district officer's house
TRANSCRIPT
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TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITYBACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE
ARC1215 METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWING
THE DISTRICT OFFICER’S HOUSEBATU GAJAH
JANUARY 2015
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i. DECLARATION
This report is submitted for the subject ARC 1215 Methods of Documentation & Measured Drawings by the School of Architecture, Building and Design of Taylor’s University to obtain 5 credits for Practicum 1.
Name of Building : The District Officer’s HouseAddress : No.9 , Jalan Changkat , 31000 Batu Gajah, Perak, Malaysia
Supervised by : Mr. Izwan Nor AzharA Group Effort By :0315573 Choong Lai Mun0308719 Cheah Ee Von0317197 Joash Lim Yun An0318217 Evelyn Sinugroho0318742 Crystallina Alecia Kaya Anak Andrew0317057 Maria Rosa Seu0310892 Sumitchaithamdee A/L Ehrin0316379 Loo Mei Chuen0316118 Low Tze Hou0319102 Leong Jia Chi0315671 Liew Qiao Li0314079 Tan Zi Cin0311128 Lee Yuan June
0311085 Nur Bahirah Binti Abdul Rahman0304211 Siti Qistina Binti Shah0311662 Anis Nabila Binti Amir Hamzah0314575 Danar Jovian Aditya Vadya0314421 Mahi Abdul Muhsin0311265 Lim Choon Wah0318538 Wong Teng Chun0320826 Tan Cui Zhi0313822 Preston Liew Ru Ping0310354 Kelvin Cheong Cheng Lee0317774 Julia Shenjaya0311561 Mohd Hasif Fawwaz Bin Sukiman
Figure i (Above) : Group picture of the team
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ii. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to take this opportunity to convey our gratitude and thankfulness to :Mr. Izwan Nor Azhar, whom without his guidance and wisdom, this would not have been possible. The caretaker of the District Officer’s House; Mr Esham Mudin Bin Idris, who came by every morning to open the entrance of the house and ensure that electricity and water was available to us during our time there. Thank you too for providing us with informations regarding the house.The National Archive, Arkib NegaraMunicipal Council of Batu Gajah, Majlis Perbandaran Batu GajahBatu Gajah Public Works Department, Jabatan Kerja Raya Batu GajahIpoh Public Library, Perpustakaan Awam IpohBatu Gajah Public Library, Perpustakaan Awam Batu GajahAnd finally to the 25 students in this group whom without their hard work and dedication, this project would not be a success. Thank You.
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iii. ABSTRACT
The District Officer’s House, also known as Kediaman Rasmi Pegawai Daerah Kinta, is located in Jalan Changkat, Batu Gajah, Perak. Built in the 1890s, this building has observed several site context changes and never faced any functional changes itself. It is one of the many heritage buildings in Batu Gajah that has been chosen to be part of the Batu Gajah Heritage Trail. This rest house was used to conduct a measured drawing analysis for our Measured Drawing and Methods of Documentation module in our Practicum 1. Our group of 25 students aim to enlighten what an architectural marvel this building is as it merely observes its changes instead of taking part in it. To do this, we measured and documented the building as well as conducted extensive research and analysis in order to gain all the relevant information during our six day site visit to Perak. All the information that we have compiled have been translated into a set of measured drawings, a photo book, a report ,as well as a physical model.
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iv. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Diagram 3.1 : Site plan of Batu GajahDiagram 3.2 (Top) : Segregation of the spaces on the ground floor.Diagram 3.3 (Bottom) : Segregation of spaces on the first floor.Diagram 3.4 (Top) : Example of classic British house planDiagram 3.5 (Bottom) : Example of traditional Malay house planDiagram 3.6 (Top) : Private and public areas on the ground floorDiagram 3.7 (Bottom) : Private and public areas on the first floorDiagram 3.8 (Top) : Location of the living room on the first floor of the District Officer House indicating a semi- private spaceDiagram 3.9 (Top) : Location of the dining area on the ground floor of the house indicating a semi-private spaceDiagram 3.10 (Top) : Location of the VIP room on the ground floor of the house indicating a private spaceDiagram 3.11 (Top) : Location of the guest room on the ground floor of the house indicating a private spaceDiagram 3.12 (Top) : Location of the wet and dry kitchens areas on the ground floor of the house indicating private spacesDiagram 3.13 (Top) : Location of the maids’ rooms on the ground floor of the house indicating private spaces
Diagram 4.1 (Bottom) : Location of the usage of timber floor- ing on the first floorDiagram 4.2 (Bottom) : Location of the usage of veneer wood flooring on the ground floorDiagram 4.3 (Bottom) : Location of the usage of terracota tiles on the ground floor’s outdoorDiagram 4.4 (Bottom) : Location of the usage of ceramic tiles on the first floorDiagram 4.5 (Bottom) : Location of the usage of terrazo tiles on the ground floorDiagram 5.1 : Ground floor plan indicating sliding doors labeled D1, D5 and D14.Diagram 5.2 (Left) : D1Diagram 5.3 (Left) : D5Diagram 5.4 (Left) : D14Diagram 5.5 : Ground floor plan indicating single hinged doors labeled D10, D11 and D13 Diagram 5.6 (Left) : D10Diagram 5.7 (Left) : D11Diagram 5.8 (Left) : D13Diagram 5.9 : Ground floor plan indicating double hinged doors labeled D3, D9 and D12Diagram 5.10 (Left) : D3
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Diagram 5.11 (Left) : D9Diagram 5.12 (Left) : D12Diagram 5.13 : First floor plan indicating double hinged doors labeled D30, D32, D33, D35 Diagram 5.14 (Left) : D33Diagram 5.15 (Left) : D32Diagram 5.16 (Left) : D35Diagram 5.17 (Left) : D30Diagram 5.18 : Ground floor plan indicating double hinged doors with louvered windows labeled D6, D7, D19, and D28 Diagram 5.19 (Left) : D6Diagram 5.20 (Left) : D7Diagram 5.21 (Left) : D19Diagram 5.22 (Left) : D28Diagram 5.23 : First floor plan indicating double hinged doors with lattice work labeled D31 and D34Diagram 5.24 (Left) : D31Diagram 5.25 (Left) : D34Diagram 5.26 : Ground floor plan indicating folding door labeled D27Diagram 5.27 (Left) : D27Diagram 5.28 : Ground floor plan indicating swinging doors labeled D18, D21, D24, amd D25
Diagram 5.29 (Left) : D18 Diagram 5.30 (Left) : D21Diagram 5.31 (Left) : D24Diagram 5.32 (Left) : D25Diagram 5.33 : Ground floor plan indicating double shutter casement windows labeled W07, W09, D19 and W12Diagram 5.34 (Left) : W07Diagram 5.35 (Left) : W12Diagram 5.36 (Left) : W09Diagram 5.37 : Ground floor plan indicating double shutter casement windows with louvers labeled W01, W04, W05 and W13Diagram 5.38 (Left) : W01Diagram 5.39 (Left) : W05Diagram 5.40 (Left) : W13Diagram 5.41 (Left) : W04 Diagram 5.42 :First floor plan indicating double shutter case ment windows with llouvers labeled W39, W42, and W56Diagram 5.43 (Left) : W39Diagram 5.44 (Left) : W56 Diagram 5.47 (Left) : W17Diagram 5.48 (Left) : W15Diagram 5.49 (Left) : W25
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Diagram 5.45 (Left) : W42Diagram 5.50 : First floor plan indicating double shutter casement windows with lattice labelled W28, W29, W31 and W49Diagram 5.51 (Left) : W28Diagram 5.52 (Left) : W31Diagram 5.53 (Left) : W29Diagram 5.54 (Left) : W49Diagram 5.55 : First floor plan indicating double shutter casement windows with lattice labelled W45, W46, W48 and W66Diagram 5.56 (Left) : W45Diagram 5.57 (Left) : W48Diagram 5.58 (Left) : W46Diagram 5.59 (Left) : W66Diagram 5.60 : Ground floor plan indicating wooden fixed window labelled W19, W20, W21, and W27Diagram 5.61 (Left) : W19Diagram 5.62 (Left) : W21Diagram 5.63 (Left) : W20Diagram 5.64 (Left) : W27Diagram 5.65 : First floor plan indicating wooden fixed windows labeled W40, W43, W51, and W53Diagram 5.66 (Left) : W40
Diagram 5.67 (Left) : W43Diagram 5.68 (Left) : W52Diagram 5.69 (Left) : W53Diagram 5.70 : First floor plan indicating window screen labelled W33 and W34Diagram 5.71 (Left) : W33Diagram 5.72 (Left) : W34Diagram 5.73 : FIrst floor plan indicating window screen labelled W50 and W51Diagram 5.74 (Left) : W50Diagram 5.75 (Left) : W51Diagram 5.76 : Grounf floor plan indicating C1, C2, C3, C4 and C6.Diagram 5.77 (Above) : C1Diagram 5.78 (Above) : C2Diagram 5.79 (Above) : C6Diagram 5.80 : C3Diagram 5.81 : C4Diagram 5.82 : C5Diagram 5.83 : C8Diagram 5.84 : Wall system of the house.Diagram 5.85 : Isometric of the groud floor flooring.Diagram 5.86 : Isometric of the first floor flooring.
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Diagram 6.1 : Location map of Jalan ChangkatDiagram 6.2 : Location plan of Papan TownDiagram 6.3 : Site plan of Rumah Besar Raja Bilah
Chart 2.1 (Middle) : Population breakdown of PerakChart 2.2 (Bottom) : Religion breakdowwn of Perak
Table 2.1 (Above) : District Officers timeline
Figure i (Above) : Group picture of the teamFigure 2.1 (Above) : Perak , which is also known as silver in EnglishFigure 2.2 (Bottom) : Old photograph of tin mining activities in PerakFigure 2.3 (Left) : A potrait of Long Jaafar, the founder of tin in PerakFigure 2.4 (Right) : Perak’s Kings with the members of the Japanese AdministrationFigure 2.5 (Top) : A group of European, Chinese and Malaysstand ing beside a drilling platformFigure 2.6 (Top) : A potrait of Chung Ah QweeFigure 2.7 (Bottom) :Old postcard showing tin mining activity in PerakFigure 2.8 (Top) : Rumah Kutai, PerakFigure 2.9 (Bottom) : Lattice arch made up of timberFigure 2.10 (Top) : Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad, Kuala LumpurFigure 2.11 (Bottom) : Masjid Ubudiah, Kuala Kangsar, PerakFigure 2.12 : Masjid Papan, Batu Gajah with the influence of Mandaling architecture
Figure 2.13 (Top Left) : Saint Micheal Institution, PerakFigure 2.14 (Top Right) : The Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank, IpohFigure 2.15 (Middle) : Mercantile Bank, PerakFigure 2.16 (Bottom) : The Straits Trading Company Building, PerakFigure 2.17 (Top) : Majestic Theater, Chamberlain Road, IpohFigure 2.18 (Bottom) : The Geological Survey Building, Ipoh that was designed by B.M Iversen Figure 2.19 : The stone which is believed to have a size as big as an elephant back thenFigure 2.20 (Top) : Old photograph of Batu Gajah showing a well maintained pleasant town.Figure 2.21 (Bottom) : Batu Gajah formerly served as a collection for tin ore.Figure 2.22 (Top) : Chinese tin minersFigure 2.23 (Bottom) : Malay fishermenFigure 2.24 : A signage indicating Jalan Changkat, Batu GajahFigure 2.25 : Front facade of District Officer’s House with its surroundingFigure 3.1 : The signage indicating the entrance of the District Officer’s HouseFigure 3.2 : Front facade of Government Rest House, Jalan ChangkatFigure 3.3 : Front facade of The District Court Complex, Batu Gajah
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Figure 3.4 : Front facade of Batu Gajah Hospital, Jalan ChangkatFigure 3.5 : Fascia board which is also known as “papan sisek”Figure 3.6 : Symmetrical element on the house that is adapted from Neoclassical styleFigure 3.7 : The usage of wooden plank mostly on the first floor of the houseFigure 3.8 (Left) : Floral ornamental carvings on the ceilingFigure 3.9 (Top Right) : Square tuscan column that can be found in the houseFigure 3.10 (Bottom Right) : Cornice gypsum.Figure 3.11 (Bottom) : Interior of the living roomFigure 3.12 (Bottom) : Interior of the dining roomFigure 3.13 (Bottom) : Interior of the VIP roomFigure 3.14 (Bottom) : The interior of te guest roomFigure 3.15 (Bottom) : Interior of the dry kitchenFigure 3.16 (Bottom) : Exterior of the maids’ roomsFigure 3.17 : One of the pitched roofs that can be found which shading the garageFigure 3.18 : One of the windows that is equipped with lattice work on top of itFigure 3.19 (Top) : Large shady trees surrounding the house Figure 3.20 (Bottom) : Greeneries around the compound areaFigure 4.1 : Concrete; the material that are mostly used on the first floor of the house
Figure 4.6 : Gypsum plaster decoration to enhance the ceilingFigure 4.7 : Terracota tiles covering the roof of the District Officer’s HouseFigure 4.8 (Top) : Zoomed in of the exterior terracota tileFigure 4.9 (Top Left) : Ceramic tile in green (type 1)Figure 4.10 (Top Middle) : Ceramic tile in peach (type 2)Figure 4.11 (Top Right) : Ceramic tile in pink (type 3)Figure 4.12 (Left) : Porcelain tile in peach (type 1)Figure 4.13 (Middle) : Porcelain tile in blue (type 2)Figure 4.14 (Right) : Porcelain tile in yellow (type 3)Figure 4.15 (Top) : Close up of the terrazo tileFigure 5.1 : A locked panel door with a blocked staircase in front of Bathroom 2 on the first floor.Figure 5.2 (Right) : D1 sliding door which is located at the main entrance.Figure 5.3 (Right) : D5 ; a sliding door located at the dining room.Figure 5.4 (Right) : D14 sliding door ;one of the main entrance to the wet kitchen.Figure 5.5 (Right) : D10 is only the door connecting VIP room with Guest room.Figure 5.6 (Right) : The back view of D11.Figure 5.7 (Right) : D13 ; the door that is located under the staircase near the guest roomFigure 5.8 (Right) : D3 ;double hinged door with glass panels locat ed inside the VIP living room
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Figure 5.9 (Right) : D9; doubled hinged door inside the guest room with triple panels each sideFigure 4.2 : Zoomed in of the Chengal woodFigure 4.3 : Stripped part on one of the walls exposing the clay brick mansoryFigure 4.4 (Top) : Close up of the timber flooringFigure 4.5 (Top) : Close up of the veneer wood flooringFigure 5.10 (Right) : D12; double hinged door with five narrowed panelsFigure 5.12 (Right) : D33; double hinged door as the entrace to the master bed roomFigure 5.13 (Right) : D32; Door to the entrace of master bed room’s bathroomFigure 5.14 (Right) : D35; eight panels double hinged doorFigure 5.15 (Right) : D30; upon entering the bedroomFigure 5.16 (Right) : This door located near the dining area decorated with glassFigure 5.17 (Right) : Type of door used in the dry kitchenFigure 5.18 (Right) : Type of door used at the garage together with the fascia boardFigure 5.19 (Right) : The door of the outdoor water closetFigure 5.20 (Right) : D31; can be found upon entering master chang ing room
Figure 5.21 (Right) : The door upon entering the changing roomFigure 5.22 (Right) : Folding door that covers the garageFigure 5.23 (Right) : Swinging door; located at the wet kitchen Figure 5.24 (Right) : Swinging door at the maids’ roomsFigure 5.25 (Right) : Another swinging door at the maid’s room’s balconyFigure 5.26 (Right) : Main swinging door at the maids’ roomsFigure 5.27 : Well lit area by the fenestrations on the first floor Figure 5.28 (Right) : W07 which located at the wet kitchen.Figure 5.29 (Right) : W12 which located along the hallway.Figure 5.30 (Right) : W09 which only contains 6 columns of glasses.Figure 5.31 (Right) : Inside view of W01; which located right beside main staircase.Figure 5.32 (Right) : Two of W05 placed at the dining room.Figure 5.33 (Right) : W13 which contains black glasses is located at VIP room.Figure 5.34 (Right) : W04 which placed beside the landing of staircase provides sunlight Figure 5.38 (Right) : W17 which located in the surauFigure 5.39 (Right) : W15 ; located at the surauFigure 5.40 (Right) : W25 which located at the storageFigure 5.35 (Right) : W39 with louver can be found in Master Bathroom.Figure 5.36 (Right) : W56 slightly smaller than W39 is placed in Bath room1Figure 5.37 (Right) : Perspective view of W42 in Master Bathroom.
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Figure 5.41 (Right) : W28; located in the family gathering spaceFigure 5.42 (Right) : W31 can also be found in the family gathering spaceFigure 5.43 (Right) : W29; can be viewed from the exterior of the first floorFigure 5.44 (Right) : W49 which is located in the bedroom 1 and 2Figure 5.45 (Right) : W45 ; located in the master changing roomFigure 5.46 (Right) : W48; located in the family gathering spaceFigure 5.47 (Right) : W46; located in the family gathering areaFigure 5.48 (Right) : Windows in the daughter’s roomFigure 5.49 (Right) : W19 which located in the Guest BathroomFigure 5.50 (Right) : W21 which is located in the outdoor water closetFigure 5.51 (Right) : W20 which has similar design to W21Figure 5.52 (Right) : W27 which is located in the storageFigure 5.53 (Right) : W40 which is located in the Master bathroomFigure 5.54 (Right) : W43 which is located in the master bathroomFigure 5.55 (Right) : W52; locared in the bathroom 1Figure 5.56 (Right) : W53 which is located in bathroom 1Figure 5.57 (Right) : Window screen which is located in the master changing roomFigure 5.58 (Right) : W34 which is located in the other side of master changing roomFigure 5.59 (Right) : Window screen located in the Changing Room 1.Figure 5.60 (Right) : Window screen which located in the other side of Changing Room1.
