Census of India 2011

UTTARAKHAND

SERIES-06 PART XII-A

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

PITHORAGARH

VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONSUTTARAKHAND

CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 UTTARAKHAND

SERIES-6 PART XII-A

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK PITHORAGARH

VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS UTTARAKHAND

DISTRICT MAP

MOTIF

PARVATI SAROVER

Parvati Sarovar lies in Dharchula Tahsil of Pithoragarh District. It is stra tegically an important place. The famous international pilgrimage of Kailash Mansarover and Adi Kailash routes through this region. The Adi-Kailash as well as the glaciers, Milam, Ralam and Namic is closely visible from this place. Parvati Sarovar is religiously known as one of the sacred place in the district. Every year in the month of February on the auspicious day of Shivratri, a fair is held here and lakhs of pilgrims take bath in the sarover.

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Contents

Foreword xi

Preface xiii

Acknowledgements xv

History and Scope of the District Census Handbook xvii

Brief History of the Distric xix

Analytical Note

(i) Physical Features 3

Location and Size

Physiography

Drainge

Climate

Natural Economic Resources

(ii) Census Concepts 10

(iii) Non-Census Concepts 16

(iv) 2011 Census findings- 28 (a) Distribution of population in rural-urban areas (b) Size class and size of towns, Population Growth, Density and Sex-Ratio, Work Participation rate, Literacy, Religion, Availability of University education in the District (c) Mother Tongue, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes of earlier Censuses

(v) Brief Analysis of PCA data based on inset tables 1 to 35. 38

(vi)Brief Analysis of the Village Directory and Town Directory data based on inset tables 36 to 45.

(vii) Major Social and Cultural Events, Natural and Administrative Developments and 73

Significant Activities during the Decade

(viii) Brief Description of Places of Religious, Historical or Archaeological Importancè in

Villages and Places of Tourist Interest in the Towns of the District 73

(ix) Major Characteristics of the district, Contribution of the District in the form

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of any historical figure associated with the district. 74

(x) Scope of Village and Town Directory – column heading wise explanation

and coverage of data. 75

Village and Town Directory

Brief note on Village and Town Directory

Section I - Village Directory

Note Explaining the Abbreviations used in the Village Directory 81

(a) List of Villages Merged in Towns and Outgrowths at 2011Census 86

C.D. Block wise Presentation of Village Directory Data Map of C.D. Block Munsiari (Facing Page) 89 Alphabetical list of villages of C.D. Block Munsiari 91 Village Directory Data of C.D. Block Munsiari 99 Map of C.D. Block Dharchula (Facing Page) 151 Alphabetical list of villages of C.D. Block Dharchula 153 Village Directory Data of C.D. Block Dharchula 156 Map of C.D. Block Didihat (Facing Page) 177 Alphabetical list of villages of C.D. Block Didihat 179 Village Directory Data of C.D. Block Didihat 186 Map of C.D. Block Kanali Chhina (Facing Page) 227 Alphabetical list of villages of C.D. Block Kanali Chhina 229 Village Directory Data of C.D. Block Kanali Chhina 236 Map of C.D. Block Berinag (Facing Page) 287 Alphabetical list of villages of C.D. Block Berinag 289 Village Directory Data of C.D. Block Berinag 297

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Map of C.D. Block Gangolihat (Facing Page) 359Alphabetical list of villages of C.D. Block Gangolihat 361Village Directory Data of C.D. Block Gangolihat 372

Map of C.D. Block Pithoragarh (Facing Page) 443Alphabetical list of villages of C.D. Block Pithoragarh 445

Village Directory Data of C.D. Block Pithoragarh 452

Map of C.D. Block Munakot (Facing Page) 493Alphabetical list of villages of C.D. Block Munakot 495

Village Directory Data of C.D. Block Munakot 502

Forest Villages (i) Alphabetical list of Forest Villages 543

(ii) Village Directory Data of Forest Villages 545

Appendices to Village Directory

APPENDIX-I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and 568 other amenities in villages-C.D. Block level.

APPENDIX IA: Villages by number of Primary Schools. 572

APPENDIX IB: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools. 572

APPENDIX IC: Villages with different sources of drinking water facilities available. 573

APPENDIX -II: Villages with 5,000 and above population which do not have one or More amenities available. 574

APPENDIX -III: Land utilization data in respect of Census towns. 574

APPENDIX- IV: C.D. Block wise list of Inhabited Villages where no amenity other than drinking water facility is available. 575

APPENDIX- V: Summary showing number of Villages not having Scheduled Castes population. 575

APPENDIX- VI: Summary showing number of Villages not having Scheduled Tribes population. 575

APPENDIX VII A: List of villages according to the Proportion of the Scheduled Castes to the total population by ranges. 576

APPENDIX VII B: List of villages according to the proportion of the Scheduled Tribes to the total population by ranges. 594

APPENDIX VIII: Number of villages under each Gram Panchayat (C.D. block wise) 611

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Section II - Town Directory

Town Directory Statements (I to VII):

a) TOWN DIRECTORY STATEMENT I - Status and Growth History 681 b) TOWN DIRECTORY STATEMENT II - Physical aspects and location of towns, 2009 682 c) TOWN DIRECTORY STATEMENT III - Civic and other amenities, 2009 683 d) TOWN DIRECTORY STATEMENT IV -Medical Facilities, 2009 684 e) TOWN DIRECTORY STATEMENT V - Educational, Recreational and cultural facilities, 2009 685 f) TOWN DIRECTORY STSTEMENT VI- Industry and banking, 2009 686 g) TOWN DIRECTORY STSTEMENT VII- Civic and other amenities in slums, 2009 686

Appendix to TOWN DIRECTORY - Town showing their outgrowth with population 686

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FOREWORD

1. The District Census Handbook (DCHB) is an important publication of the CensusOrganization since 1951. It contains both Census and non Census data of urban and rural areas for each District. The Census data provide information on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of population at the lowest administrative unit i.e. of each Village and Town and ward of the District. The Primary Census Abstract (PCA) part of this publication contains Census data including data on household amenities collected during 1st.phase of the Census i.e. House Listing and Housing Census. The non Census data presented in the DCHB is in the form of Village Directory and Town Directory contain information on various infrastructure facilities available in the village and town viz; education, medical, drinking water, communication and transport, post and telegraph, electricity, banking, and other miscellaneous facilities. Later on, the Telegraph Services were closed by the Government of India on 15th. July, 2013. The data of DCHB are of considerable importance in the context of planning and development at the grass-root level.

2. In the 1961 Census, DCHB provided a descriptive account of the District, administrativestatistics, Census tables and Village and Town Directory including Primary Census Abstract. This pattern was changed in 1971 Census and the DCHB was published in three parts: Part-A related to Village and Town Directory, Part-B to Village and Town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, District Census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of Villages. The 1981 Census DCHB was published in two parts: Part-A contained Village and Town Directory and Part-B the PCA of Village and Town including the SCs and STs PCA up to Tahsil/Town levels. New features along with restructuring of the formats of Village and Town Directory were added. In Village Directory, all amenities except electricity were brought together and if any amenity was not available in the referent Village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such an amenity, was given.

3. The pattern of 1981 Census was followed by and large for the DCHB of 1991 Censusexcept the format of PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers was given against the four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 Census. In addition, sex wise population in 0-6 age group was included in the PCA for the first time with a view to enable the data users to compile more realistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years of age had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991 Census. One of the important innovations in the 1991 Census was the Community Development Block (CD Block) level presentation of Village Directory and PCA data instead of the traditional Tahsil/Taluk/PS level presentation.

4. As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope of Village Directory was improved byincluding some other amenities like banking, recreational and cultural facilities, newspapers & magazines and `most important commodity’ manufactured in a Village in addition to prescribed facilities of earlier Censuses. In Town Directory, the statement on Slums was modified and its coverage was enlarged by including details on all slums instead of ‘notified slums’.

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5. The scope and coverage of Village Directory of 2011 DCHB has been widened by including a number of new amenities in addition to those of 2001. These newly added amenities are: Pre-Primary School, Engineering College, Medical College, Management Institute, Polytechnic, Non-formal Training Centre, Special School for Disabled, Community Health Centre, Veterinary Hospital, Mobile Health Clinic, Medical Practitioner with MBBS Degree, Medical Practitioner with no degree, Traditional Practitioner and faith Healer, Medicine Shop, Community Toilet, Rural Sanitary Mart or Sanitary Hardware Outlet in the Village, Community Bio- gas, Sub Post Office, Village Pin Code, Public Call Office, Mobile Phone Coverage, Internet Cafes/ Common Service Centre, Private Courier Facility, Auto/Modified Autos, Taxis and Vans, Tractors, Cycle-pulled Rickshaws, Carts driven by Animals, Village connected to National Highway, State Highway, Major District Road, and Other District Road, Availability of Water Bounded Macadam Roads in Village, ATM, Self-Help Group, Public Distribution System(PDS) Shop, Mandis/Regular Market, Weekly Haat, Agricultural Marketing Society, Nutritional Centers (ICDS), Anganwadi Centre, ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist), Sports Field, Public Library, Public Reading Room, Assembly Polling station, Birth & Death Registration Office. In the Town Directory, seven Statements containing the details and the data of each Town have been presented viz.; (i)-Status and Growth History of Towns,(ii)- Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii)-Civic and other Amenities, (iv)-Medical Facilities, (v)-Educational, Recreational & Cultural Facilities, (vi)- Industry & Banking, and (vii)- Civic & other amenities in Slums respectively. CD Block wise data of Village Directory and Village PCA have been presented in DCHB of 2011 Census as presented in earlier Census.

