DIVERSITY IN LIVING

ORGANISMS

Every organism whether plant or animal is unique in itself. There is a wide diversity in the flora (plants) and fauna (animals) in the world. The diversity we see today is the result of 3.5 billion years of organic evolution. During the course of this evolution several species vanished from the surface of the Earth and became extinct. It is estimated that more than fifty times the existing species have become extinct. With such a vast number of organisms - both living and extinct, it becomes impossible to study every one of them at individual level. This task of studying the diversity of living organisms can be made easier and more effective if the various organisms are arranged in an orderly manner.

INTRODUCTION

TWO KINGDOM CLASSIFICATIONBY - CAROLUS LINNEOUSKINGDOM - PLANTEAKINGDOM - ANIMALIA

BY – ERNEST HEACKELKINGDOM - PLANTAEKINGDOM - ANIMALIAKINGDOM - PROTISTA

THREE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

KINGDOM - PLANTEA KINGDOM - ANIMALEAKINGDOM - PROISTAKINGDOM - FUNGAIKINGDOM - MONERA

FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATIONBY – ROBERT WHITTEKAR

FOUR KINGDOM CLASSIFIACATIONBY – HERBERT COPELANDKINGDOM - PLANTEA KINGDOM - ANIMALEAKINGDOM - PROISTAKINGDOM - FUNGAI

ARRANGEMENT OF THEIR CLASSIFICATION

KINGDOM - MONERA - UNICELLULARKINGDOM - PROTISTA - UNICELLULAR KINGDOM - FUGAI - MULTICELLULARKINGDOM - PATNAE - MULTICELLULARKINGDOM - ANIMALIA - MULTICELLULAR

THE HIERARCHY ClassificationGROUPS

Kingdom:- The following classification “telescope” clearly indicates the mechanism behind the classification of the Kingdom

KINGDOM

PHYLUM

CLASS

ORDER

FAMILY

GENUS

SPECIES

It is the sequence arrangement of classification from species to kingdom called hierarchy

KINGDOM : MONERA•THEY ARE UNICELLULAR AND PROKARAYOTES.• BODY ORGANISATION IS ON CLLULAR LEVEL.

MODE OF NUTRITION - Heterotroph .Well defined nuclear membrane is absent. Example : Bacteria , Blue – Green algae ,Cynobacteria.

KINGDOM : protista• They are unicellular and eukaryotes means well developed nuclear membrane present .•MODE OF NUTRITION - Autotroph and hetrotroph both . •Example of Hetrotroph – chlamydomonas•Example of Autotroph - amoeba , paramecium , euglena.• They have flagella and cilia for their movement and locomotion .• Body organisation is on cellular level.

KINGDOM : fungi•They are multicellular and eukaryotic.•Body organisation is on tissue level.•MODE OF NUTRITION - Hetrotroph.•Example – 1. Parasite.• 2. Saprophyte. •Parasites – The organism which take nutrition from living host that is called parasites . (UPA) Ustilago , Pccinia and Albugo.•Saprophyta - (MRP)mucor , rhizopus, penicilline store food material in the form of glucose.

• cell wall of fungi is made up of chitin.• Name of bacteria cell wall-1. NAM - N.Acetyl Mumaric Acid.2. NAG - N.Accetyl Glutomic Acid .• They store food in the form of glucose.

spores

sporangium

hyphal

mycelium

Mycelium -mycelium it is a network like structure of fungi which increase in their surface area.

Hyphal - It is a elongated and tube like structure present between sporangium and mycelium. It holds sporangium.

Sporangium – It is a sack like structure in which spores are produced

KINGDOM : plantae

Thyllophyta

• Stem absent , Root absent , Leaves absent.•Only a single structure present that is called thallus.• It have no vascular bundle.• They are multicellular• This division includes three sub-divisions: algae, fungi and lichens. • They are fruitless , flowerless and seedless plant.• Example – algae.

Ulothrix

Spirogyra

BRYOPHYTA• They are amphibian plant of plant kingdom.• Stem present , leaves present.• Root absent.• Their vascular bundle starts to develop.• They mostly grow in marshy and sandy areas.• Gametophyte generation is dominant. • They are photosynthetic and Autotroph.

PTERIDOPHYTA• Root present , stem present , leaves present.• Vascular bundle was well developed for the conduction of water mineral and food material.• Leaves usually have leaflets. Spores are borne on the undersurface of the leaf.• Saprophyte germination s dominant.• They are photosynthetic and Autotroph.• They are multicellular.• They are seedless fruit less and flowerless.