Figure 5.61 : The base of the column along the corridor outisde.Figure 5.62 (Below) : C1 can be found in the porch with two tuscan columns and an arc in the middle.Figure 5.63 (Below) : A basic tuscan columns can be seen all over the building.Figure 5.64 (Below) : Tuscans columns are used as the supporters of the arccs.Figure 5.65 (Left) : C3 can be found at maids’ room entrance.Figure 5.66 (Right) : C4 can be found at the other side of maids’ room.Figure 5.67 : A simple column which without capital and base can be found on first floor.Figure 5.68 : Arc between two columns can be found in the porchFigure 5.69 : Arcs which create pathway in dining room.Figure 5.70 (Left) : A closer view of the arc in between two columns.Figure 5.71 (Middle) :A single arc opened up a pathway at the side of the house.Figure 5.72(Right) : Two arches emphasize a balancing sense concept of the house.Figure 5.73 (Above) : Wooden beam can be seen clearly along the corri dor.Figure 5.74 (Below) : An opening of the flooring system allows visitor to the first floor.
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Figure 5.75 (Above) : Side view of the housing showing the different size of pitched roof.Figure 5.76 (Below) : A close look up of the roof of maids’ room.Figure 5.77 (Above) : This bracket is found on first floor.Figure 5.78 (Below) : The exterior brackets look more attractive with the shape Figure 5.79 (Above) : A structure called ‘Papan Penutup Meleh’ is placed on top of the fascia board.Figure 5.80 (Below) : This fascia board looks simplier compare with the one on main building roof.Figure 5.81 (Above) : The main staircase which placed beside the living room.Figure 5.82 (Below) : The secondary staircase placed in Hallway 2.Figure 5.83 : Warm light carried out from the neoclassical single light wall sconcesFigure 5.84 : Neoclassical ceiling light meander is placed in VIP room.Figure 5.85 : Neoclassical single wall sconce in dining room.Figure 5.86 : Neoclassical single wall sconce in VIP room.Figure 5.87 : Neoclassical single wall sconce in Family Gathering Space on first floor.Figure 5.88 : An organic molded pattern brings out the harmonious feel ing to the VIP room.Figure 5.89 : A more crafted ornamentation on the ceiling of living room.
Figure 5.90 : The molded ornamentation along the outline of windows.Figure 5.91 : The ventilation on the wall can be one of the decorative element of the house.Figure 6.3 : List of former and current Kinta District OfficersFigure 6.1 : A potrait of Raja BilahFigure 6.2 : A potrait of Raja BilahFigure 6. 3 : Front facade of The District Officer’s HouseFigure 6.4 : Front facade of The Raja Bilah MansionFigure 6.5 : Clay brick masonryFigure 6.6 : Main doorFigure 6.7 : Panel inner doorFigure 6.8 : Casement window of District Officer’s HouseFigure 6.9 : The interior of the first floorFigure 6.10 : One of the windows of the Raja Bilah MansionFigure 6.11 : The gambrel roofFigure 6.12 : Terrazo tileFigure 6.13 : Terracota tileFigure 6.14 : Veneer flooringFigure 6.15 : Cornice centerpieceFigure 6.16 : Fascia boardFigure 6.17 : Clay tilesFigure 6.18 : Cengal flooringFigure 6.19 : Cornice on the first floorFigure 6.20 : Pediment
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGESi. Disclarationii. Acknowledgementiii. Abstractiv. List of Figures and Tables
INTRODUCTION1.1 Aims and Objectives1.2 Introduction of Research 1.3 Instruments1.4 Limitations1.5 Methods of Research 1.6 Significance of Study
HISTORY2.1 Perak 2.1.1 Origin of The Name 2.1.2 Insight 2.1.3 Timeline 2.1.4 Royal Descendants 2.1.5 Social 2.1.6 Economy 2.1.7 Architecture
2.2 Batu Gajah 2.2.1 Origin of The Name 2.2.2 Insight 2.2.3 Batu Gajah Timeline 2.3 Jalan Changkat 2.3.1 Social 2.3.2 Insight2.4 District Officer’s House 2.4.1 Insight 2.4.2 Ownership 2.4.3 Timeline
ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT3.1 Site Context 3.1.1 Government Rest House 3.1.2 District Court House 3.1.3 Batu Gajah Hospital3.2 Design Concept 3.2.1 Exterior 3.2.2 Interior3.3 Spatial Typology 3.3.1 Segregation of Spaces
2345
171818192020
22232527313233
383940
4243
444545
495051
5456
58
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3.4 Space Planning 3.4.1 Influence of British Culture and Malay Culture In The Spaces 3.4.2 Relationship Between Spatial Organization And The Everyday Living 3.4.3 Living Room 3.4.4 Dining Room 3.4.5 VIP Room 3.4.6 Guest Room 3.4.7 Kitchen 3.4.8 Maids’ Room3.5 Climate Adaptation 3.5.1 Pitched Roof 3.5.2 Ventilation 3.5.3 Plantation
MATERIALS4.1 Structural 4.1.1 Concrete 4.1.2 Wood 4.1.3 Clay Brick Masonry4.2 Finishing 4.2.1 Flooring System
4.3 Furnishing 4.3.1 Gypsum Plaster 4.3.2 Terracotta Roof Tile 4.3.3 Terracotta Tile 4.3.4 Ceramic Tile 4.3.5 Porcelain Tile 4.3.6 Terrazzo Tile
DETAILS5.1 Architectural 5.1.1 Door 5.1.2 Window 5.1.3 Column 5.1.4 Arc 5.1.5 Flooring 5.1.6 Roof 5.1.7 Brackets 5.1.8 Fascia Board 5.1.9 Staircase5.2 Construction Details 5.2.1 Wall System 5.2.2 Floor System 5.2.3 Roof System
59
61
626364656667
686970
727374
75
777879808182
84101121125126127128129130
131132133
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5.3 Decorative Elements 5.3.1 Lighting 5.3.2 Ceiling Ornamentation 5.3.3 Wall Ornamentation
CONCLUSION6.1 Historical Significance6.2 Cultural Significance6.3 District Officer House Comparison
REFERENCES7.1 Books7.2 Journals7.3 Websites
APPENDIX8.1 Photos8.2 Interview Transcribe8.3 Newspaper Cuttings8.4 Receipt8.5 Reference Book Covers
GLOSSARY
134135136
137137139
148149149
151214222225226
227
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1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
1.2 INTRODUCTION OF RESEARCH
1.3 INSTRUMENTS
1.4 LIMITATIONS
1.5 METHODS OF RESEARCH
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
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1.1 AIM
The aim of this project is to allow students to be able to explore various measuring techniques and to learn the unique context and architectural construction of the heritage of Batu Gajah.
1.1 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project are to documents the significance of the District Officer’s House of Batu Gajah to accompany the measured drawings we have produced. Besides that, it is also to enable students to analyse the relationship between architecture and the significance of the building as well as its inhabitation.
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1.2 INTRODUCTION OF RESEARCH
This report is a documentation of findings from the site - District Officer’s House of Batu Gajah.
Numerous aspects of the selected building such as architectural, histor-ical and culture were carefully measured and analysed and finally listed out along with suitable images into the report. In this report, we are re-quired to relate the architecture of building to its significance, highlighting how it supports the inhabitation of the building.
Various instruments were used to record the findings from our selected buildings. There were main three types of documentation which are the measured drawings, report and video.
Digital Laser Measuring ToolTool that substitute the manual measuring tape when the object mea-sured are not reachable.
Land Measuring TapeTo measure the area of the land.
Measuring Tape The basic measuring device used to measure the basic details such as flooring and columns.
Foldable LadderTo used to aid the students to measure building details that are higher.
1.3 INSTRUMENTS
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Measurement Although the measuring team has put is much effort and great care during the measuring process, there are quite a number problems faced by the team. Firstly, the compound of the house is extremely large(6arc); causing the site plan team to face some challenges while state the exact measurement of the compound as well as the position of the house and each trees. Secondly, because the house was man-made and has aged about 100 years, the building collapsed internally. Therefore, it is hard to determine the exact measurement of each structural elements in the house.
TransportationThe District Officer’s House is located at Batu Gajah, Perak. The location itself has already a huge problem for us students that are studying in Selangor. Due to this, it was very difficult to travel so far to conduct the measuring and research activities.
InformationThe report team who is tasked to do research on the historical back-ground of the place as well as the house had visited all the related coun
1.4 LIMITATIONS
cils, offices and libraries which most possibly be holding the information of the District Officer’s House. However, it is so unfortunate that there is no information about this house. Therefore, the only way that had left was the interviewing caretaker that has been taking care of the house for more than 20 years.
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Various kinds of methods are used in the effort of searching information of the history of Perak and then the District Officer’s House.
InterviewInterview were conducted with the related officers in the District Council as well as the care taker of the District Officer’s House.
Online SourceLimited informations were gathered from the legitimate online sources.
Book SourceInformation were obtained from book at Perpustakaan Awam Negeri Perak, Arkib Negara and Taylor’s Library.
1.5 METHODS OF RESEARCH
This report will be a significant endevour in promoting the historical her-itage building of Batu Gajah. It is also will be a helpful documentation to the various group of people :
StudentsThis study will serve as a future reference for students who wish to gain information from the measured drawing subject. On top of that, student will also learn more about the heritage building of Batu Gajah while referring to this report.
The PublicAs the end product of this project will be then openly exhibit to the public, this will open the eyes of the public to realise the significance and unique heritage and culture of Perak.
The District CouncilAs the District Council did not hold any information of the District Officer’s House, this report will be a huge benefit to aid them in conserving the cul-ture and history of this heritage building by providing the necessary infor-mation and findings.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
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2.0 HISTORY2.1 HISTORY OF PERAK
2.2 HISTORY OF BATU GAJAH
2.3 HISTORY OF JALAN JANGKAT
2.4 HISTORY OF DISTRICT OFFICER’S HOUSE
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The state’s official name is Perak Darul Ridzuan also known as “Perak, the Abode of Grace”. Perak is also known as silver in English, which was possibly imitative from the silvery colour of tin, in which Perak was plentiful in. (Figure 2.1 ) Perak was rich in the alluvial deposits of tin and was one of the crown jewels of the British Empire. (Figure 2.2 ) Some sources, state that the name was derived from the gleam of fish scales in the water that sparkled like silver. “Darul Ridzuan” is the state’s Arabic honorific and could either mean “land” or “dwelling of grace”.
2.1 HISTORY OF PERAK 2.1.1 ORIGIN OF THE NAME
Figure 2.1 (Above) : Perak , which is also known as silver in English Figure 2.2 (Bottom) : Old photograph of tin mining activities in Perak
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The installation of Sultan Muzaffar Shah I, a descendant of Sultan Mah-mud Shah of Malacca, brought upon the birth of Perak’s history in the year 1528. The innovation of tin in Larut drove Perak forward and its economy boomed enormously. Long Jaafar was the founder of tin in Perak (Figure 2.3) in 1848, drew in a large population of Chinese im-migrants who built their livelihood, fame and fortune around the mines. Then, more mining areas were brought into existence.The British who have had their eyes on Perak for a very long time intervened with the Pangkor Treaty in 1874, in which the Residential system was introduce with James W. W. Birch as Perak’s first Resident. The English conquest of Perak brought considerable economic and political stability, and end-ed the unending turbulence. Plantations and other agriculture activities sprang to life, to be followed by a mushrooming of factories, foundries and workshops.
James W. W. Birch was assassinated in 1875. This is because the na-tives rejected to be colonized by the British. An uprising against the Res-idential system happened under the leadership of Datuk Maharaja Lela. However, the Residential system continued until the Japanese occupa-tion of Malaya in the year 1945 (Figure 2.4). After the occupation, the Malaya states were not stable. As a solution, the British introduced new
2.1.2 INSIGHT
2.1 HISTORY OF PERAK
Figure 2.3 (Left) : A potrait of Long Jaafar, the founder of tin in PerakFigure 2.4 (Right) : Perak’s Kings with the members of the Japanese Administra tion
24
administrative systems such as the Malayan Union in 1946, despite the people’s demand for freedom. The people of Malaya worked together with the state dignitaries to rebel against the British until finally they granted independence in the year 1957 (“History of Perak”, n.d.).
25
2.1 HISTORY OF PERAK 2.1.3 TIMELINE
1300BC 1000BC
Perak Man was buried at Gua Gunung Runtuh, Leng-gong.
15ADPerak became a kingless kingdom, ruled by a group of Perak ministers.
1528
The coronation of Sultan Mudzaffar Shah as the first Sultan of Perak. It marked the begin-ning of the Perak Sultanate.
1753
Sultan Iskandar Zulkanain signed an agreement with Thomas Acheppers, compelling Perak to sell its tin ores to Dutch.
1874
The Pangkor Treaty was signed between British and Sir Andrew Clarke and Raja Muda Abdullah of Perak.
1826
The Burney Treaty or Treaty of Amity and Commerce was signed between Siam and British. Captain James Low and Raja Abdullah Muazzam Shah signed The Low
The beginning of cave habitation in Lenggong. Stone tools are still be-ing used in their daily lives. Flexed burial are com-monly practice.
26
1876
Kuala Kangsar was designated as Perak state capital.
18801885
Railway tracks from Port Weld (Kuala Sepetang) to Taiping began to be used.
Taiping Prison was built.
1895The Treaty of Federation was drowned up and signed, leading to the establishment of the Federal Malay States.
The first post and telegraph office was founded in Perak.
1900
Perak became the largest producer in Malaya.
1948Malayan Communist Party guerillas killed three British estate manager, triggered the Malayan Emer-gency.
Perak achieved ‘De-veloped State’ status.
Perak became an industrialized and holistically advance state, in line with vision 2020.
2015
27
Muza
ffar S
hah I
Sulta
n of P
erak
[1528
-154
9]
Mans
ur S
hah I
Sulta
n of P
erak
[1549
-157
7]
Ahma
d Taju
ddin
Shah
,Su
ltan o
f Per
ak[15
77-1
584]
(
-15
84)
Tajul
Ariff
inSu
ltan o
f Per
ak[15
84-1
594]
(
-15
94)
Muka
ddam
Sha
h,Su
ltan o
f Per
ak[16
03-1
619]
Mahm
ud S
hah I
,Su
ltan o
f Per
ak[19
27-1
630]
(
-16
30)
Raja
_
=Ra
ja _ b
in Ra
ja _ o
f Ach
eh
Saleh
uddin
,
Sulta
n of P
erak
[1630
-163
6](
-
1636
)Ma
nsur
Sha
h II
Sulta
n of P
erak
(161
9- de
p.162
7)
Raja
Kech
il Las
a Raja
Inu
Alau
ddin
Shah
Sulta
n of P
erak
[1594
-160
3](
-
1603
)
Muza
ffar S
hah I
I,Su
ltan o
f Per
ak[16
36-1
653]
(
-16
53)
Mahm
ud Is
kand
ar S
hah,
Sulta
n of P
erak
[1653
-172
0](
-
1720
)
Yang
di-P
ertua
n Mud
a Raja
Man
sur
Alau
ddin
Mugh
ayat
Shah
,Su
ltan o
f Per
ak[17
20-1
728]
(
-17
28)
Muza
ffar S
hah
III, Sulta
n of P
erak
[1728
-175
2](
-
1752
)
Raja
Buda
k Raz
ul[R
aja P
erem
puan
Bud
ak R
azul-
insta
lled a
t Indr
a Sak
ti 175
6]
=Su
ltan I
skan
dar D
zulka
rnain
(
-176
5)
Moha
mmad
Sha
h,Su
ltan o
f Per
ak[17
52-1
752]
(
-17
52)
Iskan
dar D
zulka
rnain
,Su
ltan o
f Per
ak[17
52-1
765 -
instal
led at
Indr
a Sak
ti 175
6](
-
1765
)
=
Raja
Buda
k Raz
ul bin
ti Sult
an M
uzaff
ar S
hah I
II of
Pera
k[R
aja P
erem
puan
Bud
ak R
azul-
insta
lled i
n Ind
ra S
akti
1756
)
Raja
_
=Ra
ja Ab
dulla
h bin
Sulta
n Ahm
ad S
hah o
f
Paha
ng
Mahm
ud S
hah I
I,Su
ltan o
f Per
ak[17
65-1
773]
(
-17
73)
Alau
ddin
Mans
ur S
hah,
Sulta
n of P
erak
[1773
-178
6](
-1
786)
Ahma
ddin
Shah
,Su
ltan o
f Per
ak[17
86-1
806]
(
-180
6)
=
(1) P
uteh b
inti L
aksa
mana
Toh K
uala
Bido
r [
Toh
Puan
Pute
h](2
) Raja
Teng
ah B
ongs
u bint
i Sult
an M
uzaff
ar S
hah
III of
Pera
k(3
) Sri N
ayan
(Sap
iah) b
inti T
oh Im
am M
alik a
l-Ami
n(4
) Sinu
h bint
i _
2.1 HISTORY OF PERAK
2.1.4 ROYAL DESCENDANTS
28
Ja'af
ar M
u'azz
am S
hah,
Sulta
n of P
erak
[1857
-20.3
.1865
](
-
20.3.