6. The data of DCHB 2011 Census have been presented in two parts, Part-A contains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Parts have been published in separate volumes in 2011 Census.

7. The Village and Town level amenities data have been collected, compiled and computerized under the supervision of S.S.A. Jafari Joint Director of Census Operation Uttarakhand. The task of Planning, Designing and Co-ordination of this publication was carried out by Dr. Pratibha Kumari, Assistant Registrar General (SS) under the guidance & supervision of Dr. R.C.Sethi, Ex-Addl. RGI and Shri Deepak Rastogi present Addl.RGI. Shri A.P. Singh, Deputy Registrar General, (Map) provided the technical guidance in the preparation of maps. Shri A.K. Arora, Joint Director of Data Processing Division under the overall supervision of Shri M.S.Thapa, Addl. Director (EDP) provided full cooperation in preparation of record structure for digitization and validity checking of Village and Town Directory data and the programme for the generation of Village Directory and Town Directory including various analytical inset tables as well as Primary Census Abstract (PCA). The work of preparation of DCHB, 2011 Census has been monitored in the Social Studies Division. I am thankful to all of them and others who have contributed to bring out this publication in time. New Delhi.

Dated:- 16-06-2014 (C.Chandramouli)

Registrar General &Census Commissioner, India

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Preface

The District Census Handbooks (DCHBs) are brought-out in two parts giving village and town wise data for each district. The first part contains non-census data for each village and town and is called Village and Town Directories Part A. the Part B provides Census date for rural area up to the village level and for urban areas up to ward level for each town or city in the shape of Primary Census Abstract (PCAs). The information contained in Primary Census Abstract and Village and Town Directory (VDs/TDs) has already been released for data users in soft copy. Data available in District Census Handbooks are very useful for policy planners, Administrators, Reasearchers and other socio-economic research centres. Till 1991Census, all the inset tables included in District Census Handbooks were produced manually. But this time the software designed by the Data Processing Division of the Office of the Registrar General of India helped in the fast generations of tables.

I am deeply grateful to Shri D. K. Sikri, Ex-Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India for his guidance and support. I would like to thank Dr. C. Chandramouli, Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India for his sustained support and spontaneous, unfailing guidance through our endeavours. At the outset I thank to Dr R. C. Sethi, Ex-Additional Registar General, India who drove us to complete the District Census Handbooks within a specific timeframe and make it ready for printing.

I thank to Dr. Pratibha Kumari, Asstt. Registrar General (SS), Shri A. K. Samal, Additional Director, Dr. Aji Pal Singh, Deputy Registrar General (Map), Office of the Registrar General India for their guidance at each steps in the preparation of District Census Handbook. Special thanks are due to Shri M.S.Thapa, Additional Director (EDP), Anil Kumar Arora, Joint Director (EDP) , Shri A.K.Srivastava, Joint Director (EDP) without their efforts and support we could not have completed the District Census Handbook within this time.

The Ex-Director of Census Operations Uttarakhand ,Sneh Lata Agarwal under whose guidance , the entire operations were carried out deserves all credit for its success. I am also thankful to Shri R.K.Ram, the then Joint Director, Shri Mohd. Ahmad, the then Deputy Director, Shri S.V.Ukey, the then Deputy Director and Shri Dashrath Singh, the then Deputy Director for their valuable guidance and support to complete this project within the specific time frame. The task of data collection in respect of both Census non-census items was a gigantic on which officials in the State Government had to perform along with their normal duties. For their deep sense of devotion to duty and hard work in this regard, I am thankful to all of them.

I am also thankful to Shri Shailendra Singh Negi, Asstt.Director, Shri Lakshman Singh Rawat, Asstt.Director, Shri Man Mohan Balodi, Asstt.Director (Retd.), Dr. Pradeep Kumar, S.I. Gr I, Smt. Upasana Giri ,Statistical Investigator Gr.-I, Raju Kumar Banwari, Statistical Investigator Gr.-I , Shri Y.P.Nautiyal S.I. Gr II (Retd.), Shri H.S.Rawat, S.I. Gr II (Retd.), and Shri R.B.Yadav, Ex-S.I. Gr II (Retd.) who assisted in the work for timely completion of the project. S.I.Gr. II , Sr. Complilers, Compilers and Data Entry Operators who assisted in the work also did a tremendous job. The members of the staff in the Map Section did a commendable job under the guidance of Shri J.P. Purohit Research Officer (Map) and Shri Shailendra Yadav , Sr. Geographer in bringing out various maps.

This publication is brought out with a hope that it will be a very valuable to Research Scholars, Planners, Administrators and the Readers will find this publications interesting in addition to being useful.

Dehradun S.S.A.JAFRI June, 2014 Joint Director (Controlling Officer)

Directorate of Census Operations,Uttarakhand Dehradun

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Acknowledgement Guidance

1. Smt.Sneh Lata Agarwal, IAS Ex-Director 2. Shri R.K. Ram Joint Director 3. Shri S.S.A. Jafri Joint Director

Supervision

1. Shri S.V. Ukey Deputy Director 2. Shri Mohamd Ahmad Deputy Director 3. Shri Dashrath Singh Deputy Director 4. Shri Shailedra Singh Negi Asstt.Director 5. Shri Lakshman Singh Rawat Asstt.Director

D.C.H.B. Section (Collection/Compilation of Statistics & Write up of Analytical Note)

1. Shri Man Mohan Balodi Asstt.Director (Retd.) 2. Dr. Pradeep Kumar Statistical Investigator Gr.-I 3. Smt. Upasana Giri Statistical Investigator Gr.-I 4. Raju Kumar Banwari Statistical Investigator Gr.-I 5. Shri H.S.Rawat Statistical Investigator Gr.-II (Retd.) 6. Shri R.B.Yadav Statistical Investigator Gr.-II (Retd.) 7. Shri Y.P.Nautiyal Statistical Investigator Gr.-II (Retd.) 8. Shri Sandeep Kumar Senior Compiler 9. Shri Prashant Satpute Data Entry Operator

10.Smt. Savita Compiler 11. Smt.Deepa Junior Consultant

Census and Tabulation Section (PCA Unit) 1.Shri Vipin Kumar Senior Compiler 2.Shri Shailesh Singh Senior Compiler

Map Unit 1.Shri J.P.Purohit Research Officer (Map) 2.Shri Shailendra Yadav Sr. Geographer 3.Shri H.C.Tewari Sr.Draughtsman (Retd.)

Data Centre 1. Shri Surendra Singh Dariyal Data Entry Operator 2. Shri Vijay Kumar Ahirwar Data Entry Operator 3. Shri R.K. Bhatnagar Data Entry Operator (Retd.)

ORGI-Data Processing Division 1. Shri Jaspal singh Lamba DD (EDP) 2. Ms Usha AD (EDP) 3. Shri Anurag Gupta DPA Grade “Á’ 4. Shri Mukesh Kumar Mahawar DPA Grade “Á’5. Ms Shagufta Nasreen Bhat DPA Grade “Á’ 6. Ms Shashi Seth7. Shri Khem Verma Jadon8. Shri Yashwant Singh

Sr. Supervisor Sr. Consultant Jr. Consultant

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(i) HISTORY AND SCOPE OF THE DISTRITCT CENSUS HANDBOOK

The need of data at the grass root level for the administrative and planning purposes at sub micro level as well as academic studies prompted the innovation of District Census Handbook. District Census Handbook is a unique publication from the Census organization which provides most authentic details of census and non-census information from village and town level to district level. The District Census Handbook was firstly introduced during the 1951 Census. It contains both census and non census data of urban as well as rural areas for each district. The census data contain several demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the lowest administrative unit i.e. of each village and town and ward of the district. The non census data comprise of data on availability of various civic amenities and infrastructural facilities etc. at the town and village level which constitute Village Directory and Town Directory part of the DCHB. The data of DCHB are of considerable importance in the context of planning and development at grass-root level.

