweet �agward � roseward a�mar � rose, red

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330 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

ward f�ris� � Persian rosewasma � indigo

yabr�� � mandrakeyaq��n � pumpkiny�q�t a�mar � rubyy�sam�n � jasmine

zabad al-ba�r � sepiolitezabad al-qaw�r�r � glass-slagzab�b � raisinzab�b abal� � stavesacrezab�b r�ziq� � R�ziq� raisinza�far�n � sa ronz� � vitriolz� a�far � vitriol, yellowz� ba�r� � Basra vitriolz� mi�r� � Egyptian vitriolzait � olive oilzanbaq (al-)b�� � jasmine oil, whitezanab�l � gingerzanab�l ��n� � Chinese gingerzar�wand � birthwortzar�wand muda�ra � birthwort, ‘rolled’

zar�wand �aw�l � birthwort, ‘long’zarnab � oracheza�tar � savoryzaufar� � globe thistlezi baq � mercuryzi baq maqt�l � mercury, ‘deadened’zibl al-�am�m � pigeon’s droppingszift � pitchzift r�m� � Greek pitchzin�r � verdigrisz�rb� mu�allan � spoon-meat,

sweetenedz�rb�a � spoon-meatzirišk � barberryzirišk�ya � barberry relishzirn�� � arseniczirn�� a�mar � realgarzirn�� a�far � orpimentzirr ward � rosebudzubd � butterz�f� y�bis � hyssopzu� ša m� � Syrian glasszurunb�� � zerumbet

2. Pathology and Anatomy

a. English—Arabic

abrasion(s) (sa�/su��) 11, 22, 76, 370, 374

abscesses (�ur��t) 309, 318ache (alam) 309ageing (šaib) 69, 130, 358albugo (bay�� [f� l-�ain]) 256, 257, 267,

271, 279albugo, felty (bay�� �al��) 264anxiety (karb) 3apoplexy (sakta) 129, 408appetite (šahwa) 69appetite, loss of (nuq��n aš-šahwa) 201area, decayed (muta akkil) 24area, scabious (mau�i� as-sa�fa) 42armpits, smelly (natn al-ib�) 398arrowhead(s) (na�l/nu��l) 307arteries, blood from (dam aš-šar�y�n)

388, 395asthma (rabw) 158, 159, 171, 173, 224, 236

back (�alf ) 288back, pain in (waa� a�-�ahr) 369beard (li�ya) 289beard, lice in (qaml f� l-li�ya) 364beard, parasites in (qamq�m f� l-li�ya) 364

belching, acid (uš� ��mi�) 24, 144belly (ba�n) 96, 141, 215belly, coldness of (bard al-auf ) 38belly, laxity of (in�il�l al-ba�n) 6belly, pain in (waa� al-auf ) 204biliousness, down�ow of (in�ib�b

al-mar�r) 201biliousness, predominance of (�alabat

al-mar�r) 2bite of rabid dog (�a��at al-kalb al-kalib)

341black bile ([mirra] saud� ) 89, 93, 122,

127, 242, 415, 416black bile, those who are a ected by

(saud�w�y�n) 69bladder (ma��na) 377bleeding (nazf [ad-dam]) 13, 24, 120bleeding, anal (dam min al-maq�ada)

372, 373blepharitis (sul�q) 255, 266blisters (bu��r) 322bloatedness (tahabbu) 309blood, increased a�ux of (mašy ad-dam)

175blood, menstrual (�am�) 243

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body(ies) (badan/abd�n) 111, 344, 421, 422, 423, 424

bones, open fractures of (kasr al-�i��m wa-fas� al-la�m) 309

bones, setting of (abr) 312bowels (am�� ) 376bowels, cold pains in (au�� b�rida f�

l-a�š� ) 109bowels, coldness of (bard al-a�š� ) 149,

197bowels, heat of (�arr al-a�š� ) 198bowels, softness of (riqqat al-�aš�) 6bowels, weakness of (�u�f al-�aš�) 6brain (dim��) 69breath, smell of (nakha) 393breathing, di�culty in (�usr an-nafas)

74burns (�arq an-n�r) 295, 309, 322

catarrh (zuk�m) 24chest (�adr) 67, 160, 170chest, heat in (�ar�ra f� �-�adr) 179chest, raucity in (�uš�na f� �-�adr) 179chill (ibrada) 132, 144choking (šaraq) 51chymes, bad (kaim�s�t rad� a) 309clusters, nervous (ma�mi� al-�a�ab) 207clusters, venous (ma�mi� al-�ur�q) 207cold-moist temper, those who have

(mabr�d�n mar��b�n) 148cold-tempered (b�rid al-miz�) 100coldness (bard/bur�da) 83, 112, 145,

146, 201, 205, 207, 397, 407, 422colic (qaulan) 75, 141, 203, 375colic su erers (qaulan�y�n) 75, 203complexion (laun) 106, 138complexion, bad (fas�d al-laun) 186condition (��l) 225conjunctivitis (ramad [al-�ain]) 261, 379conjunctivitis, acute (ramad �ad��) 258conjunctivitis, hot (ramad ��rr) 263conjunctivitis, inveterate (ramad �at�q)

259conjunctivitis, remnants of (baq�y�

r-ramad) 265constitution, lax (in�il�l a�-�ab�) 120constitutions, robust (abd�n �ulba) 309consumption (sill) 12consumption su erers (masl�l�n) 157convulsions, nervous (tašannu al-�a�ab)

319cough(ing) (su��l) 2, 48, 49, 50, 79, 154,

175, 177cough, chronic (su��l muzmin) 24

cough, dry (su��l y�bis) 182cough, long-standing (su��l qad�m) 181cough, moist (su��l ra�b) 51coughing, cold tough-mattered chronic

(su��l muzmin b�rid �al�� al-m�dda) 172

coughing, heavy (šidda su��l) 48coughing up purulent matter (naf�

al-midda) 82cramp (i�tiq�l) 1cramps, haemorrhoidal (arw��/riy��

al-baw�s�r) 106, 141

damage (a�an) 96debility, gastric (�u�f al-ma�ida) 7, 83,

133, 138, 146, 151, 205, 207, 282, 314debility, hepatic (�u�f al-kabid) 29, 30,

138, 207delusions (wasw�s) 70desire, sexual (in���) 286detention (usr) 145detention, urinary (usr al-baul) 288diabetes (�iy�b���) 103diarrhoea (�ilfa) 79, 212diarrhoea, long-standing (ish�l

qad�m) 83diarrhoea, yellow-bilious (�ilfa

�afr�w�ya) 76digestion (istimr� ) 69, 340discolouration, bluish-green (�u�ra)

309diseases, acute (amr�� ��dda) 366diseases, black-bilious (amr�� as-saud� /

saud�w�ya) 74, 242diseases, phlegmatic (amr�� bal�am�ya)

225disorder, abdominal (isti�l�q al-ba�n) 2,

174, 208disorders, cold (a�l�l/�ilal b�rida) 129,

152disorders, uterine (�ilal al-ar��m) 369disposition (�ab�) 314disposition, frail (suh�lat a�-�ab�) 50disposition, natural (�ab� �a) 94dropsy (istisq� ) 4, 27, 39dropsy, membranous (istisq� lu�am�)

30dropsy, thin-watery (istisq� raqq�) 337dryness (yubs) 369dumbness (�iql al-lis�n) 360, 361dysentery (za��r) 5, 11, 83, 373

ear, ulcers in (qur�� al-u�n) 382ears, pain in (waa� al-���n) 24

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332 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

epilepsy (�ar�) 32, 74, 85, 108, 124, 131

eruptions, inveterate scaly (arab �at�q) 264, 267

eruptions, moist scaly (arab ra�b) 254eruptions, scaly (arab) 266, 274erythema (�umra) 309evacuation (istifr��) 94expectoration, bloody (naf� ad-dam) 2,

11, 13, 24extremities, soft tumours in (waram ra�w

f� l-a�r�f ) 315eye (�ain) 249eye, burning sensations in (�urqa f� l-�ain)

263eye, inner corner of (ma q) 269eye, itchiness of (�ikkat [al-�ain]) 250,

274eye, pains in (au�� al-�ain) 259eyelashes (hudb al-�ain) 253eyelashes (ša�r) 277eyelids (af�n) 277eyelids, moist (ru��bat al-af�n) 409eyelids, relaxation of (istir�� al-af�n)