Fern

KINGDOM PHANEROGAMAEThis division is made up of plants that bear flowers and seeds and make up the majority of the larger plants. The body is differentiated into true stem, leaves and roots. Propagation of the plant takes place with the help of seeds. Seeds are formed as a result of sexual reproduction. The male and female gametes (sex cells) fuse together inside the ovary (female part of the flower) and develop into the seed. In some plants seed is not produced inside an ovary. Phanerogamae is made into two further divisions. Gymnosperms (naked seeded plants) Angiosperms (Seed borne within a fruit)

GYMNOSPERM• Naked seed is the most characteristics features of gymnosperm means seed coat are absent from the side• Root , stem , leaves are well developed.• Vascular bundle is well developed.• Fruit , Flower and Seed formation takes place.• Male and female plant are seperated and they are unisexual• Wood formation takes place.EXAMPLAE- pinus , cycas

ANGIOSPErm• It is the most advanced plant in the kingdom.• All the characters are well developed in angiosperm that is root stem and leaves are well developed.•Vascular bundle is well developed .• Seed coat was around the seed.• It is divided into two types- 1. Monocotyledons (One seed leaf) Example: Rice, Wheat2. Dicotyledons (two seed leaves) Example: Beans, Mango

MONOCOTYLEDONThe plant in which the seed can not be divided into two equal half called monocotyledon.Single cotyledon is called monocotyledon.EXAMPLE – wheat , rice , maize , barley .

Paphiopedilum

dicotyledonThe seed which can be divided into two equal half is called dicotyledon.EXAMPLE – mango , pea , gram , mustard.

Kingdom : animalia

INVERTIBRATES (BACKBONE ABSENT)

1. PHYLUM - PORRIFERA2. PHYLUM - COELENTRATE3. PHYLUM – PLATYHELMANTHES 4. PHYLUM - ASCALMENTHES 5. PHYLUM - MOLLUSKA6. PHYLUM - ARTHOPODA7. PHYLUM - ECHINODERMATA8. PHYLUM - ANNELIDA

PHYLUM - CORDATASUBPHYLUM - VERTIBRATE

(BACK BONE PRESENT) 1. CLASS - PISCES 2. CLASS - AMIPHIBIAN3. CLASS - REPTILIA4. CLASS - AVES5. CLASS - MAMMALIA

INVERTIBARTESThese are those animals which are lack of vertibrate column (backbone) called in vertibrates.Invertebrates are animal species that do not develop a vertebral column. This in effect includes all animals apart from the subphylum Vertebrata. Familiar examples of invertebrates include insects, worms, clams, crabs, octopus, snails, and starfish. Taxonomically speaking "invertebrate" is no more than a term of convenience. The vast majority of animal species are invertebrates, since only about 3% of animal species include a vertebral column in their anatomy. In other words all animals except those in the chordate subphylum Vertebrata (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) are regarded as invertebrates.

general points• Symmetry.• Body Cavity.• Embryonic Layer.

SYMMETRYSYMMETRY MEANS THE PATTERN OF DIVIDING

1. Asymmetrical - The animal which can not be divided into two equal halves those animals are called asymmetrical.

EXAMPLE- Flat worm , Amoeba , Euglena , Paramecium .

2. Bilateral symmetrical - The animal which can be divided into two equal halves they are called bilateral symmetrical .

3. Radial symmetry – The animal which can be divided into equal parts when cute to any radii are called radial symmetry .

Body cavity

THE SHAPE BETWEEN BODY WALL AND ELIMANTARY CANAL IS CALLED BODY

CAVITY.Body cavity is of three types :-1. Acoelomate – body cavity absent . Example – Platyhelmenthes.2. Psendocoelomate – False body cavity . Example – Ascalmenthes.3. Eucoelomate – True body cavity. Example - Man

LAYERS OF BODY

1. Ectoderm - outer part.2. Mesoderm - middle part.3. Endoderm - inner part

ECTODERM

MESODERM

ENDODERM

EUCOELOMATE OR TRUE BODY

CAVITY

PSEUDOCOELOMATE ORFALSE BODY CAVITY

GERM LAYER

1. Ectoderm2. Mesoderm3. Endoderm

Triploblastic

1. Endoderm2. Endoderm

Diploblastic

Circulatory system

1. Open circulatory system - blood vessel are absent.

2. Close circulatory system - blood vessels are present.

RESPIRATION SYSTEM3. BY SKIN.4. BY GILLS.5. BY LUNGS.

Phylum : porrifera• Ostia and Osculum are the characteristic features of porrifera.•Body cavity called spongo coel.• Mode of nutrition is hetrotroph.• Digestion is intracellular (within the cell).• Most of members are marine but few are fresh water.• They are diploblastic means endodermand ectoderm is present.•EXAMPLE – bath sponge spongelle , euplectella

EXAMPLESOF

PORRIFERA

Euplectelia Sycon Spongilla

Phylum : COELENTRATA

•They is Triploblastic animal• in this phylum body cavity is called coelentron.•Cnidoblast is the special stinging cell present at the terminal which paralyze prey and them the prey is eaten by tentacles.• in coelentrata radial symmetry is present.•Mode of nutrition is hetrotroph.• mostly are in marine water but few are fresh water.• digestion is extra cellular(out the cell).• EXAMPLE –Hydra , jellyfish , sea anemone.