1865
)
Raja
Bend
ehar
a Raja
Alan
g Isk
anda
r(
-1
849)
=
Ken U
da S
ari B
inti
Pang
lima D
alam
Raja
Abdu
l Rah
man
(1). A
bdul
Malek
Man
sur S
hah
Sulta
n of P
erak
[1806
-182
5](
-
1825
)
=
Raja
Hitam
binti
Raja
Ben
daha
ra R
aja In
u of
Pe
rak
Ab
udlla
h Mu'A
zzam
Sh
ah,
Sulta
n of P
erak
[1828
-20.1
2.183
0](
-
20.12
.1830
)
Shah
abud
din
Riay
at Sh
ah,
Sulta
n of P
erak
[20.12
.1830
-185
1](
-
1851
)= Ra
ja Nu
tidah
Sela
mat
binti R
aja _
of Pe
rak
[Raja
Per
empu
an
Nutid
ah S
elama
t]
Yuss
uf Sh
arifu
ddin
Muza
ffar
Shah
,Su
ltan o
f Per
ak[7.
10.18
86-2
6.7.18
87-
instal
led at
Kua
la Ka
ngsa
r
11.5.
1887
](
-
26.7.
1887
)
=Ra
ja Te
h Sha
rifah b
inti S
yed H
assa
n of
Pera
k[R
aja P
erem
puan
Teh S
harifa
h](
-28.9
.1893
)
Abdu
llah M
oham
mad
Shah
I, Su
ltan o
f Per
ak[18
51-1
857]
(
-18
57)
=
Raja
Ngah
Ami
nah b
inti R
aja
Chik
of Pe
rak
[Raja
Per
empu
an N
gah A
mina
h]
Ismail
Mu'A
biddin
Ri
ayat
Shah
Su
ltan o
f Per
ak[28
.6.18
71- d
ep.
20.1.
1874
- ins
talled
atKu
ala K
angs
ar
28.6.
1871
](
-
4.4.18
89)
Ali A
l-Muk
amma
l Ina
yat S
hah,
Sulta
n of P
erak
[1865
-26.5
.1871
- ins
talled
at K
uala
Kang
sar 9
.10.19
65]
(
-26
.5.18
71)
Raja
Nuteh
Aish
ah[R
aja P
erem
puan
Nute
h Ai
shah
- insta
lled a
t
Kuala
Kan
gsar
5.4.1
889]
(ca.18
60 -
Oct.1
920)
=
(187
8) S
ultan
Idris
Mur
shid
al-Az
zam
Shah
I(1
9.6.18
49 -
14.1.
1916
)
Raja
Kech
il Ten
gah
Raja
Ahma
d (Su
ltan
Muda
)
=Ra
ja Lo
ng bi
nti R
aja _
of
Pera
k [Pu
an B
ongs
u]
(2).
Raja
Inu
=
Raja
Mas I
rang
binti
Ra
ja Ira
ng of
Per
ak
(3).
Raja
Kech
il Bes
ar
Raja
Abdu
l Rah
man
=
Halim
ah bi
nti _
(4).
Raja
Mand
ak
=Ra
ja Sy
ed H
itam
bin
Raja
Syed
_ of
Siak
29
Abdu
llah M
oham
mad
Shah
II,Su
ltan o
f Per
ak(2
0-1.-
1874
-
dep.1
876)
(ca.18
42-2
2.12.1
922)
=
Wan
Nor
siah b
inti W
an _
Raja
Muda
Raja
Mus
a(
-12.3
.1906
)
=Am
inah b
inti S
heikh
Muha
mmad
Taib
[Che
Pua
n Bes
ar A
mina
h](
- 7.
5.193
9)
Raja
Khali
djah
[Teng
ku P
erma
isuri
Khali
djah o
f Deli
- insta
lled
on M
edan
10.2.
1925
](ca
.1888
-10.1
1.196
0)
=(2
5.10.1
906)
Sult
an A
malud
din
Sani
Perka
sa A
lam S
hah I
I of
Deli
(7.3.
1877
-4.10
.1945
)
Abdu
l Aziz
Al-M
utasim
billah
Sha
h,Su
ltan O
f Per
ak[14
.10.19
38-2
9.8.19
48-In
stalle
d at
Kuala
Kan
gsar
4.3.1
939]
(14.1
1.188
7-29
.3-19
48)
=(1
911)
Raja
Had
idjah
binti
Sult
an Id
ris
Mursh
id al-
Azza
m Sh
ah I o
f Per
ak[R
aja P
erem
puan
Had
idjah
-Ins
talled
at K
uala
Kang
sar 6
.3.19
39]
(3.3.
1895
-1.10
.1939
)
Raja
Puteh
Kels
ome
[Raja
Per
empu
an P
uteh K
elsom
e-Ins
talled
at K
uala
Kang
sar 1
920]
(190
0/1 -9
.5.19
72)
=
(192
0)Su
ltan I
skan
dar
Shah
(188
0/1-1
4.10.1
938)
(1).
Raja
Abdu
l Ham
id(ca
.1869
-23.1
.1897
)
=Ha
limah
binti
Mat
Sama
n
(3).
Iskan
dar S
hah,
Sulta
n of P
erak
[26.10
.1918
-14.1
0.193
8 -Ins
talled
at
Kuala
Kan
gsae
10.4.
1919
](1
880/1
-14.1
0.193
8)
=(1)
. Ten
gku N
ong F
atima
h bint
i Sult
an
Ahma
d al-M
u’adz
am S
hah o
f Pah
ang
(
-c
a.191
3)(2
). (1
910)
Raja
Per
empu
an P
uter
Kelso
me bi
nti R
aja K
ulop
Moha
mmad
of
Pera
k[R
aja P
erem
puan
Pute
h Kels
ome-
Instal
led at
Kua
la Ka
ngsa
r 192
0](1
900/1
-9.5.
1972
)
(3).
Raja
Hadid
jah[R
aja P
erem
puan
Had
idjah
-insta
lled a
t Kua
la Ka
ngsa
r
6.3.19
39]
(3.3.
1895
- 1.1
0.193
9)
=
(191
1) S
ultan
Abd
ul Az
iz al-
Mutas
imbil
lah S
hah
(14.1
1.187
- 29
.3.19
48)
Idris
Mursh
id Al-
Azza
m Sh
ah I,
Sulta
n of P
erak
[26.7.
1887
-14.1
.1916
-insta
lled a
t
Kuala
Kan
gsar
(5.4.
1889
](1
9.6.18
49-1
4.4.19
16)
=(1
). Ng
ah M
anah
binti
_ [To
h Pua
n Bes
ar
Mana
h](
-
4.2.19
32)
(2).(
1878
)Raja
Nute
h Aish
ah bi
nti S
ultan
Yu
ssuf
Shar
ifudd
in Mu
zaffa
r Sha
h of
Pera
k[R
aja P
erem
puan
Nute
h Aish
ah -in
stalle
d at
Kuala
Kan
gsar
5.4.1
889]
(ca.18
60 -
Oct.1
920)
(3).U
teh M
ariah
binti
Sula
iman
[Raja
Per
maisu
ri Tua
Uteh
Mar
iah(
-2
6.2.19
24)
Raja
Kulop
Moh
amma
d
=Ra
ja So
fiah b
inti R
aja
Ibrah
im of
Per
ak
Sulta
n Abd
ullah
Moh
amma
d Sha
h II
Teng
ku P
erma
isuri
Khali
djah o
f Deli
Sulta
n Abd
ul Az
iz al-
Mu
tasim
billah
Sha
hRa
ja Pe
remp
uan
Hadid
jahRa
ja Pe
remp
uan
Puteh
Kels
ome
30
(2) A
bdul
Jalil
Nasru
ddin
Makh
taram
Shah
,Su
ltan o
f Per
ak[14
.1.19
16-2
6.10.1
918 -
Instal
led at
Kua
la Ka
ngsa
r 7.9.
1916
](
-
26.10
.1918
)
=
Yong
Sofi
a bint
i _[R
aja P
erma
isuri Y
ong S
ofia-
Instal
led at
Kua
la Ka
ngsa
r 7.9.
1916
](
-
19.10
.1916
]
Raja
Ta’ay
ah[R
aja P
erem
puan
Ta
’ayah
-ins
talled
at K
uala
Kang
-sa
r 17.4
.1949
](1
892-
8.2.19
62)
=
(21.3
.1912
) Sult
an Y
ussu
f Izz
uddin
Sha
h(1
5.1.18
90 -4
.1.19
63)
(2).I
dris
Al-M
utawa
kkil
Alall
ahi S
hah I
I,Su
ltan o
f Per
ak[4.
1.196
3-31
.1.19
84
-insta
lled a
t Kua
la Ka
ngsa
r 26.1
0.196
3](1
2.8.19
24-3
1.1.19
84)
=
(12.8
.1943
) Raja
Maz
win
binti R
aja A
riff S
hah o
fPe
rak
[Raja
Per
empu
an M
azwi
n -ins
talled
at K
uala
Kang
sar
27.10
.1963
)
(1).
Raja
Fatim
ah[Te
ngku
Amp
uan
Fatim
ah of
Paha
ng-
instal
led at
Pek
an28
.5.19
33]
(191
0-23
.6.19
88)
=
(23.5
.1926
) Sult
an
Abu B
akar
Ri’a
yatud
-din
al-M
u’aad
zam
Shah
of P
ahan
g(2
9.5.19
04-5
.5.19
74)
(3).R
aja F
atima
h[Te
ngku
Amp
uan F
atima
h Pa
duka
Sur
i of S
elang
or- in
stalle
d at K
lang
11.1.
1922
](ca
.1899
- 8.4
.1983
)
=(S
ept.1
921)
Sult
an A
la’ed
din
Sulai
man S
hah o
f Sela
ngor
(11.9.
1865
- 31
.1.19
38)
Yuss
uf Izz
uddin
Sha
h,Su
ltan o
f Per
ak(2
9.3.19
48-4
.1.19
63-
instal
led at
Kua
la Ka
ngsa
r16
.4.19
49)
(15.1
.1890
-4.1.
1963
)
=(1
). (2
1.3.19
12) R
aja T
a’aya
h bin
ti Raja
Abd
ul Ha
mid o
f Per
ak[R
aja P
erem
puan
Ta’ay
ah-
instal
led at
Kua
la Ka
ngsa
r17
.4.19
49]
(189
2-18
.2.19
62)
(2).
(ca.19
25; d
iv) K
hatija
h bint
i To
h Ind
ra W
angs
a Ahm
ad [T
oh
Puan
Bes
ar K
hatija
h](1
906-
6.7.19
92)
(3).
(ca.19
4;div)
Nor
izan b
inti
Moha
mmad
Noo
r[Te
nku P
erma
isuri N
oriza
n](1
927-
15.5.
1992
)
Raja
Mazw
in[R
aja P
erem
puan
Ma
zwin-
instal
led at
Kua
la Ka
ngsa
r 27.1
0.196
3]
=(1
2.8.19
43) S
ultan
Idris
al-Mu
tawak
kil A
allah
i Sha
h II
(12.8
.1924
-31.1
.1984
)
Raja
Norsh
idah
[Teng
ku A
mpua
n Nor
shida
h of D
eli-
instal
led at
Med
an 7.
10.19
45]
(191
4-13
.9.19
78)
=(11
.4.19
35) S
ultan
Osm
an al
-San
i Per
kasa
Alam
Sha
h II o
f Deli
(20.8
.1900
- 5.6
.1967
)
(2.)
Azlan
Muh
ibudd
in Sh
ah,
Sulta
n of P
erak
[31.1.
1984
-
-
instal
led
at Ku
ala K
angs
ar 9.
12.19
85]
(19.4
.1928
-
)
=
(9.12
.1955
) Bain
un bi
nti M
oham
mad
Ali [R
aja P
erma
isuri B
ainun
-ins
talled
at K
uala
Kang
sar
9.12.1
985]
(7.11
.1932
-
)
(3).
Raja
Kech
il Sulo
ng
Raja
Haru
n al-
Rash
id(
-
ca.19
43)
=Ra
hmah
binti
_(
-
ca.19
20)
Raja
Zabe
dah
[Teng
ku A
mpua
n Zab
edah
of
Selan
gor -
insta
lled a
tKl
ang 1
910]
(
-17.1
0.191
8)
=
(May
1910
) Sult
an A
la’ed
din
Sulai
man S
hah o
f Sela
ngor
(11.9.
1865
- 31
.3.19
38)
Raja
Ariff
Shah
(Sep
t.190
6 - 25
.1.19
75)
=
Aziza
h bint
i Abd
ullah
(190
6-2.4
.1993
)
31
Perak was one of Malaysia’s most populous state (Figure 2.5) and has suffered the repercussions of the decline in the tin mining industry. This was then resulted in a massive decrease in manpower to higher-growth states such as Penang, Selangor and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. As of 2010, the population is at 2, 258, 428. The state’s pop-ulation is at an annual rate of 0.4% growth (Department of Statistics, 2011).
2.1 HISTORY OF PERAK 2.1.5 SOCIAL
Figure 2.5 (Top) : A group of European, Chinese and Malays standing beside a drilling platform
Chart 2.1 (Middle) : Population breakdown of Perak Chart 2.2 (Bottom) : Religion breakdowwn of Perak
32
Perak has been famous for its tin mining long before independence day of Malaya. Everything started off in 1820s in Malaysia and the arrival of the Chinese immigrants, together with their leader Chung Ah Qwee (Figure 2.6), contributed to the needed labour and propelled the industry forward (TED Case Studies, n.d.). The industrial revolution allowed for communities to respond to new opportunities due to the speed at which the tin mining industry was going (Figure 2.7) (Ming, 2009). The small migrant colony transformed the land into and economic powerhouse within a few decades. This was also a result of the Industrial Revolution reaching its peak in the Western world, which demanded for corrosive resistant metals such as tin, which Perak supplied ( Ipoh City, n.d.). Ma-laya’s economic success leaded to considerable revenues were being added to the British Empire’s resources which resulted to the develop-ment of new infratstructures and the betterment of their lifestyles (Fee, 1998).
2.1 HISTORY OF PERAK 2.1.6 ECONOMY
Figure 2.6 (Top) : A potrait of Chung Ah QweeFigure 2.7 (Bottom) : Old postcard showing tin mining activity in Perak
33
Traditional Architecture
Until the 1880s, the building of Perak conformed to Malay architectural tradition. Timber, rattan, bamboo and atap (palm thatch) were common-ly used to build houses. A typical house, sometimes with slight varia-tions, comprised three main sections – rumah ibu (main room), silang (link) and rumah dapur (kitchen). An example of such house is Rumah Kutai , in Kuala Kangsar. (Figure 2.8) Many Malay houses in the State can be distinguished by the bumbung Perak, or gambrel roof, the Perak roof form developed from the bumbung lima (five-ridge roof). Another distinctive feature of Perak Malay houses is the anjung (entrance porch) usually decorated with fine lattice arches (Figure 2.9).
2.1 HISTORY OF PERAK 2.1.7 ARCHITECTURE
Figure 2.8 (Top) : Rumah Kutai, PerakFigure 2.9 (Bottom) : Lattice arch made up of timber
34
2.1 HISTORY OF PERAK
Neoclassical Style
Coexisting with the Neoclassical style was the Mogul style, which was first seen in the Malay Peninsula in Kuala Lumpur’s New Government Offices (built 1894-97) ; now Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad (Figure 2.20). The Mogul style developed during Moghul Dynasty and also termed ‘Indo-Islamic’. The splendid Masjid Ubudiah in Kuala Kangsar, (Figure 2.11) designed by architect Arthur Bennison Hubback, epitomis-es the Mogul style.
Figure 2.10 (Top) : Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad, Kuala LumpurFigure 2.11 (Bottom) : Masjid Ubudiah, Kuala Kangsar, Perak
2.1.7 ARCHITECTURE
35
Regional Architectural Style
Some late 19th mosques were built with distinct stylistic features by immigrants from the Indonesian archipelago, for instance the Banjarese from East Kalimantan, who brought with them building forms from their distant homeland. One such mosque which has survived intact is in the coastal District of Kerian, distinguished by its tall steeple roof and multi-tiered minaret. Similarly, the Masjid Papan (Figure 2.12) is one of the few mosque still standing that exemplifies Mandaling architecture.
2.1 HISTORY OF PERAK
Figure 2.12 : Masjid Papan, Batu Gajah with the influence of Mandaling architecture
2.1.7 ARCHITECTURE
36
Other Electic Styles
Saint Michael’s Institution, a Roman Catholic boys; school in Ipoh, was designed in what one La Salle historian describe as the ‘Gothic Vernacu-lar’ (Figure 2.13).The Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank (Figure 2.14) and the Mercantile Bank (Figure 2.15) both put up new branches in Ipoh in 1931- one is ‘neo-Victorian Renaissance’ and the other in the Art Deco style that was at its peak in the 1920s and 1930s. The Straits Trading Company opted for ‘Italian Renaissance’ (Figure 2.16).
2.1 HISTORY OF PERAK
Figure 2.13 (Top Left) : Saint Micheal Institution, PerakFigure 2.14 (Top Right) : The Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank, IpohFigure 2.15 (Middle) : Mercantile Bank, PerakFigure 2.16 (Bottom) : The Straits Trading Company Building, Perak
2.1.7 ARCHITECTURE
37
Art Deco and International Style
As the 20th century moved on, some new materials like mosaic and glass blocks began to be used between 1930s and 1940s. There was, very significant stylistic change, with the embrace of, first, Art Deco ; Ma-jestic Theater (Figure 2.17) as we have seen with the Mercantile Bank in Ipoh and then the early International style. With the Geological Survey of Malaya Building, now known as Geological Survey Development (Figure 2.18) Perak can lay claim to an unmistakable International Style building.