266eyelids, swollen (�ila� al-af�n) 265,

267, 278, 409eyewater (m� ) 270

face (wah) 355face, black marks on (���r s�d f� l-wah)

354face, moles on (��l�n f� l-wah) 350faeces, discharge of (istin��f al-a�f�l)

376fatigue (i�y� ) 207fear (tafazzu�) 127feebleness (fut�r) 207feet (ril�n) 207feet, frostbite on (qur�� f� r-rilain min

qibal a�-�al) 309fever(s) (�umm�/�ummay�t) 3, 24, 236,

422fever, acute (�umm� ��dda) 1fever, hepatic (�umm� l-kabid) 10fever, ophthalmic (�umm� l-�ain) 255fever, prolonged (�umm� muta��wila) 8fever, quartan (�umm� r-rib�) 204fever, those who are heated by (as��n)

139fevers, inveterate (�ummay�t �at�qa) 4,

14fevers, long black-bilious (�ummay�t

�aw�la saud�w�ya) 240

fevers, long phlegmatic (�ummay�t �aw�la bal�am�ya) 240

fevers, nonacute (�ummay�t �air ��dda) 415

fevers, phlegmatic (�ummay�t bal�am�ya) 25

fevers, remnants of (baq�y� l-�ummay�t) 7

�ssures, anal (šuq�q) 298�stula(e) (n���r/naw���r) 269, 305, 389�atulence (naf�) 151�atulence, gastric (naf� al-ma�ida) 147�atus(es) (r��/riy��) 92, 141, 368�oaters (�aš�wa) 251, 267�ukes (�abb al-qar�) 66, 73�ux, cold (riy�� b�rida) 203food (�a��m) 23, 96, 139forehead (abha) 21, 24, 409forgetfulness (nisy�n) 130fractures, open (tafassu� wa-kasr) 309frailty (�u�f ) 207freckles (kalaf ) 351, 355front (qudd�m) 288

geophagism (šahwat a�-��n) 90, 92gout (niqris) 309gripes (ma��) 151gums (li�a) 393, 396gums, blistered (tana�u� al-li��t) 385gums, feverish (�umm� l-li��t) 385gums, painful (waa� al-�um�r) 24gums, putrid (�uf�nat al-li��t) 384gums, squashy (istir�� al-li��t) 384

haemorrhage (qiy�m ad-dam) 5, 11, 12, 98

haemorrhoids (b�s�r/baw�s�r) 69, 83, 306

hair (ša�r) 280, 281, 289, 334hair, growth of (�ur� aš-ša�r) 289halitosis (ba�ar) 68hands (yad�n) 207hands, frostbite on (qur�� f� l-yadain min

qibal a�-�al) 309harshness (�idda) 267head (ra s) 122, 235, 289head, ulcers of (qur�� ar-ra s) 297headache (�ud��) 21, 407headache (waa� ar-ra s) 24headache, cold phlegmatic (�ud�� b�rid

bal�am�) 235headache, hot (�ud�� ��rr) 234, 235health, preservation of (�if� a�-�i��a)

69

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INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS 333

heart (qalb) 112heart, palpitations of (�afaq�n al-qalb)

97, 149heat (�ar�ra) 97, 232, 264, 314, 344, 385hemiplegia (f�li) 74, 129, 241, 405, 406,

407, 408hernia (fatq) 310hip, pain in (waa� al-���ira) 141hoarseness (bu���a) 181hot-tempered (��rr al-miz�) 101, 400humours (a�l��) 202humours, delicate (a�l�� raq�qa) 184humours, tenacious (�il� �al��/a�l��

�al��a) 159, 186, 225, 233hydrocele, burst (q�la ba�d šaqqih�) 309hydrocele, indurate (qarw �s�) 316hyperaemia (sayal�n ad-dam) 15

indigestion (s� al-ha�m) 204insomnia (sahar) 21intercourse, sexual (im��) 132, 285, 369intestines (am�� ) 31, 69, 77ischia, pain in (waa� al-warkain) 369ischuria (�usr al-baul) 20itch (�ikka) 345

jaundice (yaraq�n) 71, 94jaundice, yellow (yaraq�n a�far) 4joints (maf��il) 207juvenility, calamities of (s� al-fat�ya)

186

kidney stones (�a�an) 54, 99, 100, 101, 102, 225

lachrymation (dam�a) 248, 249, 253lichen (bahaq) 130lichen, ‘black’ (bahaq aswad) 242, 325lichen, ‘white’ (bahaq abya�) 335, 365limb(s) (�u�w/a��� ) 307liver, bad hot humoral mixture in (s�

miz� ��rr f� l-kabid) 201liver, hot (kabid ��rra) 113liver, humoral mixture in (miz�

[al-]kabid) 94, 201liver, obstruction of (sudad al-kabid) 18liver, pains in (au�� al-kabid) 240liver, sclerosis of (�al�bat al-kabid) 14liver, tumours of (waram al-kabid) 4lumps, soft (dubail�t) 340

mange (arab) 242, 328, 329, 331, 332, 346mange, acute ulcerating (arab

mutaqarri� ��dd) 346

mange, dry (arab y�bis) 333mange, moist (arab ra�b) 330mange, scurfy (arab �al��) 344matter, coagulated (um�d midda) 377matter, purulent (midda) 12measles (�a�ba) 183melancholia (m�l���liy�) 63, 110, 123melanoma, chorioid (m�sara) 273memory (�if�) 115mind (�ihn) 69, 106mixtures, hot (amz� ��rra) 255moist temper, those who have

(mar��b�n) 115moist-cold temper, those who have

(mar��b�n mabr�d�n) 107moisture (ru��ba) 259, 368moisture, gastric (billat al-ma�ida) 70moisture, super�uity of (fai� ru��ba) 51mouth (fam) 48, 68mouth, corners of (ašd�q) 384

nature (�ab�/�ab��a) 69, 110, 366, 367, 371

nausea (�a�ay�n) 75, 194neck (�unq) 207nerves (a���b) 69nerves, in�amed (nuf�r al-�a�ab) 320nerves, swollen (ta�aqqud al-�a�ab) 320nose (anf ) 409, 412, 413, 414nosebleed (ru��f ) 411, 412, 413, 414nostrils (min�ar�n) 410, 412, 414

obstruction (sudad) 69, 202, 225, 227oesophagus (mar� ) 51old age, advance of (tasarru� aš-šaib) 31organs, adjacent (naw��in) 122organs, contusion of (�arba tu��b

al-a��� ) 309

pain (waa�) 309pain(s), colical (waa� al-qaulan/au��

qaulan�ya) 75, 119, 152, 368pain, rectal (alam bi-maq�ada) 69palpitations (�afaq�n) 70, 74, 112palpitations, black-bilious (�afaq�n

saud�w�) 105 pannus (sabal) 266, 278pannus, inveterate (sabal �at�q) 264, 267pannus, rheumy (arw�� as-sabal) 409paralysis, facial (laqwa) 74, 128, 241,

405, 407, 408paroxysms (adw�r) 24pelvic bones, pain in (waa� al-��libain)

141

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334 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

penis (qa��b) 285, 286, 377penis, ulcers in/of (qur�� al-qa��b) 298,

379Persian �re (n�r f�ris�) 322perspiration (�araq) 421, 423, 424phlegm (bal�am) 69, 122, 139, 153phlegm, those who are a ected by

(mubal�am�n) 69phlegm, tough (bal�am �al��) 160, 203phlegm, viscid (bal�am lazi) 89pimples (ba�r/bu��r) 261, 273poison(s) (samm/sum�m) 125, 416poisons, lethal (sum�m qatt�la) 111poisons from reptiles (sum�m min

al-haw�mm) 111poisons from vermin (sum�m min

ad-daw�bb) 111potency, sexual (b�h) 104, 107, 141, 376powers, colicky (quwan qaulan�) 65pterygium (�afara) 264ptosis (kumna) 266pubes (��na) 286, 339punch (wakz) 309putridity, humoral (fas�d al-miz�) 240

qualmishness (�a�y) 420quartan (rib�) 74

rectum, �abbiness of (istir�� al-maq�ada)386

rectum, prolapse of (bur�z al-maq�ada)386

redness (�umra) 267region, pubic (na�w al-��na) 288regurgitation (i�til�f ) 88residue, viscid mucous (fa�l lazi

lu��b�) 87residues (fu��l) 24, 69residues, phlegmy (bal��im) 31residues, viscid (fu��l lazia) 170retention (�u�r) 145rheumatism ([waa� al-]maf��il) 309,