In 1961 census DCHB provided a descriptive account of the district, administrative statistics, census tables and village and town directory including Primary Census Abstract. This pattern was changed in 1971 Census and the DCHB was published in three parts: Part-A related to village and town directory, Part-B to village and town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, district census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of villages. The 1981 census DCHB was published in two parts: Part-A contained village and town directory and Part-B the PCA of village and town including the SCs and STs PCA up to tahsil/town levels. New features along with restructuring of the formats of village and town directory were added into it. In Village Directory, all amenities except electricity were brought together and if any amenity was not available in the referent village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such an amenity, was given.

The pattern of 1981 census was followed by and large for the DCHB of 1991 Census except the format of PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers was given against the four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 census. In addition, sex wise population in 0-6 age group was included in the PCA for the first time with a view to enable the data users to compile more realistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years of age had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991 census. One of the important innovations in the 1991 census was the Community Development Block (CD Block) level presentation of village directory and PCA data instead of the traditional tahsil/taluk/PS level presentation.

As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope of Village Directory was improved by including some other amenities like banking, recreational and cultural facilities, newspapers & magazines and `most important commodity’ manufactured in a village in addition to prescribed facilities of earlier censuses. In Town Directory, the statement on Slums was modified and its coverage was enlarged by including details on all slums instead of ‘notified slums’.

The scope and coverage of Village Directory of 2011 DCHB has been widened by including a number of new amenities in addition to those of 2001. In the Town Directory, seven Statements containing the details and the data of each town have been presented viz.; (i)-Status and Growth History of towns,(ii)- Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii)-Civic and other Amenities, (iv)-Medical Facilities, (v)-Educational, Recreational & Cultural Facilities, (vi)- Industry & Banking, and (vii)- Civic & other amenities in Slums respectively. CD Block wise data of Village Directory and Village PCA have been presented

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in DCHB of 2011 census as presented in earlier census. The data of DCHB 2011 Census have been presented in two parts, Part-A contains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Parts have been published in separate volumes in 2011 Census.

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(i) Brief History of the District Pithoragarh is the eastern-most district of the thirteen districts of erstwhile Uttaranchal

State and northern most of the six districts of present Kumaon Division. It lies in the heart of the snow range of the central Himalayas. Till 1960, it was a part of the district of Almora. The district was constituted on February 24, 1960 with 32 pattis-30 Pattis from tehsil Pithoragarh and two patties containing 164 villages from tehsil Almora. Thereafter, in 1972 tehsil Champawat of Almora district was also included in this district. The district is named after the headquarters town Pithoragarh. It is said that during the reign of the Chand Rajas of Kumaon, one Piru also known as Prithvi Gosain got built a fort here and named the same as Prithvigarh which with the passages of time changed into Pithoragarh. According to another legend Gurukha Raja, named Pithora, built a fort here and named the place as Pithoragarh.

Kumaon, the region in which this district is located is the corrupt name of Kurmachal, the name of a mountain located to the east of Champawat. This mountain is said to have been associated with the Kurma (tortoise) reincarnation of the Lord Vishnu. Besides, there are many legends in form of tales of Gods and Demons associated with the region, mainly related to mountains and rivers located in the region. As mentioned in the Manas Khand section of Skand Purana, the region seems to lie in the Manas Khand, one of the five divisions of Himalayan region. It isalso described in the Skand Purana that the route of the sacred lake Mansarovar passes through this district. As a matter of fact the region, as described in ancient documents, is the land of Gods and Demons and place of penance of Rishis. Close to the northern boundaries of the district holy mountain Kailash and the divine lake Mansarovar are located. According to Jain tradition, the emperor Bharata, the first Tirthankar is said to have conquered this region and had gone to the holy mountain Kailash to pay homage to his father, who attained Nirvana on that mountain, while Buddhists believe that Buddha along with his 500 Budhisattvas resided there. The Hindus consider it as permanent abode of the Lord Shiva and his spouse Parvati. Thus the parts of the district appear to have been inhabited since ancient time. The early inhabitants in hills were the Asuras, Nagas etc., but they were later on defeated by Kirats, Khasas and Khasis as is narrated in the scriptures of Mahabharata time. The Pandavas of Hastinapur royal family were the princes of the plains who, it is said had conquered these parts. They passed their exile period here. Parvataka and his brother and son were probably hill chiefs of the Kumaon-Garhwal-Himalayan region about 325 B.C. It was also part of the empire of Kushans under Kanishka, during the last quarter of the first century AD. The area presently covered by the district of Pithoragarh appears to have been divided among the Katyuri chiefs of Askat, Sira, Shor, Gangoli, and Bajinath, of Khasa Thakurs of Devpura and Darma and Chands of Champawat all of whom were probably subordinates of Maharaja of Doti.

It is said that during 1061-1200 AD Tohar Chand was the first Chand Raja who started the Chand dynasty in the entire Kumaon region. This dynasty continued its domination over Kumaon region until 1790. The raja’s that followed Tohar Chand in succession are said to have been Kalyan Chand, Trilok Chand, Damora Chand, Dharma Chand and Abhai Chand. The next Chand raja was Garur, Gyan Chand whose reign was quiet eventful and important in several ways. It was during this time that Kumaun figured for the first time in Mughal’s dynasty. The forty five years long reign of Garur Gyan Chand ended with his death. Thereafter the Gurkhas invaded this region. In 1816 Gurkhas lost Kumaon region, including

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the region covered by the present district of Pithoragarh to East India Company. Thereafter it has been under the subjection of foreign rule. People living in the Kumaon region including Pithoragarh district participated in freedom movement veryactively. In 1838 Kumaon was placed under the jurisdiction of Sadar Board of Revenue in fiscal matters. In 1857, when freedom struggle began throughout the northern India, the Commissioner of this region kept strict vigilance and enforced martial law and curfew orders. Every suspected person was either sent to jail or shot down. Many freedom fighters were hanged. In 1912, the branch of Indian National Congress was established in the region and in 1916, many persons of this district participated in the congress session held at Lucknow. In 1921 the non-cooperation movement was started in whole of Kumaon including Pithoragarh. In 1980 Civil Disobedience Movement, launched by Gandhi, this district also participated in the movement. The inhabitants of this area actively participated in ‘Quit India Movement’. In general elections of 1945 for the provincial Assembly, seat was won by Congress from Pithoragarh. Along with other parts of the country this area too attained independence on 15th August, 1947. The present district of Pithoragarh, as already mentioned, came into existence in the year 1960 followed by certain jurisdictional changes in 1972 and in 1997 by carving out Champawat as new district.

ANALYTICAL NOTE

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(i) Physical Features Location and size Pithoragarh district forms the north-eastern part of Kumaon Division and is located in the north-west of Uttar Pradesh. It lies between the latitude 29º 27’ and 30º 49’ North and longitude 79º 50’ and 81º 3’ East. It is bounded by Tibet on the north, Nepal on the east. District Champawat on the south and the district of Chamoli on the west. The total geographical area of the district is 7090 sq. km. which is approx. 13.00 per cent of the total hill area of the state. The height of the district varies between 500 to 6400 meters from the sea level. It occupies third place in the state in respect of area. It is 142nd largest district in the country. Physiography

Located in the upper Himalayas, Pithoragarh district has within itself varying geographical environments at the altitude varying between 500 and 6400 feet above the sea level. The whole of the area of the district sprawls in the ragged terrain of mystic Himalayas. The mountains on which this district is located are the youngest mountains in the world and the land mass now covered by them was occupied by the great Tethys sea during the Mesozoic period. According to geographical formation of the district, the district may be divided into four broad belts. Viz. (i) Zanskar Range (ii) Greater Himalayas (iii) Kali Basin (iv) Gori Ganga Basin and Saryu Ramganga Basin. The major portion of the district lies under perpetual snow and a considerable area is rocky and barren. Cultivation is, therefore, limited to river valleys and gently slopping belts. On the basis of geology, height and soil the district is divided into following micro sub regions. Zanskar Range

The region extends in a narrow strip along the northern border of the district and is bounded by Greater Himalaya in the south. This is a high altitudinal zone about 4000 to 7000 m above the sea level covered by snowcap. Topography comprises crest of high ridges covered with glaciers, ice pinnacles and ice walls. Due to adverse climatic condition for human beings the region is lifeless. The region is composed of unclassified Mesozoic rocks of greater Himalaya. Greater Himalaya

The region extends between Zanskar range in the north and Kali and Gori Ganga basin in the south. In the east it is bounded by Nepal and in the west by Chamoli and Bageshwar districts. This is a high mountainous zone with altitudes varying from about 2000 to 6500 m from the mean sea level and covered with snowcaps. It presents generous topography comprising the crest of high ridges, cirques, glaciers, snow clad slops and hanging valleys. Geologically the region has Garbyang series and Martoli series of Paleozoic and upper Pre-Cambrian periods. The region has Glacier and snow cap soils. Kali Basin