2.1 HISTORY OF PERAK
Figure 2.17 (Top) : Majestic Theater, Chamberlain Road, IpohFigure 2.18 (Bottom) : The Geological Survey Building, Ipoh that was designed by B.M Iversen
2.1.7 ARCHITECTURE
38
2.2 HISTORY OF BATU GAJAH2.2.1 ORIGIN OF THE NAME
The name Batu Gajah, literally means Stone Elephant in the Malay lan-guage and is presumably derived from two large boulders that resemble elephants found along the banks of the Kinta River. Local folklore be-lieves that the elephants were made of stones to scare away the ele-phants that were destroying the villager’s sugar cane crops (Lim, 2013). Another version states that when tin ore was founded in Batu Gajah, foreign merchants that came from Sumatra used the Kinta River to trade tin. They were Buddhists whom worshiped idols and they carved out two rocks in the Kinta River to resemble the shape of two elephants. These stones were used to help them recognize the place and may have been used for worship (Portal Majlis Daerah Batu Gajah, 2013). A more whimsical folklore claims that there was a creature called the kelembai who was said to have had the power to turn living things into stones when he reprimanded them. One day, two elephants were cross-ing the river when he caught them and transformed them into stone (Por-tal Majlis Daerah Batu Gajah, 2013). The third version related with the tin mining activities. At first, the tin mining was conquered by the Malays. While working, they found humungous stones and were said that the size is as big as elephant (Figure 2.19).
Figure 2.19 : The stone which is believed to have a size as big as an ele phant back then
39
Batu Gajah lies on the bank of the Kinta River and started out as one of the many small villages of Mukim Sungai Terap. Since the 19th century, It was developed under the leadership of their chief, Sri Amar Diraja,.Kampung Sungai Terap was founded by Toh Panjang Bangkok and was the first village to have a mosque. He was then appointed as a chief vil-lage of the area and Mukim Sungai Terap was named after it. It assumed a new importance in1884, when it was chosen to be the new center of the Kinta administration. One of the important factors in this selection was the suitability of a tableland, called Changkat, for European officers’ residences. Batu Gajah’s image was improved when new public offices were put up at a cost of almost $20,000 (equivalent to RM65520) under the managing of the state engineer, Francis St. G. Caufield. The Batu Gajah’s Sanitary Board was established in 1893 with the assistant mag-istrate as president this led to the development of the land in between Old Town and Changkat in 1890s (Salma & Abdur-Razzaq, 2005)
2.2.2 INSIGHT
2.2 HISTORY OF BATU GAJAH
Figure 2.20 (Top) : Old photograph of Batu Gajah showing a well maintained pleasant town.Figure 2.21 (Bottom) : Batu Gajah formerly served as a collection for tin ore.
40
18701875
Historical de-scription of Batu Gajah is found in the diary of J.W.W Birch, the first British Resi-dent, who came this way on the 30th April.
1879After British intervention,
Pandak Akhat took over
as Penghulu of Sungei
Terap, when his brother
Abu Kassim refused to
work under the British.
The start of British ruling
in Batu Gajah however
took over his role as the
Chief in Batu Gajah.
1881
Batu Gajah rose to importance when it was care-fully chosen to oblige as the new river port for the Papan mines, to which it would be joined by four-mile cart road.
1892Batu gajah assumed a
new importance when
it was chosen to be
the new centre of Kinta
administration and this
making the role of Dato
Amar di Raja became
less important.
1895
Batu Gajah can be reached via railway from Teluk Anson and thus aiding exporta-tion of the tin mining from Batu Gajah to Teluk Anson port.Treaty.
By evidence, Batu Gajah already exist somewhere around this year.
2.2 HISTORY OF BATU GAJAH2.2.3 BATU GAJAH TIMELINE
41
END OF 1890’S
Many buildings were erected in the New Town area near the train station and head-ing to Changkat.
1905
Batu Gajah deemed by Bel-field as “import-ant mining and commercial town” in Kinta colony.
WORLD WAR II
1946
After the war end-ed, a military camp was opened in Changkat by Kinta District Officer, Cannon Brown.
1952
Massive damages
affected Batu Gajah.
Batu Gajah Hospital be-
came the main office for
the Japanese occupa-
tion meanwhile the Batu
Gajah Prison operated
as the camp.
1957
Colonial era began to fade because of the geographical location of Batu Gajah is near to Ipoh, Ipoh took over most of the administrative functions since Ipoh has been declared to be capital city of Perak.
When the emergency phase which was done by the Parti Komunis Malaya extended, Changkat Military Camp was taken over by the Regimen Askar Melayu Diraja up until
42
During 1891, Malay community was the biggest resident in Batu Gajah. However, when British took over the administration in Batu Gajah, the Chinese and Indian communities overpowered the Malay residents.The Chinese pretty much got involved in almost every economic ac-tivities in Batu Gajah namely miners (Figure 2.22), traders , hawkers , goldsmiths , shoemakers , barbers , locksmiths , cane makers , con-tract workers , rickshaw pullers as well as Oracle. Some of them were also working as British administrative staffs in Changkat.
The number of Indians in Batu Gajah grew bigger when Indian Immi-gration Collection was invented in 1907. This funds the ship fare of the labor workers hostage from South India to the port of Penang and Singapore. They then worked in rubber estates that were developing around the peninsula.
In the early 20th century, the number of Malays in Batu Gajah is lesser than the Chinese and Indians. Most of the Malays were placed in a re-mote area with countryside atmosphere. They resided mostly along the Kinta River namely Kampung Air Mati, Sayung, Sungai Terap, Golek, Lambung Kuda, Ara Payung dam Kampung Sultan. They practiced the traditional way of living which were farmers, fishermen (Figure 2.23), hawkers, small traders as well as temporary teachers in Malay schools.
2.3.1 SOCIAL
2.3 HISTORY OF JALAN CHANGKAT
Figure 2.22 (Top) : Chinese tin minersFigure 2.23 (Bottom) : Malay fishermen
43
Batu Gajah assumed a new importance in 1884 when it was chosen to be the new centre of the Kinta administration. An important factor in this selection was the suitability of the tableland, called ‘Changkat’ (Figure 2.24), for the European officers’ residences. One of the reasons why Changkat is chosen to be the street condensed with Government Buildings is because the erection of the train railway that connects Batu Gajah to Teluk Anson. The railway was erected in a way that it is heading to Jalan Changkat and that is why every activities was made easier. Is believed that Changkat has the finest site for dwelling buildings in the State. Police Station, Hospital and Quarters for all Officers were erected on the new site and occupied.
2.3 HISTORY OF JALAN CHANGKAT
Figure 2.24 : A signage indicating Jalan Changkat, Batu Gajah
2.3.2 INSIGHT
44
2.4 HISTORY OF DISTRICT OFFICER’S HOUSE2.4.1 INSIGHT
The District Officer’s House is located in Jalan Changkat, Batu Gajah which is opposite to the Magistrate Court of Batu Gajah. The District House is a double storey bungalow with influences from the Neoclas-sical style and Traditional Malay Architecture style (Figure 2.25). The house has an area of approximately 483000 metre square and it is 6 acres including the lawn surrounding the building. It is considered a semi-permanent structure as the ground floor is made out of concrete and masonry whereas the first floor is made out of timber. It was built in the 1890s for the most senior government official in the district, JBM Leech. It still appears to serve the same purpose today. According to the caretaker of the District Officer’s House, no major renovation has been done to the house. However, only small renovations and revamping the interior spaces have been carried out throughout the years by the District Officers. Thus, only minor changes can be seen such as the colour of the wall, the glazing of the windows and also some of the furniture. The form and massing of the building remain as what it was before.
Figure 2.25 : Front facade of District Officer’s House with its surrounding
45
This house was built in the 1890s to serve as a residence for the District Officers in charged at a particular period. Therefore, the owner of this house changes over time depending on the District Officers on duty. This house also carter for the VIPs who came to visit Batu Gajah district apart from the Government Rest House itself. Currently, the house is under the management of the Municipal Council of Batu Gajah ( Majlis Daerah Batu Gajah ) but it belongs to the state government.
2.4 HISTORY OF DISTRICT OFFICER’S HOUSE
Batu Gajah role as an important administrative center in the early 20th century is clear. As an area which is rich with natural resources, an experienced and trustworthy District Officer must be appointed. The role that they have to carry is major in maintaining their district.
2.4.3 DISTRICT OFFICERS’ TIMELINE
EN. J.B.M. LEECHEN. R.D. HEWETTEN. CECIL WRAYEN. EDWARD JOHN BREWTEREN. F.J. WELDEN. C.D. BOWENEN. J.F. OWENCAPT. MARKS MEADOWS FROSTEN. DICKSON ERIC AYTONEN. W.R. BOYDEN. J.A. HUNTEREN. AUTHUR LEONARD BIRSE
05.02.1891 - 15.08.189516.08.1895 - 02.01.190002.02.1900 - 20.03.190403.03.1904 - 09.03.191110.03.1911 - 20.03.191221.03.1912 - 09.07.191610.07.1916 - 15.06.192016.06.1920 - 16.10.192117.10.1921 - JAN 193131.08.1935 - 06.12.193707.12.1937 - 13.09.193814.09.1938 -
NAME TENURE
2.4.2 OWNERSHIP
46
NAMEEN. MUSTAPHA ALBAKRI BIN HJ.HASSANEN. T.E. SMITHEN. J.S. CUNYNGHAM - BROWNEN. J.A. BROWNEN. D.A. SOMEVILLEEN. N.L. ALEXANDEREN. J.K. CREEREN. MICHAEL JOHN MAC KENZIE SMITHEN. P.H. SETCHELLEN. ABDULLAH BIN SAADEN. F.K. WATKINSONEN. ALBERT ARTHUR HUCKLEEN. P.H. SETCHELLEN. MOHD. SENAWI BIN HJ. ZAINUDDINTG. SYED ABDULLAH BIN TG.SYED OMARYM RAJA AZIZ BIN RAJA HJ. AHMADEN. AHMAD BIN HARUNTN. HJ. OSMAN BIN HJ. MOHD. BAKITN. HJ. ZAINAL ABIDIN BIN MAAMOREN. ZAINAL KARIB BIN ABDUL RAHIMEN. MOHD. YUSOP BIN YAHYADATO’ HJ. SHEIKH AHMAD BIN SHEIKH LONGTN. HAJI ANWAR BIN HAJI ABDUL RAHMANDATO’ HAJI KAMARUDZAMAN BIN MAHMUDDATO’ BASIRAN B.SABAN
19451946 - 19.11.1951 - 1952 -
01.04.1954 - 20.08.195521.08.1954 - 31.03.195501.04.1955 - 1955 - 19561957 - 1958
05.09.1959 - 16.09.195917.09.1959 - 1959 - 196021.04.1960 - 01.06.196523.06.1965 - 30.09.197101.10.1971 - 31.12.197501.01.1976 - 18.09.197801.10.1978 - 15.07.198516.07.1985 - 31.08.199101.09.1991 - 30.06.199701.07.1997 - 30.09.200116.10.2001 - 31.12.200201.01.2003 - 31.07.200416.10.2004 - 30.11.2006
TENURENAME TENURE
Table 2.1 (Above) : District Officers timeline
47
3.1 SITE CONTEXT
3.2 DESIGN CONCEPT
3.3 SPATIAL TYPOLOGY
3.4 SPACE PLANNING
3.5 CLIMATIC ADAPTATION
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT
48
The District Officer’s House, Batu Gajah is located along Jalan Changkat. As Batu Gajah was once the capital of Kinta district and was the second most important town in Perak after Taiping, the district and government offices were all located there and these buildings were then conserved till now, therefore making Jalan Changkat to be very well known for its Heritage Trail.
3.1 SITE CONTEXT
Figure 3.1 : The signage indicating the entrance of the District Officer’s House
49
3.1 SITE CONTEXT
The house was built in the year of 1939 to function as quarters for 3rd class officers. The house is located behind the Kinta Golf Course which was orig-inally a horse racing track back then. They used the house as a meeting spot after watching the racing matches. The house was then used as an administrative centre for a short period of time and converted into a rest house to welcome the Sultan of Perak into Batu Gjah. However the house is remained vacant after the Sultan fell ill.
3.1.1 GOVERNMENT REST HOUSE
Figure 3.2 : Front facade of Government Rest House, Jalan Changkat
50
3.1 SITE CONTEXT
The District Court Complex of Batu Gajah is an ensemble of three linked buildings. The complex was originally occupied by government departments such as District Office, the Public Works Department and Batu Gajah Court. However the most of the administrative functions and judicial function were all moved to Ipoh during the 1930s. The status of the Batu Gajah Court was then changed to District Court. As time passed, some parts of the complex were occupied by the Land Office due to the limited spaces.
3.1.2 THE DISTRICT COURT COMPLEX
Figure 3.3 : Front facade of The District Court Complex, Batu Gajah
51
3.1 SITE CONTEXT
The hospital started during the 1880s. The Batu Gajah Hospital served the general population but had a ward exclusively for the European patients. The hospital is still function until now.
3.1.3 BATU GAJAH HOSPITAL
Figure 3.4 : Front facade of Batu Gajah Hospital, Jalan Changkat
52
Diagram 3.1 : Site plan of Batu Gajah
53
The colonial period, especially the later British period, had considerable influence on the building of Malay houses in Perak. During the coloniza-tion, the British started to erect offices, schools, hospitals, police stations and houses for government officers. With their own unique and cultural ar-chitecture styles, the British incorporated the traditional Malay Architecture into these buildings while taking into consideration of the local climate and culture of the Malays. Therefore, it can be seen that the District Officer’s House of Batu Gajah is a colonial building that has a unique combination of the British Neoclassical Architecture style and the Traditional Malay Vernacular architecture style.
3.2 DESIGN CONCEPT
54
Traditional Malay Architecture
In a traditional Malay house, the roof plays a very important role. The District Officer’s House adapted the style of Perak-type pyramidal house as well as the traditional Limas house. It can be seen that the roof of the House is a 5 ridged roof with a deep overhang over the porch. The roofs on every side are lined with the papan sisek (Figure 3.5) which is the decorative roof fascia board that are widely used in the traditional Malay vernacular houses. Another distinctive feature of the Perak Malay hous-es is the anjung (entrance porch) is also found in the District Officer’s house (Shah, 2006).
3.2 DESIGN CONCEPT3.2.1 EXTERIOR
Figure 3.5 : Fascia board which is also known as “papan sisek”
55
Neoclassical Style
Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century. Intellectually Neoclassicism was symptomatic of a desire to return to the perceived “purity” of the arts of Rome, Greek and renaissance classicism. This first rule that strictly follows by the Neoclassical style is the rules of proportion and symmetrical of the building which can clearly be seen applied on the District Officer’s House of Batu Gajah (Figure 3.6). The extend use of the arch and exposed square tuscan columns around the exterior of the ground floor building are also a prominent feature in Neoclassical architecture.
3.2 DESIGN CONCEPT3.2.1 EXTERIOR
Figure 3.6 : Symmetrical element on the house that is adapted from Neoclassical style
56
Traditional Malay Architectural
The Traditional Malay architectural styles are mostly used on the first floor of the house. The usage of wooden finishing are a prominent char-acteristic of Malay Architecture as it is culturally significant (Figure 3.7). The usage of red, golden and yellow curtains with floral designed cur-tains is also symbolizes the Malay culture.
3.2.2 INTERIOR
3.2 DESIGN CONCEPT
Figure 3.7 : The usage of wooden plank mostly on the first floor of the house
57
3.2 DESIGN CONCEPT
Neoclassical Style
Neoclassical styles were also reflected in the interior of the house by the small usage of floral ornamental carvings on the ceiling and walls of the house as decorations. It also can be seen that there is the usage of square tuscan columns and cornice surrounding the whole building.
3.2.2 INTERIOR
Figure 3.8 (Left) : Floral ornamental carvings on the ceiling Figure 3.9 (Top Right) : Square tuscan column that can be found in the house.igure 3.10 (Bottom Right) : Cornice gypsum
58
3.3 SPATIAL TYPOLOGY
The spaces in the house are mainly divided into four parts on each floor, which are the common area, private rooms, bedrooms and the verandas. On the ground floor as referred to the (Diagram 3.2), the common areas are the living room and the dining room. While for private rooms, there is a VIP room next to the living room as well as a dry and wet kitchen which located at the back of the house. There is only one guest room and 4 maid’s room which located far back of the building which is assumed to be an extension later on after the house was built. Verandas are seen at the sides of the main house. For the first floor as referred to (Diagram 3.3), there is a common area and three bedrooms.
3.3.1 SEGREGATION OF SPACES
Diagram 3.2 (Top) : Segregation of the spaces on the ground floor.Diagram 3.3 (Bottom) : Segregation of spaces on the first floor.
59
3.4 SPACE PLANNING
Instead of the Neoclassical and Traditional Malay architecture, the spaces of the house are more influenced by the British and Malay culture and their basic needs in a living environment. The spatial organization of the District Officer’s House is very special as it has a mixture of both the British and Malay culture.
In a traditional Malay house (Diagram 3.5), it is designed in a way where the house is in a vertical direction and divided into three main portions, which are the front portion, middle portion and the back portion. The front portion of the house, consisting of the veranda, porch, stairs, and the common space, were reserved for the menfolk. The middle portion of the house, reserved for the womenfolk, also served as sleeping area. The back part is where the veranda will link the main part of the house to the kitchen.
However, in the District Officer’s House, the spatial organization of the house was tilted into a horizontal form according to the needs of the British culture. In the British traditional house (Diagram 3.4), the space is orga-nized into three parts as well. But slightly differ from the Malay houses; it is divided into
3.4.1 INFLUENCE OF BRITISH CULTURE AND MALAY CULTURE IN THE SPACES
Diagram 3.4 (Top) : Example of classic British house planDiagram 3.5 (Bottom) : Example of traditional Malay house plan
60
the middle portion and the left and right portion. In the middle portion, it is the common space. In the British culture, they are very emphasis in social-izing where they tend to always hold meetings and events. Therefore they have a very spacious living room and dining area for the guest as like what can be seen from the District Officer’s House.