338, 380

saliva (m� ) 361scabies (sa�fa) 297scabies, chronic (sa�fa muzmina) 42scabies, dry (sa�fa y�bisa) 44, 327scabies, moist (sa�fa ra�ba) 43, 326sciatica (�irq an-nas�) 338, 369scrofula (�an�z�r) 356scrofula, severe (�an�z�r �a�ba) 305sensations, burning urinary (�urqat

al-baul) 20, 53

sensations, �aming (talahhub) 7sensitivity to physical pain (ka��r al-�iss)

309shivering (n��) 8shoulders (katif�n) 207sight (ba�ar) 248, 252sight, loss of (�ulmat al-ba�ar) 250, 276sight, weakness of (�u�f al-ba�ar) 130,

251skin, burning sensation on (la��) 332skin, desquamation of (wa�a�) 324, 359smallpox (udar�) 183smallpox, traces of (���r al-udar�) 362smells, foul (��mm) 141speckles (namaš) 355spleen, enlargement of (kubr a�-�i��l) 9spleen, indurated (�i��l �alib) 46spleen, pains in (au�� a�-�i��l) 240spleen, sclerosis of (�al�bat a�-�i��l) 9,

14, 19, 321, 342spleen disease su erers (ma���l�n) 45,

217spot, albugineous (mau�i� al-bay��) 257sputum, clotted and hard to cough up

(naf� �asir al-bur�z mun�aqid) 224stages, early (ibtid� ) 4, 263, 270, 297,

369stings (la��) 96stomach (ma�ida) 31, 50, 51, 69, 77, 112,

122, 207, 214, 215, 235stomach, bad hot humoral mixture in

(s� miz� ��rr f� l-ma�ida) 201stomach, cold (ma�ida b�rida) 139, 343stomach, coldness of (bard al-ma�ida)

28, 38, 204stomach, empty (�ul�w al-ma�ida) 340 stomach, hot (ma�ida ��rra) 313stomach, humoral mixture in (miz�

al-ma�ida) 201stomach, inveterate tumour in (waram

�at�q f� l-ma�ida) 41stomach, laxity of (istir�� al-ma�ida)

106stomach, moistness of (ru��bat

al-ma�ida) 106stomach, mouth of (fam al-ma�ida) 339stomach, pain in (waa� al-ma�ida) 25stomach, slippery (zalq al-ma�ida) 50stomach, soft (mal�sat al-ma�ida) 50stomach, tumours of (waram al-ma�ida)

4stomach, weak (ma�ida �a��fa) 24stomachs, cold-moist (mi�ad b�rida

ra�ba) 221

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strength, lack of (�u�f q�wa) 27strength, lacking (q�wa �a��fa) 39sweat (�araq) 329, 422swelling(s) (waram/aur�m) 309swellings, fully developed (aur�m f�

l-muntah�) 309swellings, growing (aur�m mutazaiyida)

309swellings, hot bloodshot (aur�m ��rra

damaw�ya) 309swellings, recent (aur�m mubtadi a) 309

teeth (asn�n) 393, 397teeth, loose (�arakat al-asn�n) 396tempers, hot (amz� ��rra) 86, 224tenesmus (taza��ur) 298tertian, alternation of (ša�r al-�ibb) 26tetter (q�b� /qaw�b�) 242, 348thirst (�a�aš) 1, 3, 7throat, sore (�uš�nat al-�anara) 154tissue, �eshy (la�m) 384tissue, soft (la�m ra�w) 309toothache (waa� al-asn�n) 24, 397tremor (ra�ša) 129, 225tube, urinary (sab�l al-ma��na) 377tumour(s) (waram/aur�m) 309, 377tumours, gastric (aur�m al-ma�ida) 309tumours, hot (aur�m ��rra) 323tumours, hypogastric (aur�m al-��na)

309tumours, laryngeal (aur�m al-�anara)

70tumours, uterine (aur�m ar-ra�im) 378

ulcerations (a�r�s) 175ulcers (qur��) 308, 309ulcers, intestinal (qur�� al-am�� ) 381ulcers, ophthalmic (qur�� [al-�ain]) 261,

262, 268, 272, 273ulcers, vesical (qur�� al-ma��na) 53

umbilicus (surra) 336, 339urethra (i�l�l) 288urinating blood (baul ad-dam) 13,

16, 17urinating purulent matter (baul

al-midda) 16, 20urination (idr�r) 72urine (baul) 80urine, incontinence of (salas al-baul)

137urine, suppression of (i�tib�s al-baul)

377urine, trickling (baul salis) 81uvula, dryness of (yubs al-lahaw�t) 208

vision, loss of (�ulma) 249vitiligo (bara�) 126, 363vitiligo, acute white (bara� abya�

�ad��) 303vomiting (qai ) 38, 48, 207, 215, 314,

415, 417, 418vomiting, torrential (qai �ar� �) 174, 212vomiting, yellow-bilious (qai �afr�w�)

420vulva, ulcers of (qur�� al-far) 298

warts (�a �l�l) 347warts, lenticular (�a �l�l �adas�ya) 352well-tempered (mu�tadil al-miz�) 401wind, trapped (riy��) 69worms (d�d) 66worms, intestinal (d�d�n f� l-ba�n) 336worms, large (d�d�n kib�r) 73wound, blood from (dam min ir��a)

387, 391

yellow bile (�afr� ) 184, 415yellow bile, those who are a ected by

(�afr�w�y�n) 69yellow-biliousness (mar�r a�far) 419

abd�n � body(ies)abd�n �ulba � constitutions, robusta��� � limb(s)a�an � damage�a��at al-kalb al-kalib � bite of rabid dogadw�r � paroxysmsaf�n � eyelidsa�r�s � ulcerationsa�l�� � humoursa�l�� �al��a � humours, tenaciousa�l�� raq�qa � humours, delicate

�ain � eyea�l�l b�rida � disorders, coldalam � achealam bi-maq�ada � pain, rectalam�� � bowelsam�� � intestinesamr�� bal�am�ya � diseases, phlegmaticamr�� ��dda � diseases, acuteamr�� as-saud� /saud�w�ya � diseases,

black-biliousamz� ��rra � mixtures, hot

b. Arabic—English

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336 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

amz� ��rra � tempers, hot��na � pubesanf � nose�araq � perspiration�araq � sweatarw�� al-baw�s�r � cramps,

haemorrhoidalarw�� as-sabal � pannus, rheumya���b � nervesašd�q � mouth, corners ofas��n � fever, those who are heated byasn�n � teeth���r al-udar� � smallpox, traces of���r s�d f� l-wah � face, black marks on�a�aš � thirstau�� al-�ain � eye, pains inau�� b�rida f� l-a�š� � bowels, cold

pains inau�� al-kabid � liver, pains inau�� qaulan�ya � pain(s), colicalau�� a�-�i��l � spleen, pains inaur�m � swelling(s)aur�m � tumour(s)aur�m al-��na � tumours, hypogastricaur�m f� l-muntah� � swellings, fully

developedaur�m al-�anara � tumours, laryngealaur�m ��rra � tumours, hotaur�m ��rra damaw�ya � swellings, hot

bloodshotaur�m al-ma�ida � tumours, gastricaur�m mubtadi a � swellings, recentaur�m mutazaiyida � swellings, growingaur�m ar-ra�im � tumours, uterine

badan � body(ies)b�h � potency, sexualbahaq � lichenbahaq abya� � lichen, ‘white’bahaq aswad � lichen, ‘black’ba�ar � halitosisbal��im � residues, phlegmybal�am � phlegmbal�am �al�� � phlegm, toughbal�am lazi � phlegm, viscidbaq�y� l-�ummay�t � fevers, remnants ofbaq�y� r-ramad � conjunctivitis,

remnants ofbara� � vitiligobara� abya� �ad�� � vitiligo, acute whitebard � coldnessbard al-a�š� � bowels, coldness ofbard al-auf � belly, coldness ofbard al-ma�ida � stomach, coldness ofb�rid al-miz� � cold-tempered

ba�ar � sightb�s�r � haemorrhoidsba�n � bellyba�r � pimplesbaul � urinebaul ad-dam � urinating bloodbaul al-midda � urinating purulent

matterbaul salis � urine, tricklingbaw�s�r � haemorrhoidsbay�� (f� l-�ain) � albugobay�� �al�� � albugo, feltybillat al-ma�ida � moisture, gastricbu���a � hoarsenessbur�da � coldnessbur�z al-maq�ada � rectum, prolapse ofbu��r � blistersbu��r � pimples

