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TMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL

CIVILDISTURBANCES

DEPAR'MENT OF THE ARMY , APRIL '1952

AGn( 33:32C

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL

FM 19-15

This manual supersedes FM 19-15, 30 July 1945, including C1, 22 January 1946.

CIVIL

DISTURBANCES

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY * APRIL 1952

United States Government Printing OfficeWashington: 1952

AGO 3332C-Apr. 950994"-52 1

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARIIMYWASHINGTON 25, D. C., 24 April 1952

FM 19-15 is published for the information and guidanceof all concerned.

[AG 370 (31 Jan 52)]

BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF TIE ARMY:

OFFICIAL: J. LAWTON COLLINS

WM. E. BERGIN Chief of StaffMajor General, USA United States ArmyThe Adjutant General

DISTRIBU'TION:

Active Army:Tech Svc (1) ; Admin & Tech Svc Bd (2); AF'F (5);

AA Comd (2) ; OS Maj Comd (5) ; Base Corld (2);MDW (5); Log Comd (2); A (20); CHQ (2);Div (2) ; Brig (2) ; Regt (2); Sep Bn (2); Bn 19(5); Sep Co (1); Co 19 (3); FT (1); Sch (10)except 19 (300), 30 (15) ; POE (1), OSD (1);Mil Dist (3) ; T/O & E 19-500 MA-MF (1).

NG: Same as Active Army.ORC: Same as Active Army.For explanation of distribution formula, see SR 310-90-1.

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Paragraphs Page

Section I. General --------------------- 1-3 1II. Use of Federal troops in civil

disturbances ---------------- 4, 5 2III. Procedures during civil disturb-

ances ---------------- 6, 7 5IV. Restrictions ---------------- 8-15 7

V. Procedures and policies duringintervention ----- ______---- 1.6, 17 10

VI. Termination of intervention --- 18-21 13VII. Martial rule ------------------ 22-26 14

VIII. Liability of military personnelunder civil laws ------------ 27-29 17

IX. Assistance or intervention indisasters -------- ______---- 30, 31 19

CHAPTER 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF CIVILDISTURBANCES

Section I. Introduction ----------------- 32, 33 24II. Crowds and mobs ------------ 34-42 25

CHAPTER 3. PLANNINGSection I. Intelligence and planning ------ 43-50 30

II. Estimate of the situation ------ 51-53 37III. Logistics -------------------- 54-59 40IV. Troop movements ------------ 60-64 43

CHAPTER 4. OPERATIONSSection I. Restoration of order ---------- 65-74 46

II. Relations with civil authorities_ 75-78 52III. Initial operations ------------ 79-83 55IV. City operations --------- 84-88 67

V. On shipboard ----------------- 89-91 70VI. Termination of operations ----- 92-94 72

VII. Public information - . .......... 95-97 73

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APPENDIX I. AUXILIARY WEAPONS Paragraphs PageAND EQUIPMENT .......... 1-18 75

II. PROCLAMATIONS ANDMESSAGES .................. 1-e 95

III. OPERATION ORDER FOR ACIVIL DISTURBANCE ......... 106

IV. SUGGESTIONS FORCOMMANDER'S RELIEFSHELTER CHECK LIST ........ 1- 109

INDEX .......... ......................... 113

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This manual supersedes FM 19-15, 30 July 1945, includingC1, 22 January 1946

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Section I. GENERAL1. PURPOSE

This manual is published as a guide for the employ-ment of troops in civil disturbances.

2. SCOPEThis manual presents the principles which govern

the employment of troops during civil disturbancesin the United States, in territories and possessions ofthe United States, in countries where United Statestroops are stationed by agreement or consent, and inareas occupied as a consequence of belligerent action.The manual presents the essential substance of themore important laws relating to the employment ofmilitary forces in aid of civil authorities and appli-cable Department of the Army policies. The generalprinciples and methods of employment of troops andmateriel apply equally to any armed forces used incivil disturbances.

3. CIVIL DISTURBANCE

The term "civil disturbance," as used in this man-ual, applies to all types of serious civil disorders and

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enmergencies that occur either in the United States,in oversea theaters, or in occupied areas as a resultof insurrections and unlawful violence by civilians,or as a result of natural or induced disasters whichare sufficiently extensive to warrant military inter-vention. The term "disaster':' refers to civil emer-gencies, either natural or induced, which occurI as theresult of fires, floods, cyclones, earthquakes, or ex-plosions that disrupt the normal processes cf gov-ernment or endanger life or property.

section II. USE OF FEDERAL TROOPS IN CIVILDISTURBANCES

4. BASIC POLICIES CONCERNING THE USE OF TROOPSIN AID TO CIVIL AUTHORITIES

In the United States, the protection of life andproperty and the maintenance of law and orderwithin the territorial jurisdiction of any State arethe primary responsibility of State and local au-thcrities. It is a well-established policy of the Gov-ernment of the United States that interventio:n withFederal troops takes place only after State and localauthorities have utilized all of their own forces andare unable to control the situation, or when it is ap-parent that the situation is beyond their capabilities,or when they do not take appropriate action (AR500-59).

a. Except in a case of imminent necessity withinthe provisions of AR 500-50, intervention with Fed-era I troops does not take place unless the Departmentof the Army generally or specifically so orders.

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b. The normal channel between the field and theDepartment of the Army on matters relating to inter-vention with Federal troops is through the AssistantChief of Staff, G-3, Department of the Army.

5. COMMON TYPES OF INTERVENTION

a., General. A complete reference to the variousconstitutional and statutory provisions authorizingintervention with Federal troops in the United Statesin cases of domestic violence, or for other specificpurposes, is contained in AR 500-50. The possi-bility of intervention under many of the provisionsset forth in AR 500-50, however, is regarded as re-mote. Only those provisions under which interven-tion is most likely are discussed in this section. It isimportant that the distinctive features of each typeof intervention be fully understood.

b. To Aid State Authorities at the Request of theState. Article IV, Section 4, of the United StatesConstitution makes it the duty of the Federal Gov-ernment, at the request of the legislature of anyState (or the Governor, if the legislature cannot beconvened) to protect a State against domestic vio-lence. Congress has authorized the President tointervene with Federal troops for the purpose ofsuppressing an insurrection against a State. [R. S.5297 (50 U. S. C. 201; M. L. 1949, sec. 502).]

c. To Enforce the Laws of the United States.Article II, Section 3, of the Constitution makes itthe duty of the President to take care that the lawsof the United States are faithfully executed. More-over, whenever, in the judgment of the President, itis impracticable by reason of unlawful obstructions,

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combinations, assemblages of persons, or rebellion, toenforce the laws of the United States within anyState or territory by the ordinary course of judicialproceedings, he is authorized by Congress to inter-vene with such Federal troops as he deems necessaryfor such enforcement or to suppress the rebellion.[R;. S. 5298 (50 U. S. C. 202; M. L. 1949, sec. 503).]

dt. To Protect the Civil Rights of Citizens 'Withinthe State. Amendment XIV, Section 1, to the Consti-tution forbids any State to deny the equal protectionof the laws to any person within its jurisdiction.

e. Protection of Property.(1) Government property. The right of the

United States to protect its property byintervention with Federal troops in anemergency is an accepted principle of ourGovernment. The exercise of this right isan executive function and extends to allGovernment property of whatever natureand wherever located, including premises inthe possession of the Federal Government.Intervention is warranted where the needfor protection of Federal property existsand the local authorities cannot or will notgive adequate protection.

(2) Private property. The President has., underhis constitutional authority as the ChiefExecutive and Commander in Chief of thearmed forces, directed the Secretary of theArmy to establish and maintain militaryguards and patrols, and to take certain ap-propriate measures to protect from injury

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or destruction, national defense materials,premises, and utilities. (E. 0. 8972, 12December 1941; see par. 2d (2), AR 500-50.)

Section III. PROCEDURES DURING CIVILDISTURBANCES

6. PREREQUISITES OF INTERVENTION

a. At the Request of a State. (See par. 5b.) Ap-plication by a State for Federal aid to its civil au-thorities should originate with the legislature of theState concerned, or with its executive when the legis-lature cannot be convened, and should be made di-rectly to the President. Should such applicationbe presented to a local commander, he will informthe Department of the Army by the most expeditiousmeans and will include a statement of all materialfacts for the consideration and action of thePresident.

b. Presidential Proclamation. No orders will beissued by the Department of the Army for the pur-poses indicated in paragraph 5b, c, and d until thePresident has published a proclamation demandingthat the insurgents disperse and retire peaceably totheir respective abodes within a specified limitedtime. [R. S. 5300 (50 U. S. C. 204; M. L. 1949,sec. 505).]

c. Department of the Army Appro~val. While noPresidential proclamation is required by law for thepurpose of protecting Government premises or prop-erty, such action will not be taken until the needtherefor has been reported to the Department ofthe Army through proper channels, and specific in-

AGO 3332C 5

structions have been received, unless action in anemergency is justified as discussed in paragraph 7.

7. iEMERGENCIES

In case of sudden and unexpected invasion, insur-rection, or riot, endangering the public property ofthe United States; or of attempted or threatenedrobbery or interruption of the United States mail;or of earthquake, fire, or flood, or public calamitydisrupting the normal processes of government; orother equivalent emergency so imminent as to renderit dangerous to await instructions from the Depart-ment of the Army requested through the speediestmeans of communication available, an officer of theArmy in command of troops may take such action,before the receipt of instructions, as the circum-stances of the case reasonably justify. Such action,without prior authorization, of necessity must beprompt and vigorous, and should be designed forthe preservation of order and the protection of lifeand property until such time as instructions fromhigher authority have been received rather than asan assumption of functions normally performed bycivil authorities. The officer taking such action willreport the action and the circumstances requiringit immediately to the Department of the Army by thespeediest means of communication available, in orderthat appropriate instructions .may be issued at theearliest possible moment.

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Section IV. RESTRICTIONS

8. POSSE COMITATUS ACT

a. General. Except where expressly authorizedby constitutional or statutory provisions, it is notlawful, under the so-called "Posse Comitatus Act,"to use Federal troops to execute the laws. The actprovides in pertinent part as follows: "* * * itshall not be lawful to employ any part of the Armyof the United States as a posse comitatus, or other-wise, for the purpose of executing the laws, exceptin such cases and under such circumstances as suchemployment of said force may be expressly author-ized by the Constitution or by Act of Con-gress; * * * and any person wilfully violatingthe provisions of this section shall be deemed guiltyof a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall bepunished by fine not exceeding ten thousand dollarsor imprisonment not exceeding two years or by bothsuch fine and imprisonment." [Sec. 15, Act of 18June 1878, 20 Stat. 152 (10 U. S. C. 15; M. L. 1949,sec. 480).]

Note. This statute has no application in Alaska. [Sec.29, Act of 6 June 1900, 31 Stat. 330 (10 U. S. C. 15; M. L.1949, sec. 480).]

b. Exceptions. Instances where the Constitutionor acts of Congress permit intervention with Federaltroops have been cited above (par. 5). The actquoted in a above applies only to the use of the Armyof the United States for the purpose of "executingthe laws." This prohibition does not extend to theemployment of Federal troops where the main pur-pose is the protection of Federal property or Federal

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instrumentalities, even though the action contem-platedl may, and usually does, serve incidentally tofacilitate the execution of the laws. On the sameprinciple, the prohibition of the act does not applyto the use of Federal troops where the main objectis, for example, the protection of Federal officialsagainst violence or a forcible obstruction of theirfunctions (but not to aid them in serving process),or, in time of war or national emergency, to guardwar material or vital utilities, industries, and instal-lations.

9. EILECTIONS

Whoever, being an officer of the Army or Na.vy orother persons in the civil, military, or naval serviceof the United States, orders, brings, keeps, or ha:s un-der his authority or control any troops or armed menat .ny place where a general or special election isheld, unless such force be necessary to repel armedenemies of the United States, shall be fined not morethan $5,000 or imprisoned not more than 5 years, orboth; and be disqualified from holding any office ofhonor, profit, or trust under the United States. Thisshall not, however, prevent any officer or member ofthe armed forces of the United States from exercisingthe right of suffrage in any election district to whichhe may belong, if otherwise qualified according to thelaws of the State in which he offers to vote. (See18 U. S. C. 592; M. L. 1949, sec. 794.)

10. EMPLOYMENT IN TERRITORIES

Congress has specifically approved the use of themilitary forces of the United States to prevent or

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suppress lawless violence, invasion, insurrection, orrebellion in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Is-lands. The military commander in each of theseislands is responsible for compliance with the pro-visions of the statutes cited in AR 500-50 and anyother regulations, laws, and special directives gov-erning the use of Federal troops to suppress civildisturbances.

11. EMPLOYMENT IN POSSESSIONS

The authority and responsibility of military com-manders for the employment of Federal troops incivil disturbances within the possessions of the UnitedStates are dependent upon Federal statutes and di-rectives issued by competent authority.

12. ARMY REGULATIONS

The Department of the Army directs interventionwith troops only in accordance with the conditionsset forth in AR 500-50.

13. INTERNATIONAL LAW

For a discussion of international law governingthe conduct of hostilities by forces in the field see FM27-10.

14. EMPLOYMENT IN BELLIGERENTLY OCCUPIEDTERRITORY

Subject to limitations established by internationallaw and to the directives of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,the theater commander, as military governor, is su-preme in belligerently occupied territory. He uses

AGO 3332C 9

troops to maintain law and order at his own discre-tion; he may delegate his authority to subordinatecommanders.

15. CIVIL AFFAIRS

The commander's responsibility in territories inwhich the United States Armed Forces are presentunder the terms of a civil affairs agreement will bedelineated by such agreement. The commanderlimits his actions to those provided for by the termsof the civil affairs agreement except that he takesnecessary measures to protect his own forces. Hisaction in disaster relief, on the other hand, iE con-sistent with provisions for mutual assistance usuallycontained in the agreements, and he may, under un-usual circumstances, act on his own initiative to pro-vide relief.

Section V. PROCEDURES AND POLICIES DURINGINTERVENTION

16. COMMAND

a. In the enforcement of the laws, troops are em-ployed as a part of the military power of the UnitedStates, and act under the orders of the President asCommander in Chief. When intervention withFederal troops takes place, the duly designated mili-tary commander acts to the extent necessary to ac-complish his mission. In the accomplishment ofhis mission, reasonable necessity is the measure ofhis authority.

b. Normally when a decision is made to intervenewith Federal troops, the mission is assigned to the

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suitable available force nearest the point of inter-vention. The initial forces are relieved or rein-forced, if necessary, by forces of another service onthe basis of availability or qualifications to performthe technical operations required. Each service isresponsible for providing, organizing, equipping,and training its forces for use in civil disturbances.The general principles and methods of employmentof troops and materiel apply equally to any armedforces used in civil disturbances.

c. Continental army commanders determine priori-ties for emergency air transportation in their areasand request numbered air force commanders to sup-ply such transportation.

d. Federal troops used for intervention in aid ofcivil authorities are under the command of, and di-rectly responsible to, their military superiors. Theyare not placed under the command of an officer ofthe State Guard, or the National Guard not in theFederal service, or of any State, local, or Federalcivil official. Any unlawful or unauthorized act onthe part of any subordinate is not excusable on theground that it is the result of an order or request ofany such officer or official.

e. State Guard, or National Guard troops, not inthe Federal service, cannot be commanded by aUnited States Army officer except with the consent ofthe state. The commanding general of an armyarea is responsible for securing, whenever possible,prior undertakings or agreements by State authori-ties to insure full cooperation of State Guard, orNational Guard troops not in the Federal service,

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with the military commander in the affected area inthe event of intervention with Federal troops. Theemployment by the State of its own forces must notinterfere with or impede Federal functions or activi-ties (AR 915-10).