In conclusion, both the Malay and British culture and spatial organization elements that have been mentioned above can be seen applied into the District Officer’s House.
61
3.4 SPACE PLANNING
The culture and everyday living of the family itself does play a big part in the spatial organization of the house. Each house has its specific function.
Semi-public area: The living room functions as the common area for nor-mal guest such as family and friends. The dining room is normally used by the family members to enjoy their meal. Other than That, the officer would also use it to serve the guests. The large common area on the first floor are often use for events for the councils and officers.
Private area: There are total 8 rooms including the 4 maid’s rooms. On the ground floor, a guest room is dedicated for any guests who are staying overnight in the house. For VIP room, the officer often uses the room to serve the important guest such as sultan and other officers for meetings. On the first floor, there are 3 bedrooms; the master bedroom is for the officer while the other 2 rooms are for his children.
3.4.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPATIAL ORGANIZATION AND THE EVERYDAY LIVING
Diagram 3.6 (Top) : Private and public areas on the ground floor Diagram 3.7 (Bottom) : Private and public areas on the first floor
62
3.4 SPACE PLANNING
The living room function as a common area for family and friends. The room is well furnished with old Napoleon sofa set and floor carpet, giving off a luxurious scent of the house. The wall hanged a plate with the list of District Officers that had lived in this house since almost a hundred years ago and an old painting of the house, as if explaining the history of the house.
3.4.3 LIVING ROOM
Diagram 3.8 (Top) : Location of the living room on the first floor of the District Officer House indicating a semi- private space Figure 3.11 (Bottom) : Interior of the living room
63
3.4 SPACE PLANNING
The dining room is normally used by the officer’s family to enjoy their meal. Besides that, it is also used to serve the guests. According to the housekeeper, the spacious dining room that furnished with a long dining table can serve up to 20 guests to dine in this space. The space is well lit and ventilated as it is placed near 3 windows.
3.4.4 DINING ROOM
Diagram 3.9 (Top) : Location of the dining area on the ground floor of the house indicating a semi-private space Figure 3.12 (Bottom) : Interior of the dining room
64
3.4 SPACE PLANNING
This space is used by the officer to serve the important guests such as sultan and councils.Located next to the living room, the VIP room is very cozy yet luxurious with the help of the furnishings. These allow the guests that spend time there feel very relaxed and well treated.
3.4.5 VIP ROOM
Diagram 3.10 (Top) : Location of the VIP room on the ground floor of the house indicating a private spaceFigure 3.13 (Bottom) : Interior of the VIP room
65
3.4 SPACE PLANNING
The guest room is prepared for any guests who are staying overnight in the officer’s house. The room is very spacious, well lit and ventilated. The room has 3 doors which connects to the VIP room, a hallway and to the guest bathroom.
3.4.6 GUEST ROOM
Diagram 3.11 (Top) : Location of the guest room on the ground floor of the house indicating a private spaceFigure 3.14 (Bottom) : The interior of te guest room
66
3.4 SPACE PLANNING
Both dry and wet kitchens are located near the back of the house. It is used by the maids and housewife to prepare meals.
The wet kitchen has another entrance which lead to the exterior of the house. This make it easy for the maids to enter and exit without disturb-ing the guest or any users in any other rooms.
3.4.7 KITCHEN
Diagram 3.12 (Top) : Location of the wet and dry kitchens areas on the ground floor of the house indicating private spacesFigure 3.15 (Bottom) : Interior of the dry kitchen
67
3.4 SPACE PLANNING
There are total of 4 maids’ rooms which are located at the end of the house which connects to the wet kitchen.
3.4.8 MAIDS’ ROOMS
Diagram 3.13 (Top) : Location of the maids’ rooms on the ground floor of the house indicating private spacesFigure 3.16 (Bottom) : Exterior of the maids’ rooms
68
3.5 CLIMATIC ADAPTATION
Like any other colonial building or Malay house, pitched roof has always been the choice as it is more suitable and advantage of having a pitched roof especially in the tropical weather in Malaysia. With the amount of rainfall in Malaysia, drainage is an important element in the local archi-tecture design. Therefore, the use of pitched roof ensures that there is no accumulation of rainwater on the roof and thus offering a longer lifespan than any other type of roof.
3.5.1 PITCHED ROOF
Figure 3.17 : One of the pitched roofs that can be found which shading the garage
69
3.5 CLIMATIC ADAPTATION
In a house, ventilation is very important to keep the inside of the house cool and comfortable. In the District Officer’s House, it supposed to be a very well ventilated building as it has equipped with sufficient openings in ground floor and first floor, lattice work as well as gable vents. However, the stack ventilation did not happen as plan as we realized the first floor is very hot but the ground floor is the other way around. This is because on the first floor, the gable vents that allow air to flow out is being covered up by the ceiling that being add on after that. Moreover, the windows on the first floor are always closed as the house has been vacant for some time.
3.5.2 VENTILATION
Figure 3.18 : One of the windows that is equipped with lattice work on top of it
70
3.5 CLIMATIC ADAPTATION
During the olden days, the traditional Malay houses have always been constructed around tall trees such as coconut trees and palm trees. This tradition was then brought forward into the colonial houses. In the District Officer’s House, it can be seen that the house is surrounded by large amount of trees. These trees function as the windbreakers as well as sun shading for the house, which protects the structure of the house as well as people that are living in the house.
3.5.3 PLANTATION
Figure 3.19 (Top) : Large shady trees surrounding the house Figure 3.20 (Bottom) : Greeneries around the compound area
71
4.0 MATERIALS4.1 STRUCTURAL
4.2 FINISHING
4.3 FURNISHING
72
In the District Officer’s House, Batu Gajah, reinforced concrete is used to construct the columns on the ground floor. Concrete is an “artificial stone” formed by mixing cement, sand and an aggregate into water while reinforced concrete is a composite material formed by embedded steel bars in concrete(Yakut, n.d.). Reinforced concrete is very dura-ble and fire resistance. With the help of the reinforcement, it can also withstand high compression. Therefore, it is used so build the main structure of the building. This is also one of the reasons why the District Officer’s House is still standing strongly after almost a hundred years.
4.1 STRUCTURAL
4.1.1 CONCRETE
Figure 4.1 : Concrete; the material that are mostly used on the first floor of the house
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The material used to build the first floor of the District Officer’s House is believed to be Chengal wood. One of the reasons is because Chengal is very common and easy to be found in Malaysia. Chengal is a heavy hardwood timber. It is classified as naturally durable and is very resis-tant to termite attack and fungal infestation (Chengal, 2010). Besides that, through our research, timber is used also because the architect wanted to fuse the element of the Traditional Malay style into the District Officer’s House in order to create a unique fusion of both British and Malay colonial building.
4.1 STRUCTURAL
4.1.2 WOOD
Figure 4.2 : Zoomed in of the Chengal wood
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Clay brick Masonry is used to construct the wall on the ground floor of the District Officer’s House. It was defined that masonry is typical-ly site constructed (laid) using manufactured masonry units and site mixed mortar. The units are laid in mortar to various heights, with the strength of the assembly being achieved during curing of the mortar. (Richard A. Weber, 2013). In this house, the masonry units used are the clay bricks. Clay bricks are made of natural earth clay and molded into specific form and size and then being heated into a kiln (fired) to a temperature of 1100 to 1200 Fahrenheit degrees in order create the structural properties of the units. Clay bricks have a very high compres-sive strength and support relatively high loads (The Properties of Clay Brick, 2012). Its high durability, moisture and fire resistance properties are also the reason why it is suitable to be used to build the District Officer’s House which is located at a tropical climate.
4.1 STRUCTURAL
4.1.3 CLAY BRICK MASONRY
Figure 4.3 : Stripped part on one of the walls exposing the clay brick mansory
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WoodTimber floorings are used on all the flooring in first floor. The flooring is pro-tected by a layer of coating to prevent the wood from rotting and termites attack. This also enhance the aethatic value of the floor.
4.2 FURNISHING4.2.1 FLOORING
Figure 4.4 (Top) : Close up of the timber flooring Diagram 4.1 (Bottom) : Location of the usage of timber flooring on the first floor
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WoodVeneer flooring is found in only one room of the house which is the guest room located in the ground floor. Veneer is a thin layer of timber either peeled continuously around the circumference or sliced across the width of the timber. The color is slightly lighter than the timber flooring.
4.2 FURNISHING4.2.1 FLOORING
Figure 4.5 (Top) : Close up of the veneer wood flooring Diagram 4.2 (Bottom) : Location of the usage of veneer wood flooring on the ground floor
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Gypsum plaster is used as a finishing for the exterior of the walls on the ground floor of the house. Gypsum plaster is a white cementing material made by partial or complete dehydration of the mineral gyp-sum, commonly with special retarders or hardeners added (Gypsum Plaster, 2012). It is applied on the brick masonry wall of the building for protective use and aesthetic view. Gypsum board is used on the ceiling in the interior of the house for aesthetic quality.
4.3 FINISHING
4.3.1 GYPSUM PLASTER
Figure 4.6 : Gypsum plaster decoration to enhance the ceiling
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Terracotta roof tiles are used on the roof of the house. As mentioned, terracotta roof tiles are widely used because of its high durability and can withstand high strength, therefore it is very suitable to be used especially in the tropical climate country.
4.3 FINISHING
4.3.2 TERRACOTTA ROOF TILE
Figure 4.7 : Terracota tiles covering the roof of the District Officer’s House
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4.3 FINISHING
Terracotta tiles are also used at the exterior of the house to form path-ways of the verandah around the house. Terracotta is used because of its stronger, stain resistant, scratch resistant as well as its rough surface which will prevent fall during raining season.
4.3.3 TERRACOTTA TILE
Figure 4.8 (Top) : Zoomed in of the exterior terracota tileDiagram 4.3 (Bottom) : Location of the usage of terracota tiles on the ground floor’s outdoor
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Ceramic tiles are used widely used in the interior wall and flooring of the house, especially ground floor and bathrooms. Ceramic tiles are used because it can be decorated into beautiful patterns which increase the aesthetic quality of the interior of the house. The maintainence is also light to take care of.
4.3 FINISHING
4.3.4 CERAMIC TILE
Figure 4.9 (Top Left) : Ceramic tile in green (type 1) Figure 4.10 (Top Middle) : Ceramic tile in peach (type 2) Figure 4.11 (Top Right) : Ceramic tile in pink (type 3) Diagram 4.4 (Bottom) : Location of the usage of ceramic tiles on the first floor
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4.3 FINISHING
Porcelain tiles which have a stronger property compared to ceramic tiles are used on the exterior flooring of the house. In this house, there are few colours of porcelain tiles being used mostly for the interior of the bathrooms complimenting the usage of the ceramic tiles.
4.3.5 PORCELAIN TILE
Figure 4.12 (Left) : Porcelain tile in peach (type 1) Figure 4.13 (Middle) : Porcelain tile in blue (type 2) Figure 4.14 (Right) : Porcelain tile in yellow (type 3)
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4.3 FINISHING
Terrazzo tiles are used only in the living room and dining room on the ground floor. Terrazzo consists of marble, quartz, granite, glass or other suitable chips; sprinkled or un-sprinkled,and poured with binder that is cementitious, chemical or a combination of both. It is then polished to a smooth surface (Terrazzo, 2010).
4.3.6 TERRAZZO TILE
Figure 4.15 (Top) : Close up of the terrazo tileDiagram 4.5 (Bottom) : Location of the usage of terrazo tiles on the ground floor
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5.0 DETAILS5.1 ARCHITECTURAL
5.2 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
5.3 DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
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Doorways provice access from outside into the building and also be-tween interior space.
The door is the main element for ventilation at body level. Besides that, there are also latticework to allow air passage into the interior part of the room. Having full-length openings allow cross ventilation and then achieve thermal comfort greatly.
5.1 ARCHITECTURAL5.1.1 DOOR
The panel door consists of a framework of vertical tiles and horizontal rails that hold solid wood in place. The wood frames are good in ther-mal insulation but thicker than metal frames. The wood frames on site are painted according to the wall colour and also minimize the need for maintenance.
Figure 5.1 : A locked panel door with a blocked staircase in front of Bathroom 2 on the first floor.
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D5
D1
5.1 ARCHITECTURAL5.1.1 DOORS
a. Sliding DoorSliding door is a door drawn across an aperture on a groove or sus-pended from a track, rather than turning on hinges. Sliding door acts as a second defender of this building. It normally found at the exterior door or main entrance. Pack lock is used to lock the sliding door to beware of thieves. There are few sliding doors that can be found in this house as such;
D14
Diagram 5.1 : Ground floor plan indicating sliding doors labeled D1, D5 and D14.
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Diagram 5.2 (Left) : D1Figure 5.2 (Right) : D1 sliding door which is located at the main entrance.
Diagram 5.3 (Left) : D5Figure 5.3 (Right) : D5 ; a sliding door located at the dining room.
Diagram 5.4 (Left) : D14Figure 5.4 (Right) : D14 sliding door ;one of the main entrance to the wet kitchen.
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D10
5.1 ARCHITECTURAL
a. Single Hinged DoorSingle hinged door is only available with one swing panel. The door turns on hinges about a side jamb when pushed or pulled. Thus, space around the door for door swing is required. This type of door is com-monly found in the interior part of the house.
5.1.1 DOORS
Diagram 5.5 : Ground floor plan indicating single hinged doors labeled D10, D 11 and D13
D13
D11
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Diagram 5.6 (Left) : D10Figure 5.5 (Right) : D10 is only the door connecting VIP room with Guest room.
Diagram 5.7 (Left) : D11Figure 5.6 (Right) : The back view of D11.
Diagram 5.8 (Left) : D13Figure 5.7 (Right) : D13 ; the door that is located under the staircase near the guest room
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D3
D12
5.1 ARCHITECTURAL
b.Double Hinged DoorDouble hinged door has two swings panels with its hinges on both side of the door frames. It provides a bigger opening for passenger to pass through. The panel varies to give different aesthetic look. Through observation, it has found that most of the doors that are being applied in this house has panels on it.
D9
D3
5.1.1 DOORS
Diagram 5.9 : Ground floor plan indicating double hinged doors labeled D3, D9 and D12
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Diagram 5.10 (Left) : D3Figure 5.8 (Right) : D3 ;double hinged door with glass panels located inside the VIP living room
Diagram 5.11 (Left) : D9Figure 5.9 (Right) : D9; doubled hinged door inside the guest room with triple panels each side
Diagram 5.12 (Left) : D12Figure 5.10 (Right) : D12; double hinged door with five narrowed panels
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D30
D32
D35
Diagram 5.13 : First floor plan indicating double hinged doors labeled D30, D32, D33, D35
D33
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Diagram 5.14 (Left) : D33Figure 5.12 (Right) : D33; double hinged door as the entrace to the master bed room
Diagram 5.16 (Left) : D35Figure 5.14 (Right) : D35; eight panels double hinged door
Diagram 5.15 (Left) : D32Figure 5.13 (Right) : D32; Door to the entrace of master bed room’s bathroom
Diagram 5.17 (Left) : D30Figure 5.15 (Right) : D30; upon entering the bedroom
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D6
5.1 ARCHITECTURALDOORS
c.Double Hinged Door with Louvered WindowDouble hinged door with louvered window shows the combination of architecture between Malay and colonial architecture. It allowed air ventilation whenever the door is closed. District Officer’s House has quite a number of this type of door resulting the interior to be windy even if the windows are closed.
D19
D7
D28
Diagram 5.18 : Ground floor plan indicating double hinged doors with louvered windows labeled D6, D7, D19, amd D28
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Diagram 5.19 (Left) : D6Figure 5.16 (Right) : This door located near the dining area decorated with glass
Diagram 5.20 (Left) : D7Figure 5.17 (Right) : Type of door used in the dry kitchen
Diagram 5.21 (Left) : D19Figure 5.18 (Right) : Type of door used at the garage together with the fascia board
Diagram 5.22 (Left) : D28Figure 5.19 (Right) : The door of the outdoor water closet
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5.1 ARCHITECTURAL
d.Double Hinged Door with LatticeDouble hinged door with lattice has the same function with double hinged door with louvered window. The use of the lattice is for ventila-tion and sunlight purpose. This type of door can be found on the first floor between the bedrooms which does not shut down the connection with another space.
D34
5.1.1 DOORS
Diagram 5.23 : First floor plan indicating double hinged doors with lattice work labeled D31 and D34
D31
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Diagram 5.24 (Left) : D31Figure 5.20 (Right) : D31; can be found upon entering master changing room
Diagram 5.25 (Left) : D34Figure 5.21 (Right) : The door upon entering the changing room
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5.1 ARCHITECTURAL
e.Folding DoorFolding door is a door with several sections and folding to side when open up. It is an excellent idea which offers a bigger space to store stuffs in the garage.
D27
5.1.1 DOORS
Diagram 5.26 : Ground floor plan indicating folding door labeled D27
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Diagram 5.27 (Left) : D27Figure 5.22 (Right) : Folding door that covers the garage
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5.1 ARCHITECTURAL
e.Swinging Door
D18
D25D2
4
D21
5.1.1 DOORS
Diagram 5.28 : Ground floor plan indicating swinging doors labeled D18, D21, D24, amd D25
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Diagram 5.29 (Left) : D18Figure 5.23 (Right) : Swinging door; located at the wet kitchen
Diagram 5.30 (Left) : D21Figure 5.24 (Right) : Swinging door at the maids’ rooms
Diagram 5.31 (Left) : D24Figure 5.25 (Right) : Another swinging door at the maid’s room’s balcony
Diagram 5.32 (Left) : D25Figure 5.26 (Right) : Main swinging door at the maids’ rooms
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Janella means windows in Portuguese and the bahasa Malaysia word or it is Jendela.