dam min ir��a � wound, blood fromdam min al-maq�ada � bleeding, analdam aš-šar�y�n � arteries, blood fromdam�a � lachrymation�arba tu��b al-a��� � organs,

contusion ofd�d�n f� l-ba�n � worms, intestinald�d�n kib�r � worms, large�ihn � minddim�� � brain�iy�b��� � diabetesdubail�t � lumps, softd�d � worms�u�f � frailty�u�f al-ba�ar � sight, weakness of�u�f al-�aš� � bowels, weakness of�u�f al-kabid � debility, hepatic�u�f al-ma�ida � debility, gastric�u�f q�wa � strength, lack of

fa�l lazi lu��b� � residue, viscid mucousfai� ru��ba � moisture, super�uity off�li � hemiplegiafam � mouthfam al-ma�ida � stomach, mouth offas�d al-laun � complexion, badfas�d al-miz� � putridity, humoralfatq � herniafu��l � residuesfu��l lazia � residues, viscidfut�r � feebleness

abha � foreheadabr � bones, setting of�alabat al-mar�r � biliousness,

predominance of

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arab � eruptions, scalyarab � mangearab �at�q � eruptions, inveterate scalyarab �al�� � mange, scurfyarab mutaqarri� ��dd � mange, acute

ulceratingarab ra�b � eruptions, moist scalyarab ra�b � mange, moistarab y�bis � mange, dry�aš�wa � �oaters�a�ay�n � nausea�a�y � qualmishness�ila� al-af�n � eyelids, swollenim�� � intercourse, sexualudar� � smallpoxum�d midda � matter, coagulateduš� ��mi� � belching, acid

�abb al-qar� � �ukes�afaq�n � palpitations�afaq�n al-qalb � heart, palpitations of�afaq�n saud�w� � palpitations,

black-bilious��l � condition�alf � back��mm � smells, foul�an�z�r � scrofula�an�z�r �a�ba � scrofula, severe�arakat al-asn�n � teeth, loose�ar�ra � heat�ar�ra f� �-�adr � chest, heat in�arq an-n�r � burns�arr al-a�š� � bowels, heat of��rr al-miz� � hot-tempered�a�an � kidney stones�a�ba � measles�idda � harshness�if� � memory�if� a�-�i��a � health, preservation of�ikka � itch�ikkat (al-�ain) � eye, itchiness of��l�n f� l-wah � face, moles on�ilfa � diarrhoea�ilfa �afr�w�ya � diarrhoea,

yellow-bilious�il� �al�� � humours, tenacioushudb al-�ain � eyelashes�u�ra � discolouration, bluish-green�ul�w al-ma�ida � stomach, empty�umm� � fever(s)�umm� l-�ain � fever, ophthalmic�umm� ��dda � fever, acute�umm� l-kabid � fever, hepatic�umm� l-li��t � gums, feverish�umm� muta��wila � fever, prolonged

�umm� r-rib� � fever, quartan�ummay�t � fever(s)�ummay�t �at�qa � fevers, inveterate�ummay�t bal�am�ya � fevers,

phlegmatic�ummay�t �air ��dda � fevers, nonacute�ummay�t �aw�la bal�am�ya � fevers,

long phlegmatic�ummay�t �aw�la saud�w�ya � fevers,

long black-bilious�umra � erythema�umra � redness�ur��t � abscesses�urqa f� l-�ain � eye, burning

sensations in�urqat al-baul � sensations, burning

urinary�ur� aš-ša�r � hair, growth of�u�r � retention�uš�na f� �-�adr � chest, raucity in�uš�nat al-�anara � throat, sore

ibrada � chillibtid� � stages, earlyidr�r � urinationi�l�l � urethrai�tib�s al-baul � urine, suppression ofi�til�f � regurgitation�ilal al-ar��m � disorders, uterine�ilal b�rida � disorders, coldin��� � desire, sexualin�il�l al-ba�n � belly, laxity ofin�il�l a�-�ab� � constitution, laxin�ib�b al-mar�r � biliousness,

down�ow of�irq an-nas� � sciaticaish�l qad�m � diarrhoea, long-standingistifr�� � evacuationistimr� � digestionistin��f al-a�f�l � faeces, discharge ofistir�� al-af�n � eyelids, relaxation ofistir�� al-li��t � gums, squashyistir�� al-ma�ida � stomach, laxity ofistir�� al-maq�ada � rectum,

�abbiness ofistisq� � dropsyistisq� lu�am� � dropsy, membranousistisq� raqq� � dropsy, thin-wateryisti�l�q al-ba�n � disorder, abdominali�tiq�l � crampi�y� � fatigue

kabid ��rra � liver, hotkaim�s�t rad� a � chymes, badkalaf � freckles

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338 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

karb � anxietykasr al-�i��m wa-fas� al-la�m � bones,

open fractures ofkatif�n � shoulderska��r al-�iss � sensitivity to physical

painkubr a�-�i��l � spleen, enlargement ofkumna � ptosis

la�� � skin, burning sensation onla�� � stingsla�m � tissue, �eshyla�m ra�w � tissue, softlaqwa � paralysis, faciallaun � complexionli�ya � beardli�a � gums

m� � eyewaterm� � salivamabr�d�n mar��b�n � cold-moist

temper, those who havemaf��il � jointsmaf��il � rheumatismma�mi� al-�a�ab � clusters, nervousma�mi� al-�ur�q � clusters, venousma�� � gripesma�ida � stomachma�ida b�rida � stomach, coldma�ida �a��fa � stomach, weakma�ida ��rra � stomach, hotmal�sat al-ma�ida � stomach, softm�l���liy� � melancholiama q � eye, inner corner ofmar�r a�far � yellow-biliousnessmar� � oesophagusmar��b�n � moist temper, those who havemar��b�n mabr�d�n � moist-cold

temper, those who havemasl�l�n � consumption su erersmašy ad-dam � blood, increased

a�ux ofma��na � bladderma���l�n � spleen disease su erersmau�i� al-bay�� � spot, albugineousmau�i� as-sa�fa � area, scabiousmi�ad b�rida ra�ba � stomachs,

cold-moistmidda � matter, purulentmin�ar�n � nostrilsmirra saud� � black bilemiz� (al-)kabid � liver, humoral

mixture in

miz� al-ma�ida � stomach, humoral mixture in

mubal�am�n � phlegm, those who are a ected by

m�sara � melanoma, chorioidmuta akkil � area, decayedmu�tadil al-miz� � well-tempered

naf� � �atulencenaf� al-ma�ida � �atulence, gastricn�� � shiveringnaf� �asir al-bur�z mun�aqid � sputum,

clotted and hard to cough upnaf� ad-dam � expectoration, bloodynaf� al-midda � coughing up purulent

matterna�w al-��na � region, pubicnakha � breath, smell ofnamaš � specklesn�r f�ris� � Persian �rena�l � arrowhead(s)n���r � �stula(e)natn al-ib� � armpits, smellynaw��in � organs, adjacentnaw���r � �stula(e)nazf (ad-dam) � bleedingniqris � goutnisy�n � forgetfulnessnuf�r al-�a�ab � nerves, in�amednuq��n aš-šahwa � appetite, loss ofnu��l � arrowhead(s)

qa��b � penisqai � vomitingqai �ar�� � vomiting, torrentialqai �afr�w� � vomiting, yellow-biliousqalb � heartqaml f� l-li�ya � beard, lice inqamq�m f� l-li�ya � beard, parasites inqarw �s� � hydrocele, indurateqaulan � colicqaulan�y�n � colic su erersqaw�b� � tetterq�la ba�d šaqqih� � hydrocele, burstqiy�m ad-dam � haemorrhageq�b� � tetterqudd�m � frontqur�� � ulcersqur�� (al-�ain) � ulcers, ophthalmicqur�� al-am�� � ulcers, intestinalqur�� al-far � vulva, ulcers ofqur�� f� r-rilain min qibal a�-�al � feet,

frostbite on

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qur�� f� l-yadain min qibal a�-�al � hands, frostbite on

qur�� al-ma��na � ulcers, vesicalqur�� al-qa��b � penis, ulcers in/ofqur�� ar-ra s � head, ulcers ofqur�� al-u�n � ear, ulcers inq�wa �a��fa � strength, lackingquwan qaulan� � powers, colicky