The region is elongated along the western side of Kali river in the eastern part of the district. The Kali river forms the eastern border of the district. It presents a longer shape towards north-south. This is a comparatively low altitudinal zone with heights varying from about 1200 to 4000 m from the sea level. Northern part has comparatively a high altitude while the southern part runs with gradually lower altitude. Topography of the region consists of ridges slops, falls and valleys. Crest zone of the ridges are covered with mixed forest mainly of pine and banj. The general slope of the region is from north-west to south-east. The region has Triassic formations, Jaunsar series and Simla states of Triassic upper-pre-Cambrian and lower Paleozoic. Gori Ganga Basin

It is situated in the central part of the district and bounded by Greater Himalaya in the north, Sarju Ramganga basin in the west and Kali basin in the south and east. This is a high mountainous

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zone. Gori Ganga river flows in a narrow and deep shape with steep gradient. Both sides of the river have high altitudes and slope towards the river. The altitude varies from about 3000 to 5000 m from the mean sea level. Topography is rugged with crest of the ridges, falls and deep valleys. Chipla Dhar and Pothil Dhura are the main peaks having the heights more than 5000 meters. The region is composed of crystalline and metamorphic rocks of very ancient age. Saryu Ramganga Basin The region extends in the middle western part of the district in an elongated shape. It is bounded by Greater Himalaya in the north, Lesser Himalaya in the south, Gori Ganga and Kali basins in the east and Chamoli & Bageshwar district in the west. This is also a mountainous zone having high altitude in the north and gradually decreasing in the south. The region runs with the catchments area of the Ramganga and Saryu. Altitudes of the mountains vary from 1500 to 4000 m from the sea level. Topography is rugged with crest of ridges, slops, spurs, falls and deep valleys. The region is composed of Triassic Formations, Jaunsar series and Simla States of Triassic upper-pre-Cambrian and lower Paleozoic periods. Drainage

The major part of the district lies under perpetual snow. The general flow of rivers originating from glaciers is from north-west to south-east. The main rivers of the district are Saryu, Ramganga, Gawri, Kali, Dhauli and Kuti. The Kali river forms the eastern border of the district. Dhauliganga and Gori Ganga rivers flow towards Kali river and ultimately join it. Saryu river also joins Kali river at Pacheshwar. Lohawati and Ladhiya are the other tributaries of Kali river. The general slope of the region is from north-west to south-east. Gori Ganga river flows in a narrow and deep shape with steep gradient. Both sides of the river have high altitudes and slope towards the river. Climate

The elevation of the district ranges from 500 m above sea level in the valleys to over 6400 m in the snow bound Himalayas in the north and north-west. The climate therefore, largely depends on altitudes and varies according to aspect and elevation. Although tropical heat may be experienced in the southern valleys during the summer, the winters are severe. As most of the district is situated on the southern slopes of the Himalayas, monsoon currents penetrate through the deep valleys and rainfall is at the maximum in the monsoon season (June to September), particularly in the southern half of the district. The northern half of the district also gets considerable rain during the winter season which lasts from mid-November to March. The rainfall generally increases from the south towards the north and owing to the nature of the terrain it is highly variable from place to place. Most of it occurs during the monsoon period, being between 75 percent and 85 percent of the annual precipitation in the south and between 50 per cent and 70 per cent in the extreme north and north-east. In the monsoon season there are a few occasions when there are spurts of heavy rains in the hills causing floods in the rivers. According the Town Directory in the reference year 2009 the actual rainfall was 1296.6 mm.

Variations in temperature are considerable from place to place and depend upon elevation as well as aspect. January is the coldest month with a mean maximum temperature of 100C, at heights of 2000 m. above sea level, the mean minimum temperature being at the freezing point (00C). Cold waves in the wake of western disturbances often make winter conditions rigorous. With the onset of monsoon towards the end of June, day temperatures fall by about 30C to 50C and with the withdrawal of it towards the third or fourth week of September, day and night temperatures begin to decrease, January being the coldest month. Depending upon the altitude topography and location, temperature variations from place to place are considerable, ranging between the maximum of 30.3ºC and minimum (-)1.7ºC.

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Humidity is highest during the monsoon months and particularly so during the rainy months of July and August. Skies are heavily clouded during the monsoon months. Owing to the nature of terrain, local effects are pronounced and when the general winds are not too strong to mask these effects, there is a tendency for diurnal reversal of winds which blow up the slops during the day and down the slops at night.

Natural Economic Resources

Forestry

Major portions of Munsyari and Dharchula areas situated in the northern parts of the district have high mountains and rocky rides covered with perpetual snow. Forests are mainly found in the river valleys and southern parts of the district. Taking into consideration the differences in the altitudes and climatic conditions, the flora of the district can be divided into four divisions – (1) Sal forests (2) Chir forests (3) Oak forests and (4) Coniferous forests. Approximately an area of 205,299 hectares is covered with forests during the year 2011. These forests are useful both from economic and industrial point of view. In order to maintain ecological and environmental balance at least 66 per cent of the total area in hilly areas should be under forests. For Pithoragarh district this proportion (49.84 per cent) is low.

The most prominent type of forests found in the district are Sal, Chir, Haldu, Sain, Kharik, Tun Kharik, Bhyunl, Kharsu, Banj, Ringal, Pine (Chil), Yew (Thaner), and Ragha (Himalayan Silver Fir). The number and variety of wild animals of the district had declined over a past few decades. This state of position is mainly due to cutting and felling of trees and shrubs in forest areas.

Many species of deer are found in the district. Sambhar, known as Jarau and Kakar or barking deer are most widely distributed up to an altitude of 3,050 m above the sea level. The musk deer (Kastura), found in upper ranges have now become extinct due to reckless killings for procuring perfume bearing pod. Tigers found in this region are stout built and have larger and more furry hair and shorter and thick tail. The tigers are found fairly throughout the district. The snow leopard is rare. The Himalayan black bear is common throughout the district. The most prominent types of birds found in the district are eagles, hawks, falcons, and vultures. Kokla or pokra and black partridge are also seen in the thick forests. Flocks of snow-pigeons are also found at the high altitude. So far as reptiles are concerned, 34 species of snakes are found in the district, of them only 8 species are poisonous. The krait is very common in the low hills. It grows up to a length of one meter. Another variety of reptile found in the district is the blood-sucker lizard. It is a harmless reptile which grows to the length of 35 to 40 cm. The leech is active during the rains. Fish are found in all the streams of the district. Large species include Mahaseer and Kalabans, other species found in the district are Ascla, Rohu and Garra. Minerals and Mining

A number of minerals are found in the district. Copper, Magnesite, Soapstone, Arsenic Sulphur, Kynite, Graphite, Slate and Limestone are important to mention. Copper is found around Pithoragarh town. Several scattered deposits of magnesite are found in the district. The important locations are Dewal Thal, Chandag, Phadyari and Satsilang. Orpiment (Arsenic) deposits exist near Munsiari. Sulphur is found in the bed of Ramganga (Tahsil Munsiari). At Girgaon, there is a thin layer of blue scaly Kynite slate quarries exist throughout the district. Graphitic pigmentation in schistose rocks is found near Kali valley and vast reserves of lime stone exist in the district. The dolomite appears to be fit for ballast. Sand stone and building material is found in plenty.

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Soil Cultivation in the hills depends upon factors like height of aspect of irrigational facilities rather than on the composition of soils. The northern slopes of the hills are less abrupt and less denuded by the action of rain than the southern slopes. Lands with a north aspect are more cheaply excavated for turning into fields which when made, contain thicker and richer soils and not being exposed so much to the solar heat, retain moisture for a longer period. But most of the soils are poor, shallow and stony. Zanskar range soils are Ochrepts-orthents-udalfs and glaciers. Land and Land use pattern Land of the district has been classified into five classes, talaon, upraon I, upraon II, ijran and khil or katid. The talaon lands are found nearly in all the villages of the district. The upraon I, lands are as good as talaon but they are not irrigated and totally depend for their cultivation on the rainfall. The upraon II is slightly inferior to upraon I. It is suited for the cultivation of jhangora and mandua. The ijran is the worst type of terraced land and depends on the rainfall. Khil or katil land is full of stones and pebbles. Terracing and plough is impossible and therefore, they are separately cultivated, the crops being poor. Owing to the high gradient and large number of rivers and streams, the problem of soil erosion in the district is acute. According to statistics available from Statistical Patrika 2008-2009, out of the total land of 411,883 hectares, forest covered 205,299 hectares, cultivable waste land 39,588 hectare, present fallow 2,430 hectares, other fallow 5,262 hectares, barren and uncultivable land 20,573 hectares, non-agriculture use 11,016 hectares, meadows 45,673 hectares, orchards and shrubs 39,477 hectares and net area sown 42,565 hectares. Multi-cropped land was 30,756 hectares. Total number of land holdings in the district was 86,995 in which occupying total land area is 46,338 hectares. The number of land holding with the size of less than 0.5 hectare is 53,974 in which occupying land area is 12,576 hectare. The number of land holding with the size of 0.5 hectare to 1.00 hectare is 21,282 in which occupying land area is 14,844 hectare. The number of land holding with the size of 1.00 hectare to 2.00 hectare is 9,663 in which occupying land area is 12,947 hectare. The number of land holding with the size of 2.00 hectare to 4.00 hectare is 1,898 in which occupying land area is 4,839 hectare. The number of land holding with the size of 4.00 hectare to 10.00 hectare is 164 in which occupying land area is 856 hectare. The number of land holding with the size of more than 10.00 hectare is 14 in which occupying land area is 276 hectare respectively. Tenancy After the enforcement of the Kumaon and Uttarakhand Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1960, the old land tenures were abolished. This Act replaced the multiplicity of tenures existing in the region by three types: the bhumidhar, sirdar and asami. The intermediaries became bhumidhars in respect of groves held by them. Those who were hissedars (shareholders) and khaikars became bhumidhars in respect of lands in their actual possession. A sirdar has a permanent and heritable interest in his land holdings but can use his land only for agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry, although he can acquire bhumidhari rights under the provisions of the Act. An asami’s right is heritable but not transferable or permanent and he can be ejected from his holdings. Agriculture and Cropping pattern Throughout the greater part of the district there are, as in the plains, two harvests-Kharif and Rabi. But owing to cooler climate, the crops require a longer period for their full development and are, therefore, sown somewhat earlier and reaped somewhat later than in plains. The rabi crops are sown from October to November and harvested from April to May. It includes wheat, barley, masur (lentil), pea, linseed and mustard surajmukhi and Soya bean. The kharif crops include paddy, mandua, moong, kutki, maize, ground nut, urad, and pulses are sown between April and June and arvested between September and November. In order to prepare the ground for seed, it is first of all ploughed once in the case of coarse kharif crops such as jhangora and mandua and twice in the case