The windows come with fulllength, lining the walls and providing good ventilation and views for the house. The quality of oppeness is also re-flected by the large open interior spaces with less partitions. Casement window is the most common type of window during the colonial era. It is attached to the frame by one or more hinges. The top piece is usually fixed panel and functions as ventilation when the windows are closed.
The fulllength casement windows on site have seperated into two parts. Most of the time, the bottom part of the fulllength window is closed. Meanwhile, ventilation is only directed at the upper part of body because windows are located at higher levels to provide privacy of the room.
There are 3 types of windows in The District Officer’s House, which is:a. Double Shutter Casement Windowb. Double Shutter Casement Window with Louverc. Double Shutter Casement Window with Latticed. Wooden Fixed Windowe. Window Screen
5.1 ARCHITECTURAL5.1.2 WINDOWS
Figure 5.27 : Well lit area by the fenestrations on the first floor
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5.1 ARCHITECTURAL
a. Double Shutter Casement WindowDouble shutter casement window can only be found in wet kitchen on ground floor. This window allows adequate sunlight to enter the space although is is closed. But the window without louver or lattice is not efficient in ventilation. So, during cooking, the casement window should be opened to let the hot air exits the interior building.
W07W09
W12
5.1.2 WINDOWS
Diagram 5.33 : Ground floor plan indicating double shutter casement windows labeled W07, W09, D19 and W12
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Diagram 5.34 (Left) : W07Figure 5.28 (Right) : W07 which located at the wet kitchen.
Diagram 5.35 (Left) : W12Figure 5.29 (Right) : W12 which located along the hallway.
Diagram 5.36 (Left) : W09Figure 5.30 (Right) : W09 which only contains 6 columns of glasses.
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5.1 ARCHITECTURAL
b. Double Shutter Casement Window with LouverDouble shutter casement window wth louver provides ventilation although when the window is closing. The glasses allow sunlight to penetrate into the room without open the window during sunny day. At the same time, the louver minimizes the heat from outside enters the room. Louver takes an important role to keep the interior air circulating.
W01
W13
W13 W13
W05
W04
5.1.2 WINDOWS
Diagram 5.37 : Ground floor plan indicating double shutter casement windows with louvers labeled W01, W04, W05 and W13
W25
W17
W15
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Diagram 5.38 (Left) : W01Figure 5.31 (Right) : Inside view of W01; which located right beside main staircase.
Diagram 5.39 (Left) : W05Figure 5.32 (Right) : Two of W05 placed at the dining room.
Diagram 5.40 (Left) : W13Figure 5.33 (Right) : W13 which contains black glasses is located at VIP room.
Diagram 5.41 (Left) : W04Figure 5.34 (Right) : W04 which placed beside the landing of staircase provides adequate sunlight
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Diagram 5.47 (Left) : W17Figure 5.38 (Right) : W17 which located in the surau
Diagram 5.48 (Left) : W15Figure 5.39 (Right) : W15 ; located at the surau
Diagram 5.49 (Left) : W25Figure 5.40 (Right) : W25 which located at the storage
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5.1 ARCHITECTURALW39
W42
5.1.2 WINDOWS
Diagram 5.42 :First floor plan indicating double shutter casement windows with louvers labeled W39, W42, and W56
W56
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Diagram 5.43 (Left) : W39Figure 5.35 (Right) : W39 with louver can be found in Master Bathroom.
Diagram 5.44 (Left) : W56Figure 5.36 (Right) : W56 slightly smaller than W39 is placed in Bathroom1.
Diagram 5.45 (Left) : W42Figure 5.37 (Right) : Perspective view of W42 in Master Bathroom.
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5.1 ARCHITECTURAL
c. Double Shutter Casement Window with LatticeThe lattice functions the same with louver. The lattice normally located on top of the windows. It is much more easier for the hot air to exit and cold air to enter. All of them is only placed on first floor due to privacy matter.
W29
W28
W31
W49
W28
5.1.2 WINDOWS
Diagram 5.50 : First floor plan indicating double shutter casement windows with lattice labelled W28, W29, W31 and W49
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Diagram 5.51 (Left) : W28Figure 5.41 (Right) : W28; located in the family gathering space
Diagram 5.52 (Left) : W31Figure 5.42 (Right) : W31 can also be found in the family gathering space
Diagram 5.53 (Left) : W29Figure 5.43 (Right) : W29; can be viewed from the exterior of the first floor
Diagram 5.54 (Left) : W49Figure 5.44 (Right) : W49 which is located in the bedroom 1 and 2
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5.1 ARCHITECTURAL
W46
W45
W48
W66
5.1.2 WINDOWS
Diagram 5.55 : First floor plan indicating double shutter casement windows with lattice labelled W45, W46, W48 and W66
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Diagram 5.57 (Left) : W48Figure 5.46 (Right) : W48; located in the family gathering space
Diagram 5.56 (Left) : W45Figure 5.45 (Right) : W45 ; located in the master changing room
Diagram 5.58 (Left) : W46 Figure 5.47 (Right) : W46; located in the family gathering area
Diagram 5.59 (Left) : W66Figure 5.48 (Right) : Windows in the daughter’s room
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5.1 ARCHITECTURAL
d. Wooden Fixed WindowThe wooden fixed wiondow is the same with louver. Louver is placed up of the window will the fixed window with fixed slats which slope upwards from the outside so as to exclude sun and rainwater but at the same time give shade,ventilation and visual privacy. Thus, the fixed window can only be found on ground floor or inside bathroom.
W19
W20W21
W27
5.1.2 WINDOWS
Diagram 5.60 : Ground floor plan indicating wooden fixed window labelled W19, W20, W21, and W27
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Diagram 5.61 (Left) : W19 Figure 5.49 (Right) : W19 which located in the Guest Bathroom
Diagram 5.62 (Left) : W21Figure 5.50 (Right) : W21 which is located in the outdoor water closet
Diagram 5.63 (Left) : W20Figure 5.51 (Right) : W20 which has similar design to W21
Diagram 5.64 (Left) : W27Figure 5.52 (Right) : W27 which is located in the storage
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5.1 ARCHITECTURAL W40
W51
W43
W53
5.1.2 WINDOWS
Diagram 5.65 : First floor plan indicating wooden fixed windows labeled W40, W43, W51, and W53
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Diagram 5.66 (Left) : W40Figure 5.53 (Right) : W40 which is located in the Master bathroom
Diagram 5.67 (Left) : W43Figure 5.54 (Right) : W43 which is located in the master bathroom
Diagram 5.68 (Left) : W52Figure 5.55 (Right) : W52; locared in the bathroom 1
Diagram 5.69 (Left) : W53Figure 5.56 (Right) : W53 which is located in bathroom 1
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5.1 ARCHITECTURAL
e. Window Screen Fenestration commonly found in the changing spaces to allow more light and air to flow through.
W33
W34
5.1.2 WINDOWS
Diagram 5.70 : First floor plan indicating window screen labelled W33 and W34
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Diagram 5.71 (Left) : W33Figure 5.57 (Right) : Window screen which is located in the master changing room
Diagram 5.72 (Left) : W34Figure 5.58 (Right) : W34 which is located in the other side of master changing room
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5.1 ARCHITECTURAL
W50
W51
5.1.2 WINDOWS
Diagram 5.73 : FIrst floor plan indicating window screen labelled W50 and W51
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Diagram 5.74 (Left) : W50Figure 5.59 (Right) : Window screen located in the Changing Room 1.
Diagram 5.75 (Left) : W51Figure 5.60 (Right) : Window screen which located in the other side of Changing Room1.
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A column is a free-standing member usually consisting of a base, circu-lar shaft and capital. Column is used to transfer the load of the weight of the structure above to the other structural elements and may support the roof or beams.
The columns inside The District Officer’s House are known as Pilaster column. Pilaster column is a squared vertical member which is attached or partially built into the wall. The column projects slightly from the wall and the same thing happened behind the same wall. But the columns along the corridor and foyer can be seen in a whole.
Tuscan order is widely used in the column. The capital is molded to cre-ate the appearance of platform while the shaft is a pure rectangle with smooth surface. The column rests on a square base and an unadorned frieze.
5.1 ARCHITECTURAL5.1.3 COLUMN
Figure 5.61 : The base of the column along the corridor outisde.
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5.1 ARCHITECTURAL
C1C1
C2
C6
C3
C4
5.1.3 COLUMN
Diagram 5.76 : Grounf floor plan indicating C1, C2, C3, C4 and C6.
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Diagram 5.77 (Above) : C1Figure 5.62 (Below) : C1 can be found in the porch with two tuscan columns and an arc in the middle.
Diagram 5.78 (Above) : C2Figure 5.63 (Below) : A basic tuscan columns can be seen all over the building.
Diagram 5.79 (Above) : C6Figure 5.64 (Below) : Tuscans columns are used as the supporters of the arccs.
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Figure 5.65 (Left) : C3 can be found at maids’ room entrance.Figure 5.66 (Right) : C4 can be found at the other side of maids’ room.
Figure 5.67 : A simple column which without capital and base can be found on first floor.
Diagram 5.80 : C3 Diagram 5.83 : C8Diagram 5.81 : C4 Diagram 5.82 : C5
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A few of arches can be found at the same time between living room and dining room. Other than that, arches together with staircase can be seen on south exterior. The series of arches are used to support on piers or columns. There is also private porches as indoor extensions which cutting into the walls seperating adjacent rooms to allow pedestrian pas-sage.
5.1 ARCHITECTURAL5.1.4 ARC
Figure 5.68 : Arc between two columns can be found in the porch.
Figure 5.69 : Arcs which create pathway in dining room.
Figure 5.70 (Left) : A closer view of the arc in between two columns.Figure 5.71 (Middle) :A single arc opened up a pathway at the side of the house.Figure 5.72(Right) : Two arches emphasize a balancing sense concept of the house.
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Woodframe floors consist of repetitive joists, at a prescribed spacing sheathed with wood structural panels attached to the top surface.
In this double-storey house, the ceiling of ground floor is the floor of first floor. The members are called ceiling joists. They rest on the wall or on beams which span on the walls.
5.1 ARCHITECTURAL5.1.5 FLOORING
Figure 5.73 (Above) : Wooden beam can be seen clearly along the corridor.Figure 5.74 (Below) : An opening of the flooring system allows visitor to the first floor.
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The roof system acts as the primary sheltering element fo the interior spaces.
The roof on site is influenced by Malay and colonial architecture. Gabled hip roof with the horizontal ridge extended upward forming small gables is applied on the building. The materials of the roof is made up of ter-racotta tiles which can reflect heat gain into the interior space. The gab between tiles allows for additional heat ventilation. The high ceiling of the roof on first floor was claimed to provide cool air to the interior spaces which lifts the hot air up and pushes the cold air down.
5.1 ARCHITECTURAL5.1.6 ROOF
Figure 5.75 (Above) : Side view of the housing showing the different size of pitched roof.Figure 5.76 (Below) : A close look up of the roof of maids’ room.
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The bracket is an architectural element used as structural or decorative member.
The bracket around the building is a device of wood which overhangs below the roof to carry a weight or to support the cornice.
5.1 ARCHITECTURAL5.1.7 BRACKETS
Figure 5.77 (Above) : This bracket is found on first floor.Figure 5.78 (Below) : The exterior brackets look more attractive with the shape
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Fascia board is decorative wooden cravings on the underside of the roof, which is ‘cucur atap’ atau ‘papan sisek’ in Malay.
The eaves fasciae are decorative overhangs that provide added shades. The eaves fasciae are fixed together by hundreds of wooden dowels.
5.1 ARCHITECTURAL5.1.8 FASCIA BOARD
Figure 5.79 (Above) : A structure called ‘Papan Penutup Meleh’ is placed on top of the fascia board.Figure 5.80 (Below) : This fascia board looks simplier compare with the one on main building roof.
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Staircase is a series or flight, of steps for passing from one level to an-other. There are two types of staircases in The District Officer’s House. Both of these stairs are made of wood. The geometric newel post is painted in maroon red. Thedesign od the staircase enhances the tradi-tional Malay architecture in the house. This kind of newel post can be found on every staircases in the building.
Half Landing Stairs: A U-shape staircase with one landing is the main staircase to enter the first floor. The only difference between these two stairs is the direction of the flight changes 180 degrees.
Quater Landing Stairs: It is a L-shape staircase with one landing in the bend. The landing is needed to change a direction of the flight by 90 degrees and at the same time it serves as a place for rest when moving. Due to the presence of the landing the flight is divided into two, thereby reducing quantity of treads in one flight, and makes walking more com-fortable.
5.1 ARCHITECTURAL5.1.9 STAIRCASE
Figure 5.81 (Above) : The main staircase which placed beside the living room.Figure 5.82 (Below) : The secondary staircase placed in Hallway 2.
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5.2 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS5.2.1 WALL SYSTEM
Masonry walls consist of modular building blocks bonded together with mortar to form walls that are durable, fire resistant and structurally ef-ficient in compression. This is a solid masonry wall which constructed by solid masonry units laid contignuosly with all joints solidly filled with mortar. Running bond is used in the wall syatem by composed of over-lapping stretchers.
Diagram 5.84 : Wall system of the house.
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The wood joists supported by wood beam. Wood is the most susceptible to shrinkage perpendicular to its grain.For this reason, the total depth of wood construction for both the sill condition and the joist beam connec-tion is equalized to avoid subsidence of the floor plane. Concrete slab is used on ground floor while hardwood is only the material used in first floor flooring system.
5.2 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS5.2.2 FLOOR FRAMING
Diagram 5.86 : Isometric of the first floor flooring.
Diagram 5.85 : Isometric of the groud floor flooring.
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5.2 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS5.2.3 ROOF SYSTEM
Hip roof has sloping ends and slides meeting at an inclined projecting angle. Roof structures framed with wood rafters are an essential sub-system of wood light frame construction. The dimension lumber used for roof joists and rafters is easily worked and can be quickly assembled with simple tools.
Ridge Board Common Rafter
Hip rafters from the junc-tion of the sloping side of a hip roof.
Hip jacks are jack rafters extending from a wall plate to a hip rafter. Jack rafter is any rafter that is shorter than the full length of the roof slope, as one meeting a hip or valley.
Valley jacks extend from a valley rafter to a ridge, then the wall plate along a valley.
Diagram 5.87 : Roof system of the house.
Diagram 5.88 : A closer drawing of the roof system.
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Neoclassical Single Light Wall SconcesThis lighting features cursive or floral tubing with simple curves and little hints of decoration. These wall sconces are similiar to the ceiling light meander to show uniformity and further emphasizing the influence of neoclassical architecture.
Neoclassical Ceiling Light MeanderThis ceiling light is surrounded by six small sconces that hand off the plaster ceiling. The yellow light warms up the whole atmosphere wiithin the room.
5.3 DECORATIVE ELEMENTS5.3.1 LIGHTINGS
Figure 5.83 : Warm light carried out from the neoclassical single light wall sconces.
Figure 5.84 : Neoclassical ceiling light meander is placed in VIP room.
Figure 5.85 : Neoclassical single wall sconce in dining room.Figure 5.86 : Neoclassical single wall sconce in VIP room.Figure 5.87 : Neoclassical single wall sconce in Family Gathering Space on first floor.
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Ornamentations which located on the plaster ceiling are used for en-hancing the quality of interior spaces.
Molding: The decorative motif is formed by a repeated pattern or reflect-ed image. Geometric shapes and floral elements can be easily seen in between the design.
5.3 DECORATIVE ELEMENTS5.3.2 CEILING ORNAMENTATIONS
Figure 5.88 : An organic molded pattern brings out the harmonious feeling to the VIP room.Figure 5.89 : A more crafted ornamentation on the ceiling of living room.
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Brick and Plaster are used to build the walls on ground floor while wood-en walls can only be found on first floor. Thus, different wall ornamenta-tion is located on each floor.
Molding: A strip of material with various profiles used to cover transitions between surfaces or for decoration.Adding few thin overhanging horizontal and vertical moldings to the sur-face of the wall create dark shadows below the molding.
Latticed Screen: Latticework is creating patterns by intersecting small timber members at right angles. The screens suspended up of the doors and windows as decoration and ventilation.
5.3 DECORATIVE ELEMENTS5.3.3 WALL ORNAMENTATIONS
Figure 5.90 : The molded ornamentation along the outline of windows.Figure 5.91 : The ventilation on the wall can be one of the decorative ele ment of the house.
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As a conclusion, comparisons and contrasts will be done to buildings of similar nature and architectural style. The significances also will be dis-cussed. Discussion on the preservation of the District Officer’s House will be enlightened as well as a summary of the research.
District Officer’s House is an imperative building due to its historical, archi-tecture and cultural values. This building holds inimitable knowledge that should be preserved by the younger generations less it should capitulate to the ravages of time. This documentation of District Officer’s House exposes the diversity of cultural significance of architecture and culture.
District Officer’s House has several architectural features from different ar-chitecture styles that are influenced by the culture, people and its surround-ing. Those architectural features blend naturally in the building and become the evidence of various architecture styles that have developed and influ-enced architecture in Malaysia and Perak in particular. Styles mentioned are the Malay Vernacular architecture and the Neoclassical architecture. In a nutshell, the District Officer’s House is a fusion of both styles.
6.0 CONCLUSION
Based on the entire characteristics the building has, we can conclude that the existence of District Officer’s House has significant impact to-wards history of Batu Gajah. Therefore, the conservation works are highly encouraged and the maintenance must be done consistently. This is to provide opportunity to the next generation to learn and ex-plore the history and culture that District Officer’s House has to offer.