rabw � asthmaramad (al-�ain) � conjunctivitisramad �at�q � conjunctivitis, inveterateramad �ad�� � conjunctivitis, acuteramad ��rr � conjunctivitis, hotra s � headra�ša � tremorrib� � quartanril�n � feetr�� � �atus(es)riqqat al-�aš� � bowels, softness ofriy�� � �atus(es)riy�� � wind, trappedriy�� b�rida � �ux, coldriy�� al-baw�s�r � cramps,

haemorrhoidalru��f � nosebleedru��ba � moistureru��bat al-af�n � eyelids, moistru��bat al-ma�ida � stomach, moistness of

sabal � pannussabal �at�q � pannus, inveteratesab�l al-ma��na � tube, urinary�adr � chestsa�fa � scabiessa�fa muzmina � scabies, chronicsa�fa ra�ba � scabies, moistsa�fa y�bisa � scabies, dry�afr� � yellow bile�afr�w�y�n � yellow bile, those who are

a ected bysahar � insomniasa� � abrasion(s)šahwa � appetitešahwat a�-��n � geophagismšaib � ageingsakta � apoplexy�al�bat al-kabid � liver, sclerosis of�al�bat a�-�i��l � spleen, sclerosis ofsalas al-baul � urine, incontinence ofsamm � poison(s)�ar� � epilepsyša�r � eyelashes

ša�r � hairšaraq � chokingša�r al-�ibb � tertian, alternation ofsaud� � black bilesaud�w�y�n � black bile, those who are

a ected bysayal�n ad-dam � hyperaemiašidda su��l � coughing, heavysill � consumptions� al-fat�ya � juvenility, calamities ofs� al-ha�m � indigestions� miz� ��rr f� l-kabid � liver, bad hot

humoral mixture ins� miz� ��rr f� l-ma�ida � stomach, bad

hot humoral mixture insu��l � cough(ing)su��l muzmin � cough, chronicsu��l muzmin b�rid �al�� al-m�dda �

coughing, cold tough-mattered chronic

su��l qad�m � cough, long-standingsu��l ra�b � cough, moistsu��l y�bis � cough, dry�ud�� � headache�ud�� b�rid bal�am� � headache, cold

phlegmatic�ud�� ��rr � headache, hotsudad � obstructionsudad al-kabid � liver, obstruction ofsu�� � abrasion(s)suh�lat a�-�ab� � disposition, frailsul�q � blepharitissum�m � poison(s)sum�m min ad-daw�bb � poisons from

verminsum�m min al-haw�mm � poisons from

reptilessum�m qatt�la � poisons, lethalšuq�q � �ssures, analsurra � umbilicus

�a �l�l � warts�a �l�l �adas�ya � warts, lenticular�a��m � foodta�aqqud al-�a�ab � nerves, swollen�ab� � disposition�ab� � nature�ab��a � disposition, natural�ab��a � naturetafassu� wa-kasr � fractures, opentafazzu� � feartahabbu � bloatednesstalahhub � sensations, �aming

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340 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

�am� � blood, menstrualtana�u� al-li��t � gums, blisteredtašannu al-�a�ab � convulsions,

nervoustasarru� aš-šaib � old age, advance oftaza��ur � tenesmus�i��l �alib � spleen, indurated�iql al-lis�n � dumbness

�u�w � limb(s)�uf�nat al-li��t � gums, putrid�unq � neckusr � detentionusr al-baul � detention, urinary�usr al-baul � ischuria�usr an-nafas � breathing, di�culty in

wa�a� � skin, desquamation ofwaa� � painwaa� al-���n � ears, pain inwaa� al-asn�n � toothachewaa� al-auf � belly, pain inwaa� al-��libain � pelvic bones,

pain inwaa� al-���ira � hip, pain inwaa� al-maf��il � rheumatismwaa� al-ma�ida � stomach, pain inwaa� al-qaulan � pain(s), colical

waa� ar-ra s � headachewaa� al-�um�r � gums, painfulwaa� al-warkain � ischia, pain inwaa� a�-�ahr � back, pain inwah � facewakz � punchwaram � swelling(s)waram � tumour(s)waram �at�q f� l-ma�ida � stomach,

inveterate tumour inwaram al-kabid � liver, tumours ofwaram al-ma�ida � stomach, tumours ofwaram ra�w f� l-a�r�f � extremities, soft

tumours inwasw�s � delusions

yad�n � handsyaraq�n � jaundiceyaraq�n a�far � jaundice, yellowyubs � drynessyubs al-lahaw�t � uvula, dryness of

�afara � pterygiumza��r � dysenteryzalq al-ma�ida � stomach, slipperyzuk�m � catarrh�ulma � vision, loss of�ulmat al-ba�ar � sight, loss of

3. Generic Drug Names

The symbol + before a number indicates that the corresponding drug name is men-tioned in the context of this recipe.

abrasion (catapasm) +374, 394absinthe (oil) 287absinthe (pastille) 18, +227Ab� M�l� (beverage) 213agrimony (pastille) 8ail�wus (pastille) 38almond (linctus) 154aloe (infusion) 234, 235aloe (pill) 58amber (pastille) 15amr�siy� (electuary) +225an�r afšura (beverage) 214apostles (liniment) 305apple (beverage) 196apple (rob) 162asafoetida resin (electuary) 118ash-coloured (collyrium) 248ashes (enema) 377astringent quince (stomachic) +50, 134

Barmak� (pastille) 31, +32 basil (oil) 284b�sil�q�n (collyrium) 250bdellium-and-hump (liniment) 306bishop’s (stomachic) 141black (liniment) 294blocker (powder) 386bole (powder) 76bone-setting (cataplasm) 311brimfull hiccup (pastille) 37

caltrop (oil) 288caper (pastille) 9cardamom (stomachic) 152carob (stomachic) +50chebulic myrobalan (decoction) +241citron (beverage) 197, 198coin of gold (beverage) 190craysh (powder) 82

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cuminy (stomachic) 144curcuma (electuary) +225

daiza (ophthalmic) 264dark-coloured poppy (lohoch) 157datish (stomachic) +75, 145deliverer (catapasm) 260d�k bar d�k (powder) 389diy��il�n (liniment) 296diy�q�� (lohoch) 155dodder (decoction) 242dust-coloured (collyrium) 245

egg (oil) 281

fann�š (stomachic) 138fenugreek (lohoch) 177g (beverage) 203g (cataplasm) 321g (decoction) +158, +159g (lohoch) 173fruit (beverage) 215

�aisuw�n date (rob) 167galls (ophthalmic) 270gourd (oil) 283grape (lohoch) 156Greek Fil�niy� (electuary) +75, 119Greek sealing bole (electuary) 111gum-senegal (pastille) 13

haematite (catapasm) 278haematite (liniment) 298�al�q (perfume) +390hammer-scale (stomachic) 133, 138happy end (electuary) 110, 123 hiera (electuary) 69hiera (pill) 57hiera Hermes (electuary) +131hiera picra (electuary) 56, +57, +63, +67,

+71, +75, +237, +408hospital (decoction) 230hospital backup (potion) 231hypocistis (pastille) 22, +370hyssop (decoction) +170, 224, 232, 233hyssop (lohoch) 159

Indian tutty (collyrium) 271iris (pastille) 19i�r�fal (electuary) 122

joints (pill) 60

kaukab (pastille) 24kings (stomachic) 148

l� mazda�y�n� (pastille) 24lac (pastille) 29, +302large barberry (pastille) 4large marking-nutty (electuary) 129larger i�r�fal (electuary) 107lead (ophthalmic) 268lemon (beverage) 187light-coloured poppy (rob) 169lignaloes (pastille) 28liquorice rob (lohoch) 170

malk�y� (collyrium) 258maqliy��� (powder) 83, 84mastic (oil) 282meadow sa�ron (pill) 59mezereon (pastille) 27mighty (collyrium) 249minty (electuary) 109minty pomegranate (beverage) +23,

+194, 200, +420mountain alkekengi (pastille) 16mouth (coolant) 392mulberry (rob) 164m�rd�na (rob) 174m�rd�na only (rob) 175musk (pill) 70musk (stomachic) 149myrtle (beverage) 199, 216myrtle (coolant) 275myrtle (oil) 280myrtle (rob) +13, +50, 166myrtle only (rob) +2

nard (ointment) 323

painters (coolant) 252pandanus (beverage) 183perfumer (ophthalmic) 273Persian Fil�niy� (electuary) +75, 120pitch (liniment) 294plum (lohoch) 61polisher (collyrium) 246pomegranate (beverage) +7, +10, 194,