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of others. The rabi seed is often sown among the half ploughed in stalks of the preceding crop. On the other hand, the fields are cleared after the rabi harvest before they are deemed fit for kharif seed. Among vegetables, potato, onion, lady finger and cauliflower are grown in parts of the district. The total area sown under different crops were paddy 20,875 hectares, wheat 22,543 hectares, barely 3,529 hectares, maize 2,625 hectares, mandua 9,345 hectares, urad 675 hectares, masoor 3,745 hectares, peas 57 hectares, oilseeds (Lahi, Alsi, Til, Sunflower & Soybean) 2,001 hectares, potato 1,1163 hectares and tobacco 5 hectares during the year 2008-2009. The net area sown in the district is 42,565 hectares out of which 30,756 hectares has been use under multiple cropped area. The gross area under Rabi & Kharif was 32,402 and 40,919 hectares in the district. The district has an ideal climate for orchards. Number of schemes has been taken up by the horticulture department for flowers, fruits and vegetables, cultivation in the district. Irrigation Besides height and location, cultivation in the hills depends very much on irrigation. The worst land if capable of being irrigated is often of more value than the best land not irrigated. Nature has been a great source of irrigation in the district. Rainfall is one of the most important sources of water supply for the agriculturists. The area being hilly rainwater flows away very quickly and therefore, farmers have to depend largely on other means of water supply for irrigating their fields. The government have also helped them financially to construct individual or community guls (channels), hauz (tanks) and small reservoirs for irrigation. During 2008-2009, the irrigation available in the district included 410 km. long canal, (2,905) houzes, 1,410 km. guls, 172 high drums. The irrigated area is 8.45 per cent of the net area sown of the total area irrigated 55.72 per cent or 541 hectares has been reported to be irrigated by canals and 7.18 per cent or 3056 hectares irrigated by other sources in the district. Animal Husbandry The hill cattle are usually small in size, active and surefooted. The cows are wretched milkier, producing not more than one kg of milk per day. The sheep found in the lower hills differ from those of the plains. The sheep of the northern pattis are strong and long legged and the goats there are also stout, shaggy animals of the local breed or that of the western Himalayas and are reared for wool. Buffaloes are preferred to cows for milk purposes as the latter are of an inferior quality. Traditional culture and social customs don’t permit poultry. At the time of livestock census 2003, the district had the bovine population of 240,748, buffaloes 86,877, sheep 32,804 goats, 145,173, horses numbering 1,043, pigs 151 and other animals 18,781. Under the integrated rural development programme farmers are being provided high breed milching animals. For developing the progeny of the cattle and maintain the health of the animals the district had the services of 27 veterinary dispensaries, 55 animal development centers, 38 artificial insemination centers during 2009-2010. Fishery Fish abound in all streams of the district. Among the larger species the mahaseer and the kalabans are very common. The fresh water shark inhabits the deeper pools of Saryu. The trout, is rare, but the chilwa swarms wherever there is running water. Among the other species found in the district are asela, rohu and garra. During hot weather, the fish run-up the stream to deposit the ova and return in the rainy season when they are generally caught. As per Statistical Patrika 2008-2209, 135 thousand fingerlings were distributed to the fisherman in Pithoragarh district. Industry Wool spinning and weaving are old cottage industries which are said to have existed in the region covered by Pithoragarh district for centuries. Indo-Tibetan wool trade had helped in the growth of this industry. Furniture and sawn timber are also produced in the district. Resin is extracted from pine trees. Agricultural implements, metal goods and baskets of different types are made from Ringal which is generally about 3 meters, in length and has a diameter of 8 cm. It is more flexible than bamboo, but less than cane. It grows above the height of 1800 meters. Ropes

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are manufactured from Hemp. Silk-worm rearing is another field of importance in the district. There were 1,354 industrial units in Pithoragarh including Champawat and 3,175 people were employed therein as per Satistical Patrika 20009-2010. Many inhabitants of tahsils Dharchula and Munsiyari are weavers and the spinning is all done by hand. Earlier the staple was short and the texture of the wool coarse and rough blankets were woven. The Tibetan sheep provided them with fine wool of long staple which they wove into rough serge durable twilled worsted fabric or made it into wraps and carpets with traditional designs generally in land colours (almost exclusively by the Bhotiyas who carried small weaving and spinning frames with them even when they moved from place to place). The production of mat and basket is also an old industry. Under Factory Act 1948, the number of registered units in the district was three. Trade and Commerce Pithoragarh is connected with Tibet and Nepal. This resulted in the people exchanging with these countries, food grains, sugar, cloth, silver, gold, salt, borax, wool, tea, butter and sheep, ponies etc. Trade between villagers is usually conducted on the basis of barter system. The trade from the plains at Tanakpur, Bageshwar, Almora and Haldwani are dealt in wool, ringal, basket, mat, herbs, honey and turmeric in exchange of that food grain, salt, cloth, garments and sugar are procured. There are many important markets and trade centres in the district. Transport

As per Statistical- Patrika, during 2008-2009, the total network of pucca road in the district is 900 km. and out of this 726 km. is developed by Public Works Department. During 2008-2009, the length of pucca road per lakh of population is 176.08 km. out of which 142.04 km. was maintained by Public Works Department and length of roads per thousand sq.kms. is 126.94 km. out of which 102.40 km. was maintained by Public Works Department. More than 809 villages of the district are connected with pucca road. Government has laid emphasis on making of new roads. Main transport available in the district is buses which ply on all the routes managed by Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam of Uttarakhand State. Taxis, government buses, horses, ponies are other modes of transport in the district.

Electricity and Power The importance of electricity is growing in the field of economic development and improvement in the standard of living of the common man. Electricity is the basic infrastructure for industry, agriculture and irrigation. Although the district has the potential of producing enough electricity for itself and neighboring districts, the consumption level does not show very encouraging scene. Figures available for 2008-2009 indicate that commercial light and small power consume the lion’s share with 8,362 thousand kwh. followed by 1806 thousand kwh by industries whereas 32,569 thousand kwh by domestic lights and small power distantly followed by 9371 thousand kwh by public water supply and sewage disposal sectors. Agriculture and public lighting system consumes very small amount of electricity (516 thousand kwh and 629 thousand kwh respectively).1525 villages have been electrified, and total consumption in the said period was 53,253 thousand kwh. Nearly 97.0 % villages have been electrified and 47 villages are yet to be electrified as per socio-economic statistics 2008-2009. Gram Panchayats and Village Development

Gram panchayats play a pivotal role in the development of village economy. Gram panchayat consists of pradhan (president), up pradhan (vice president) and its members. Elections are held periodically to elect members and pradhans of gram sabha and nayay panchayats. To ensure representation of all sections of the society, seats are reserved for scheduled castes,

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scheduled tribes and women as per provision of quota. Tenure of panchayat is of five years or less if dissolved earlier. Village panchayat meets once in a month and all the decisions are taken by majority of votes presided by pradhan.