17. THE MILITARY COMMANDER

I:n case of intervention with Federal troops, themilitary commander cooperates to the fullest possibleextent with the Governor and other local and Stateauthorities and forces, unless such cooperation inter-feres with the accomplishment of his mission. Al-though the military commander is subject to noauthority but that of his military superiors, he bearsin raind that the suppression of violence withoutbloodshed or undue violence is a worthy militaryachievement, and employs only such force as it neces-sary to accomplish his mission. The population ofthe ,affected area is informed of the rules of conductand other restrictive measures to be enforced by themilitary. These measures are announced by localproclamations or orders, and are given the widestpublicity by all available media. Persons, not nor-mally subject to military law, taken into custody bymilitary forces incident to the use of troops in civildisturbances are turned over, as soon as possible, tothe civil authorities. Federal troops ordinarilyexercise police powers previously inoperative in anaffected area, restore and maintain order, maintainthe essential mechanics of distribution, transporta-tion, and communication, and inaugurate necessaryrelief measures.

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Section VI. TERMINATION OF INTERVENTION

18. GENERAL

The use of Federal troops in any type of interven-tion ends as soon as the necessity therefor ceases,which is as soon as necessary civil processes can berestored. The Department of the Army normallydetermines the cessation of the necessity for militaryintervention.

19. RECOMMENDATION OF MILITARY COMMANDER

Whenever conditions warrant, the military com-mander may recommend, through military channels,the termination of intervention.

20. RECOMMENDATION OF THE GOVERNOR ORSTATE EXECUTIVE

The Governor of a State or Territory, or the actingexecutive thereof, may request the President of theUnited States to terminate an intervention in anaffected area.

21. PRESIDENTIAL ACTION

The President issues the actual order to terminatemilitary intervention (1) when troops are used toprotect the State against domestic violence, at itsrequest, (2) to enforce the laws of the United States,or (3) to protect the civil rights of citizens within theState. The order to terminate military interventionis based on the recommendations of the Governor ofthe State or the Department of the Army, and neednot take the form of a proclamation. The order of

AGO 3332C 950n94--52----2 13

the President is implemented by the Department ofthe Army which directs the military commander tocease intervention or assistance to the State authori-ties. In certain instances, which do not necessarilyrequire a Presidential order, for example, in the pro-tection of Government property, the termination ofsuch military intervention may not require specificor personal action by the President.

Section VII. MARTIAL RULE

22. GENERAL

a. The term "martial rule," or "government bymartial law," in its true sense means the temporarygovernment of the civil population through the mili-tary forces as necessity may require in the UnitedStales and its territorial possessions, as distinguishedfrom the temporary government of the occupiedterritory of an enemy recognized as a belligerent.

b. T'he term "military aid to civil authorities" isused to designate action that the troops take to aidcivil authorities in restoring orderly administrationwhere martial rule has not been proclaimed.

c. Whatever the term applied, whether "martialrule" or "military aid to civil authorities,:' thepowers, duties, and liabilities of troops in a specificmission are generally no different-the limit ofpower being based on the necessity of the situation.The fundamental mission of troops employed in acivil disturbance is to restore order and to permit thenormal functioning of the civil authorities and in-stitutions. Martial rule replaces local governmentonly to the extent necessary in the emergency.

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23. PROCLAMATION

A proclamation of martial rule is a declarationthat a condition of martial rule exists and is recog-nized. The proclamation does not create the con-dition, but rather announces an already existingcondition. The proclamation is not necessary forthe exercise of martial rule, but is the usual meansof informing all concerned of the existence of thestate of martial rule, of the boundaries of the areaaffected, and of the special regulations and restric-tions that will be enforced by the troops. The proc-lamation is issued only by the President or by thelocal commander at the express direction of thePresident.

24. LEGAL EFFECTS

In an area where martial rule is maintained byFederal troops, the civil and criminal laws continuein force, except so far as their actual enforcementmay be suspended for the time being because of theinability of the civil authorities to function. Civiland criminal laws may also be suspended, as a matterof military necessity, by order of the President or ofthe military commander acting under authority ofthe President. In an area under martial rule, thePresident, if necessary, has the power to cause mili-tary agencies to apprehend civilians charged withoffenses against the special rules and regulations is-sued by the military commander by authority of thePresident, and to detain them in military custodyuntil they can safely be released or delivered to ap-propriate civil authorities for trial. Such persons

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may also be tried and punished by military tribunalsof competent jurisdiction, but such actions are takenonly in cases of extreme necessity. The duties of themilitary in preventing disorder, ordinarily, do notinclude the punishment of civil offenders. The mili-tary ordinarily hold prisoners until they can safelybe released for trial by the civil authorities.

25. PENALTY FOR VIOLATION OF RESTRICTIONS

Congress has imposed criminal penalties in con-nection with the violation of restrictions imposed incertain designated military areas or zones. Title 18,United States Code, section 1383, provides that who-ever, contrary to the restrictions applicable thereto,enters, remains in, leaves, or commits any act in anymilitary area or military zone prescribed under theauthority of an Executive order of the President, bythe Secretary of the Army, or by any military com-mander designated by the Secretary of the Army,shall, if it appears that he knew or should haveknown of the existence and extent of the restrictionsor order and that his act was in violation thereof,be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not morethan 1 year, or both.

26. WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS

The writ of habeas corpus is an order issued by acompetent court and addressed to the custodian of aprisoner directing that the custodian bring theprisoner into the court for the judicial determinationof the legality of his arrest and detention. Ar-ticle I, Section 9, of the United State Constitltion

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provides that the privilege of the writ shall not besuspended, unless, when in the case of rebellion, orinvasion, the public safety may require it. Thestatus of martial rule does not of itself suspend thewrit, although in event the civil courts are closed, itis apparent the writ could not issue during the periodof such closure. A Federal military officer is boundto obey the writ, when issued by a Federal court, pro-vided that he has taken the action prescribed inparagraph 217, Manual for Courts-Martial, UnitedStates, 1951, and has received appropriate instruc-tions from competent military authority. But tosuch a writ issued by a State court, the officer or hislegal adviser, in the absence of instructions to thecontrary, should make respectful return to the effectthat the prisoner is held by authority of the UnitedStates. (For details as to both actions, and theproper return forms, see ch. XXIX, MCM, UnitedStates, 1951.) It does not necessarily follow that aprisoner arrested and detained by the military au-thorities will, at the hearing of the writ, be releasedor turned over to the civil authorities for trial. Thecourts usually hold the arrest and detention to belawful in such situations upon reasonable showingof military necessity, even where no specific crimeis charged.

Section VIII. LIABILITY OF MILITARY PERSONNELUNDER CIVIL LAWS

27. GENERAL

When troops are employed in the United Statesand its territorial possessions, even when martial rule

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prevails, the acts of individual officers and enlistedmen are subject to review by the civil courts inactions for damages or in criminal proceedings.

28. CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LIABIILITY

In a criminal prosecution, the civil courts ordi-nar.ly will not convict a military subordinate foracts done, in good faith, in obedience to orders fromsuperior military authority. However, if its il-legality is so obvious as to be immediately apparentto a person of average intelligence, the obedience tothe order probably would not prove a valid defense.Moreover, although the use of necessary force to ac-complish a military mission does not make an other-wise lawful act by military personnel illegal, thereckless or malicious use of unnecessary force mayhave such result, and may subject the offender to civilor criminal liability, or both.

29. RIGHT TO TRIAL BY FEDERAL COURT

,When any civil or criminal prosecution is com-menced in any court of a State of the United Statesagainst any member of the armed forces of theUnited States on account of any act done under colorof his office or status, or in respect to which he claimsany right, title, or authority under any law of theUnited States respecting the armed forces thereof,or under the law of war, such suit or prosecution mayat any time before the trial or final hearing thereofbe removed for trial into the district court of theUnited States in the district where the same is p]end-ing in the manner prescribed by law, and the cause

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shall thereupon be entered on the docket of suchdistrict court, which shall proceed as if the causehad been originally commenced therein and shallhave full power to hear and determine said cause.(See sec. 9, Act 5 May 1950 (64 Stat. 146; 50 U. S. C.(Supp. IV) 738).)

Section IX. ASSISTANCE OR INTERVENTION INDISASTERS

30. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS

a. A civil disturbance does not always arise as theresult of a deliberate or planned incitement of a civilpopulation to disorder or riot. It may often resultfrom a disaster which so disrupts the normal orderof community life that the inhabitants tend to be-come frenzied and to exhibit the characteristics ofinstability and unreasoned action which are typicalof people in such an emergency.

b. When a civil disturbance results from a dis-aster and the use of Federal troops is authorized, itis the responsibility of military authorities to protectlife and property, to restore order, and to promotethe welfare of the civil population. The extent ofmilitary participation depends upon the gravity ofthe disturbance and the authority given the militarycommander.

c. Intervention, as distinguished from assistance,is indicative of the exercise of any degree of controlover the lands, persons, property, and governmentof the area in which the emergency has reached suchproportions as to make necessary the exercise of di-rect authority in the establishment of law, order, and

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government. The exercise of such authority is de-pendent upon and delimited by the directive issuedby the competent authority rather than the decisionof the commander concerned. Under the provisionsof the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 (64 Stat.1245; 50 U. S. C. APP., Supp. IV, 2251-2297), theArmy may be directed, during periods of emergencyresulting from actual or threatened enemy attack,to furrish personnel, materials, and facilities fcr therelief and protection of the civilian population.

d. The relief of the civil population of the UnitedStates in a disaster is primarily a civil responsibilityand is supported by relief measures of such or:gani-zations as the American National Red Cross. As-sistance measures by Federal agencies are predicatedupon the issuance of covering authorization anddirectives by competent authorities. The generalGovernment policy and framework for an orderlyand continuing means of Federal assistance in disas-ters and emergencies were established by the Act of30 September 1950 (64 Stat. 1109; 42 U. S. C. Supp.IV, 1855-1855g). Under that Act, Federal agenciesare authorized to assist in major disasters when di-rected by the President. The President is authorizedto prescribe such rules and regulations as may benecessary and proper to carry out the provisions ofthe Act and to exercise any power or authority con-ferred on him thereby either directly or through suchFederal agency as he may designate. By ExecutiveOrder 10221, dated 2 March 1951 (16 F. R. 2051) thePresident ordered that certain authority conferredupon him by the Act of 30 September 1950 be exer-cised or performed by the Housing and Home

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Finance Administrator, or by officer or officers in hisagency designated by him. The President furtherdirected in the mentioned Executive order that noth-ing therein should be construed to prevent any Fed-eral agency from affording such assistance and takingsuch other action as may accord with the existingpolicies, practices, or statutory authority of suchagency, in the event of any disaster which will notpermit delay in the commencement of Federal as-sistance or other Federal action, and pending thedetermination of the President whether the disasteris a major disaster. Military authorities, however,plan for disaster relief and coordinate their planningwith civil authorities when requested or directed todo so. The military plans anticipate as far as pos-sible the relief measures which may be required ina disaster. (For a detailed discussion of the em-ployment of troops in aid of civil authorities withinany state and within the Territories of the UnitedStates, see AR 500-50. For a discussion of militaryactivities in disaster relief within the United Statesor any of its territories, see AR 500-60 and SR970-10-5.)

e. Within the territories and possessions of theUnited States, military responsibility for disasterrelief is determined by applicable Federal laws andthe Federal authority exercised within the territoriesor possessions.

f. If United States forces are located in a foreignarea pursuant to consent, or agreement, military re-sponsibility for disaster relief should be incorporatedin any directive or agreement and developed coop-eratively with the appropriate civil authorities.

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Disaster action is taken by the commander of theforces within the delimiting scope of the instrumentunder which he operates or the agreement definingthe extent and degree of his authorit;y over the lands,persons, property, and government within the area.Within the scope of the agreement defining his au-thority, his actions will be based upon-

(1) Military necessity based upon the securityof his forces and the accomplishment of hismission.

(2) International legal requirements for assist-ance and other measures necessary to copewith the situation.

(3) Policy decision3 of the United States rela-tive to the measures to be taken.

(i) The compelling force of humanitarianism.g. WThen an area is occupied as the result of bel-

ligerent action, military authorities have direct re-sponsibility for disaster relief planning and opera-tions. In a combat area, the military commanidernormally directs operations for disaster relief tothe extent permitted by the tactical situation.

h. In a belligerently occupied area, or in an areascheduled for belligerent occupation, planning fordisaster relief is not predicated upon the cons nt ofthe indigenous population or government officialsbut upon the exercise of the authority of the respon-sible commander. The action of the commander isbased upon his responsibility for the establishmentand maintenance of order and government. Whenthe military situation permits, however, the civilpopulation is encouraged to plan and organize thecivil facilities available for disaster relief within thelimits prescribed by the military authorities. }Never-

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theless, the direction and supervision of disaster re-lief plans and operations is primarily the responsi-bility of the military.

31.. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

a. As disasters usually occur with great sudden-ness and always with shocking effect, speed of exe-cution of previously formulated plans is essentialto alleviate acute distress or to reestablish order sothat thereafter the local civil government may oper-ate through normal civil processes to cope with thesituation.

b. In a disaster, troops are used to aid in reliefwork, guard key installations, control traffic, preserveorder, prevent looting, provide medical services, orcarry out similar tasks which the civil populationor civil government agencies are unable to perform,and where immediate action is necessary.

c. In disaster relief, troops may be employed inmissions not necessarily in accordance with their pre-vious military training; i. e., infantry may operateboats during floods or may sandbag threatenedlevees. A military commander may assign his troopsto any task which the emergencies of a disaster mayrequire.

d. In areas where troops are located by consentor agreement and subject to the terms of the consentor agreement, or in areas belligerently occupied, theorganization normally employed by the commanderin disaster relief will be supported by units chargedwith the administration of military government orcivil affairs, as the case may be, supported by themilitary police, and tactical forces in that order ofemployment.

AGO 3332C 23

CHAPTER 2

CHARACTERISTICS OF CIVIL DISTURBANCES

Section I. INTRODUCTION

32. GENERAL

Serious civil disorders may arise from economic,social, or political causes, and may take the form ofdemonstrations or -riots.

a. Demonstrations. A demonstration is a publicexhibition of sympathy with or against some politi-cal, economic, or social movement or effect. Duringa demonstration, persons who are grouped togetherwith a common intent respond emotionally and col-lect'vely to the same stimuli. Demonstrations maybe staged locally, may be staged simultaneously atvarious points, and may be national or even inter-national in nature.

b.. Riots. A riot is a breach of the peace com-mitted by three or more persons in furtherance of acommon purpose to execute some enterprise by con-certed action against anyone who may oppose them.

33. CAUSES OF CIVIL DISTURBANCES

a, Economic. During a period of general pros-perity the possibility of a civil disturbance arisingfrom an economic cause is less likely than during aperiod of depression.

24 AGO 3332C

(1) Civil disturbances in periods of economicdislocation may become so violent that thecivil authorities cannot control them.Whenever large-scale unemployment pre-vails, for example, people may become bit-ter, resentful, and often desperate for theessentials of life, and are more easily ledto riotous or unlawful actions.

(2) Disasters, such as earthquakes, fires, floods,or explosions, may be followed by acts ofviolence. The looting of areas ravaged bycatastrophes, for example, may become sopronounced as to constitute a threat to pub-lic safety. The desire for the basic neces-sities of life may cause persons, who wouldnot attempt to do so under normal condi-tions, to engage in unlawful acts.

b. Social and Political. Serious frictions betweensocial or racial groups may also incite people toriotous actions. The disturbances may occur becauseof public revulsion against serious crimes, allegedlycommitted by members of minority groups, or maybe fomented by subversive elements. Sometimes,minority groups, without subversive intent, may en-gage in demonstrations which develop into seriousbreaches of law and order.