+228, +229, +244pomegranate (coolant) 252pomegranate (rob) 176pomegranate �ower (pastille) 11, +50pomegranate only (rob) 163pomegranate seed (powder) 77poppy (beverage) +229poppy (pastille) 10prime water (powder) +389, 390prophets (liniment) 305purgative powder (powder) 86purgative quince (stomachic) 135

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342 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

quicklime (liniment) 295quince (beverage) +39, 195quince (rob) 161quince only (rob) +76q�q�y� (pill) 65

raisin (electuary) 108r�mik (perfume) +411red coral (pastille) 12resin (pastille) 30rhubarb (pastille) 14ribes (beverage) 193roots (decoction) 240rose (beverage) 184rose (coolant) 385rose (pastille) 25, 26rosy (collyrium) 261r�šan� � (collyrium) 251

šaby�r (pill) 64šahriy�r�n (electuary) +75sandalwood (beverage) 192seed (pill) 20, 72seed (stomachic) 147small barberry (pastille) 3small marking-nutty (electuary) 130,

+131smaller i�r�fal (electuary) 106soft lumps (cataplasm) 317soft-rinded pomegranate (lohoch) 180sour apple (rob) +50sour citron (rob) 168spikenard (pastille) 41

squill (beverage) 186, 202, 211squill (pastille) +124stalks (powder) 78stomachic (pill) 62sukk (perfume) +6, +127, +139, +210Sulaim’s yellow (electuary) 105sumach (pastille) 5sunny (infusion) 244s�rint���n (dentifrice) 384sweet musk (pill) 74

tabasheer (pastille) 1, 2thread (suppository) 373toenail (foot-wrap) 349triangular (pastille) 21twelver (collyrium) 276

udunt���n (dentifrice) 385unripe grape (coolant) 247unripe grape (rob) +163

verdigris (liniment) 293vinegar (liniment) 292violet (oil) 290violet (pastille) 33, 34visnaga (stomachic) 151

walnut (rob) 165white (catapasm) +260winner (beverage) 188winner (lohoch) 178

yellow (catapasm) 259, +260

4. Botanical Index

a. English—Latin

absinthe: Artemisia absinthiumacorn: Quercus spp.agaric: Polyporus o�cinalisagnus castus: Vitex agnus-castusagrimony: Agrimonia eupatoriaalecost: Tanacetum balsamitaalhagi: Alhagi maurorumalkekengi: Physalis alkekengialmond: Prunus amygdalusalmond, bitter: Prunus amaraalmond, sweet: Prunus dulcisaloe: Aloe veraammoniacum: Dorema ammoniacumanise: Pimpinella anisumapple: Malus sylvestrisareca: Areca catechu

artichoke [gum]: Cynara scolymusasafoetida: Ferula assa-foetidaasarabacca: Asarum europaeumAsiatic crowfoot: Ranunculus asiaticusasparagus: Asparagus o�cinalis asphodel: Asphodelus spp.

babul: Acacia nilotica baby’s breath: Gypsophila paniculatabalm: Commiphora opobalsamumbarberry: Berberis vulgarisbarley: Hordeum spp.bay laurel: Laurus nobilisbdellium: Balsamodendron spp.bdellium africanum: Balsamodendron

africanum

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bdellium mukul: Balsamodendron mukulbean: Phaseolus spp.beet: Beta vulgarisben: Moringa oleiferaBengal quince: Aegle marmelosbirthwort: Aristolochia clematitisbirthwort, ‘long’: Aristolochia longabirthwort, ‘rolled’: Aristolochia rotundaborage: Borago o�cinalisboxthorn: Lycium barbarumbroad bean: Vicia fababryony, black: Tamus communisbryony, red: Bryonia dioicabryony, white: Bryonia albabull thistle: Cirsium vulgare

cabbage: Brassica oleraceacalamint: Calamintha sylvaticacaltrop: Tribulus terrestriscamphor: Cinnamomum camphoracanella: Canella winteranacaper: Capparis spinosacaraway: Carum carvicaraway, wild: Lagoecia cuminoidescardamom: Elettaria cardamomumcarob: Ceratonia siliquacarrot: Daucus carotacassia: Cinnamomum cassiacastor oil plant: Ricinus communiscelery: Apium graveolenscentaury: Centaurium spp.chamomile: Chamaemelum nobilechickpea: Cicer arietinumcinnamom: Cinnamomum zeylanicumcitron: Citrus medicacitronella: Cymbopogon nardusclove: Syzygium aromaticumcocculus: Anamirta cocculuscolocynth: Citrullus colocynthiscommon ash: Fraxinus excelsiorcoriander: Coriandrum sativumcotton: Gossypium herbaceumcubeb: Piper cubebacucumber: Cucumis sativuscumin: Cuminum cyminumcumin, black: Nigella sativacurcuma: Curcuma spp.currant: Vitis viniferacyclamen: Cyclamen purpurascenscyperus: Cyperus rotunduscypress: Cupressus sempervirensCyprian ladanum: Cistus cyprius

darnel: Lolium temulentumdate: Phoenix dactylifera

dill: Anethum graveolensdodder: Cuscuta epithymumdog’s grass: Triticum caninumdog’s violet: Viola caninadragon’s blood: Dracaena dracodyer’s madder: Rubia tinctorum

elecampane: Inula heleniumembelia: Embelia ribesemblic: Phyllanthus emblicaendive: Cichorium endivia

fennel: Foeniculum vulgarefenugreek: Trigonella foenum-graecum�g: Ficus carica�ax dodder: Cuscuta epilinum�eawort: Plantago psylliumforget-me-not: Myosotis scorpioidesfrankincense: Boswellia spp.French lavender: Lavandula stoechasfumitory: Fumaria o�cinalis

galbanum: Ferula galbani�uagalingale: Alpinia galangagarden (pepper)cress: Lepidium sativumgentian: Gentiana luteagermander: Teucrium spp.giant thistle: Onopordum acanthiumgilly�ower: Dianthus caryophyllusginger: Zingiber o�cinaleglobe thistle: Echinops ruthenicusglossostemon [root]: Glossostemon

bruguierigourd: Lagenaria vulgarisgrains of paradise: Aframomum meleguetagrape: Vitis viniferagrape ivy: Rhoicissus rhomboideagreat leopard’s bane: Doronicum

pardalianchesgreater celandine: Chelidonium majusGreek spikenard: Valeriana celticagreen-winged orchid: Orchis morioground pine: Ajuga chamaepitysgum ammoniac: Dorema ammoniacumgum-arabic: Acacia arabicagum-senegal: Acacia senegal

harmala: Peganum harmalahellebore: Helleborus spp.hellebore, black: Helleborus nigerhellebore, white: Veratrum albumhenbane: Hyoscyamus nigerhenbane, white: Hyoscyamus albushenna: Lawsonia inermishollyhock: Althaea rosea

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horehound, white: Marrubium vulgarehorn poppy: Glaucium �avumhouseleek: Sempervivum tectorum[�ur�s�n] apricot: Prunus armeniaca‘hypocistis’: Cytinus hypocistishyssop: Hyssopus o�cinalis

[Indian] hazelnut: Corylus avellanaIndian lignaloes: Aquilaria malaccensisIndian musk melon: Cucumis melo sspp.Indian spikenard: Valeriana jatamansiindigo: Indigofera tinctoriairis: Iris spp.iris, sky-coloured: Iris persica iris, white: Iris albicansiris, wild white: Dietes grandi�ora

jasmine: Jasminum o�cinalejujube: Ziziphus jujuba

kamala: Mallotus philippinensiskidney bean, red: Phaseolus vulgarisknotgrass: Polygonum aviculare

ladanum: Cistus ladaniferuslarkspur: Delphinium spp.laurel: Laurus malabathrumleek: Allium porrumlemon: Citrus limonlemon balm: Melissa o�cinalislemon grass: Cymbopogon citratuslentil: Lens esculentalettuce: Lactuca sativalignaloes: Aquilaria agallochalilac: Syringa vulgarislinseed: Linum usitatissimumliquorice: Glycyrrhiza glabralong pepper: Piper longumlote: Ziziphus lotuslovage: Levisticum o�cinalelucerne: Medicago sativalupine: Lupinus albuslycium: Lycium spp.