Panchayat Adalats (now called nayay panchayats) were established in districts in 1949 under the “U.P. Panchayat Raj Act. 1947” to entrust the villages with the power to adjudicate petty offences and certain civil disputes locally. The jurisdiction of nayay panchayat usually extends over an area of 5 to 10 gram sabhas, depending upon the population of constituent villages. Almost one village was considered to be a gram sabha but minimum population of 250 was fixed for a gram sabha. Now the Panchayat Raj Act, 1947 has been revised in 73rd amendment of Indian Constitution on 24th April 1993, with three fold democratic administration in the district. The basic unit is at the village level, theinformation are at the development block level and at the district level.

The state legislature has been directed by the constitution to empower the village panchayats for receiving land revenue (taxes), punishment amount, tenancy of public land, auction of public land, donations from different sources and loans in cash and kind from banks/B.D.O.’s.

A total of 64 Nyay Panchayats and 669 Gram Panchayats exist in the district. Gram Panchayats prepares plan and developmental activities are carried out from the funds made available by government. The jurisdiction of Gram Panchayats is mainly concentrated within the village. Election are periodically held to elect members and Pradhan of Gram Panchayats. As many as 17 departments have been attached to Gram Panchayats in order to ensure that the benefits of government programmes may reach to the common people. Gram Panchayats in the district controls and manages all the activities concerned with the welfare of village community. They also prepare priority development plans for the overall growth of the village dwellers. Members of the Gram Panchayats are responsible for day to day administration. The main duties of the Gram Panchayats relate to construction, repair of village property, cleaning and lighting of fairs, establishment and management of common land and grazing grounds, maintenance of schools etc. and promotion of social and communal harmony and goodwill amongst the villagers. NREGA and MNERGA scheme from Central Government is also being implemented through Gram Panchyat.

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(ii) Census Concepts: Building:

A ‘Building’ is generally a single structure on the ground. Sometimes it is made up of more than component unit which are used or likely to be used as dwellings (residences) or establishments such as shops, business houses, offices, factories, workshops, worksheds, Schools, places of entertainment, places of worship, godowns, stores etc. It is also possible that building which have component units may be used for a combination of purposes such as shop-cum-residence,workshop-cum-residence,office-cum-residence, etc.

Usually a structure will have four walls and a roof. But in some areas the very nature of construction of houses is such that there may not be any wall. Such is the case of conical structures where entrance is also provided but they may not have any walls. Therefore, such of the conical structures are also treated as separate buildings. Pucca Houses:

Houses, the walls and roof of which are made of permanent materials. The material of walls can be any one from the following, namely, Stones (duly packed with lime or cement mortar), G.I/Metal/Asbestos sheets, Burnt bricks, Cement bricks, Concrete. Roof may be

made of from any one of the following materials, namely, Machine-made tiles, Cement tiles, Burnt Bricks, Cement Bricks, Stone, Slate, G.I/Metal/Asbestos sheets, Concrete. Such houses are treated as Pucca house. Kutcha Houses:

Houses in which both walls and roof are made of materials, which have to be replaced frequently. Walls may be made from any one of the following temporary materials, namely, grass, unburnt bricks, bamboos, mud, grass, reeds, thatches, plastic/polythene, loosed packed stone, etc. Such houses are treated as Kutcha house. Dwelling Room:

A room is treated as a dwelling room if it has walls with a doorway and a roof and should be wide and long enough for a person to sleep in, i.e. it should have a length of not less than 2 meters and a breadth of at least 1.5 meters and a height of 2 meters. A dwelling room would include living room, bedroom, dining room, drawing room, study room, servant’s room and other habitable rooms. Kitchen, bathroom, latrine, store room, passageway and verandah which are not normally usable for living are not considered as dwelling rooms. A room, used for multipurpose such as sleeping, sitting, dining, storing, cooking, etc., is regarded as a dwelling room. In a situation where a census houses is used as a shop or office, etc., and the household also stays in it then the room is not considered as a dwelling room. But if a garage or servant quarter is used by a servant and if she/ he also lives in it as a separate household then this has been considered as a dwelling room available to the servant’s household. Tent or conical shaped hut if used for living by any household is also considered as dwelling room. A dwelling room, which is shared by more than one household, has not been counted for any of them. If two households have a dwelling room each but in addition also share a common dwelling room, then the common room has not been counted for either of the households. Census House:

A ‘census house’ is a building or part of a building used or recognised as a separate unit because of having a separate main entrance from the road or common courtyard or staircase, etc. It may be occupied or vacant. It may be used for residential or non- residential purpose or both. If a building has a number of Flats or Blocks/Wings, which are independent of one another having separate entrances of their own from the road or a common staircase or a common courtyard leading to a main gate, these are considered as a separate Census house.

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Village: The basic unit for rural areas is the revenue village, which has definite surveyed boundaries. The

revenue village may comprise of one or more hamlets but the entire village is treated as one unit for presentation of data. In unsurveyed areas, like villages within forest areas, each habitation area with locally recognized boundaries is treated as one village. Rural-Urban area:

The data in the census are presented separately for rural and urban areas. The unit of classification in this regard is ‘town’ for urban areas and ‘village’ for rural areas. The urban area comprises two type of towns viz; Statutory towns and Census towns. In the Census of India 2011, the definition of urban area adopted is as follows:

a) Statutory Towns: All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc. are known as statutory towns.

b) Census Towns: All other places satisfying the following three criteria simultaneously are treated as Census Towns: i) A minimum population of 5,000; ii) At least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits;

and iii) A density of population of at least 400 per sq. km.(1,000 per sq.mile)

For identification of places which would qualify to be classified as ‘urban’ all villages, which, as per the 2001 Census had a population of 4,000 and above, a population density of 400 persons per sq. km. and having at least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural activity were considered. To work out the proportion of male working population referred to above against b) (ii), the data relating to main workers were taken into account. In addition the above stated towns, urban areas also constitutes of OGs which are the parts of UAs. Urban Agglomeration:

An Urban Agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths (OGs) or two or more physically contiguous towns together and any adjoining urban outgrowths of such towns. In some cases railway colonies, university campuses, port areas, etc., may come up near a city or statutory town outside its statutory limits but within the revenue limits of a village or villages contiguous to the town or city. Each such individual area by itself may not satisfy the minimum population limit to qualify it to be treated as an independent urban unit but may qualified to be clubbed with the exiting town as their continuous urban spread (i.e., an Out Growth). Each such town together with its outgrowth(s) is treated as an integrated urban area and is designated as an ‘urban agglomeration’. For the purpose of delineation of Urban Agglomeration during Census of India 2011, following criteria has been adopted. (a) The core town or at least one of the constituent towns of an urban agglomeration should

necessarily be a statutory town; and (b) The total population of all the constituents (i.e., all the constituents put together) should not be

less than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census. In varying local conditions, there were similar other combinations which have been treated as urban agglomeration satisfying the basic condition of contiguity.

Out Growth (OG): The outgrowth is a viable unit such as a village or a hamlet or an enumeration block and clearly identifiable in terms of its boundaries and location. While determining the outgrowth of a town, it has been ensured that it possesses the urban features in terms and infrastructure and amenities such as pucca roads, electricity, taps, drainage system for disposal of waste waste etc., educational institutions, post offices, medical facilities, banks etc and physically contiguous with the core town of the UA.

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City:

Towns with population of 1,00,000 and above are called cities. Household:

A ‘household’ is usually a group of persons who normally live together and take their meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevent any of them from doing so. Persons in a household may be related or unrelated or a mix of both. However, if a group of unrelated persons live in a census house but do not take their meals from the common kitchen, then they are not constituent of a common household. Each such person was to be treated as a separate household. The important link in finding out whether it was a household or not was a common kitchen/comman cooking. There may be one member households, two member households or multi-member households. Institutional household:

A group of unrelated persons who live in an institution and take their meals from a common kitchen is called an Institutional Household. Examples of Institutional Households are boarding houses, messes, hostels, hotels, rescue homes, observation homes, beggar homes, jails, ashrams, old age homes, children homes, orphanages, etc. To make the definition more clearly perceptible to the enumerators at the Census 2001, it was specifically mentioned that this category or households would cover only those households where a group of unrelated persons live in an institution and share a common kitchen. Houseless household:

Households who do not live in buildings or census houses but live in the open on roadside, pavements, in hume pipes, under fly-overs and staircases, or in the open in places of worship, mandaps, railway platforms, etc., are treated as Houseless Households. Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe:

Article 341 of the Constitution provides that the President may, with respect to any State or Union territory, specify the castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within castes, races or tribes which shall for the purposes of the Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State or Union territory. Article 342 similarly provides for specification of tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which are to be deemed for the purposes of the Constitution to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to the various States and Union territories. In pursuance of these provisions, the list of Scheduled Castes and / or Scheduled Tribes are notified for each State and Union territory and are valid only within the jurisdiction of that State or Union territory and not outside.