Section II. CROWDS AND MOBS

34. GENERAL

A crowd is a large number of persons in a closebody, who are without organization, and who do notexhibit characteristic group behavior. A mob is a

AGO 3332C 25

crowd whose members, under the stimulus of in-tense excitement or agitation, lose their sense ofreason and respect for law and follow individualswho take the initiative to lead a, mob action.

35. INSTINCTIVE URGES WITHIN THE MOB

All human beings are subject to certain drives thatare aroused by basic desires, instincts, or emotions,such as hunger, sex, gregariousness, self-preserva-tior., anger, and fear. Although education, training,and environment may inhibit or sublimate emontionsand instincts, in crowds and mobs, the emotions andinstincts are sometimes released. Hence, in mobaction, the participants may be governed basicallyby emotions and instincts, and not by reason.

36. INCENTIVES TO JOIN THE MOB

a. Novelty. When an individual is confronted bynew and strange circumstances, the habits which hehas formed may not be fully operative. The specificstimuli which usually govern his actions nmay beabsent, and the lessons of previous experiences, whichwere employed in solving customary problems, maynot be applied. The individual, subconsciously, mayeven welcome the break in his normal routine andmay react enthusiastically to new circumstances.

b. Anonymity. When an individual is within amob, he may tend to lose self-consciousness, becausehis identity may merge with that of the mob. As aconsequence of such a temporary loss of identity, hemay sense a freedom from restraint and may feelthat he will not be blamed for his actions, whateverthey may be.

26 AGO 3332C

c. Release from Repressed Emotions. In a mob,the prejudices and unsatisfied desires of the indi-vidual, which are normally held in restraint, arereadily released. The temporary release is a power-ful incentive for an individual to participate in mobaction, because it gives him an opportunity to dothings which he may have wanted to do, but whichhitherto he dared not do.

37. ASSOCIATION AND THE INDIVIDUAL

a. Domination of the Mob Mind. A mob repre-sents a collective reaction to the situation thatbrought it into being, or that it believes to exist.Men who are caught in the fury of mob action tendto be completely controlled by the mob in which theyhave become integrated. Individual judgment anddecision are temporarily subordinated to mob emo-tion, and the participants respond to mob suggestion.The unity of feeling among members of the mob pre-vails to such an extent that the sheer force of num-bers tends to dispel doubts and fears, and themembers of the mob usually are ready to join anyaction that will bring the desired results.

b. Domination of the Lower Levels of Intelligence.Because of the tendency toward instinctive behaviorin mob action, there is a lessened dependence uponintelligence.

c. Domination of the Lower Instincts and Emo-tions. Because of the lowering of the intelligencelevel and the weakening of other restraining influ-ences, the instincts and emotions that dominate inmob action are the baser instincts and emotions. The

AGO 3332C 27

more basic the outward expression of such instinctsand emotions, the more likely they are to prevail inthe action of the mob.

38. TRANSFORMATION OF CROWDS INTO MOBS

A crowd develops into a mob when, stimulated byintense excitement, its members lose their sense ofreason and their respect for authority. Any appar-ent weakening of the forces of law and order thatmay be holding a crowd in check, even though onlymomentary, may be sufficient to transform a 2rowdinto a mob. Crowd emotions are often keyed andtransmuted into mob action by such stimuli as theforceful harangue of a fiery leader, the appearanceof a hated individual, or the successful accomplish-ment of a single act of violence.

39. RIOTERS

When members of a mob engage in mass disorder,they become rioters. Acts of violence and terror andtumultuous disturbances of the peace are character-istic of rioting, which is mob activity in the extreme.

40. TRANSFORMATION OF CROWDS OR MOBSi DUR-ING DISASTERS

Crowds and mobs which may form and developduring a disaster may be subject to different stimulithan during a civil disturbance. During a disaster,the instincts of fear and self-preservation mayprompt people to engage in mass action. riotingmay also ensue if other basic desires and emotions,such as hunger, influence mass behavior. Whateverthe combination of factors which causes persons to

28 AGO 3332C

riot, or whatever the behavior of the mob, the basiccausation in a disaster is almost always an extremeand sudden fright which affects many people simul-taneously. This phenomenon is known as panic.Panics are violent and extremely difficult to control,because the individuals who compose the mob becomeso aroused that they cease to think clearly, and onlyforce can compel them to listen to reason, or to sub-mit to control.

41. CROWDS OR MOBS DURING CLASS, RACIAL, ANDSECTIONAL DISTURBANCES

Under certain stimuli, such as of propaganda, oreven the very presence of a minority group, the basicemotions and instincts which are unleashed duringa class, racial, or sectional disturbance are related tohatred and gregariousness and, to a certain extent,to self-preservation. The leader is of extreme im-portance in inciting a mob to deeds of violence insuch disturbances.

42. CROWDS OR MOBS DURING SUBVERSIVE DEM-ONSTRATIONS

In demonstrations which are instigated by sub-versive elements, the actual leadership may not beapparent, because the demonstrators have alreadybeen incited to action by the leaders. Such demon-strations usually result from extensive propagandaand other campaigns conducted by subversiveelements.

AGO 3332C 950994--52 3 29

CHAPTER 3

PLANNING

Section I. INTELLIGENCE AND PLANNING

43. GENERAL

Intelligence, as used in this manual, is any evalu-ated and interpreted information on actual or poten-tial civil disturbances of value to the military com-mander in planning. The commander continuallycollects, collates, evaluates, and interprets inf:orma-tion; and he disseminates the resulting intelligenceon all situations which may develop into civil dis-turbances. The intelligence may take the form of"spot" intelligence reports or studies, and is classi-fiedL in accordance with AR 380-5. It is obtainedfrom individuals, reference data, or other sourcesavailable to the commander, including the intelli-gence sections of higher echelons, or certain Federalor local agencies.

44. INTEGRATION OF INTELLIGENCE

a. General. Intelligence is systematically inte-grated into the commander's plan; it constitul;es thebasis for new plans or for revisions of existing plans.To be most effective, intelligence, through properevaluation, interpretation, and dissemination, is in-tegrated at the level where it is to be used.

30 AGO 33320

b. Processing of Information. As information isreceived, it is separated into its proper components,which are grouped and presented according to therequired essential elements of information. Thisprocedure, known as processing, which includesevaluation and interpretation, may be performedby the commander alone or may be a function ofhis staff. Evaluation and interpretation transformraw information into intelligence by establishing thepertinence of the information, the reliability of itssource, the accuracy of its content, and, in addi-tion, its significance in the light of prior intelligence.

c. Dissemination of Intelligence. Every militarycommander who possesses information which maybe of intelligence interest or of concern to anothermilitary agency should promptly dispatch such in-formation through either staff or command channels,whichever is more expeditious. Through such anexchange of information, valuable intelligence isoften developed.

45. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION (EEI)

A fundamental prerequisite to an intelligence planthat is to be used in the event of a civil disturbanceis the formulation of the essential elements of in-formation. The "EEI" are statements or listingsof the specific items of information required by thecommander at a given time, and are prepared by thecommander with the assistance of his intelligenceofficer. The "EEI" focus the attention and activi-ties of all collecting agencies and intelligence per-sonnel on the specific information desired. The

AGO 3332C 31

"EEI" state the current intelligence needs and formthe basis for the intelligence collection plan.

46. METHODS OF OBTAINING INTELLIGENCE

VWhen the "EEI" have been developed, a plan forthe collection of information is formulated by thecommander or his intelligence officer. The 'EEI"constitute the basis for orders, instructions, and re-quests governing the search for information. Theydo not impose limitations on reporting agencies,which, in addition to satisfying the requirementsarising from the essential elements of information,must also report all additional information thatcomes to their attention. The essential elements ofinformation are gathered by either over or covertmethods.

47. INTELLIGENCE CONSIDERATIONS

a. General. The essential elements of informa-tiorn may serve to indicate the progress of events inthe development of a civil disturbance.

b. Sensitive Areas. As a result of informationreceived, geographical areas of unrest may be de-lineated. Such areas are known as "sensitive" areas,and are always primary intelligence targets.

c. Indices of Agitation. Any information whichindicates a possibility of agitation, violence, or in-stability among the local population is made a specialintelligence target. It is then analyzed in terms ofcause and effect and is integrated with intelligencealready developed. For example, attempts bycivilians to collect weapons as indicated by an in-

32 AGO 3332C

crease in the sale of weapons by pawnships or othervendors of weapons, would become an intelligencetarget and the subject of a further "EEI."

48. INTELLIGENCE JOURNAL

All information pertaining to civil disturbancesis recorded in an intelligence journal, wherein acorrect day-by-day chronological record of events ismaintained. A tentative evaluation of the informa-tion received is always assigned to each item whichis entered in the journal.

49. INTELLIGENCE STUDY

a. The intelligence study is a presentation of allpertinent information which may be of assistance tothe commander in making an estimate of the situa-tion or in conducting an'operation. The form variesaccording to the situation and the nature of the studyto be made. The study, which is based on the latestinformation available, is usually prepared as far inadvance as practicable, is supplemented by spot in-telligence as the situation develops, and is revisedwhen necessary.

b. Intelligence studies that are made in prepara-tion for potential civil disturbances are of two types.The first type, an advance intelligence study, is con-ducted to gather general information which mayform the basis for the preparation of preliminaryemergency plans applicable to a general area in theevent of emergency. The second type not only in-cludes the intelligence gathered in the preliminarystudy, but also the information obtained in a specificlocality where a civil disturbance is in being or may

AGO 3332C 33

be imminent. The second type of study is madesubsequent to the outbreak of the disturbance orwhere the potential of the disturbance is great.

c. A suggested outline for an advance intelligencestudy follows:

(1) The area.(a) Listing and evaluation of sources of in-

formation.(b) Area subdivisions (physical, economic,

and political).(c) Terrain (natural and artificial features).(d) Predominating weather and climatic

conditions.(e) Key installations and facilities.(/) Political factors.(g) Sensitive portions of the area.(h) Communication systems.

(2) Tihe population.(a) Racial composition.(b) Political complexion.(c) Religious affiliations.(d) Social structure.(e) Economic conditions.

d. The following is a suggested outline of factorsthat may be included in the second type of intelli-gence study which is conducted as a continuation of,and supplement to, the advance study:

(1) General considerations.(a) Type of disturbance (political, economic,

and racial).(b) Events leading to the disturbance.(c) Psychological background of the pDpula-

tion.

34 AGO 3332C

(d) Progress of riot (objectives attained todate, damage, etc.).

(2) Ringleaders and important personalities.(a) Personal data.(b) Relation to events.

(3) Disturbed elements of the population.(a) Estimated number of rioters.(b) Weapons and attempts to secure weapons.(c) Immediate and projected objectives of

rioters.(d) Type of action and degree of violence to

be expected.(e) Capabilities of disturbed elements.(f) Geographical location of sensitive areas.

(4) Dependable elements.(a) Organized a n d unorganized civilian

groupings.(b) Measures taken to counteract or suppress

rioters.(c) Capabilities of dependable elements.(d) Courses of action open to dependable ele-

ments to curtail rioting elements.(e) Security measures affected by dependable

elements.(f) Sources of information available to de-

pendable elements.(5) Federal aid.

(a) Legal considerations before, during, andafter intervention by Federal troops.

(b) Procedures for securing and employingFederal troops.

(c) Projected developments which m a ynecessitate a request for Federal aid.

AGO 3332C 35

e. Preparatory intelligence planning for providingaid in event of a disaster follows the same generalpattern as the advance planning conducted in avntici-pation of a possible civil disturbance; however,essential information is more easily obtained. Speedin the collection of information of intelligence valueis vital to the commander assigned the mission ofaiding civil authorities in a disaster situation. Inaddition to the pertinent factors outlined above, theoutline of a disaster intelligence study may include-

(1L) Nature of the disaster.(2) Sequence of events leading to the disaster.(3) Secondary disasters (such as fires or tidal

waves which follow earthquakes).(4) Type and description of damage.(5) Preliminary estimates--

(a) Number of people to be supplied.(b) Probable length of time for which sup-

plies are required.(c) Quantity and kind of supplies available

locally.(d) Requirements for funds.(e) Requirements for storage.(f) Available means for distributing supplies.(g) Whether local authorities are mak:ing a

maximum effort.(6) Countermeasures taken by local, State, or

other authorities.(7) List of facilities which may be of use in

implementing disaster relief.

36 AGO 3332C

50. SYMPATHY OF TROOPS

In a civil disturbance, individuals whose back-grounds indicate possible disaffection should not beassigned to duty in the affected area. The com-mander differentiates between a genuine lack ofsympathy with the mission and common malingering(SR 600-220-1).

Section II. ESTIMATE OF THE SITUATION

.51. GENERAL

The estimate of the situation is a logical andorderly examination of all the factors affecting theaccomplishment of the mission to determine the most'suitable course or courses of action. The estimate is.applicable to any domestic emergency and to any,echelon of command. The formulation of the esti-mate by the commander is a continuing process.With each change in the situation, he revises the esti-mate. The entire estimate or only the decision maybe committed to writing (FM 101-5).

.52. THE DECISION

The decision, which is based on the estimate, isexpressed in a brief statement clearly outlining thecourse or courses of action. The statement covers asmuch of the who, what, when, where, why, and howas may be appropriate. In a civil disturbance, the-decision makes clear the general plan of action for.overcoming, minimizing, or neutralizing the dis-turbing elements, and constitutes the basis for theformulation of detailed plans by the staff.

-AGO 3332C 37

53. PLANNING

a. Plans for meeting a civil disturbance, except aspro'vided in b below, are developed on a geographicalbasis in accordance with the following principles:

(1) The geographical basis for Army, Navy,and Air Force plans is the army area.

(2) The continental army commander is re-ponsible for the coordination of local planswithin his army area.

(3) Service responsibilities for preparing localplans are as agreed upon between the appro-priate commanders concerned.

(4) Civil disturbance plans consist of thefollowing:

(a) Plans for major population centers.(b) Plans for all military installations.(c) Plans for nonmilitary installations which

are listed as vital in current lists of in-stallations essential for national security,as the appropriate continental army,naval district, or numbered air force com-mander deems necessary.

(d) Plans for floods, forest fires, earthquakes,and other disasters in all areas subject tosuch catastrophes.

(5) Initial responsibility for operations in civildisturbances in specific local areas are setforth in' area plans.

(6) Army area and local plans are coordinatedwith those of the Federal, State, and localauthorities by the commanders responsiblefor preparing area and local plans. These

38 AGO 33320

commanders should offer to assist Federal,State, and local authorities in the prepara-tion and coordination of their plans.

(7) All area and local emergency plans shouldbe integrated with appropriate defenseplans.

(8) Plans for disturbances, where practicable,should indicate the logistical responsibilitiesof the services concerned.

b. Emergency planning on a national scale in-cludes plans for the seizure and/or operation of cer-tain essential industries, utilities, and facilities bythe armed forces. The development of plans for theseizure and/or operation of the following industries,utilities, and facilities is the primary responsibilityof the services indicated below:

(1) United States Army:(a) Land transportation.(b) Land wire and radio communications.(c) Port operations, except as otherwise as-

signed to the United States Navy orUnited States Coast Guard.

(d) Coal supply.(2) United States Navy:

(a) Maritime shipping.(b) Maritime communications.

(3) United States Air Force:(a) Air transportation.(b) Aeronautical communications.

AGO 8332C 39

Section III. LOGISTICS

54. GENERAL

Logistical planning for a civil disturbance in-cludes planning for procurement, storage, r;rans-portation, distribution, and evacuation of materieland personnel; and for the acquisition, operation,and disposition of certain facilities. For logisticaldata, see FM 101-10.