mace: Myristica fragransmadder: Rubia tinctorummahaleb: Prunus mahalebmaidenhair: Adiantum capillus-venerismale fern: Dryopteris lix-masmandrake: Mandragora o�cinarumMaq���r sandalwood: Pterocarpus indicusmarijuana: Cannabis sativamarjoram, sweet: Origanum majoranamarjoram, wild: Origanum vulgare

marjoram, wild white: Origanum vulgare ssp. album

marking nut: Semecarpus anacardiummarshmallow: Althaea o�cinalismarshmallow, ‘green’: Althaea syriaca

sspp.mastic: Pistacia lentiscusmeadow sa ron: Colchicum autumnalemelilot: Melilotus o�cinalismezereon: Daphne mezereummillet: Panicum miliaceummint: Mentha spp.moon carrot: Seseli tortuosummountain mint: Clinopodium vulgaremulberry: Morus spp.mung bean: Vigna radiatamusk melon: Cucumis melomustard: Brassica nigramustard, white: Brassica albamyrobalan: Terminalia spp.myrobalan, beleric: Terminalia bellericamyrobalan, chebulic: Terminalia chebulamyrrh: Commiphora myrrhamyrtle: Myrtus communis

Nabataean gum: Viscum albumnarcissus: Narcissus spp.nard: Nardostachys grandi�oranenuphar: Nymphaea spp.nightshade: Solanum nigrumnutmeg: Myristica fragransnux vomica: Strychnos nux-vomica

oleander: Nerium oleanderolibanum: Boswellia spp.olive [oil]: Olea europaea sspp.onion: Allium cepaopium: Papaver somniferumopopanax: Opopanax chironiumorache: Atriplex hortensisorchil: Roccella tinctoriaOriental tamarisk: Tamarix orientalis

paeony: Paeonia o�cinalisPalestinian melon: Cucumis melo sspp.pandanus: Pandanus odoratissimuspapyrus: Cyperus papyrusparsley: Petroselinum crispumparsnip: Pastinaca sativapear: Pyrus communispellitory: Anacyclus pyrethrumpennyroyal: Mentha pulegiumpepper, black: Piper nigrumpepper, white: Piper nigrum

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peppergrass: Lepidium campestre‘Persian gum’: Prunus amygdalo-persicaPersian rose: Rosa persicapine: Pinus spp.pistachio: Pistacia veraplantain: Plantago majorplum: Prunus domesticapolypody: Polypodium vulgarepomegranate: Punica granatumpoppy: Papaver spp.poppy, dark-coloured: Papaver rhoeas poppy, light-coloured: Papaver

somniferumpumpkin: Cucurbita spp.purging cassia: Cassia stulapurslane: Portulaca oleracea

quince: Cydonia oblonga

radish: Raphanus sativusraisin: Vitis viniferaramie: Boehmeria niveaRaqqa melon: Cucumis melo sspp.R�ziq� iris: Iris albicansreed: Arundo phragmitesrhubarb: Rheum palmatumribes: Rheum ribesrice: Oryza sativa sspp.rocket: Eruca sativaRoman nettle: Urtica piluliferarose: Rosa spp.rose, red: Rosa gallicarue: Ruta graveolensrusty back fern: Asplenium ceterach

sa�ower: Carthamus tinctoriussa ron: Crocus sativussagapenum: Ferula persicasalsify: Tragopogon porrifoliussalsola: Salsola sodasandalwood: Santalum spp.sandalwood, red: Pterocarpus santalinussandalwood, white: Santalum album�anf lignaloes: Aquilaria malaccensissarcocolla: Astragalus sarcocollasavin: Juniperus sabinasavory: Satureja spp.saxifrage: Saxifraga spp.scammony: Convolvulus scammonia‘sea’ alecost: Saussurea lappasea lavender: Limonium spp.sea lavender, red: Limonium vulgaresea lavender, white: Centaurea behensebesten: Cordia sebestena

senna: Cassia sennaserpent melon: Cucumis �exuosusserpent melon, wild: Ecballium elateriumservice: Sorbus domesticasesame: Sesamum indicumsmall centaury: Centaurium minusSocotra aloe: Aloe succotrinasorrel: Rumex acetosasorrel, wild: Rumex acetosellasouthernwood: Artemisia abrotanumspignel: Meum athamanticumspurge: Euphorbia resiniferasquill: Urginea maritimastavesacre: Delphinium staphisagriastorax: Styrax spp.storax, liquid: Liquidambar orientalissumach: Rhus coriariasweet basil: Ocimum basilicumsweet chestnut: Castanea sativasweet �ag: Acorus calamus

tabasheer: Bambusa arundinacea tamarind: Tamarindus indicatarfa: Tamarix gallicaterebinth: Pistacia terebinthusthyme, wild: Thymus serpyllumtragacanth: Astragalus tragacanthaturmeric: Curcuma longaturpentine: Pistacia terebinthusturpeth: Operculina turpethum

usnea: Alectoria usneoides

valerian: Valeriana o�cinalisvetch: Vicia sativavine: Vitis viniferaviolet: Viola odoratavisnaga: Ammi visnaga

wall germander: Teucrium chamaedryswall�ower: Erysimum spp.wall�ower, red: Erysimum perofskianumwall�ower, white: Erysimum cheiriwalnut: Juglans regiawater �ag: Iris pseudacoruswater moss: Lemna minorwatermint: Mentha aquaticawheat: Triticum spp.willow: Salix spp.wormwood: Artemisia armeniaca

yercum [sugar]: Calotropis gigantea

zerumbet: Zingiber zerumbet

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Acacia arabica � gum-arabicAcacia nilotica � babulAcacia senegal � gum-senegalAcorus calamus � sweet �agAdiantum capillus-veneris � maidenhairAegle marmelos � Bengal quinceAframomum melegueta � grains of

paradiseAgrimonia eupatoria � agrimonyAjuga chamaepitys � ground pineAlectoria usneoides � usneaAlhagi maurorum � alhagiAllium cepa � onionAllium porrum � leekAloe succotrina � Socotra aloeAloe vera � aloeAlpinia galanga � galingaleAlthaea o�cinalis � marshmallowAlthaea rosea � hollyhockAlthaea syriaca sspp. � marshmallow,

‘green’Ammi visnaga � visnagaAnacyclus pyrethrum � pellitoryAnamirta cocculus � cocculusAnethum graveolens � dillApium graveolens � celeryAquilaria agallocha � lignaloesAquilaria malaccensis � Indian lignaloesAquilaria malaccensis � �anf lignaloesAreca catechu � arecaAristolochia clematitis � birthwortAristolochia longa � birthwort, ‘long’Aristolochia rotunda � birthwort, ‘rolled’Artemisia abrotanum � southernwoodArtemisia absinthium � absintheArtemisia armeniaca � wormwoodArundo phragmites � reedAsarum europaeum � asarabaccaAsparagus o�cinalis � asparagusAsphodelus spp. � asphodelAsplenium ceterach � rusty back fernAstragalus sarcocolla � sarcocollaAstragalus tragacantha � tragacanthAtriplex hortensis � orache

Balsamodendron spp. � bdelliumBalsamodendron africanum � bdellium

africanumBalsamodendron mukul � bdellium mukulBambusa arundinacea � tabasheerBerberis vulgaris � barberryBeta vulgaris � beetBoehmeria nivea � ramie

Borago o�cinalis � borageBoswellia spp. � frankincenseBoswellia spp. � olibanumBrassica alba � mustard, whiteBrassica nigra � mustardBrassica oleracea � cabbageBryonia alba � bryony, whiteBryonia dioica � bryony, red