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6.1 HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Although District Officer’s House does not hold that much of historical elements compared to other buildings, this building must also be appre-ciated for it has served the State for many years. This building was built to accommodate the daily life and official activity of Batu Gajah District Officers and their families in Jalan Changkat. District Officer’s House not only has become the silent witness of the daily lives of the Batu Gajah District Officers and their families, but also as testament of the greatness and development of the Batu Gajah district.
6.2 CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE
District Officer’s House displayed how the culture and background of peo-ple and the site can be represented by the building. Two cultures that in-fluence the District Officer’s House are the cultures of the Malay and the English. The influences are significant mostly on the architectural elements displayed as well as the spaces inside the house.
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District Officer’s House Batu Gajah Raja Bilah MansionLocation Jalan Changkat, Batu Gajah, Perak Papan Town, Batu Gajah, Perak
History It is located opposite to the Magistrate Court of Batu Gajah. It is considered a semi-permanent structure as the ground floor is made out of concrete and masonry whereas the first floor is made out of timber. It was built in the 1890s for the most senior government official in the district, JBM Leech.
Batu Gajah role as an important administrative center in the
Raja Bilah bin Raja Tudong Berani II, was the 12th king of Man-dailing. He was born in 1834 at Katanopan, Southern Tapanuli, Sumatra. At 26, he left for Malaya because of a clash over the choice of kingship. Then, Raja Bilah worked under his uncle until he exposed the rising prospect of Papan as a mining town.
Raja Bilah was allocated to cope Papan by H.W. Leech and
6.3 DISTRICT OFFICER’S HOUSE COMPARISONS
Diagram 6.1 : Location map of Jalan Changkat Diagram 6.2 : Location plan of Papan Town
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early 20th century is clear. As an area which is rich with natu-ral resources, an experienced and trustworthy District Officer must be appointed. Kinta district officials will often appointed by resident in the country.
was officially appointed Penghulu for Blanja District in 1882 by Sultan Yusuf Sharifuddin Muzaffar Shah. He became a go-be-tween the Sultan, the British, and his people. He attended his duty for 26 years until 1906.
Raja Bilah sold a quota of his mining land to the British. With the coinage, he built the big house, just next to his first one.
Figure 6.1 : List of former and current Kinta District Officers
Diagram 6.3 : Site plan of Rumah Besar Raja Bilah
Figure 6.2 : A potrait of Raja Bilah
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Overview The District House is a double storey bungalow. The house has an area of approximately 483000 metre square and it is 6 acres including the lawn surrounding the building. It is considered a semi-permanent structure as the ground floor is made out of concrete and masonry whereas the first floor is made out of timber. Windows are generously placed around the building.
The big house is a two storey building with a rectangular plan. It is sheltered by two tiered hip roofs, which help ventilate the hot insides. A projected entry porch/ veranda with a gambrel roof (limas bungkus) is added to the arrangement. The wall is half plastered brick and timber on the upper floor. Windows are liberally provided in the whole building.
Usage Then : To accommodate the District Officers of Kinta as well as to provide space for casual and cultural meetings for the royals
Now : Still serves the same purpose
Then : Was not used for only as family residence, but also acted as a business, financial, and social centre
Now : Museum to display historical pictures of the village.
Architectural Influence
Malay and Neoclassical Architecture
Malay Influences :The usage of timber, fascia board, latticework, public space provided for cultural meetings.
Malay, Colonial and Chinese Architecture
Colonial Influences : Formal, almost symmetrical layout and the high ceiling.
Figure 6. 3 : Front facade of The District Officer’s House
Figure 6.4 : Front facade of The Raja Bilah Mansion
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Neoclassical Influences : Symmetrical plan layout, the usage of modified columns.
Anglo- Indian Palladian Influences : The masonry wall, the arch, the modified Tuscan column, the pilaster, the cornice detail, and the projected veranda.
Chinese Influences : The usage of diagonal clay floor tiles, laced carving with bird and flower motives above doors and windows, vertical iron bars at openings, and wooden staircases, the method of laying bricks for the floor decks and walls which related to the Chinese shop house construction in Perak.
Architectural Systems
Wall There is no legitimate proof as to how the bricks in the load bearing wall are being constructed. However, one of the ripped off cement on one of the outer wall has exposed that the style used is the Flemish bond. The upper floor outer wall is mostly made up from cengal wood.
Wall The load bearing wall on the ground floor uses Flemish bond. On the first floor, the wall is made up of 200 cm x 25cm cengal with tongue and groove joints. The outer wall is settled horizontally but the inner wall is the opposite.
Figure 6.5 : Clay brick masonry
Figure 6.9 : The interior of the first floor
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DoorThe main door double casement panel door and solely made of timber. It is protected by a sliding panel of horizontal iron grill. Most of the outer doors are the double casement that is made up from timber while the inner doors are panel doors. There is no traditional selak being used but instead, iron grilled are being used to aid the security on most of the outer doors.
DoorThe main door is sheltered by a sliding panel of horizontal wood-en grill which rolls and locks mechanically. The cengal door pane entails of three segments of carvings with a star and crescent motives signifying Islamic belief. The traditional selak, a wooden door latch is added for safekeeping.
WindowsThe windows are copious and they are placed at almost every bay. Windows at the lower floor comprises of a framed, lou-vered panels with vertical bars, and carvings just below the zinc awning. The upper floor windows are closer to the floor windows which are closer to the floor then those on the lower storey, and they are sheltered by a balustrade.
Figure 6.6 : Main door
Figure 6.7 : Panel inner door
Figure 6.10 : One of the windows of the Raja Bilah Mansion
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WindowsThe windows come with full length and wooden louvered, that have decorative ventilation panels on top, and beautifully carved waist-high railings. Casement window is the most common type of window used in this building. It is attached to the frame by one or more hinges. The panels are divided into three parts which the top piece is usually fixed panel and functions as venti-lation when the windows are closed
Roof Gabled hip roof with the horizontal ridge extended upward form-ing small gables is applied on the main building. Gable roof can be easily seen from the garage and maid rooms.
Roof Covered by two tiered hip roofs to aid the ventilation while the veranda is covered with a gambrel roof (limas bungkus).
Figure 6.8 : Casement window of District Officer’s House
Figure 6.11 : The gambrel roof
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Ornamentations, Details & Finishing
Tiles There are few types of tiles are being used in this house which are ceramic and terrazzo tiles for the interior as well as porce-lain and terracotta tiles for the exterior finishing.
Flooring Timber floorings are used on all the flooring in first floor. Veneer flooring is found in only one room of the house which is the guest room located in the ground floor.
Tiles Earth coloured clay tiles of 300 cm x 300 cm were used on the ground floor. These tiles were rested diagonally on a bed of bricks tied in mortar.
FlooringOn the first floor, 200 cm x 25 cm local cengal wood ran in the same direction as the house.
Figure 6.12 : Terrazo tile
Figure 6.13 : Terracota tile
Figure 6.14 : Veneer flooring
Figure 6.17 : Clay tiles
Figure 6.18 : Cengal flooring
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CorniceA simple long of cornice decorates the edges where the wall meets the ceiling. The is also cornice centrepiece decorated with flora motives in the VIP guest room.
Fascia boardsThe eaves fasciae are decorative overhangs that provide added shades. The eaves fasciae are fixed together by hundreds of wooden dowels. The style being used has influences from the Rumah Kutai Perak.
CorniceA long of cornice beautifies the edges where the wall meets the ceiling.
PedimentThe gentle curvature of the pediment is graciously interrupted to give way to a finial. The year ‘1896’ is carved marking the date of completion.
Figure 6.15 : Cornice centrepiece
Figure 6.16 : Fascia board
Figure 6.19 : Cornice on the first floor
Figure 6.20 : Pediment
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Changes According to the caretaker of the District Officer’s House, no major renovation has been done to the house. However, only small renovations and revamping the interior spaces have been carried out throughout the years by the District Officers. Thus, only minor changes can be seen such as the colour of the wall, the glazing of the windows and also some of the furniture. The form and massing of the building remain as what it was before.
When the restoration work began, it started off with the concrete foundations being laid for a new and stable base for the struc-ture. The repair work is being done in stages.
Extensive restoration work, costing nearly RM 1.1 million was completed by contractor Asli Bina Jaya, which was commis-sioned by the Department of Museums and Antiques.
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7.1 BOOKSChing, F. (1979). Architecture, form, space & order. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Fee, C. V. (1998). The Encyclopedia of Malaysia (Architecture ed.). Sin-gapore: Archipelago Press
Finestone, J. (2002). The royal families of South-East Asia (2nd ed.). Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan: Shahindera :.
Hashim, W. N. (2011). The Traditional Malay House. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia.
Ho, T. (2005). Generations: The story of Batu Gajah. Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan: Perak Academy.
Khoo, S., & Lubis, A. (2005). Kinta Valley: Pioneering Malaysia’s mod-ern development. Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia: Perak Academy.
Kleingrothe, C. (1900). Malay Peninsula: Old Photographs of Malaya and Singapore. Kuala Lumpur: Jugra Publications.
Shah, R. (2006). Landmarks of Perak. Kuala Lumpur: RNS Publication Sdn Bhd.The Malaysian monarchy. (1994). Kuala Lumpur?: Royal Album Publica-tion Committee.Lubis, A., & Wade, M. (2010). Perak postcards 1890s-1940s. Penang, Malaysia: Areca Books.
Vlatseas, S. (n.d.). A History of Malaysian Architecture (pp. 101 -111).
Yeang, K. (1992). The architecture of Malaysia. Amsterdam: Pepin Press.
REFERENCES
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7.2 JOURNALHj. Mohd Zain, H., Shamsina, S., & Rusizah, M. (n.d.). Sejarah Batu Gajah ; Sepintas Lalu, 1-53.
Thih Khew, L., & Others. (n.d.). A Study of Role, Form and Structure. Kinta District - Ipoh, Batu Gajah and Kampar, 4-27.
7.3 WEBSITEARH 314 and 315 Terminology. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2015, from http://img.uoregon.edu/arh314/terminology/Terminology_all.html Architectural Terminology img.uoregon.edu
Building Conservation. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2015, from http://buildingconservation.blogspot.com/2007/03/adaptation-design-of-tradi-tional-malay.html
Chengal. (2010). Retrieved February 7, 2015, from Timber Supplier: http://www.timberflooring.com.my/product/chengal/
Definition of oblige in English:. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2015, from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/obligesonry.php
Gypsum Plaster. (2012). Retrieved February 7, 2015, from Encyclopedia Britannica: http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/250427/gyp-sum-plaster
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2011). Population and Housing Census of Malaysia. Population Distribution and Basic Demographics Statistics. Retrieved February 15, 2015, from http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ci-ri_Asas_Demografi. pdf
History of Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia. (n.d.). History of Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia. Retrieved February 15, 2015, from http://www.perak.info/perak/Perak_ state_history.htm
Lim, P. (2013). The Story of Batu Gajah. New Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved February 10, 2015, from http://www.nst.com.my/streets/northern/the-story-of-batu-gajah-1.219030
7.0 REFERENCES
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Building Sciences: http://www.wbdg.org/design/env_wall_ma
Stairs types. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2015, from http://popu-larstairs.com/basic-stair-building/stairs-types
Terrazzo. (2010). Retrieved February 7, 2015, from Made in WAUSAU : http://www.wausautile.com/terrazzo/
The Properties of Clay Brick. (2012, July 22). Retrieved February 7, 2015, from Clay Brick for Good: http://www.claybrick.org/content/prop-erties-clay-brick
Yakut, A. (n.d.). Rinforced Concrete Frame Construction. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from World Housing Encyclopedia: http://www.world-housing.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/RC-Frame_Yakut.pdf
7.0 REFERENCES
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8.0 APPENDIX8.1 Photos
8.2 Interview
8.3 Newspaper Cuttings
8.4 Receipt
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LANDSCAPE SURROUNDING
Landscape arrangements around the compound area of the house that compliments the greeneries.
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View of the District Officer’s house compound from the main gate entrance.
Magnificent spread of garden infront of the District Officer’s House.
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Pavements heading to the District Officer’s House shaded by trees which provides such a beautiful view.
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Panaromic view of the garden from the left side of the compund overseeing the clouds.
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PONDOKMALAY STYLE
The roof of the “pondok” outside the District Officer’s House.
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The roof with Malay Vernacular influences such as the lattice work which is made out of timber.
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A small shed is located not far away from the District Officer’s House main building where the officer and his family would take a rest while enjoying the beautiful greeneries that fill in the whole compound.
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FRONT VIEW FACADE
First floor front facade embodies the symmetrical element of architecture as well as the intrigue designs of the fenestrations.
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Impressive full view of the District Officer’s House’s front facade.
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The variations of materials beautify the front facade making the view more diversed.
Adaptation from the Malay Vernacular Architecture by the usage of the fascia board which is also known as “papan sisek”.
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Jalur Gemilang and Perak’s state flag soaring high infront of the house.
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Front elevation of the District Officer’s House
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SOUTH VIEW SIDE PERSPECTIVE
The roof of the house is emblazoned by delicate carvings of fascia boards, brackets as well as lattice works.
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Panaromic view of the back side of the house comprising the storage building.
166South Elevation of the District Officer’s House.
Side view of the District Officer’s House which includes the storage building as well as the quarters behind the house.
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Fenestrations ; simple yet showcasing the fusion of neoclassical and malay vernacular architectural elements.
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NORTH VIEW SIDE PERSPECTIVE
The combination of the brackets, lattice works, fascia boards, louvers and wire mesh fenestrations invoke the malay vernacular architectural atmosphere.
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Serene view of the house as complimented by the greeneries and calming ambience.
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A walkway beside the house seperating the main building from the outdoor wash room.
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The garage located behind the main building that was being used to store the vehicle of the owner.
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LIVING ROOMGROUND FLOOR
Delicate decorations before entering the VIP living room to greet the visitors.
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Glorious living room welcoming the visitors when they first enter the house with minimal yet majestic furnitures.
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VIP ROOMGROUND FLOOR
Simple but majestic design of the chandelier centrepiece illuminating the VIP living area in the house.
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VIP living room; very well decorated with royal themed interior specially dedicated to the Royals as well as the Chiefs who come to pay a visit.
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VIP room which is used by the District Officer to serve the sultans and other important officers whom came over to pay a visit.
The usage of the carpet to give it a special ambience, different from the other rooms as it serves an important purpose in this house.
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SURAUGROUND FLOOR
Modern style windows being adapted to the neoclassical design of this house to provide enough illumination for the surau.
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Full view of the surau for the muslim to perform their prayers.
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BATHROOMGROUND FLOOR
Traditional wooden louvers that were design in such that it prevents the rain water to enter the interior area without altering the function of the louvers.
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Modern-like bathroom design being implemented for the washroom in the ground floor.
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WATER CLOSETGROUND FLOOR
Buffering area upon entering the outdoor water closet.
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The interior of the outdoor water closet decorated with various ceramics.
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GUEST ROOMGROUND FLOOR
Double hinged door; one of the doors to enter the guest room on the ground floor.
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The guest room on ground floor is used to serve the guest who stay overnight in the house.
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WET KITCHENGROUND FLOOR
The entrance of to the wet kitchen led by few flights of staicase.
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The interior of the wet kitchen; where all the cooking activities used to take place.
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DINING ROOMGROUND FLOOR
Spacious dining area that provides luxorious atmosphere with the usage of the furnitures as well as the paint finishing.
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Perspective view of the dining room where the officer used to enjoy his dinner with his family and guests.
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MAIDS’ ROOMGROUND FLOOR
Balcony walkaway infront of the maids’ rooms.
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The interior of the maids’ washroom with the combination of timber and tiles.
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MAIN STAIRCASEGROUND FLOOR
Main staircase leading up tp the first floor made up of timber with minimal finishings.
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Perspective view of the main staircase which connects the ground floor to the first floor from the hallway near the dinning area.
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SECONDARY STAIRCASE GROUND FLOOR
Secondary staicase that has excess to the kitchen area.
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Perspective view of the second staircase which assumingly used by the maids from the hallway near the kitchen area.
Perspective view of the secondary staicase from the kitchen area most commonly used by the women.
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View of the secondary staircase from first floor.
FAMILY GATHERING SPACE FIRST FLOOR
Main staircase that leads to the family gathering space on the first floor.
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Various perspective views of the common area on first floor which often use for events for the councils and officers.
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Well lit spacious space allows gatherings to take place at ease. The flooring is made up from timber.
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High ceiling provides a well ventilated space for this family gathering area.
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MASTER BEDROOM FIRST FLOOR
Master changing room located just before entering the bathroom.
200Master bedroom used by the officer and his wife.
The room where the District Officer used to sleep which is also the biggest room in the house.
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MASTER BATHROOM FIRST FLOOR
Spacious master bathroom lit and ventilated by the aid of the wooden arched louvers.
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Full view of the master bathroom showing of how it functioned.
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BEDROOM 1 FIRST FLOOR
Upper view of bedroom 1 (son’s bedroom) showcasing wire mash for ventilation purposses.
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This bedroom with cyan paint finishing wall is used by the son of the district officer.
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The usage of modern grilled windows in the son’s bedroom as well as the symmetrical elements that can be observed.
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BATHROOM 1 FIRST FLOOR
View that exhibit the connection between the bathroom and changing room.
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Corner view of bathroom 1 featuring the function of the ventilated windows.
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BEDROOM 2 FIRST FLOOR
This bedroom with light pink paint finishing wall is used by the daughter of the district officer.
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Corner view of bedroom 2 (daughter’s bedroom) showcasing the spaciousness of the room.