55. WEAPONS AND AMMUNITION

The types of weapons and ammunition which areneeded by troops in reestablishing law and orderduring a civil disturbance depend upon the tacticalsituation. Special purpose weapons may be issuedto troops for specific missions. Chemical handgrenades and small-arms ammunition are essential,and the basic supply thereof must be predetermined.Shotguns may be used as auxiliary weapons. ]For adiscussion of chemical munitions and their use, seeappendix II, and FM 3-5.

56. EQUIPMENT

Generally, the equipment required by troops in acivil disturbance does not differ materially from theequipment required for normal field service. Suchfactors as the type of action expected or the cli:natemay influence the planning requirements. Specialequipment such as fire hose, axes, picks, sledge ham-mers:, crowbars, and ropes may be necessary. Indisasters, additional or special equipment for civilianuse are provided as authorized in AR 500-60.

40 AGO 3332C

57. REQUISITIONING AND EARMARKING

a. The commander should issue specific instruc-tions for requisitioning and storing munitions, sup-plies, and rations, and for earmarking them for civildisturbances.

b. Preliminary planning, based on anticipatedneeds, must insure that sufficient quantities are onhand and are ready for movement or distribution atthe appropriate time. The evaluation of resourcesshould include-

(1) The number of persons who will requireassistance.

(2) The period of time during which such as-sistance will be necessary.

(3) The type of assistance which will be needed.(4) The essential priorities.

c. The supply problem should be discussed in de-tail and with emphasis on-

(1) Supplies which are available and which areunder the control of State officials.

(2) Supplies which are available from localgovernment, welfare, and civil defenseorganizations.

(3) Supplies which are needed, but which haveno possible source of procurement otherthan a military source. (If a relief agency,such as the American National Red Cross,is authorized to purchase supplies from amilitary source, such supplies are consid-ered on the same logistical basis as thosesupplied by the military for disaster relief.)

(4) Allocation and issue of supplies.

AGO 3332C 41

58. COMMUNICATIONS

In a civil disturbance, in addition to planning forcommunications among the various military head-quarters and units, serious consideration must begiven to the protection or operation of civilian tele-phone, teletype, telegraph, and radio centers. 'Whencivilian communications facilities have been de-stroyed or are not immediately available, it may benecessary to establish emergency communication bythe use of messenger, field telephone, or radio.

59. TYPE OF TROOPS

The selection of the types of troops to be used incivil disturbances is governed by the type of dis-turbance, the action expected, and the availabilityof troops. For example, military police and in-fantry ordinarily constitute the major part of theFederal troops employed in suppressing riots.Armored units may be employed for special missionsor for psychological effect. Engineers may be calledupon to furnish water transportation or may be em-ployed to advantage in placing barriers and removingobstacles. Signal Corps personnel may be empl'oyedto maintain communications. Chemical Corps per-sonnel may be employed for the release of smoke andgas in large-scale operations. If well-organizedareas of resistance are anticipated, airborne unitsmay be used effectively. In areas where disastershave occurred, the types of troops employed usuallydepend on availability, regardless of branch.

42 AGO 3332C

Section IV. TROOP MOVEMENTS

60. GENERAL

Except for the protection of Government prop-erty, troops are moved to the scene of a riotous dis-turbance or disaster only by order of competentauthority. However, when intelligence indicatesthat a serious situation is developing which maynecessitate military intervention, the commandermay move the forces under his command to strategicpositions from which they can proceed effectivelywhen directed. In planning the movement, he con-siders such factors as distance, availability of facili-ties, imminence of danger, and need for security orprotection. He prepares alternate plans in antici-pation of possible changes in the situation, and pro-vides for alternate routes, modes of travel, andunloading or detraining points.

61. RAIL MOVEMENT

a. Special trains normally are used in the move-ment of troops.

b. If interference with a troop movement is antici-pated at an entraining point, the commander pro-vides for the necessary security and for the exclusionof all unauthorized individuals from the vicinity.

c. A train is run at reduced speed over the portionof a track where an interruption may be 6xpected.If there is reason to suspect that an explosive hasbeen placed along a track, it may be advisable topush several flat cars ahead of the engine. The com-manding officer of the troops may assume control of

AGO 3332C 43

the train when the military situation demands thathe (do so; but until the necessity arises, he leaves theoperation of the train to its crew.

d. When the train reaches the vicinity of the dis-turbance, it proceeds cautiously. The military com-mander may plan to detrain his troops on the out-skirts of a city or town and to march them the re-maining distance. The detraining point, however,should be as near the bivouac area as practicablein order to reduce the marching distance. De;rain-ing points and alternate detraining points are soselected that the troops are reasonably free frominterference while detraining.

e. It may be necessary to deploy some of the firsttroops to arrive to cover the detraining of later ar-rivals. Upon detraining, troops take the forma,tionsthat enable them best to protect themselves againstattack. Detraining, however, should take place witha minimum of public notice. If possible, actionagainst lawless elements is deferred until troops havereached an occupied their bivouac areas, from -whichoutposts are extended far enough to protect the mainbody from possible small-arms fire of rioters. Thesupply situation may make it advisable for detrain-ing troops to carry a 24-hour supply of personalequipment and rations.

62. MOTOR MOVEMENT

a. The security of a motor. column during a motormarch :is the responsibility of the march commander.Security measures are adopted as the situation re-quires (FM 100-5).

b. In moving into an area to reestablish order ina civil disturbance, the commander should use re-

44 AGO 3332C

connaissance patrols well ahead of a column. Thereconnaissance patrols should gain and maintaincontact with the groups creating the disturbance, andprovide the commander with timely information asto the location, strength, composition, and activitiesof lawless elements.

c. The commander should adopt a suitable advanceflank and rear guard formation. Columns or serialsare organized in accordance with their tactical mis-sions. Movements may be echeloned in time, or maybe made on separate routes. Service troops normallyare held in rear areas, or are moved forward at therear of columns.

d. Bivouac and detrucking areas in the vicinity ofan affected area are selected prior to the arrival of acolumn, and alternate detrucking points are provided.

63. AIR LIFT

In movement by air, the main body of troops ispreceded by a party of sufficient strength to securethe landing area, and to prevent interference withthe landing operation. If the landing area is not se-cure, airborne troops may be utilized (FM 31-40,FM 71-30, and FM 100-5). Supplies, equipment,and troops may be moved by air, when practicable,in a disaster.

64. WATER TRANSPORT

Large numbers of troops with heavy equipmentmay be moved by water, especially where great dis-tances must be traveled, where speed is not a primaryconsideration, or where there are no other means oftransport (FM 100-5).

AGO 3332C 950994°-52 4 45

CHAPTER 4

OPERATIONS

Section I. RESTORATION OF ORDER

65. GENERAL

a. The purpose of military intervention in a civildisturbance is to restore or preserve the generalpeace, to still or prevent a tumultuous demonstrationor riot, or to put down or prevent an insurrectionwhen violence is threatened on a scale which appearslikely to exceed the capabilities of civil authorities tocontrol. She duties of troops include the preven-tion of injury or damage to personal property andessential public services. The troops endeavor toanticipate or cut short an outbreak of violence andto make certain that it does not recur.

b. When there is a serious emergency, the militarycommander and the troops are authorized to takemeasures that appear reasonably appropriate to theaccolmplishment of their mission. The measuresthat are taken must, however, be proportional tothe violence that is encountered and to the da.ngeranticipated. The circumstances determine the meas-ures that are appropriate and, in a particular situa-tion, which may justify action beyond the powers ofcivil police authority. The exercise of militarypower, where the rights of citizens are concerned,

46 AGO 3332C

is not employed beyond that which is required bythe particular situation.

c. So far as possible, the existing essential routineof the community is not disrupted. Necessary eco-nomic and other activities are continued and sup-ported, wherever feasible.

d. Troops are not excused from civil or criminalliability for the consequences of measures of excessiveseverity; that is, if the measures taken are not reason-ably appropriate in the given circumstances..

e. Except in the very rare case of martial rule,the military commander does not take over the ad-ministration of the local government. It may benecessary, however, for the commander to protectcivil officials in the exercise of their normal functions.He may also find it necessary to provide for emer-gency public services to the extent necessary to pre-vent or relieve suffering.

66. CONDUCT TOWARDS CIVILIANS

Membership in the military gives no license to dis-regard the rights of civilians. Civilians are treatedwith courtesy and respect; they are also made tounderstand that the military must perform its mis-sion of restoring general peace and stilling tumultu-ous disturbances or riots. People at the scene of adisturbance and in an affected area are informed ofthe conduct expected of them and of the restrictivemeasures that are to be enforced by the military. Asindicated in paragraph 65, the necessity for, and thenature and extent of restrictions imposed by themilitary commander must necessarily depend upon,

AGO 3332C 47

and be limited by, the conditions and circumstancesthen existing. The restrictive measures mentioned inthis chapter are furnished as examples of possibleaction which a commander may be required to ini-tiate where conditions and circumstances so warrant.Proclamations and announcements of the restrictionsthat are placed upon the rights of citizens or uponthe civilian economy are normally issued by the mili-tary commander through the press and radio, or maybe made over public address systems when practi-cable. Troops should not fraternize with civilians,and do not discuss with them at any time the cir-cumstances of the military action.

67. SALE OF FIREARMS

ThIe military commander may promulgate suchregulations governing the sales, transfers, or deliver-ies of firearms, ammunition, explosives, or othermaterials, as will prevent their purchase or acquisi-tion by dissident elements. If the regulations ap-pear insufficient, he may ban such sales, and gmardsmay be employed to enforce or assure compliancewith the regulations and orders of the commander.

68. CARRYING OF FIREARMS

The military commander may restrict, diringperiods of extreme violence, the right of civilians tocarry dangerous weapons, firearms, or explosiveswhether or not permits therefor have been issuedby civil authorities. Certain protective personnel,such as guards at industrial facilities, are normallyrequired to deposit their weapons with the troops

48 AGO 3332C

when the troops are assigned the mission of securingthe premises from attack or violence. Such protec-tive personnel are never permitted to use force in aidto the military.

69. SALE OF LIQUOR

The military commander, during periods of civilviolence, may require the closing of all places whereintoxicating liquors are sold, limit the sale of intoxi-cating liquors to certain hours, or he may otherwiseregulate sales. The sale of liquor for a doctor's pre-scription or for bona fide medicinal use should notbe banned by the military commander. The mili-tary commander may enforce compliance with hisorders by posting guards, who may take into custodyany persons who violate such orders.

70. AREAS ADJACENT TO TROOP BIVOUACS

When the military commander considers it neces-sary to protect the health and welfare of his com-mand, he may make such reasonable regulations inrespect thereto as may be desirable. He may limitor prohibit the sale of liquor to soldiers in uniform.He may post guards outside premises to enforce hisorders or otherwise to prevent soldiers from enter-ing establishments that are inimical to the healthand welfare of his command.

71. FREEDOM OF RELIGION, SPEECH, AND PRESS

Freedom of religious worship may be abridged bymilitary forces only in extreme circumstances. Free-dom of speech and press is not abridged unless the

AGO 3332C 49

exercise thereof is abused unreasonably or is likelyto increase the public danger.

72. FREEDOM OF PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY

The right of the people to assemble peacefully isnot abridged by the military commander unless theassembly is unlawful, or unless it creates a situationthat. threatens to hamper the remedial action of thetroops. The holding of meetings may be prohibitedwhen such meetings endanger public order.

73. DETENTION OF CIVILIANS

a. Troops may detain a person who persistentlyincites others to engage in violent action to imapedethe restoration of order. Such preventive detentionmay be extended until order has been restored. Ifthe civil courts are functioning and criminal chargescan be preferred, the offended may be delivered im-mediately to the civil police. However, if there isreason to believe that the offender may be releasedon bail or discharged for technical or other reasons,he may be detained until such time as his release willnot jeopardize the public safety or militaryoperations.

b'. Troops on duty may stop and question a personwho approaches or leaves an industrial facility orarea, under military guard. They may demand anexplanation of anyone who appears to be violatingthe orders of the military commander or such civilpolice regulations as may be enforced by the troops.

c. Any person who fails to identify himself prop-erly or to give a satisfactory explanation of his ac-

sfio AGO 3332C

tions should be taken to an appropriate officer forfurther questioning and investigation. When it ap-pears that such a person may be charged with acrime, he should be held for the civil authorities.When it appears there is no proper reason for deten-tion, he should be released promptly.

d. If a person carries a parcel which may be sus-pected of containing explosives, weapons, or otherdangerous items, he may be required to submit theparcel for examination. If the contents indicate thatthe bearer may be engaged in subversive activity, heshould be held and searched. The search should nor-mally be conducted in the presence of a commissionedor noncommissioned officer.

e. Persons who violate regulations and orders per-taining to the sale of liquor may be held in preventivedetention or may be charged as the Judge Advocateadvises.

74. PRIVATE PROPERTY

a. When troops take for their use supplies, equip-ment, or other tangible private property from theowner or custodian thereof, such action is called arequisition. Private supplies and property neededby troops are requisitioned only as a last resort; suchsupplies and property are paid for at a reasonableprice. Receipts are given for all supplies and prop-erty requisitioned.

b. As a matter of policy, buildings are not requi-sitioned for use as quarters. If such action is neces-sary, however, buildings are selected which are notlinked through ownership or otherwise with dissi-dent elements.

AGO 3332C 51

Section II. RELATIONS WITH CIVIL AUTHORITIES

75. GENERAL

The extent of Federal aid to civil authorities o;r thedegree of military intervention determines to a largeextent the nature of the relations of the militarycommander with the civil authorities. The desira-bility, need, and accomplishment of cooperation withGovernors, State and local authorities, and Statemilitary forces is anticipated in planning for opera-tions during a civil disturbance.

76. CIVILIAN LIAISON

The commander maintains liaison with civilianauthorities in order to attain maximum cooperationand coordination in providing military aid. Liaisonis normally maintained with Governors, State mili-tary' forces, and local governmental officials. Theliaison may deal with-

a. Traffic control.b. Prevention of looting in affected areas.c. Reports of disturbances, unusual movements, or

other information of intelligence value.d. Care of the injured.e. Evacuation, housing, and feeding.f. Protection, isolation, and decontamination of

key areas or facilities.

77. STATE ARMED FORCES

a. Assignment of Missions. Actual operatingmissions are assigned to State Guards only by ap-pro'priate State authorities. To prepare.in advance

52 AGO 3332C

for coordination between Federal and State forcesand to insure the integration of State internal se-curity planning with Federal military planning, ap-propriate army commanders request the Stateauthorities to assign to State forces the mission ofcoordinating and cooperating with Federal authori-ties. In the accomplishment of cooperative mis-sions, it is not contemplated that State forces areto be commanded by or that their operations andactivities are to be otherwise controlled by Federalmilitary authorities, but rather that State forces areto undertake and carry out such missions as mayhave been previously planned by mutual agreementor which the States may have agreed to undertake onthe request of Federal military commanders. Byorganization, equipment, and training, State forcesare designed and qualified for law enforcement oper-ations rather than for sustained combat operationsagainst hostile armed forces (AR 915-10).

b. Conflict of Missions.(1) It is imperative, in the interest of national

defense, that the employment by the Stateof State forces should not interfere with orimpede Federal functions or activities. Itis likewise essential that State forces, ofwhatever category, when functioning intheir proper sphere, should be unhamperedin fulfilling their missions. To the end thatthe interests of the United States and ofthe State be preserved, the highest degreeof cooperation should be maintained be-tween the Federal and local officialsconcerned.