Calamintha sylvatica � calamintCalotropis gigantea � yercum [sugar]Canella winterana � canellaCannabis sativa � marijuanaCapparis spinosa � caperCarthamus tinctorius � sa�owerCarum carvi � carawayCassia stula � purging cassiaCassia senna � sennaCastanea sativa � sweet chestnutCentaurea behen � sea lavender, whiteCentaurium spp. � centauryCentaurium minus � small centauryCeratonia siliqua � carobChamaemelum nobile � chamomileChelidonium majus � greater celandineCicer arietinum � chickpeaCichorium endivia � endiveCinnamomum camphora � camphorCinnamomum cassia � cassiaCinnamomum zeylanicum � cinnamomCirsium vulgare � bull thistleCistus cyprius � Cyprian ladanumCistus ladaniferus � ladanumCitrullus colocynthis � colocynthCitrus limon � lemonCitrus medica � citronClinopodium vulgare � mountain mintColchicum autumnale � meadow sa ronCommiphora myrrha � myrrhCommiphora opobalsamum � balmConvolvulus scammonia � scammonyCordia sebestena � sebestenCoriandrum sativum � corianderCorylus avellana � [Indian] hazelnutCrocus sativus � sa ronCucumis �exuosus � serpent melonCucumis melo � musk melonCucumis melo sspp. � Indian musk melonCucumis melo sspp. � Palestinian melonCucumis melo sspp. � Raqqa melonCucumis sativus � cucumberCucurbita spp. � pumpkinCuminum cyminum � cumin

b. Latin—English

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Cupressus sempervirens � cypressCurcuma spp. � curcumaCurcuma longa � turmericCuscuta epilinum � �ax dodderCuscuta epithymum � dodderCyclamen purpurascens � cyclamenCydonia oblonga � quinceCymbopogon citratus � lemon grassCymbopogon nardus � citronellaCynara scolymus � artichoke [gum]Cyperus papyrus � papyrusCyperus rotundus � cyperusCytinus hypocistis � ‘hypocistis’

Daphne mezereum � mezereonDaucus carota � carrotDelphinium spp. � larkspurDelphinium staphisagria � stavesacreDianthus caryophyllus � gilly�owerDietes grandi�ora � iris, wild whiteDorema ammoniacum � ammoniacumDorema ammoniacum � gum ammoniacDoronicum pardalianches � great

leopard’s baneDracaena draco � dragon’s bloodDryopteris lix-mas � male fern

Ecballium elaterium � serpent melon, wildEchinops ruthenicus � globe thistleElettaria cardamomum � cardamomEmbelia ribes � embeliaEruca sativa � rocketErysimum spp. � wall�owerErysimum cheiri � wall�ower, whiteErysimum perofskianum � wall�ower, redEuphorbia resinifera � spurge

Ferula assa-foetida � asafoetidaFerula galbani�ua � galbanumFerula persica � sagapenumFicus carica � �gFoeniculum vulgare � fennelFraxinus excelsior � common ashFumaria o�cinalis � fumitory

Gentiana lutea � gentianGlaucium �avum � horn poppyGlossostemon bruguieri � glossostemon

[root]Glycyrrhiza glabra � liquoriceGossypium herbaceum � cottonGypsophila paniculata � baby’s breath

Helleborus spp. � helleboreHelleborus niger � hellebore, black

Hordeum spp. � barleyHyoscyamus albus � henbane, whiteHyoscyamus niger � henbaneHyssopus o�cinalis � hyssop

Indigofera tinctoria � indigoInula helenium � elecampaneIris spp. � irisIris albicans � iris, whiteIris albicans � R�ziq� irisIris persica � iris, sky-colouredIris pseudacorus � water �ag

Jasminum o�cinale � jasmineJuglans regia � walnutJuniperus sabina � savin

Lactuca sativa � lettuceLagenaria vulgaris � gourdLagoecia cuminoides � caraway, wildLaurus malabathrum � laurelLaurus nobilis � bay laurelLavandula stoechas � French lavenderLawsonia inermis � hennaLemna minor � water mossLens esculenta � lentilLepidium campestre � peppergrassLepidium sativum � garden (pepper)cressLevisticum o�cinale � lovageLimonium spp. � sea lavenderLimonium vulgare � sea lavender, redLinum usitatissimum � linseedLiquidambar orientalis � storax, liquidLolium temulentum � darnelLupinus albus � lupineLycium spp. � lyciumLycium barbarum � boxthorn

Mallotus philippinensis � kamalaMalus sylvestris � appleMandragora o�cinarum � mandrakeMarrubium vulgare � horehound, whiteMedicago sativa � lucerneMelilotus o�cinalis � melilotMelissa o�cinalis � lemon balmMentha spp. � mintMentha aquatica � watermintMentha pulegium � pennyroyalMeum athamanticum � spignelMoringa oleifera � benMorus spp. � mulberryMyosotis scorpioides � forget-me-notMyristica fragrans � maceMyristica fragrans � nutmegMyrtus communis � myrtle

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348 INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Narcissus spp. � narcissusNardostachys grandi�ora � nardNerium oleander � oleanderNigella sativa � cumin, blackNymphaea spp. � nenuphar

Ocimum basilicum � sweet basilOlea europaea sspp. � olive [oil]Onopordum acanthium � giant thistleOperculina turpethum � turpethOpopanax chironium � opopanaxOrchis morio � green-winged orchidOriganum majorana � marjoram, sweetOriganum vulgare � marjoram, wildOriganum vulgare ssp. album � marjoram,

wild whiteOryza sativa sspp. � rice

Paeonia o�cinalis � paeonyPandanus odoratissimus � pandanusPanicum miliaceum � milletPapaver spp. � poppyPapaver rhoeas � poppy, dark-colouredPapaver somniferum � opiumPapaver somniferum � poppy,

light-colouredPastinaca sativa � parsnipPeganum harmala � harmalaPetroselinum crispum � parsleyPhaseolus spp. � beanPhaseolus vulgaris � kidney bean, redPhoenix dactylifera � datePhyllanthus emblica � emblicPhysalis alkekengi � alkekengiPimpinella anisum � anisePinus spp. � pinePiper cubeba � cubebPiper longum � long pepperPiper nigrum � pepper, blackPiper nigrum � pepper, whitePistacia lentiscus � masticPistacia terebinthus � terebinthPistacia terebinthus � turpentinePistacia vera � pistachioPlantago major � plantainPlantago psyllium � �eawortPolygonum aviculare � knotgrassPolypodium vulgare � polypodyPolyporus o�cinalis � agaricPortulaca oleracea � purslanePrunus amara � almond, bitterPrunus amygdalo-persica � ‘Persian gum’Prunus amygdalus � almondPrunus armeniaca � [�ur�s�n] apricotPrunus domestica � plum

Prunus dulcis � almond, sweetPrunus mahaleb � mahalebPterocarpus indicus � Maq���r

sandalwoodPterocarpus santalinus � sandalwood, redPunica granatum � pomegranatePyrus communis � pear

Quercus spp. � acorn

Ranunculus asiaticus � Asiatic crowfootRaphanus sativus � radishRheum palmatum � rhubarbRheum ribes � ribesRhoicissus rhomboidea � grape ivyRhus coriaria � sumachRicinus communis � castor oil plantRoccella tinctoria � orchilRosa spp. � roseRosa gallica � rose, redRosa persica � Persian roseRubia tinctorum � dyer’s madderRubia tinctorum � madderRumex acetosa � sorrelRumex acetosella � sorrel, wildRuta graveolens � rue

Salix spp. � willowSalsola soda � salsolaSantalum spp. � sandalwoodSantalum album � sandalwood, whiteSatureja spp. � savorySaussurea lappa � ‘sea’ alecostSaxifraga spp. � saxifrageSemecarpus anacardium � marking nutSempervivum tectorum � houseleekSesamum indicum � sesameSeseli tortuosum � moon carrotSolanum nigrum � nightshadeSorbus domestica � serviceStrychnos nux-vomica � nux vomicaStyrax spp. � storaxSyringa vulgaris � lilacSyzygium aromaticum � clove

Tamarindus indica � tamarindTamarix gallica � tarfaTamarix orientalis � Oriental tamariskTamus communis � bryony, blackTanacetum balsamita � alecostTerminalia spp. � myrobalanTerminalia bellerica � myrobalan, belericTerminalia chebula � myrobalan, chebulicTeucrium spp. � germanderTeucrium chamaedrys � wall germander

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INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS 349

Thymus serpyllum � thyme, wildTragopogon porrifolius � salsifyTribulus terrestris � caltropTrigonella foenum-graecum � fenugreekTriticum spp. � wheatTriticum caninum � dog’s grass

Urginea maritima � squillUrtica pilulifera � Roman nettle

Valeriana celtica � Greek spikenardValeriana jatamansi � Indian spikenardValeriana o�cinalis � valerianVeratrum album � hellebore, whiteVicia faba � broad bean

Vicia sativa � vetchVigna radiata � mung beanViola canina � dog’s violetViola odorata � violetViscum album � Nabataean gumVitex agnus-castus � agnus castusVitis vinifera � currantVitis vinifera � grapeVitis vinifera � raisinVitis vinifera � vine

Zingiber o�cinale � gingerZingiber zerumbet � zerumbetZiziphus jujuba � jujubeZiziphus lotus � lote

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