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High ceiling is one of the characteristics in this house which is commonly used in most vernacular Malay houses to improve the ventilation .
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BATHROOM 2 FIRST FLOOR
View showcasing different types of ventilation which are wooden arched louvers and wire mash.
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This tiles’ material had been used in most of the bathroom in the house to prevent slippery.
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Corner view of bathroom 2 showcasing the function of the ventilated windows with tinted glasses to secure privacy.
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8.2 INTERVIEW TRANSCRIBE
Interviewee Name: Esham Mudin Bin Idris Position of Interviewee: Caretaker of District Officer’s HouseInterviewer Name: Anis Nabila Binti Amir Hamzah
Location: District Officer’s House, Batu GajahDate: 19.01.2015Time: 0400pm Topic: The District Officer’s House
Figure 8.1 : Malay fishermen
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Interviewer: Assalammualaikum En. Esham. Boleh En. Esham ceritakan sedikit tentang diri En. Esham? Peace be upon you Mr. Esham. Would you please briefly tell us about yourself?
Interviewee: Saya, Esham Mudin Bin Idris , saya mula bertugas di Pejabat Daerah dan Tanah Kinta pada 3 Mei 1993 dan saya ditempatkan di Ke diaman Rasmi Pegawai Kinta beralamat No. 9 Jalan Changkat selama 23 tahun. Saya membesar di Batu Gajah kerana bapa saya pernah bekerja di Penjara Kinta. Jadi, boleh dikatakan, saya membesar dengan melihat rumah ini. Setiap hari dalam perjalanan ke seko lah, saya pasti akan melalui jalan dihadapan rumah ini. Ketika itu, pada tahun 1975, rumah ini memang asli seperti sekarang. My name is Esham Mudin Bin Idris. I started working in Kinta District and Land Office on 3rd May 1993 and was placed at the District Offi cer’s House ; No.9 Jalan Changkat for 23 years. I grew up In Batu Gajah because my father worked at the Kinta Prison before. I could say that I grew up seeing this house everyday when I was my way to the school. That was in 1975 and the house was still in its original form like today.
Interviewer: Boleh En. Esham terangkan apa fungsi asal rumah ini? Can you explain to us the real purpose of this house?
Interviewee: Rumah ini dipercayai dahulu pernah didiami oleh pengurus-pengurus lombong kerana pada suatu ketika dahulu, semasa saya bekerja di sini, pernah datang pelawat-pelawat dari Australia dan New Zealand dan menyatakan mereka adalah anak kepada pengurus-pengurus tersebut dan pernah tinggal dirumah ini. It is believed that this house was once inhabit by the mine managers because there was one time when I was working, a few visitors from Australia and New Zealand came to pay a visit and they claimed that they are the children of those managed and have stayed here before.
Interviewer: Seterusnya, mengenai ruang-ruang di dalam rumah ini, boleh En. Esham terangkan dengan lebih terpirinci satu persatu? Next, can you explain to us in details, one by one, about the spaces in this house?
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Interviewee: Memasuki pintu utama ini, kamu akan seterusnya akan masuk ke ruang pertama iaitu ruang tetamu untuk tetamu yang biasa saja. Bilik \ yang khas ini untuk tetamu VIP khas untuk kegunaan sultan-sultan atau sesiapa pembesar yang dating ke rumah ini. Bilik yang ketiga pula, yang terletak di belakang pula untuk bilik tetamu yang datang berkunjung untuk bermalam di rumah ini. Lepas itu, kita ke ruangan dapur, yang digunakan untuk masak dan sebagainya. Di belakang ruangan dapur ini terdapat satu ruang memanjang yang dahulunya merupakan tempat untuk menyimpan barang ataupun stor. Ruangan ini mempunyai sebanyak empat pintu. Seterusnya, ruang makan ini sememangnya luas sehingga boleh menempatkan sehingga 20 atau 30 orang. Going into this main door, we will then enter the first space which is the living room for the normal visitor. Then, next to it is a VIP living room for the usage of the Sultans as well as the Chiefs. The third space which is located at the back is the guest room for those who vis iting overnight. Then, we will enter the kitchen space. Behind this kitchen there is an elongated space which was once a storeroom. It has four doors. The dining area can fit about 20 to 30 people.
Interviewer: Bagaimana pula dengan ruangan di tingkat atas? How about the spaces in the first floor?
Interviewee: Sekarang ini kita akan ke ruangan atas melalui tangga utama ini, dan seterusnya memasuki bilik anak perempuan di belah hadapan, dan bilik anak lelaki pula di belah belakang. Di atas ini juga mempunyai ruang tamu yang luas untuk kegunaan tetamu. Ruang tetamu ini digu naakan untuk majlis keramaian yang besar-besar. Boleh menempatkan ramai tetamu kerana kawasannya yang sangat luas. Setelah itu, kita memasuki bilik utama iaitu bilik terbesar di rumah ini, iaitu bilik untuk ibu dan bapa atau lebih dikenali sebagai “Master bed room”. We enter the first floor through the main staircase. Then, there will be a room for the daughter at the front while a room for the son at the back. Here, on the first floor, there is also a spacious living space for the usage of the visitors during the gatherings or custom ceremo nies. The master bed room is for the parents and it is the biggest room in this house.
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Interviewer: Adakah En. Esham tahu tentang stail pembinaan rumah ini? Do you know anything about the style of this building?
Interviewee: Saya kadang-kadang ada juga tidur disini dan saya perhatikan, rumah ini dibina dengan gaya yang memberi angin masuk dari atas bum- bung turun ke bawah. Jadi memang didapati kawasan bawah lebih sejuk berbanding kawasan di atas. Sometimes when I spend my night over here, I noticed that the air goes into this house from the top roof and going down to the ground floor are. I can say that the first floor is always hotter than the ground floor area.
Interviewer: Selain, papan, konkrit dan bahan-bahan yang biasa, apa lagi yang digunakan untuk membina rumah ini? Boleh En. Esham terangkan? Other than the basics materials such as timber and concrete, what are the other materials that you know that was being used to build this house?
Interviewee: Yang setahu saya, semasa mereka membuka rumah yang lebih kurang sama dengan rumah ini iaitu Rumah Rehat Kerajaan yang ter letak dekat dengan sini, untuk tapak rumah ini, mereka tidak menggunakan konkrit dan besi seperti bangunan-bangunan biasa tetapi mereka menggunakan batu bata yang disusun. As far as I’m concerned, when they stripped down the Government Office House which has more or less the same style as this house, the construction of the foundation was not like the typical reinforced concrete however it was just a bed of bricks.
Interviewer: Apakah ciri-ciri istimewa yang boleh dikaitkan dengan rumah ini? What are the special characteristics of this house?
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Interviewee: Rumah ini yang istimewanya ialah setiap Pegawai Daerah Kinta yang pernah bertugas pernah menduduki rumah ini kerana rumah ini me mang besar dengan kawasan tanahnya seluas 6 ekar. Setiap Pegawai Daerah pasti berasa bangga untuk duduk disini kerana daerah ini merupakan daerah terbesar. Hasilnya pula memang banyak. Hasil seperti bijih timah dan sebagainya. Pembinaannya juga berbeza. British telah membina semua rumah berbeza antara satu sama lain. Jadi, istimewanya rumah ini, memang tiada rumah lain yang mem puanyi ciri-ciri sama dengan rumah ini. The specialty of this house is that every Kinta District Officer was once lived in this house. So the owner varies from time to time. It has 6 acres of land and every District Officers would be so proud to live here because Kinta is the biggest district here. The style is also differ ent from the others so you will not find any other building that has the exact same style as this house.
Interviewee: Adakah rumah ini sama seperti yang asal atau terdapat perubahan yang telah dilakukan? Is there any changes that have been done to this house?
Interviewee: Masa mula-mula saya sampai disini, rumah ini masih seperti yang asal. Memang tidak ada perubahan. Lepas itu, dari satu Pegawai Daer ah ke satu lagi Pegawai Daerah, perubahan-perubahan tidak ketara telah dilakukan seperti contoh warna cat dan sebagainya tetapi dari segi bentuk rumah, atau perubahan yang besar memang tiada. Rumah ini masih yang sama seperti kali pertama ia dibina. When I first reached here, this house was exactly as how it was built. No major changes have been done. However, as the District Officers changes, the minor changes can be observed such as the paintings. The form of this house still remain the same as before.
Interviewer: Sepanjang En. Esham bekerja disini, adakah kerja-kerja membaik-pulih yang telah dilakukan? Dan jika ada, apa dan bagaimanakah caranya? While you were working here, is there any repairing works that have been done? If yes, how did they do it?
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Interviewee: Oleh kerana rumah ini rumah lama, pembaikan itu mesti sentiasa dilakukan. Masalah-masalah itu memang kadang-kala timbul. Contohn ya paip air yang bocor dan sebanginya. Masalah yang ketara banyak diluar rumah. Tidak susah, cuma kerajaan perlu mengeluarkan perbelanjaan untuk mencantikkan dan memperbaiki rumah ini. Since this is an old house, of course there were some repairing works. The problems are there, such as the leakage of the pipes and many more. Most of the problems are visible in the outside of the house rather than the inside.the repairing work is not that hard, however the government needs to fund the workers.
Interviewer: Berapa kerapkah kerja-kerja pembersihan dilakukan untuk menjaga rumah ini? How often is the maintenances of this house takes place?
Interviewee: Untuk membersihkan rumah ini kalau diikutkan, seminggu dua kali sudah mencukupi. Oleh kerana rumah ini terletak di puncak bukit, habuk-habuk yang masuk ke dalam rumah ini, memang banyak. Twice in two weeks are enough. Since this house is located on top of the hill, the amount of dust can be a lot at times. Interviewer: Adakah sebarang pantang larang yang perlu kita patuhi untuk menghormati rumah ini? Is there any taboos regarding this house?
Interviewee: Pada saya, memang tiada pantang larang yang diamalkan. Biasa sahaja kerana rumah ini seperti rumah biasa cuma didami oleh ramai Pegawai Daerah Kinta. Jadi, itu sahaja yang membuatkan ia istimewa, tiada pantang larang atau sebagainya. No, there is no taboo that needs to be obeyed since this is just a residential house that the District Officers lived in.
Interviewer: Seperti yang kita semua tahu, rumah ini tidak didiami buat masa sekarang. Boleh En. Esham terangkan dengan lebih lanjut? As we all know, this house is inhabited for now. Could you explain more about this?
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Interviewee: Buat masa sekarang, memang rumah ini kosong kerana Pegawai Daerah yang bertugas sekarang tinggal dirumahnya sendiri berdekatan dengan kawasan ini. Tetapi, rumah ini akan tetap berfungsi sebagai kediaman rasmi untuk pegawai-pegawai yang akan datang. As of right now, this house is still inhabited because the current District Officer is living in his own house which is not far from here. Howev er, this house still serves the same function and will definitely be habited by the next District Officer.
Interviewer: Selama 23 tahun bekerja disini, boleh En. Esham ceritakan pengalaman encik disini? In 23 years of working here, can you share with us your own experiences that you have encountered?
Interviewee: Pengalaman saya ya… Saya sudah bekerja disini selama 23 tahun. Memang banyak pengalaman saya di sini. Memang tak dapat nak diceritakan tetapi salah satunya ialah pengalaman bekerja bersama Pegawai Daerah. Setiap Pegawai Daerah yang bekerja mempu nyai masing- masing mempunyai ciri-ciri yang berbeza termasuklah gayanya, caranya dan sebagainya. Jadi, saya dapat melihat dan merasa sendiri pelbagai perbezaan cara hidup mereka walaupun mereka menyandang tanggungjawab yang sama. Lagipun, kawasan ini memang luas untuk dijaga. Jadi, kadang-kala memang mencabar. I have a lot of experience working here but one of them would be the experience of dealing with the different District Officers. Each of them have different characteristics and way of livings although they are carrying the same post.
Interviewer: Apakah harapan En. Esham terhadap rumah ini? What are your hopes regarding this house?
Interviewee: Saya berharap rumah ini akan terus dijaga supaya generasi akan datang dapat menghargai sejarah yang terkandung didalam rumah ini. Saya sedih apabila sebahagian daripada mereka sudah kurang berminat untuk mengetahui tetang rumah ini. Namun, saya masih percaya bahawa ada orang yang mas ih mahu menjaganya sama seperti saya. I hope that this house will be taken care off very well and will always be preserved so that the future generations can appreciate the historical values behind this house. I am sadden with the fact that some of us are neglecting this house. However, I still believe that there are some people out there would want to preserve this house just like I do.
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Interviewer: Selain daripada En. Esham, dimanakah kami boleh mendapatkan informasi mengenai rumah ini? Where else can we get information about this house other than from you?Interviewee: Boleh cuba di Muzium di Ipoh untuk dapatkan lebih maklumat tentang daerah Kinta. Tetapi berkenaan dengan rumah ini, mungkin ada, mungkin tidak. Kerana dulu ,pada 1992, pernah ada simpanan sejarah mengenai rumah ini tetapi pada satu ketika itu, kerana tidak dijaga dengan baik, semua benda-benda itu pun hilang. You can try searching at The Ipoh Museum about Kinta District. However, information regarding this house would be a lit bit hard to find since the historical artefacts of this house are no where to be found.
Interviewer: Baiklah, itu sahaja yang ingi kami tanyakan.Terima kasih En. Esham atas pertolongan dan penerangan yang diberikan. Terima kasih juga atas masa yang diluangkan. I think that is all for now. Thank you for your time, explanations, help and your effort.
Interviewee: Sama-sama. My pleasure.
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8.3 NEWSPAPER CUTTINGS
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8.4 RECEIPT
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8.5 REFERENCE BOOK COVERS
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GLOSSARY
AAesthetichaving a sense of the beautiful; characterized by a love of beauty
AlluvialRelating to or derived from alluvium
ArchipelagoAn extensive group of islands
CCoastalof or near a coast
Corniceany prominent, continuous, horizontally projecting feature surmounting a wall or other construction, or dividing it horizontally for compositional purposes
CurvatureThe act of curving or the state of being curved
DDurableable to resist wear, decay, etc., well; lasting; enduring.
FFascia BoardAny relatively broad, flat, horizontal surface, as the outer edge of a cor-nice, a stringcourse, etc
Finishto bring (something) to an end or to completion; complete
FolkloreThe traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community, passed through the generations by word of mouth
FoyerThe lobby of a theater, hotel, or apartment house
Friezethe part of a classical entablature between the architrave and the cornice, usually decorated with sculpture in low relief.
Furnishto supply (a house, room, etc.) with necessary furniture, carpets, applianc-es, etc
GGlazingThe action of installing windows
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LumberTimber sawed or split into planks, boards, etc.
NNepclassicismThe revival of a classical style or treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music.
OObligeMake (someone) legally or morally bound to do something
OrnamentAn accessory, article, or detail used to beautify the appearance of some-thing to which it is added or of which it is a part
PPanelA comparatively thin, flat piece of wood or the like, as a large piece of plywood.
PartitionA division into or distribution in portions or shares.
RRenovationTo restore to good condition; make new or as if new again; repair
GypsumA colourless or white mineral sometimes tinted by impurities, found in beds as an evaporite.
HHeritage Property that is or may be inherited; an inheritance.
IInhabitatedThe act of inhabiting : the state of being inhabited
InterveneTake part in something so as to prevent or alter a result or course of events
LLanding the floor at the head or foot of a flight of stairs.
LatticeA structure consisting of strips of wood or metal crossed and fastened together with square or diamond-shaped spaces left between
LouverAny of a series of narrow openings framed at their longer edges with slanting, overlapping fins or slats, adjustable for admitting light and air while shutting out rain.
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SymptomAny phenomenon or circumstance accompanying something and serving as evidence of it
SteepleA church tower and spire
TTablelandA broad, high level region; a plateau.
TestamentThe Mosaic or old covenant or dispensation, or the Christian or new cove-nant or dispensation.
TinA silvery-white metal, the chemical element of atomic number 50
TreadThe horizontal upper surface of a step in a stair, on which the foot is placed.
VVeneera thin layer of wood or other material for facing or inlaying wood.
Verandaa porch or portico, sometimes partly enclosed, along the outside of a building
RepercussionAn unintended consequence of an event or action, especially an unwel-come one
RevampingAn act or instance of restructuring, reordering, or revising something; overhaul
SSemi-permanentNot permanent, but involving some stability or endurance
Shrinkagereduction or depreciation in quantity, value, etc.
SilverA precious shiny greyish-white metal
SlatA long thin, narrow strip of wood, metal, etc., used as a support for a bed, as one of the horizontal laths of a Venetian blind, etc.
SlopeGround that has a natural incline, as the side of a hill.
SplendidMagnificent; very impressive
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WWindbreakerTrademark. a brand name for a jacket of wind-resistant material with close-fitting elastic hip band and cuffs.
WhimsicalPlayfully quaint or fanciful, especially in an appealing and amusing way
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Abdul Muhusin Mahi
Anis Nabila Binti Amir Hamzah
Choong Lai Mun
Cheah Ee Von
Crsytallina Alecia Kaya Anak Andrew
Danar Jovian Aditya VadyaEvelyn Sinugroho
Joash Lim Yun An
Julia ShenjayaNur Bahirah Binti Abdul RahmanPreston Liew Ru Ping Siti Qistina Binti Shah
Sumitchai Thamdee A/L
Tan Cui Zhi
Tan Zhi Cin
Wong Teng Chen
Kelvin Cheong Cheng Lee
Lee Yuan June
Leong Jia Chi
Liew Qiao Li
Lim Choon Wah
Loo Mei Chuen
Low Tze Hou Maria Rosa Seu
Mohd Hasif Fawwaz Bin Sukiman
Mr.Izwan Nor Azhar