AGO 3332C 53

(2) Two situations may arise. In one, Federalmilitary forces and State forces may operatein the same locality. Although each forcemay be acting within :its proper authority,and although no question of conflict or re-sponsibility may arise, the coordination ofthe activities of the respective forces isessential. In the other situation, a conflictof views may exist as to the responsibility,whether Federal or State, for a particularmission. If the commanders of the Federalforces and the State authorities are unableto effect an agreement, the matter should bereferred to the appropriate military defensecommander or commanding general of thearmy area. Although the decision of eithercommander is not binding upon the Stateauthorities unless there is Federal martialrule in the affected locality, the State au-.thorities should conform to that decis on inthe light of the paramount Federal concernw.ith the problem of providing aid to theStates in civil disturbances.

78. CIVIL POLICE

Close cooperation should be maintained bel;weenmilitary forces and civil law enforcement authorities,including local and State police. Usually, in Fed-eral aid, local civil law enforcement authorities con-tinue to discharge their normal duties.

54 AGO 3332C

Section III. INITIAL OPERATIONS

79. BASIC PRINCIPLES

a. In initiating operations in a civil disturbance,the military commander may employ the followingmeasures:

(1) Display of strength.(2) Proclamation to disperse.(3) Rapid dispersion of a mob, using minimum

necessary force.(4) Prevention of disturbing assemblies.(5) Arrest of leaders.

b. In dispersing a mob, such of the following stepsare applied as may be deemed appropriate:

(1) Show of force.(2) Use of riot control formations.(3) Use of chemical agents.(4) Fire by selected marksmen.(5) Use of full fire power.

80. INITIAL ACTION AGAINST A MOB

a. A mob is dealt with as a crowd until it actuallyresists the troops. Normally, the first step in dis-persing a mob is to present a display of militarystrength. For psychological effect, it is made evidentto the mob that there is a commander, that he has aplan, that he has the courage to act vigorously, andthat he has available and intends to use whateverforce is necessary. At this time, the military com-mander, or in his 'absence the commanding officerof the troops at the scene, calls upon the membersof the assembly, in the name of the President of the

AGO 3332C 55

United States, to disperse and to go to theirhomes peaceably. A public address system may beemployed, when available.

b. Reasonable time is allowed for the people tocomply with the order to disperse before further ac-tior is taken. Once the mob is dispersed, it is notallowed to re-form. Patrols are detailed to preventreassembly. The more aggressive members of themob may attempt to create a diversion, such as bysetting fire to buildings or vehicles in the vicinity ofthe assembly; hence, adequate provision must bemade for such contingencies. Individuals whostand out as leaders or others who try to incite themob to unlawful action are taken into custody. Ineffecting such apprehensions, care is exercised notto arouse the mob to further violence.

c. The commander is prepared to enforce his orderfor dispersal if the mob does not break up within areasonable time. To encourage persons who may bedisposed to disperse, but who fear denunciation bymob leaders or mob retaliation, the mob may beblanketed in a cloud of chemical smoke (app. II).

d. The mob is not harangued, bullied, or bluffed,and, above all, it is not threatened or dared.

e. The mob is usually attacked in the direction inwhich the commander desires to drive it. It is im-perative that the mob have clear avenues of escape.

f.. When the mob retreats, diminishing force isapplied in proportion to the speed of retreat oi thedegree of disintegration. During the retreat, nomore force is applied than is necessary.

g. When it is apparent that the participants whoare in the front cannot retreat because of the pressure

56 AGO 3332C

from the rear, the pressure on the front is Tetainedwhile the rear of the mob is attacked with chemicals.

A. Streams of water from fire hoses may providean effective means of dispersal, if sufficient hose andpressure outlets are available. Fire apparatusshould not be used against rioters unless sufficientequipment is available to insure the continued abilityof the fire department to respond to emergency firecalls.

i. Bayonets are effective when used against rioterswho are able to retreat. Members of a mob are notbayoneted merely to force a more rapid dispersal.

j. When small-arms fire is required, troops are in-structed to aim low. Under no circumstances shouldthere be indiscriminate shooting into a group fromwhich' some rioter has fired. Blank cartridges arenot employed against the mob, and volleys are notfired over the heads of rioters.

k. Marksmen are placed at vantage points wherethey have good fields of fire. They should beequipped with radios or other means of communi-cation in order to be able to submit reports to andreceive orders from the commander. When soldiersare placed on roof tops and other vantage points pri-marily for observation, they should be afforded ade-quate protection.

1. If sniper fire from the mob is encountered,marksmen locate the source and return the fire.Marksmen may also be detailed to fire at places fromwhich firing comes or from which dangerous missileshave been thrown.

m. Infantry supporting weapons are employedonly when mob action develops into armed conflict.

AGO 3332C 57

When necessary, machine gun units are assigned forsupport; if committed, they are protected by rifleunits. Mortars, recoilless rifles, light field pieces,bazookas, and similar weapons are held in the mobilereserve until the need for their use is indicated.

81.. RIOT CONTROL FORMATIONS

a. As efforts to contain or disperse a mob by en-circling it with widely dispersed forces may inviteattack and may result in a loss of control, troopsare deployed in compact units of sufficient strengthto insure the completion of their mission. In dis-persing a crowd or unarmed mob, certain modifiedcombat formations, such as the skirmish li:e, theplatoon and squad column, and the wedge, a:re usedto provide greater control over the troops by thecompany, platoon, and squad leaders. These modi-fied formations, which are termed riot control forma-tions, are simple and flexible. For a discussion ofriot control and other formations, see FM 19-5 andFM 22-5.

b5. The use of military formations in a civil dis-turbance is contingent on the nature of the emer-gency, the specific situation, and the personnel andequipment available. In dispersing rioters, how-ever, there are two basic considerations:

(1) Force must be met with greater force.(2) Unnecessary damage and bloodshed must

be avoided.c. When the conditions are favorable, riot con-

trol formations may combine the use of vehicles and

58 AO30 3332C

foot. troops (fig. 1 0, ®, and 0). Two funda-mental considerations govern the use of vehicles:

(1) Protection. The vehicles as well as thedrivers and passengers must be protectedfrom violence. In addition to the protec-tion that is afforded by supporting foottroops, the occupants of the vehicles may beprotected by covering vulnerable portionsof the vehicles with mesh wire or similarsuitable material. Windshields are gen-erally removed from vehicles. Armoredvehicles are used whenever practicable.

(2) Maneuverability. The area of maneuverand the road net must permit the use of thevehicles.

82. RIOT CONTROL TACTICS

a. Generally, the basic infantry combat tactics ofconcentration of force, mass, penetration, and ex-ploitation are applicable to riot control. The spe-cialized formations described in the precedingparagraph may be used. The tactical plan isbased on-

(1) The organization or formation of the dis-sident elements, which may comprise-

(a) A large compact mob with great density.(b) A large, widely dispersed, rapidly moving

mob.(c) A small, compact group.(d) Many small, widely dispersed groups.

AGO 3332C 59

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60 AG 0 3332C

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AGO 3332C 950994°-52----5 61

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Figure 1.-Continued.

62 AGO 3332C

(2) The nature of the area of operations whichmay comprise-

(a) Large open areas, such as open fields.(b) Smaller, open areas, such as courtyards

or public squares.(c) Confined areas, such as city streets.(d) Interiors of buildings or similar struc-

tures.b. The tactics may be designed to disperse the dis-

sident elements or rioters, to contain a group, to denyan area, to defend a point, or to achieve any combina-tion of these objectives.

83. RIOT CONTROL SITUATION

Suggested tactics which may be applied in specialsituations in dispersing rioters and restoring orderare set forth below. In all situations, the number andtype of troops employed should be sufficient to insurethe accomplishment of the military mission.

a. Situation: A large, compact mob which is gath-ered in an open area is to be dispersed. Tactics:Split the mob into segments; separate the segments;and disperse each segment (fig. 2 (i) and Q.).

b. Situation: A small, compact group of rioterswho are congregated on a street corner is to be dis-persed. Tactics: Using riot control formations,strike the mob on its flanks simultaneously. Firehose may be used effectively.

c. Situation: A large mob which is massed com-pactly in a courtyard is to be driven out of an area.Tactics: Gas may be utilized effectively in this situ-

AGO 3332t~ 63

ation (app. II). Following the employment of gas,riot control formations may be used.

d. Situation: A large, compact mob which ismassec. on a city street is to be dispersed. Tactics:Apply riot control formations (fig. 1, Q, O, and Q)in the direction desired; as the rioters are dispersedinto the various streets, seal the streets off so as toprevent the reformation of the mob. Use patrols toprevent the regrouping of the rioters.

e. Situation: A mob which is occupying a large,populated section of a city is to be dispersed. Tac-tics.: Isolate the affected area; split the area usingthe most natural dividing line available; usually thecenter of riotous activity. After this has been ac-complished, clean up the area by patrols; work fromthe center outward.

/. Situation: A large compact mob is massed on apublic square which is not inclosed. ThV mob is tobe dispersed and the leader arrested. Tactics: Util-ize a striking wedge to drive through the point ofleast expected resistance in order to arrest the leader.In a cordinated movement, segment the mob; thenseparate and disperse the segments.

64 AGO 3332C

II

Figure 2. A method of dispersing a mob in an open area.AGO 3332C 65

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66 ~~~~~~~~~~~aco 3332C3

Section IV. CITY OPERATIONS

84. GENERAL

A city which is held by organized armed riotersis generally attacked in the same manner as a citywhich is held by enemy troops. The tactics em-ployed are modified to meet the loose organizationand the lack of discipline which may be found amongrioters or resistance groups, and to preserve lifeand property to the fullest extent. For the prin-ciples of offensive action against a city, see FM 31-50.

85. MARCHING THROUGH CITY STREETS

a. The marching of troops through city streetsthat are flanked by high buildings or that are filledwith people should be avoided. If it is necessaryto march troops through streets in order to reachan affected area, and if rioting is general, the streetsare cleared in front of the troops. Under no cir-cumstances are persons permitted to crowd the side-walks while the troops march past. Riot controlformations are employed, however, only whennecessary.

b. Columns of troops marching through citystreets are secured by advance, flank, and rear guards.Squads of the advance party march in single file onthe sidewalks on each side of a street. The membersof these squads observe the windows and roofs of thebuildings on the opposite side of the street, and fireon any snipers who attack the troops.

AGO 3332C 67

86. USE OF BARRICADES

a. By troops. Barricades, if required, are con-structed of any available material sufficiently strongto withstand attack, and are secured by automaticweapon or rifle support. Material which is likely tochip or to splinter when hit by bullets shou.d becovered with a protective substance. To preventattackers from gaining good firing positions, troopsoccupy or make buildings, roofs, or similar pointscovering barricades, untenable.

b. By Rioters. Barricades which are erected byrioters are attacked, if possible, from the flank orfrom above. Fire hose or chemical agents are em-ployed, when practicable. A foothold may often besecured at night, or at any time that the barricadenaty be taken by surprise. When other means fail,barricades are reduced by the use of tanks, artillery,mortars, or grenades.

87. ACTION AGAINST BUILDINGS

a. If the occupancy of a building by rioters con-stitutes a threat to the success of an operation, thebuilding may be reduced immediately, or it may becontained, isolated, and dealt with later.

b. A direct attack on a building is avoided, when-ever possible. If the building is separated fromother buildings, smoke is used to screen the app roachof troops. If the structure is ofie of a row of build-ings of approximately the same height, it may beattacked from an adjoining roof. A cordon may beplaced around a building containing rioters in order

68 AGO 3332C

to capture emerging rioters, and to prevent riotersreceiving reinforcements during an attack.

c. It is easier to neutralize a building from the topdown than from the bottom up. In attacking a build-ing, chemical grenades are dropped through open-ings, such as chimneys, trapdoors, and skylights, orare thrown through windows. After securing anentrance, troops advance from room to room andfrom floor to floor until the building is cleared. Tominimize resistance, troops throw chemical grenadesinto rooms before entering.

88. DEFENSIVE ACTION

a. General. When defensive action is necessary,troops organize positions for an all-around defense.Defensive points are occupied by skeleton forces,while strong reserves are held mobile- within easysupporting distance of such forces.

b. Critical Facilities. Powerhouses, power lines,dams, and similar critical points are closely guardedto prevent destruction or damage by fire, explosion,or other method. The commander guards only suchfacilities as are essential to the fulfillment of hismission (TM 19-225).

c. Communications. When circumstances war-rant, communication facilities, such as telephone ex-changes, telephone lines, and radio and televisionstations, are closely guarded to prevent destructionor damage and to prevent their use by dissidentelements.

d. Transportation and Utilities Systems. Thecommander pays particular attention to the defense

AGO 3332C 69

and unhampered operation of transportation andutility systems that are essential to the tactical mis-sion. Street railways and buses are not guarded orprotected, unless such action is necessary to the res-toration of order. Protection must be furnishedUnited States mail, passengers, and railroad equip-ment. Stations, freight depots, roundhouses, carshops, and similar facilities should be protected inthe same manner as other structures. Initially, thenecessity for continuing mail service may require theassignment of protective detachments to guardtrains.

Section V. ON SHIPBOARD

89. GENERAL

T.le military may be called upon by proper author-ity to quell riots or disturbances on shipboard, or toeject nmutinous seamen who have taken possession ofa vessel at a pier or in a harbor. Generally, the tac-tics used in a civil disturbance to disperse a mob ina confined area may be applied. The number oftroops required will depend upon the size of the ves-sel, the number of persons involved, and the troopsimmediately available.

90. SUPPORT OF THE UNITED STATES COAST GUARD

The United States Coast Guard is the Federalmaritime police agency. In time of peace, the CoastGuard is an enforcement service of the Departmentof the Treasury, and military assistance to it mustbe coordinated with that Department.

70o AGO 3332C

91. TACTICS

a. Troops are usually employed by squads to quella disturbance on shipboard. Each squad is dividedinto two-man teams, with each team working as anindividual unit. Some of the teams are assignedto guard ship utilities, exits and approaches, thebridge, the fire control room, and the engine room.The remaining teams are used to remove the riotersfrom the ship. The ejection of the rioters may beeffected by the use of shotguns, bayonets, fire hose,chemical weapons, or merely a show of force. Asa preliminary measure, the leader of the riotersshould be asked to leave the ship, for if he does so,the others may follow peaceably. The position of theship is an important factor, as the commander musttake into consideration the logistical and tacticalcontingencies that result from the position and eventhe movement of the ship.

b. In quelling a disturbance aboard a ship, thefollowing considerations are of importance:

(1) Precautions against fire.(2) Hiding places aboard and avenues of escape

from the ship.(3) Progressive closing or locking behind the

troops of all rooms, bulkheads, fire doors,and exits.

(4) Control of the ship's water supply.(5) Medical personnel and ambulances for the

care and evacuation of the wounded.(6) Chemical attack.

AGO.3332C 71

Section VI. TERMINATION OF OPERATIONS

92. MOPPING UP OPERATIONS;

a.. Upon overcoming armed resistance in an area,the ccmmander takes immediate measures to elimi-nate further opposition. If the lawless elements areorganized, for example, the commander may con-tinue to expect simultaneous and sporadic attacks.

b. To cope with possible outbreaks, roving foot andvehicle patrols are employed within the area, usuallyon irregular or frequently changed schedules androutes. All the patrols in each district should op-erate under one commander, who should have ade-quate reserves available at all times. One-qt.arter-ton trucks may be used to patrol outlying districts,but their canvas tops and windshields should belowered to permit the free use of weapons. Air-planes may be employed for reconnaissance a ad fordirecting motor patrols by means of radio or othersignals.

c. In mopping up operations, it may be necessaryto make house-to-house searches for arms or to ap-prehend individuals. Mopping up and searchingparties may be sent through the houses on each sideof a street. Where the houses are not connected,searching parties, protected by necessary fire, mayapproach their objectives simultaneously from sev-era.l directions.