It is important to mention here that under the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950, no person who professed a religion different from Hinduism was deemed to be a member of a Scheduled Caste in addition to every member of the Ramdasi, Kabirpanthi, Majhabi or Sikligar caste resident in Punjab or Patiala and East Punjab States Union were in relation to that State whether they professed the Hindu or the Sikh religion. Subsequently, in September 1956, by an amendment, the Presidential Order of 1950 and in all subsequent Presidential Orders relating to Scheduled Castes, the Hindu and the Sikh religions were placed on the same footing with regard to the specification of Scheduled Castes. Later on, as per the amendment made in the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order 1990, the Hindu, the Sikh and the Buddhist were placed on the same footing with regard to the recognition of the Scheduled Castes.

The list containing the names of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes applicable for the Census of India 2011 in the State Uttarakhand are given below:

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Scheduled Castes : 1 Agariya 36 Dhangar 2 Badhik 37 Dhanuk 3 Badi 38 Dharkar 4 Baheliya 39 Dhobi 5 Baiga 40 Dom 6 Baiswar 41 Domar 7 Bajaniya 42 Dusadh 8 Bajgi 43 Gharami 9 Balahar 44 Ghasiya 10 Balai 45 Gond 11 Balmiki 46 Gual 12 Bangali 47 Habura 13 Banmanus 48 Hari 14 Bansphor 49 Hela 15 Barwar 50 Kalabaz 16 Basor 51 Kanjar 17 Bawariya 52 Kapariya 18 Beldar 53 Karwal 19 Beriya 54 Khairaha 20 Bhantu 55 Kharwar 21 Bhuiya (excluding Banbasi) 22 Bhuyiar 56 Khatik 23 Boria 57 Khorot 24 Chamar, Dhusia, 58 Kol Jhusia, Jatawa 59 Kori 25 Chero 60 Korwa 26 Dabgar 61 Lalbegi 27 Majhwar 62 Sanaurhiya 28 Mazhabi 63 Sansiya 29 Musahar 64 Shilpkar 30 Nat 65 Turaiha 31 Pankha Scheduled Tribes: 32 Parahiya 1 Bhotia 33 Pasi, Tarmali 2 Buksa 34 Patari 3 Jaunsari 35 Saharya 4 Raji 5 Tharu Language and Mother tongue:

As per the census concept, each language is a group of mother tongues. The census questionnaire collects information on the mother tongue of each person. Mother tongue is the language spoken in childhood by the person’s mother to the person. If the mother died in infancy, the language mainly spoken in the person’s home in childhood will be the mother tongue. In the case of infants and deaf mutes, the language usually spoken by the mother is considered as mother tongue. It is not necessary that the language spoken as mother tongue should have a script. The mother tongues returned by the respondents in census are classified and grouped under appropriate languages according to their linguistic characteristics.

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Literate: A person aged 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding in any

language is taken as literate. A person who can only read but cannot write is not literate. It is not necessary that to be considered as literate, a person should have received any formal education or passed any minimum educational standard. Literacy could have been achieved through adult literacy classes or through any non-formal educational system. People who are blind and can read in Braille are treated as literates. Literacy rate:

Literacy rate of the population is defined as the percentage of literates in the age group seven years and above. For different age groups the percentage of literates in that age group gives the literacy rate. Educational level:

The highest level of education a person has completed Work:

Work is defined as participation in any economically productive activity with or without compensation, wages or profit. Such participation may be physical and/or mental in nature. Work involves not only actual work but also includes effective supervision and direction of work. It even includes part time help or unpaid work on farm, family enterprise or in any other economic activity. All persons engaged in ‘work’ as defined above are workers. The main point to note is that the activity should be economically productive. Reference period for determining a person as worker and non-worker is one year preceding the date of enumeration. Main worker:

A person who has worked for major part of the reference period ( i.e. six months or more during the last one year preceding the date of enumeration) in any economically productive activity is termed as ‘Main worker’. Marginal worker:

A person who worked for 3 months or less but than six months of the reference period ( i.e. in the last one year preceding the date of enumeration ) in any economic activity is termed as ‘Marginal worker’. Non worker:

A person who has not worked at all in any economically productive activity during the reference period (i.e. last one year preceding the date of enumeration) is termed as ‘Non worker’. Cultivator:

For purposes of the Census a person is classified as cultivator if he or she is engaged in cultivation on land owned or from government or from private persons or institutions for payment in money, kind or share. Cultivation also includes effective supervision or direction in cultivation.-Cultivation involves ploughing, sowing, harvesting and production of cereals and millet crops such as wheat, paddy, jowar, bajra, ragi, etc. and other crops such as sugarcane, tobacco, groundnuts, tapioca, etc. and pulses, raw jute and kindred fiber crop, cotton, cinchona and other medicinal plants, fruit growing, vegetable growing or keeping orchards or groves, etc. Cultivation does not include the following plantation crops like– tea, coffee, rubber, coconut and betel nuts (areca).The workers engaged in Plantation crops are recorded under “other workers”.

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Agricultural labourer: A person who works on another person’s land for wages in money or kind or share is regarded

as an agricultural labourer. She/he has no risk in the cultivation, but merely works on another person’s land for wages. An agricultural labourer has no right of lease or contract on land on which she/he works. Household industry worker:

Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the household at home or within the village in rural areas and only within the precincts of the house where the household lives in urban areas. The larger proportion of workers in household industry should consist of members of the household. The industry should not be run on the scale of a registered factory which would qualify or has to be registered under the Indian Factories Act and should be engaged in manufacturing, processing, servicing and repairs of goods.The activity relate to production, processing, servicing,repairing or making and selling of goods. It does not include professions such as a pleader, Doctor, Musician, Dancer, Waterman, Astrologer, Dhobi, Barber, etc. or merely trade or business, even if such professions, trade or services are run at home by members of the household. Other worker: A person who has been engaged in some economic activity during the last year of reference period but not as a cultivator or agricultural labourer or worker in Household Industry. The type of workers that come under this category iinclude all government servants, municipal employees, teachers, factory workers, plantation workers, those engaged in trade, commerce, business, transport, banking, mining, construction, political or social work, priests, entertainment artists, etc. In effect, all those workers other than cultivators or agricultural labourers or household industry workers, are ‘Other Workers’. Work participation rate:

Percentage of workers (main + marginal) to total population. Population density:

Population density is the number of persons inhabited per square kilometer of the area. Age:

Age is measured in terms of the completed number of years. Sex-ratio:

Number of females per 1,000 males in a population.

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(iii) Non Census Concepts: Civic status of urban units:

Civic Status of a town/city is determined on the basis of Civic Administrative Authority of the town e.g. Municipal Corporation/Corporation, Municipal Committee/Municipal Council, Municipality etc.

Size class of UA / town :

Size-class of UA/Town is based on the population size of the UA/City/Town. UAs./Towns with 1,00,000 and above population are classified as Class I UAs. / Towns. Towns with 50,000 to 99,999 population are classified as Class II towns, 20,000 to 49,999 population are Class III towns, population with 10,000-19,999 are Class IV towns, population with 5,000 and 9,999 are Class V towns and towns with less than 5,000 population are Class VI towns.

Slum area :

The Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1956 which was enacted by the Central Government defined slums as (a) Areas where buildings are in any respect unfit for human habitation; or (b) are by reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, fault arrangement and design of such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of streets, lack of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities, or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morals. Mega city :

The concept of ‘Mega city’ is a recent phenomenon in the Urban Sociology and is defined in term of metropolitan city in the form of large size, problem of management of civic amenities and capacity to absorb the relatively high growth of population. Indian Census in 1991 treated the population size of 5 million and above as the cutoff point to identify a place as the mega city. Whereas, for the purpose of inclusion in Centrally Sponsored Scheme for Infrastructure Development in Mega cities the Ministry of Urban Affairs and Employment, Department of Urban Development adopted the criteria of 4 million and above population as per 1991 Census for Mega Cities. In 2001 Census, cities with 10 millions and above population have been treated as Mega cities and the same criteria of population has been adopted in 2011 census.

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Concepts used in VD and TD of DCHB:

1. Educational Amenties:- The type of different educational facilities available in the village is given in numbers. Both government and private educational facilities/ institutions are considered for this-purpose. If there are composite schools like Middle schools with Primary classes, or Secondary schools with middle classes, these are included in the number of Primary and Middle schools respectively. For example, if in a village there are two Primary schools and one Middle schools with primary classes, the number of Primary schools in the village are given as three and that of Middle school as one even though there may be only there educational institutions. So also in case of Secondary schools for better understanding, the distinctiveness of different types of schools is depicted hereunder :

1.1 Pre-primary (PP): Now-a-days, the children are sent to school at a very early stage. Lot of

pre-primary schools,private schools in particular, have come up in village and towns. These may or may not be recognized by the competent authorities. Even many Secondary schools have classes starting from preprimarry level. Pre-primary classes include Nursery, K.G., Pre-basic, Play school, etc.