93,,. WITHDRAWAL OF TROOPS

Military forces are withdrawn from a disturbedarea when directed by proper authority. Before

72 AGO 3332C

withdrawal, all regulations and restrictive measuresmade necessary by the emergency 'situation areusually rescinded by the military commander, and ifhe deems it necessary, troops may be paraded forpsychological effect.

94. OFFICIAL REPORTS

The military commander makes such reports asare required by competent authority.

Section VIi. PUBLIC INFORMATION

95. GENERAL

In a civil disturbance, the cooperation of the publicis of inestimable value to the military commander.The commander, through his public information of-ficer, maintains liaison with representatives of thepress, radio, and other public information services,and provides the maximum of information that isconsistent with military directives and the existingsituation.

96. PUBLIC INFORMATION MEDIUMS

The commander may desire to use, directly or in-directly, the public information facilities that areavailable in a given area, such as radio and televisionstations; local newspapers; news agencies; publishersof periodicals and books; posters; and theaters.

a. Press. The press, for example, may be used forall types of information. The employment of postersor other types of printed matter should not beoverlooked.

AGO 3332C 73

b. Radio and Television. Radio and televisionmay be used as successfully as the press and to reach

a different section of the general public. Radio, inaddition, lends itself to informal topical presenta-tion, and to developing points of emphasis.

c. Public Address Systems. Mobile public addresssystems and mobile broadcasting units are also ef-fective in directly disseminating information.

97. PUBLIC INFORMATION OBJECTIVES

Through the direct use of public informationmediums or by liaison with public information of-ficials, the military commander may-

a. Facilitate military operations by disseminatingproclamations and instructions to the general public.

b. Assist in maintaining law and order as far asthe military situation permits.

c. Counteract subversive propaganda or preventthe dissemination of matter which violates militarysecurity.

d. Keep the public at home or off the streets.e. Provide a public information program giving

a fair and impartial picture of current events./. Provide an orientation program explaining the

reason for and the purpose of the militaryintervention.

74 AGO 3332C

APPENDIX I

AUXILIARY WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT

Section I. CHEMICAL AGENTS

1. GENERAL

a. Tactical Employment. The tactical employ-ment of chemical agents in a civil disturbance is de-pendent upon the physical and chemical propertiesof such agents as well as upon their projected use.

b. Properties. Among the desirable properties ofchemical agents which may be used in controlling acivil disturbance are the following:

(1) Effective in low concentration.(2) Difficult to neutralize or destroy.(3) Stable in storage.(4) Stable against shock.(5) Sufficiently heavy to remain effective on the

ground.(6) Compressible into noncorrosive containers

for transportation.(7) Economical.(8) Readily procurable.

c. Advantages. The use of chemical agents is themost effective means of achieving the greatest tempo-rary incapacitation of a riotous group with the leastpermanent injury. Chemical agents, unlike small-

AGO 3332C· 75

arms fire, spread through the atmosphere and rieachrioters behind parapets, barricades, and buildings;in trenches; or wherever they may be.

2. TYPES OF CHEMICAL AGENTS

a. Irritant Gases. Irritant gases are not suffi-ciently toxic in field concentrations to cause death orseriously to endanger health. Of the chemicalagents suitable for use in a civil disturbance, themost, important, because of their peculiar nonlethalcharacteristics, are the harassing agents: CN (teargas) and CN-DM (a combination of tear gas andadamsite). Although CN-DM mixtures are classifiedas nonlethal irritant agents, they are not employedexcept under extremely serious conditions becavuse oftheir severe physiological effects on persons. Forchemical agents employed in civil disturbances, seetables I and II.

b. Smnoke. From the group of smoke-producingagents, one substance, HC, is frequently used. Whilethis substance is of particular value in concealingmovements of troops in the open, its physiologicaleffect is negligible. Smoke is also used for signalingpurposes.

c. Casualty Gases and Incendiaries. Casualtygases and incendiaries are not normally used for con-trolling civil disturbances.

3. MUNITIONS CONTAINING CHEMICAL AGENTS

The most important of the munitions containingchemical agents which are employed in controllingcivil disturbances are:

76 AGO 3332C

a. Grenade, hand, gas, irritant, CN, M7A1.b. Grenade, hand, irritant, CN-DM, M6.c. Grenade, hand, riot, CN, M25A1.d. Pot, smoke, HC, M1.

4. TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT

Although climatic conditions may influence thetactical employment of gas, the placing of gas cloudsis governed primarily by the effect desired, the tem-per and objectives of the rioters, the wind, and themunitions available.

5. AREA

The area occupied by or to be denied to a mob de-termines the length of the line along which a cloudof gas is released. This line is usually at right anglesto the direction of the wind and sufficiently long toinsure the creation of a cloud which, when it reachesthe mob, will include considerably more than thearea actually occupied by the members thereof. Thelength of line is roughly equal to the average widthof the target plus one-fifth of the distance from theline to the target (FM 3-5). Chemical agents arenot used in areas where undesirable effects may en-sue from their use, such as in a hospital area, or whereit will be necessary for troops to occupy an area im-mediately without gas masks.

AGO 3332C 950994°-b2-6 77

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6. WIND

a. Direction and Velocity. The direction of thewind fixes the general position of the line from whichthe cloud must be released in order to drift across thetarget area. The velocity of the wind is consideredin determining the distance between the line of re-lease and the mob; a strong wind indicates an in-creased distance. The distance, in turn, affects theamount of chemicals that must be released in orderto place an effective concentration on the mob.

b. Line of Release. A pilot smoke grenade maybe set off to assist in the determination of the direc-tion and velocity of the wind and the size and place-ment of a cloud appropriate to the situation. Withina few seconds, smoke from the pilot grenade will besufficient to permit an estimate to be made of thegeneral pattern of a chemical cloud and the linefrom which it should be released. A pilot smokegrenade is especially effective in determining windcurrents around a building. The line of releaseshould be far enough to the windward so that thegas to be released from the grenades or pots willmerge into one cloud before it reaches the mob; butthe distance must not be so great that the gas con-centration becomes diluted before the cloud passesover the mob. Troops must be protected from theeffects of the chemicals.

7. MUNITIONS

a. Quantity. Chemical munitions are always usedin sufficient quantities to produce an immediate anddecisive effect. Sufficient ammunition must be

AGO 3332C 83

available to produce the proper concentration of gasin the cloud and to maintain the required gas con-centration until the mob has been dispersed. If thesupply is limited, a heavy concentration of gas shouldbe placed on the critical point. The minimum am-munition requirements for chemical clouds whichare used in civil disturbances are shown in table III.

b. Selection.(1) Tear gas. Tear gas (CN) is suitab-le for

use against either a crowd or a mob. How-ever, as it produces only a temporary effect,CN does not necessarily prevent a mob fromre-forming. The CN powder, because of itsgreater persistency, in comparison with theCN vapor, has a more lasting effect. Pow-dered CN dispersed inside a building fromthe M25A1 grenade may maintain a highpersistency for days or even weeks unless itis removed through weathering or by me-chanical means. The individual who comesin contact with CN powder actually inhalesit, and gets it in his eyes, his hair, his cloth-ing, and on his skin. The individual is af-fected 'for several hours. The actualbursting of the grenade is instantaneous,and the intolerable concentration of the gasoccupies a much greater area, than the visiblecloud. Example: If the visible contami-nated area is about 20 yards in width, theinvisible contaminated area, depending uponthe distance from the burst and the windconditions, may be double this width. The

84 AGO 3332C

cloud moves and is dissipated more or lessrapidly according to the strength and varia-tion of the wind. The cloud travel pro-duced by the bursting type grenade is muchless than that produced by the burning type;the latter produces a much greater cloud ofeffective CN beyond 50 yards downwind.

(2) Tear gas-adamsite combination. A combi-nation of tear gas and adamsite (CN-DM)may be used against a violent mob. Fiveminutes should be allowed for the combina-tion to produce its maximum effect. Thephysical reaction to adamsite is sufficientlyviolent and lasting to incapacitate personsfor several hours after exposure. If CN-DM is employed, the presence of a unit gasofficer is desirable.

(3) Smoke. Smoke may be utilized to deter-mine the approximate velocity of the wind,and to provide concealment for the move-ment of troops. Troops moving behind orthrough a smoke screen can approach abuilding or barricade close enough to throwgrenades. Smoke decreases visibility, pre-vents aimed fire, and causes confusion. Assmoke produces no physiological reaction,it restrains a mob only momentarily. Caremust be exercised that smoke does not bene-fit rioters by screening their movementsfrom troops.

AGO 3332C 85

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8. 'PRACTICAL APPLICATION

a. General. Although the quantity of grenadesor pots needed to provide an adequate concentrationin a given area is tentatively computed in advanceand the general plan for the use of chemicals is pre-pared prior to an operation, the manner of employ-ment is determined on the spot. When a larger quan-tity of gas is. required than can be easily obtainedby the use of standard gas grenades, liquid ClN maybe dispensed from portable or motor-mounted liquiddispensing units. These units are liquid gas dis-pensing adaptations of the flame thrower.

b. Releasing the Gas. When the commander de-cides upon the manner and line of release, he placesgrenadiers or operators of the portable liquid gasdispensing units along the line, facing the mob. Thegrenades, pots, or liquid gas dispensers are then setoff simultaneously and the cloud is sustained orshi:fted, as necessary, until the mob is forced to scat-ter. The grenadiers or the operators of the liquidgas dispensers are protected, and all troops aremasked.

c. Providing Avenues of Retreat. The r iotersmust be provided with avenues for escape from theadvarcing cloud.

d. Denying Areas to Rioters. When it is desiredto derny an area to rioters, a blanketing gas cloud maybe thrown over the area. The grenade, hand, riot,CN, M25A1, is exceptionally well suited to denyingareas to rioters, as the gas is relatively persistentunder normal conditions.

88 AGO 3332C

e. Splitting a Mob. A narrow cloud thrown acrossthe center of a crowd will tend to split it. This pro-cedure is advisable where there is no path of retreatto the rear, or when the supply of chemical ammuni-tion is limited.

f. Attacking a Building. When rioters are barri-caded within a building, the building itself may beblanketed with a gas cloud, provided that the win-dows have been shattered. Grenades may be throwndirectly into the building, or smoke may be used tocover the approach of the troops. The burning typegrenade should not be-used, where combustibles arepresent, because the intense heat which is created bythe grenade may start a fire.

g. Em,ployment of Grenades. Chemical grenadesof the combustion type are not thrown into a mob,for they may be thrown back. All types of chemicalgrenades can be thrown over or in front of a mob.The average distance that the grenade, hand, riot,CN, M25A1, may be thrown before fragmentation,for example, is from 35 to 50 yards. Although it isnot likely that the M25A1 grenade can be thrown backafter it is thrown into a mob, to be most effective thegrenade should be thrown so that the bursting occursabout 6 feet off the ground and 20 yards upwind fromthe target. A single M25A1 grenade, when burst inthis manner, using a 10 miles per hour wind, willcause lacrimation of individuals effectively at 50yards downwind. Satisfactory effects can also beobtained from ground bursts. The characteristics ofthis grenadeare such that even if the grenade shouldburst on the ground within the mob, there is little

AGO 3332C 89

chance of injury from fragmentation. Obviously,to affect persons coming into the area after the initialgas cloud has passed by, additional grenades willhave to be used. Although heavy grass and weedsassist in prolonging the effects of the M25A1 grenade,the real persistency of the CN powder is determinedby the amount of the powder absorbed by or on theindividual, and the length of time necessary to freehis body of the effects.

Section II. ARMOR

9. GENERAL

a. The mobility, armor, and armament of armoredunits make them particularly effective in the sup-pression of a civil disturbance. They are capable ofcrushing street barricades and obstacles; their armorrenders them invulnerable to small-arms fire andmissiles; and they create a psychological effect thatis of value in controlling an unlawful crowd or mob.Armored equipment is employed only in a civil dis-turbance of great seriousness, and where a state ofpreparedness similar to that of an opposing armyis inCdicated.

b. Armored vehicles, such as scout cars, may beemployed in a similar manner, when less force isrequired to attain an objective. In addition, theyare utilized in reconnaissance and security missions,for messenger service, in tactical support of the in-fantry, and as carriers.

,(. For a detailed discussion of the capabilities andlimitations of armor, see FM 17-32 and FM :L00-5.

90 AGo 3332C

Section III. AIRCRAFT

10. GENERAL

The employment of aircraft in a civil disturbanceis restricted usually to a large-scale military inter-vention, or to aid in a catastrophe. Some of the airoperations which are of assistance to the militarycommander in a civil disturbance are discussed below.

11. VISUAL RECONNAISSANCE

Aircraft may be used to locate and report to themilitary commander information concerning hostileforces in a civil disturbance, the condition of roadsand bridges, the presence of natural or artificialobstacles, and the location and movement of friendlyforces. When possible, communication is establishedbetween the commander and the aircraft, and air-ground liaison is maintained.

12. PHOTO RECONNAISSANCE

This type of reconnaissance is employed in theplanning phase, both in a civil disturbance and inmilitary aid in a distaster, when information can beobtained from photographs. The mobility of thetactical situation in a civil disturbance makes it un-likely that photo reconnaissance will be utilized in anoperational phase. However, in a disaster, photo-graphic intelligence on flood or hurricane damage isof value to the military commander, especially whenthe disaster covers a wide area.

AGO 3332C 91

13. AERIAL ATTACK AND TACTICAL SUPPORT

Aircraft may assist the military commander in acivil disturbance in the same manner as in a combatoperation. In an extremely serious situation, aircraftmay assist armed forces in driving or keeping :riotersoff roofs by engaging in strafing attacks or by drop-ping chemical agents, high explosives, antipersonnelborabs, or psychological warfare leaflets. Aircraftmay also help in directing troop movement;, con-trolling traffic, or providing air cover for marchingtroops.

14. TROOP CARRIERS

I:f rioters are strongly entrenched, and rapid rein-forcement or troop movement is desired, aircra ft mayalso be utilized for the transport of units (FM 31-40and TM 71-210).

15. MESSENGER AND SUPPLY SERVICE

Aircraft can drop orders, messages, or supplies asdeemed expedient, when rapid delivery is essential tothe accomplishment of the military commander'smission, when the terrain presents land transport dif-ficulties, or when flexibility in transport is required.

Section IV. OTHER WEAPONS

16, GRENADES

a. General. Grenades are small bombs, filled withexplosives or chemicals, which are either thrown byhand or are fired from a rifle by means of a special

92 AGO 3332C

device known as a launcher. Grenades of varioustypes are useful in civil disturbances, especiallychemical grenades; other types of grenades, such asfragmentation and thermite grenades, are utilizedonly as an extreme measure.

b. Types of Grenades. In addition to the chemi-cal and smoke grenades already discussed, there are-

(1) Fragmentation grenades, which explodeinto pieces, and which are used to cause in-jury to personnel.

(2) Concussion grenades, which contain ex-plosive charges, and which are used fordemolitions and to inflict casualties on per-sonnel in inclosed spaces.

(3) Thermite grenades, which are incendiaryand melt metal, and which are useful fordispersing rioters or destroying abandonedguns and machinery.

17. MORTARS

The mortar is a muzzle-loading weapon with ahigh angle of fire. The function of the mortar isvery similar to that of the hand grenade, but themortar projectile travels a much greater distancethan the grenade and has a much greater intensity.In a civil disturbance, the mortar is employed to in-flict casualties, for demolition, and to release harass-ing agents.

18. ARTILLERY

It is unlikely that the concentrated fire power ofartillery will be extensively employed to control a

950944°-52-7 93

civil disturbance, except in an extreme instance. Ar-tillery, however, may be useful in a show of :force,even though its use is improbable. When artilleryis used to support troops in a civil disturbance, it isemployed in accordance with the principles outlinedin FM 6-20 and FM 100-5.

94 AG D 3332C

APPENDIX II

PROCLAMATIONS AND MESSAGES

Section I. PROCLAMATIONS

1. FORMS OF PROCLAMATIONS

The forms that are set forth in the followingparagraphs for the suggested use of the militarycommander are to be considered as models only.Wherever time permits, the military commander willobtain clearance from higher authority as to theexact language of the proclamation to be issued.Where this procedure is not practicable, extreme caremust be taken to insure that "whereas" clauses of theproclamation accurately report prior Presidentialaction as to the reason for, and the purpose of, theintervention and the order which has been issued bythe President to all persons involved.

2. FEDERAL AID TO CIVIL AUTHORITIES

In the case of Federal aid to civil authorities, thetext of the proclamation may take the followingform:

"WxERuEAs, upon the application of the properauthorities of the State of , the Presi-dent of the United States has ordered (here statethe nature of the order) and

AGO 3332C 95

"WHeREAS, the President has also by his Proc-lamation to that effect, commanded all persons en-gaged in unlawful and insurrectionary proceedingsto disperse and retire peaceably to their respectiveabodes on or before the hour of __ of the_ day of _ 19_ , and here-

after to abandon said combinations and siflmitthemselves to the laws and constituted authoritiesof said State; and

"WHExEAS, I, , have by dueand proper orders, been directed to operate withinthe County or Counties of _ , State of

, and particularly within an area de-scribed as follows, to-wit:

for the purposes aforesaid; now"THEREFORE, I do hereby command all Fersons

to obey the orders of the President of the UnitedStates contained in his Proclamation aforesaid,and, for the purpose of more effectively and speed-ily, and with less loss of life and property, accom-plishing the orders of the President to protect saidState and the citizens thereof against domesticviolence and to enforce the due execution of thelaws of said State, I do further proclaim thatwithin the area particularly above described, thefollowing orders shall be observed and obeyed,:;o-wit:

(Enter here orders forbidding public meet-ings, assemblages, processions, parades, ordemonstrations, the carrying of arms orweapons; excluding persons, except resi-dents from the district affected; regulating

96 A 30 3332C

the speed of vehicles; and other regulationsor restrictions which may be necessarily im-posed in view of the situation.)

"I do further proclaim and declare that anyperson violating the orders of the President afore-said, or my orders hereinabove appearing, will beapprehended and held by the military authoritiesfor proper disposition; and that acts of force orviolence on the part of the civil population will bemet with such force necessary to restore order andsubmission to the constituted authority; and

"In order that their lives and their persons maynot be endangered, I adjure all people to keep awayfrom all scenes of disorder.

"In the name of the President of the UnitedStates, I command that you disperse and retirepeaceably to your homes."

3. TO ENFORCE FEDERAL LAWS AND PROTECTGOVERNMENT PROPERTY

a. If the President has directed action to enforceFederal laws and to protect Government property,and a request from State authorities is not involved,the text of the commander's proclamation may takethe following form:

"WHEREAS, by reason of unlawful obstructions,combinations, and assemblages, it has become im-practicable, in the judgment of the President ofthe United States, to enforce the laws of the UnitedStates by the ordinary course of judicial proceed-ings within and particularly withinthat portion of described as follows,to-wit:

AGO 3332C 97

and"WHEREAS, the President has also admonished

all persons who may be or may come within theareas aforesaid, against aiding, countenar.cing,encouraging, or taking any part in such unlawfulobstructions, combinations, and assemblages, andhas warned all persons engaged in or in any wayconnected with such unlawful obstructions, com-binations, and assemblages to disperse and :retirepeaceably to their respective abodes on or beforethe hour of , of the _ _ of19__, and has further proclaimed that thosewho disregard his warning as aforesaid and per-sist in taking part with a riotous mob in forciblyresisting and obstructing the execution of the lawsof the United States, or interfering with the func-tions of the Government, or destroying or at-tempting to destroy the property of the UnitedStates or property under its protection, cannot beregarded otherwise than as public enemies; and

"WHEREAS, I, , have bay dueand proper orders, been directed to operate within

___ and particularly within the areahereinbefore described, for the purpose aforesaid;now

"THEREFORE, I do hereby command all personsto obey the orders of the President of the UnitedStates and, for the purpose of more effectively andspeedily, with less loss of life and property, ac-complishing the order of the President to enforcethe laws of the United States and to protect Gov-ernment property, I do further proclaim that

98 AGO 3332C

within the above prescribed area, the followingorders shall be observed and obeyed, to-wit:

(Here insert orders and restrictions)

"I do further proclaim and declare that any per-son violating the orders of the President aforesaid,or my orders hereinabove appearing, will be ap-prehended and held by the military authorities forproper disposition; and that acts of force or vio-lence on the part of the civil population will be metwith such force necessary to restore order, insurethe protection of Government property and sub-mission to the constituted authority; and

"In order that their lives and their persons maynot be endangered, I adjure all people to keepaway from all scenes of disorder.

"In the name of the President of the UnitedStates, I command that you disperse and retirepeaceably to your homes."b. If the President has directed action to control

a civil disturbance, the text of the commander'sproclamation may take the following short form:

"WHEREAS public disorders and riots havepassed beyond the control of local authorities, and

"WHEREAS public property and private propertyare threatened by unruly mobs, and

"WHEREAS community activities have been sus-pended and there is danger to the public healthand safety:

"Now, THEREFORE, I, , UnitedStates Army, by virtue of the authority vested inme by the President of the United States and bymy powers and prerogative as Commanding

AGO 3332C 99

General of the Army, do hereby de-clare that a grave emergency exists in the city of_- , and the area bounded as follows:

"I hereby command all persons engaged in un-lawful and insurrectionary proceedings to dis-perse and retire peaceably to their respectiveabodes immediately and abandon all insurrection,domestic violence, and combinations leadingthereto.

"1: further admonish all persons to abstain fromany acts which might be injurious to the militaryforces of the United States."

4. PRIOR TO USE OF FORCE

Subsequent to the issuance of the military com-mander's proclamation, it may be necessary to em-ploy troops in dispersing a crowd. In such a case,prior to the use of force, the immediate commanderof the troops should make the following verbalproclamation:

"In the name of the President of the UnitedStates I command that you disperse and retirepeaceably to your homes."

Section II. MESSAGES

5. DIRECTIVE TO SUBORDINATE COMMANDER

The following is one of several forms by which themilitary commander of the area, affected by a civil dis-turoance directs that action be taken by a subordi-nate commander in employing United States armedforces in a military intervention:

100 AGO 3332C

HEADQUARTERS ELEVENTH ARMYOffice of the Commanding General

Camp Gordon, Georgia

(Date)

SUBJECT: Use of United States Armed Forcesin Connection with Civil Disturb-ances at

TO: Commanding General

1. The President of the United States has issueda proclamation commanding all persons engagingin the unlawful insurrection and public disordersnow existing in the City of , State of

, to disperse and retire peaceably totheir respective abodes immediately, and hereafterabandon said insurrection, domestic violence, andcombinations leading thereto. The President hasdirected the use of such United States armed forcesas may be necessary to enforce it. Inclosed is acopy of the proclamation and a copy of a letteron the subject addressed to the Governor of theState of

2. In accordance with and by authority of theaforementioned proclamation and instructions, youwill employ the forces now under your commandfor the purpose of restoring peace in the areasinvolved and otherwise to assist the local authori-ties to restore such order.

AGO 3332C 101

3. Your primary mission is to suppress domesticviolence and to establish and maintain order in thedisturbed areas. Upon the arrival of your com-mand at the scene of any disturbance, you willmake such display of force as is practicable. Thisalone may have the effect of accomplishing every-thing desired. Should it prove ineffective, striveto ascertain the leaders in this disturbance and toconvince them of the futility of further activities.This may secure their cooperation in ending thedisturbances without bloodshed. You will co-operate closely with the City, State, and Federalauthorities throughout. Although you are incommand and subject to no authority but that ofyour military superiors, close cooperation withlocal authorities is'specifically enjoined upon you,unless and until such cooperation interferes withthe accomplishment of your mission.

4. In the event the rioters fail to obey the Presi-dent's proclamation and your orders, then you areboth authorized and directed to proceed immedi-ately against the rioters in such a way as, in yourdiscretion and best judgment, will most promptlyand effectually put an end to the disorders :ndrestore law and order.

5. The measure of your authority is what neces-sity dictates. Civil functions and procedure shouldnot be displaced or interfered with when they cansuccessfully be employed. Persons apprehendedshould ordinarily be turned over to the proper civilaut horities as soon as practicable but should[ beheld in military custody as long as necessary to ac-

102 AGO m:332C

complish your mission. In case a writ of habeascorpus issue from a United States court, you willobey the writ, produce the prisoner, and state infull the reason for restraint. Should a writ ofhabeas corpus issue from a State court, you willnot obey the writ but will make return respectfullystating the prisoner is held by authority of theUnited States. This matter is discussed in theManual for Courts-Mfartial, United States, 1951in which appropriate forms of return are set forth.You will report promptly to Headquarters,Eleventh Army, the service of such writs uponand action taken by you.

6. You will keep this headquarters advised asto the situation and particularly as to any unusualdevelopments.

(Signed)(Typed)

2 Incl1. Proclamation Lieutenant General, USA2. Copy letter Commanding

AGO 3332C 103

6. LETTER TO LOCAL OFFICIAL

The following is a model form of letter for use bythe military commander of an area affected by a civildisturbance advising a local official that militaryintervention will be undertaken:

HIEADQUARTERS ELEVENTH ARMYOffice of the Commanding General

Camp Gordon, Georgia

(Date)

HonorableDistrict Attorney

__ District of

Dear Mr. __Attached hereto is a copy of a proclamation by

the President which was issued in response to arequest from the Governor of the State of

_______- _and pursuant to Sections 5297 and5300, Revised Statutes, commanding all per sonsengaged in the unlawful insurrection and publicdisorders now existing in the City of >State of , to disperse and retire peace-ably to their respective abodes immediately,, andhereafter to abandon all such combinations leadingthereto and to submit themselves to the laws andconstituted authority of the State of _

General has been instructedto employ troops under his command. His head-quarters is at , and he and I,or members of my staff, will be pleased to confer

104 AGO 3332C

with you so that we may have the benefit of yourcounsel concerning the situation.

If and when it becomes necessary, all civiliansviolating Federal and State laws will be appre-hended by the military forces under the commandof General and turned over tothe proper civil authorities. Civilians so appre-hended in your district will be delivered into thecustody of the United States Marshal with a viewto their prosecution. This subject is brought toyour attention in order that you may make properprovision for the disposition of such persons andso relieve the armed fqrces of custody as soon aspossible.

Yours very truly,(Signed)

> ~(Typed)1 Incl Lieutenant General, USA

Proclamation Commanding

AGO 3332C 105

APPENDIX III

OPERATION ORDER FOR A CIVIL DISTURBANCE

The operation order set forth below is to be con-sidered as a model only, and is to be altered or sup-plemented as required:

CLASSIFICATION

ELEVENTH ARMYCAMP GORDON, GEORGIA

(Date and time)

Opn 0 1Maps: City of _

County of

1. a. (1) Annex 1, Intelligence Report, Internal Se-curity. (Omitted)

(2) A state of domestic violence, lawlessness,and insurrection against law and orderexists in the City of and. ad-jacent parts of the County ofLocal law enforcement agencies are unablemaintain law and order.

b. Governor of _ has re-quested the President of the United States,pursuant to the United States Constitution andStatutes, to take action immediately as is neces-sary to suppress this domestic violence. In re-

106 AGO :332C

sponse thereto the President, pursuant toSections 5297 and 5300 of the United StatesRevised Statutes, at on ._

has issued his proclamation calling uponall persons engaged in the unlawful and in-surrectionary proceedings to disperse and re-tire peaceably to their respective abodesimmediately and to abandon all insurrectionand domestic violence and combinations leadingthereto. The President, under the provisionsof R. S. 5297, has directed the Secretary ofDefense to take all necessary steps, includingthe use of United States armed forces, to effectthe purpose of this proclamation, and the Chiefof Staff, U. S. Army, has transmitted the orderto the Commanding General, Eleventh Army,for execution.

2. Commanding General, Inf Div, willmove without delay one combat team to City of

_ to effect purpose of President's proc-lamation and to assist local civil authority torestore order.

3. a. Annex 2, Movement to , Adminis-trative Movement Order. (Omitted)

b. Every effort will be made to disperse crowdswithout use of force. Action will be firm, yetcourteous. Troops will exhibit an attitude ofrestraint, realizing that all unlawful crowdscontain many curious and harmless citizens.If the crowds cannot be dispersed by mere dis-play of force, tear gas may be employed. Underno circumstances will firearms be used, unlessall other measures fail to control the situation.

AGO 3332C '107

c. Annex 3, Detailed Instructions to Troops.(Omitted)

4. Administrative Order 1. (Omitted)5. a. Index , SOI. Communication by com-

mercial telephone and TWX authorized.b. Command posts: Report location.

JONESLTGEN

Annexes: 1-Intelligence Report (Omitted)2--Movement Order (Omitted)3-Detailed Instructions to Troops (Ormits

ted)DISTR: AOFF:/s/

G3CLASSIFICATION

108 AGO 3332C

APPENDIX IV

SUGGESTIONS FOR COMMANDER'S RELIEFSHELTER CHECK LIST

1. SAFETY

a. Is the shelter unduly exposed to the elements?b. Is the shelter on high ground ?c. Have adequate fire precautions been taken?d. Has an efficient guard system been placed in

operation ?

2. SANITATION

a. Are facilities for washing adequate?b. Are there sufficient toilet facilities?c. Can additional ditches for latrines be con-

structed as needed ?d. Are there simple facilities for the washing of

garments ?e. Is the kitchen of the shelter clean ?f. Is there a sufficient supply of soap and other

disinfectants?g. Is shelter well-scrubbed or swept?

3. STRUCTURE OF BUILDING

a. Have fire escapes been provided ?b. Have stairs been properly constructed so as to

prevent falls?

AGO 3332C 109

e. If small children have been placed in upstairsrooms through necessity, have gates been installed?

4. SLEEPING QUARTERS

a. What is the cubic footage of space allowed forbeds? Does this compare favorably with Depart-ment cf the Army standards for barracks?

b. Have bed linen and sufficient blankets beenprovided?

c. Has proper segregation been possible for theaged. and for children ?

d. Has it been possible to procure floor coverings ?e. Are quiet hours being enforced in sleeping

quarters?f. Have "no smoking" and other regulations and

warnings been posted?

5. OFFICE FACILITIES

a. Has adequate space been provided?b. Has separate space, away from executives, been

provided ?c. Is there sufficient office equipment?d. Is the personnel sufficient for, and efficient in,

the tasks assigned ?e. Has a 24-hour service been established?/. For necessary reference, is there a telephone list

of other relief agencies ?

1 10 AGO 3332C

6. INFIRMARY

a. Is there a contagious disease ward?b. Have sufficient precautions been taken to pre-

vent the spread of common diseases ?c. Is the infants' feeding station functioning

efficiently? What. further supplies are necessary?d. Is there a sufficient number of nurses on duty ?

Are there too many nurses for an efficient accomplish-ment of their tasks ?

e. Are proper recreational facilities, simple games,and amusements available to the patients ?

/. Have auxiliary committees been organized in theshelter to provide the patients with recreation ?

g. Are standards of cleanliness adequate?