1.2 Primary school (P): Schools providing education from Standard 1 and upward up to and

inclusive of Standard V are classified as primary Schools. 1.3 Middle School (M): Schools providing education from Standard VI and upward up to and

inclusive of Standard VIII are classified as Middle Schools. A Schools with Class 1 to VIII is treated as two units, i.e., one Primary Schools and one Middle Schools.

1.4 Secondary School (S): Schools providing education from Standard IX and upwards up to

and inclusive of Standard X are classified as Secondary Schools. A composite school with 1 to X standard is treated as three separate units and counted separately under the categories of Primary Schools, Middle School and Secondary Schools.

1.5 Senior Secondary School (SS): Schools and colleges that provide education for Standards

XI and XII and first and second year of the Pre-University Course fall under this category. There are Senior Secondary Schools with Standard I and Upward Up to Standard XII.

1.6 Degree College: (i) Arts/Science/Commerce : These are all educational institutions that

provide post-PUC level education leading to University degree/diploma in any subject or combination of subjects and also post-gradute levels of education. The college offering course in Arts, Science or Commerce either separately or in combination are covered under this category.

(ii) Engineering College (E): It is a graduate/post-graduate degree college providing

Bachelor of Engineering (BE) or Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech.) or post-graduate engineering degrees like M.Tech.

(iii) Medical Colleges: These are graduate/post-graduate degree colleges providing MBBS or

equivalent degree in alternative medicine like Ayurveda, Unani, Homeopathy etc. or post-gradute medical degree like M.D. or equivalent in the above branches of medicine.

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1.7 Management College/Institute (MI): It offers courses like Diploma in Management. Post-Graduate Diploma in Management, Masters of Business Administration (MBA) and specializations different disciplines of Management like Marketing, Human Resources Development (HRD) etc. 1.8 Polytechnic (Pt) : An Institution providing certificate/diploma (not equivalent to degree) in any technical subject like engineering, vocational courses like embroidery, fashion designing etc. It may be both Government and Private. 1.9 Vocational School/ ITI : It is a vocational training institute imparting trainings in specific fields acquiring necessary skill, which will make the trainees employable or create them opportunities of self employment . Trainings offered by Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) fall under this category. 1.10 Non-formal Education/Training Centre (NFTC) : Non-vocational education centres , established by the Central and State Governments provide educational facilities to the interested persons irrespective of educational qualification, and age. These education centres are open to all. 1.11 Special School for Disabled : There are Government and Government recognized institutions / organizations engaged for providing education to different groups of disabled persons. 2. Medical Facilities : 2.1 Hospital Allopathic and Hospital Alternative medicine : A hospital is an Institution, where sick or injured are given medical or surgical care. Bed strength differs from hospital to hospital ranging from 31 to 500 depending upon whether these are sub-district, sub-divisional or district hospitals. If there is hospital providing facilities under different systems of medicines such as , Allopathy, Ayurveds, Unani and Homeopathy etc, these details are given separately. (a) Allopathy : The system of medical practice, which treats disease by the use of remedies which produce effects different from those produced by the disease under treatment.

(b) Aurveda: Aurveda means ‘Science of life’. The philosophy of Aurveda is based on the theory of Pancha Mahabhootas (Five elements) of which all the objects and living bodies are composed of. The combination of thse five elements are represented in the form of Tridosha: Vata, Pitta and Kapha. These three ‘doshas’ are physiological entities of living beings. Ayurveda developed into

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eight distinct specialities, i.e. Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Psychiastry, Eye & ENT, Surgery, Toxicology, Geriatrics and Science of virility. Two types of treatments, Preventive and Curative, are given in Ayurveda.

(c) Unani : Treatment of Unani consists of three components, namely, preventive, promotive and curative. Unani system of medicine has been found to be efficacious in conditions like Rheumatic Artharitis, Jaundice, Filarisis, Eczema, Sinusities and Bronchial Asthama. For the prevention of the disease and promotion of health, the Unani System emphasizes six essentials: pure air, food and water, physical movement and rest, psychic movement and rest, sleep and wakefulness and retention of useful materials and evacuation of waste materials from the body.

(d) Homeopathy : Treatment in Homeopathy, which is holistic in nature, focuses on an individual’s response to a specific environment. Homeopathic medicines are prepared mainly from natural substances such as plant products, minerals and animal sources. Homeopathic medicines do not have any toxic, poisonous or side effects. Homeopathic treatment is economical as well and has a very broad public acceptance.

2.2 Community Health Centre (CHC) : Community Health Centres are designed to provide referral health care for cases from PHC and those in need of specialist health care approaching the CHC directly. 4 PHCs are included under each CHC thus catering approximately 80,000 populations in tribal/hilly areas and 1,20,000 populations or plain areas . CHC is a 30-beded hospital providing specialist care in Medicine , Obstetrics and Gynacecology, Surgery and Paediatrics.

2.3 Primary Health Centre (PHC) : A Primary Health Centre is the first contact point between a village community and the Government medical officer. A PHC covers a population of 20,000 in hilly, tribal or different areas and 30,000 population in plain areas with 4-6 indoor/observation beds. It acts as a referral unit for 6 sub-centres. It has a medical officer and para medical staff.

2.4 Primary Health Sub-Centre (PHS) : A Primary Health Sub-centre is the first contact point between the primary health care system and the community. As per the population in plain areas and 3,000 population in hilly/ tribal/deseart areas. Each PHS has a sanctiooned strngth of one male and female health worker.

2.5 Maternity and Child Welfare Centre (MCW) : It provides pre-natal and post-natal services for both mother and child. The services include regular check-up of pregnant women, giving folic tablets, counseling, delivery, immunization of children with check-up etc.

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2.6 TB Clinic (TBC) : The diagnosis and treatment of TB are functions of the gereral health services and hence it is a part and parcel of Primary health Care. Specialized units such as the District Tuberculosis Centre (DTC) act as referral centres. TB clinics are established by the Government of India under the National Tuberculosis Control Programme and implemented through a network of DTC. The DTC is the nodal point for TB control activities in the district and it also functions as a specialized referral centre. The functions of sub-district level Tuberculosis Unit (TU) are implementation, monitoring and supervision of TB control activities in designated geographical areas.

2.7 Health Centre: Clinic where medicine and medical supplies are dispensed. It has no in-patient facility. A clinic (or an outpatient clinic) is a small private or public health facility that devoted to the care of outpatients, often in community, in contrast to larger hospitals, which also treat inpatients.

2.8 Dispensary : Place where patients are treared and medicines povided but with no in-patient facility. Immunization, MCH Services and sometimes pathological tests are carried out here. It may be of allopathic or any alternative medicine.

2.9 Veterinary Hospital : Mostly run by the State Government or local body for treatment and preventive measures against diseases of domestic animals like cows, buffaloes etc. in rural areas.

2.10 Mobile Health Clinic : These are Mobile vans well equipped with a range of health services to villages located far away from the CHCs, PHCs or any public health sources. The vans visit villages on designated days to deliver the health care services. The services generally offered are OPD, ante-natal and post-natal, B.P. examination, X-ray, ECG, Immunization, First Aid etc.

2.11 Family welfare Centre : Check-up and counseling is provided to the pregnant and married women regarding small family norm and devices for having a small family .Temporary and permanent contraceptive devices are provided here.

2.12 Nursing Home : A nursing home is a long -term care facility licensed by the state that offers 24-hour room and board and health care services including basic and skilled nursing care, rehabilitation and a full range of other therapies, treatments and programes to old and sick people. The difference between a hospital and a nursing home is that anursing home gives importance to convanlences from a disease while a hospital gives medical treatment for the disease.

2.13 Medicine Shop : A shop which sells drugs and medicines of any system of medicine viz. allopathic, homeopathic, ayurvedic or unani medicines, is considered as a medicine shop.

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sometimes some shops and Paan shops also keep ordinary medicines, like Crocin, Burnol etc. These shops are not taken as medicine shops.

3. Drinking water : The following are the main source of drinking water facilities available in the village.

3.1 Tap Water-treated : This source of drinking water refers to a source of drinking water which is provided to the villages through pipes within their premises or to the villagers through comman taps ( public taps / community water points ) by the Government departments, local bodies, panchayats, public or privatestate agencies, etc. after treatment. Such a source is treated as ‘Tap water from treated source’.

3.2 Tap Water-un-treated : If the villagers are drawing drinking water through pipes either directly from a well or bore well or after pumping the well or tube well water, or the water is supplied through pipes to the households of the village or through public taps without treatment. Such a sources is treated as ‘Tap water from un-treated sources’.

3.3 Covered Well (CW) : A well that is (1) covered on sides from run-off water (i.e., excess water from rain, snowmelt or other sources flows over the land) through a well lining or casting that is raised above ground level on a platefrom that diverts spilled water away from the well and (2) covered so that bird droppings and animals cannot fall down the hole. It is considered as covered well.

3.4 Un-Covered Well (UW) : A well which is (1) un-covered on