7. STORAGE OF SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT

a. Have proper security precautions been taken?b. Are storerooms free from dampness?c. Are storerooms well-arranged?d. Is there sufficient light?

B. UTILITIES

a. Is. there sufficient water? If the waterworksare out of commission, what procedure is being fol-lowed to procure water ?

b. Is the water uncontaminated ?c. Is there sufficient electric power?d. Has an auxiliary generator been provided?e. Is natural gas used? Are the pipes in need of

repair? Are there leakages? Are repairs beingmade?

f. Are heating facilities adequate? Is too muchheat being provided?

AGO 3332C 111

9. FO)OD

a. What is the caloric intake of the average personper day at the shelter ?

b. Are adequate vitamins and minerals includedin the daily diet?

e. Are meals as free as possible from monotony?d. ;What is done with left-over food?e. What system of garbage disposal is in force?f. Are adequate hygenic precautions being taken?

112 AGO 3332C

INDEX

Para-graphs Page

Adam site ---------- --------- --------- App. I 75Aid to civil authorities_ .--------------- 4 2Aircraft:

Attack ---------------------------- App. r 75General --------------------------- App. I 75Messengers ------------------------ App. I 75Reconnaissance, photo ------ ___ App. I 75Reconnaissance, visual -------------- App. I 75Supply_ -------------- App. I 75Tactical support -------------------- App. I 75Troop carriers_ --------------------- App. I 75

Air movement, troops ------------------- 63 45Armor --- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - App. I 75Armored units --------------------------- 59 42Artillery_ ----------------------------- App. I 75Assembly, freedom ---------------------- 72 50

Barricades, uses:Rioters ---------------------------- 86b 68Troops_ ----------------------- 86a 68

Buildings, action against ----------------- 87 68

Check list, relief shelter ---------------- App. IV 109Chemical agents:

Advantages ----------------------- - App. I 75Application ------------------------ App. I 75Area -- - - - - App. I 75Characteristics (table I) ------------- App. I 75Munitions -- ---------- App. I 75Properties ----- ------- App. I 75Tactical employment ------------ App. I 75

AGO 3332C 113

Chemical agents-Continued Para-Types: graphs Page

Casualty gases ----------------- App. I 75Incendiaries ------------------- App. I 75Irritant gases ------------------ App. I 75Smoke ------------------------ App. I 75

Wind .----------------------------- App. I 75City operations:

Barricades - --------_------------- 86 68Buildings .--------- -- ------------- 87 68Defensive action -------------------- 88 69General ---------------------------- 84 67Streets ----------------------------- 85 67

C ivil affairs --------------------------- - 15 10Civil authorities:

Aid to .-------- ----- -- - - -- - - - 4 2Relations with ---------------------- 75-78 52

Civil disturbances:Causes:

Economic ----------- 33a 24Political ------------------------ 33b 25Social -------------------------- 33b 25

Characteristics ------------------- 32 24Chemical agents ------------------- App. I 75City operations --------------------- 84-88 67Communications -------------- 58 42Definition- ----- --- --- ---- --- --- 3 1Equipment --------------- 56 40Estimate of the situation ------------- 51-53 37Initial operations_ ------------------- 79-83 55Intelligence studies .------------- 49b 33Messages -------------------------- App. II 95On shipboard ----------------------- 89-91 70Operation order ------------------ App. III 106Policies, use of Federal troops ------- 4 2Proclamations --------------------- App. II 95Public information ------------------ 95-97 73Relations, civil authorities ----------- 75-78 52Restoration of order ----------------- 65-74 46

114 AGO 3832C

Para-Civil disturbances-Continued graphs Page

Sympathy of troops ---------- 50 37Termination of operations ------------ 92-94 72Troop movements ------------------- 60-64 43Type of troops ---------------------- 59 42Use of Federal troops ---------------- 4-28 2See Intervention, Federal troops.

Civil police ----------------------------- 78 54Civil rights, protection -- - - - 5d 4Civilian liaison ------------------------- 76 52Civilians, detention ---------------------- 73 50Citizens' civil rights, protection ----------- 5d 4Class disturbances ---- - ------ 41 29Coast Guard --------------------------- 90 70Command, Federal troops ---------------- 16 10Commander, military -------------------- 17 12Communications - 58 42Communications, protection --------- 88c 69Critical facilities, protection -------------- 88b 69Crowds:

Changed to mobs ------------ 38 28Class disturbances ------------------- 41 29Definition ------------------ 34 25Disasters --------------------------- 40 28Racial disturbances --------------- 41 29Sectional disturbances --------------- 41 29Subversive demonstrations ----------- 42 29

Defensive action, troops:Communications -------------------- 88c 69Critical facilities ---------- --- 88b 69General -- ---- 88a 69Transportation systems -------------- 88d 69Utilities --- -- - - - - -------- 88d 69

Definitions:Civil disturbances ----- ----- 3 1Disaster …-------------------------- 3 1

Demonstrations ------------------------ 32a 24Detention of civilians -------------------- 73 50

AGO 3332C 115

Para-Disasters: graphs Page

C(rowds .----------- ------ - --------- 40 28Definition ... . .... .........- - -------- 3 1]Federal assistance .---------------___- 30, 31 19Mobs .-------------------- - --------- 40 28

District Attorney, letter ____------------ App. II 95Drives .------------ --------- - ---.....-_ _35 26

E E I -----------------..- ----- 45 31Elections .---------- ---------------- - 9 8Emergencies, intervention, Federal troops___ 7 6Emotions --------------------- _----- 35, 37c 26, 27Engineers -------------------------------- 59 42Equipment, civil disturbance -------------- 56 40Essential Elements of Information ------ 45 31Estimate of the situation:

Decision ----------------------- - 52 37G(erleral --------------------------- 51 37Planning -------------------------- 53 38

Federal troops, uses:Aid to a State - ---------- ---------- I 5b 3Channels for intervention ------------- 4b 2City operations --------------------- 84-88 67Command --------------------------- 16 10'Disasters:

Basic considerations .------------- 30 19General characteristics .----------- 31 23

Enforce laws of U. S ----------------- 5c 3Equipment ------------------------- 56 40G eneral - --------- --------- -------- 5 2Initial operations ---------- 79-83 55Interventions:

Department ofArmy approval ---- 6c 5Emergencies -------------- 7 6Presidential proclamation --------- 6b 5Procedures and policies ---------- 16-17 10Request of a State ------------ 6a 5

116 AGO 3332C

Federal troops, uses-Continued Para-Liability, civil laws: graphs Page

Civil and criminal - . .............. 28 18General ------------------------- 27 17Trial in Federal courts ------------ 29 18

Military commander ----------------- 17 12On shipboard ----------------------- 89-91 70Policies ---------------------------- 4 2Protect civil rights ------------------- 5d 4Protect property:

Government_ ------------------- 5e(1) 4Private ------------------------ 5e(2) 4

Possessions, Employment -------- 11 9Public information ------------------ 95-97 73Relations, civil authorities -------- 75-78 52Restoration of order ----------------- 65-74 46Restrictions:

Army regulations ---------- 12 9Civil affairs --------------------- 15 10Elections - ---------------------- 9 8International law --------------- 13 9Occupied territory --------------- 14 9Posse Comitatus Act ------------ 8 7Possessions -------------- 11 9Territories -10------------- io 8

Sympathy of troops ------------------ 50 37Termination of intervention:

General ------------------------ 18 13Presidential action -------------- 21 13Recommendation of military com-

mander ---------------------- 19 13Recommendation of State Governor_ 20 13

Termination of operations_ - . ......... 92-94 72Territories -------------- 10 8Troop movements ------------------- 60-64 43Type of troops_ --------------------- 59 42

Firearms:Carrying_ -------------------------- 68 48Sale ------------------------_-_--- _ 67 48

AGO 3332C 117

Para-graphs Page

Formations, riot control ------------------ 81 58

Gases:Casualty ..------------------------ - App. I 75Incendiaries ----- --- --------------- App. I 75Irritant ------------- --..-- .... App. I 75Tear ------------------------.------ App. I 75

Governor, State, Termination Federal inter-vention ------------------------------ 20 13

Grenades ,----------------.. ------ App. I 75

Habeas Corpus, Writ of ------------------ 26 16

Indices of Agitation --------------------- 47c 32Info.mation, Essential Elements ............- -45 31Initial operations:

Action against a mob ----------------- 80 55Basic principles --------------------- 79 55Riot control formations --------------- 81 58Riot control situations ---------------- 83 63Riot control tactics ------------------- 82 59

Instincts ---------------------- ---- 35, 37c 26, 27Intelligence:

Considerations:General ---------------------- 47a 32Indices of agitation ------------ 47c 32Sensitive areas ------------- - - 47b 32

Definition -------------------------- 43 30Dissemination ---------------------- 44c 31Integration ------------------------- 44 30Journal ------------------------ -- 48 33Methods of obtaining -------- - 46 32Processing -------------------------- 44b 31Study:

Civil disturbances- - - --- -- 49b 33Definition- ------------- -- 49a 33Disasters ----------------------- 49e 36Outline ------------------ __---- 49c, d 34Types------------ -- 49b 33

International law ------------------------- 13 9

118 AGO 3332C

Para-Intervention, Federal troops: graphs Page

Command -------------------------- 16 10Liability, civil laws:

Civilandcriminal --------------- 28 18General ------------------------ 27 17Trial in Federal court ------------ 29 18

Military commander ------------ 17 12Prerequisites:

Department of the Army approval _ 6c 5Presidential proclamation --------- 6b 5Request by State ----------------- 6a 5

Procedures and policies --------------- 16, 17 10, 12Purpose ---------------------------- 65a 46Termination ------------------------ 18-21 13Types:

Enforce laws of U. S --.----------- 5c 3General ------------------------ 5a 3Protect citizens' civil rights --...... 5d 4Protect Gov. property ------------ 5e(1) 4Protect private property --------- 5e (2) 4Request of a State --.............. 5b 3

Journal, intelligence- --- -- -- ---- -- -- 48 33

Legal effects, martial rule .---------------- 24 15Letter, local official ---------------------- App. II 95Letters, civil disturbances -App........App. II 95Liability, military personnel, civil laws----- 27-29 17Liaison, civilian ------------ 76 52Liquor, sale --------- ------- 69 49Logistics:

Ammunition ------------------------ 55 40Communications -------- ----------- 58 42Earmarking ------------------------- 57 41Equipment ----------------------- 56 40General ---------------------------- - 54 40Requisitioning ----------------------- 57 41Type of troops ----------------------- 59 42Weapons - ------------_. ...-------- 55 40

AGO 3332C 119

Para-Martial rule: graphs Page

General ----------------------------.. 22 14Legal effects ------------------------. 24 15Proclamation ------------------------ 23 15'Violations of restrictions ------------.. 25 16Writ of Habeas Corpus ---------------. 26 16

Methods of obtaining intelligence .---------- 46 32Mobs:

Characteristics ------------..----- 35 26(Class disturbances - -- -----.. 41 29D]efinition ------ --------.. 34 25Disasters ----------------... ---------- 40 .28Incentives to join .-- ------- ----.... . 36 26individual --------------..------ 37 27initial action against - - ----.. 80 55Racial disturbances - .. ------- 41 29Sectional disturbances ---------------- 41 29Subversive demonstrations ----------. 42 29

Mopping up operations -------- ----------.. 92 72Mortars ------------- ------------ App. I 75Motcr movements, troops ----- ----------.. 62 44Munitions, chemical:

Quantity -------------..-- App. I 75Selection--_ ....... ..-- --..- App. I 75

National Guard- -------------------- _----- 16d, e 11

Occupied territory, belligerently - 14 9Official reports .--------------------------- 94 73

Panic ------------------------------ -- 40 28Photo reconnaissance ----------. -------- App. I 75Posse Comitatus Act --------------- 8 7Possessions, Federal troops----------.. 11 9Presidential action, termination:

Federal intervention --------------. - 21 13Presidential proclamation ------------ - 6b 5Press, freedom of ---------- 71 49

120 AGO 3332C

Para-Proclamations: graphs Page

Enforce Federal laws --------------- App. II 95Federal aid to civil authorities ------ App. II 95Forms --- - -- - - -- - -- ----- App. II 95Martial rule ------------------------- 23 15Presidential ------------------------- 6b 5Prior to use of force ---------------- App. II 95Protect Gov. property -------------- App. II 95

Property, private ---------------------- 74 51Property, protection by Federal troops:

Government ------------------------ 5e(1) 4Private - ------------- ------------- 5e( 2 ) 4

Public information:General --------------------- 95 73Mediums ------------------- ----- 96 73Objectives ---------------- ------ 97 74

Racial disturbances ---------------------- 4.1 29Rail movements, troops ----------------- 61 43Reconnaissance:

Photo-... ------------- App. I 75Visual ----------------------------- App. I 75

Relations, civil authorities:Civil police ------------------------- 78 54Civilian liaison --------------------- 76 52General -- - - - - - - - - - - 75 52State armed forces ------------ 77 52

Religion, freedom of --------------------- 71 49Reports, civil disturbances ---------------- 94 73Restoration of order:

Areas adjacent to bivouac ------------ 70 49Carrying of firearms ----------------- 68 48Conduct toward civilians ------------ 66 47Detention of civilians -- - - 73 50Freedom'of:

Peaceful assembly --------------- 72 50Press -------------------------- 71 49Religion -------------- 71 49Speech_ -... .......-- . . n71 4P

AGO 3332C 1'21

Para-Restoration of order-Continued graphs Page

General ------------------------------ 65 46Private property --------------------- 74 51Sale of firearms ----------------------.. 67 48Sale of liquor ------------------------ 69 49

Riot control:City operations ---------------------- 84-88 67Formations -------------- 81 58Situations --------------------------- 83 63Tactics -------- .-.--.-.-.-.-.-.-.-- 82 59

Riotors ------------------- 39 28R iots - ---------------- ----------------. 32b 24

Sectional disturbances .------------------- 41 29Sensitive areas -------------------------- 47b 32Shipboard, troops:

General ---------------------------- 89 70Support Coast Guard .---------------- 90 70Tactics --------------- 91 71

Signal Corps ---------------------------- 59 42Situations, riot control -------------------- 83 63Smoke, gases -------------------------- App. I 75Speech, freedom of ---------------- 71 49State armed forces:

Assignment of mission --------------- 77a 52Conflict of missions ------------------- 77b 53Termination Federal intervention______ 20 13

State Guard ------------------------- 16d, e, 77 11, 52State, request for Federal troops ---------- 6a 5Subversive demonstrations --------------- 42 29Sympathy of troops --------------------- 50 37

Tactics, riot control ---------------------- 82 59Tactics, shipboard_ -----............ ___ 91 71Tear gas ------------ --------- ------- - App. I 75Tear gas-Adamsite ------------ App. I 75Termination of intervention ------------- 18-21 13

122 AGO 3332C

Para-Termination of operations: graphs Page

Mopping up_________________________ 92 72Official reports ---------------------- 94 73Withdrawal of troops ---------------- 93 72

Territories, use of Federal troops --------- 10 8Transportation systems, protection -------- 88d 69Troop movements:

Air -------------------------------- 63 45General ---------- ------ ---------- 60 43M otor - ----------------------------- 62 44Rail -------------------------------- 61 43W ater - ----------------------------- 64 45

United States Coast Guard --------------- 90 70United States possessions, use of Federal

troops ----------------- .. . .......... 11 9United States territories, use of Federal

troops ------------------------------- 10 8Utilities, protection ---------------------- 88d 69

Water movements, troops ---------------- 64 45Withdrawal of troops, civil disturbances ---- 93 72Writ of Habeas Corpus ------------------ 26 16

AGO 3332C 123