Hydra

Sea anemone

JELLY FISH

SEA FAN

EXAMPLESOF

COELENTRATA

PHYLU M : PLATYHELMENTHES

• They are commonly called flat worm and also called ribbon worm.•Dorsoventraly flattened(very thin).•They are acoelomate(body cavity absent).•There are bilaterally symmetrical.•The are endoparasite(active when in the body).•They are hermaphrodite(bisexual)means male and female parts present in single body.•Digestive system absent. •Secretary organ called flame cell.•EXAMPLE – Taenia solium, Tapeworm , Fasciola.

TAPE WORM

Taenia solium

FASCIOLA

EXAMPLESOF

PHLATYHELMANTHES

PLANAREIA

PHYLUM : NEMATODA

• It is also called Ascalamenthes.•They are commonly called round worm•The are pseudocoelome.•They are called pseudocoelomate.•They are unisexual means male and female is separated.•The male is small in size but female is long in size.•Bilateral symmetry is present in nematodes.

FEMALE

MALE

ASCARISWUCHERERIA

EXAMPLES OF NEMATODA

PHYLUM : ANNELIDA •Body is segmented ring like structure .•They are triplobltic and coelomate(true body cavity).•They are hermaphrodite (bisexual). •Circulatory system is closed.•Necturnal(active in night). •Digested system is completed.•The have hemoglobin but have not red colored blood because hemoglobin is dissolved in plasma.•Excretory organ is nephridia•Setae is the structure which is out growth of skin(epidermis) and help in movement and locomotion called parapodia • EXAMPLE – Earth worm , Leech.

EXAMPLES OF ANNELIDA

Earth warm Leech Nereis

PHYLUM : ARTHAPODA•It is the largest phylum of the animal kingdom about 80% of phylum is covered by this.•They have jointed legs.•They have open circulatory system is presented•Body is divided into heads , thorax and abdomen•They have compound eyes.•Excretory organ is called malpigiam tubules.•Hard chitinous layer is presented on the dorsal surface.•Mouth part are different in different types of species •They are sucking ,biting and chewing type .•It is the largest phylum of the animal kingdom about 75% of phylum is covered by this.•EXAMPLE - Mosquito , Honey bee , House fly, Grasshopper ,etc.

EXAMPLES OF ARTHAPODA

Palaemon(Prawn)

Pariplaneta(Cockroach)

Aranea(Spider)

Musca(House fly)

PHYLUM : MOLLUSKA•They have kidney for secretion.• The are Triploblastic and coelomate .•Digestive system complete.•Outer surface is covered by a hard covering called shell. Shell is made up of calcium carbonate.•Inner part is soft and delicate.•Inner pat is folded and form a structure called mantle.•Excretory organ is metanephrida .•Its symmetry is bilateral.•EXAMPLE – Snail , Oyster , Chiton.

EXAMPLES OF MOLLUSKA

OCTOPUS PILA CHITON

UNIO

PHYLUM : ECHINODERMATA

•Body is pentamerous (divided into five parts).•They have spiny skin .•Water vascular system present.•Locomotion by tube feet's.•Radial symmetry is present.

EXAMPLES OF ECHINODERMATA

Antedon(feather star)

Holothuria(sea cucumber)

Asterias (star fish)

Echinus (sea urchin)

PHYLUM : CHORDATA•Due to presence of notochord it is called chordate.•They are bilaterally symmetrical.•They are Triploblastic and have coelomate.•They have notochord which is rod like support structure that run along back of animal separating the nervous tissue from the guts. It provides a place for muscles to attach for easy the movement.•They lives mostly in marine water.EXAMPLE – Herdemania ,Amphioxus , Balanoglossus.

All veribrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertibrates.

EXAMPLES OF CHORDATA

Balanoglossus

SUB PHYLUM : VERTIBRATE

•These animals have true vertebral column and internal sceleton.•That skeleton allowing a completely different distribution of muscle attachment points to be used for movement.•They have bilateral symmetry , Triploblastic, Coelomate and segmented•Have notochord.•Have a dorsal nerve cord.•They have paired grill pouches.

•THEY ARE OF FIVE TYPES:- 1.PISCES 2.AMPHIBIAN 3.AVES 4.REPTILIA 5. MAMMALIA

CLASS : PISCES

•They are cold blooded animal(piekilothermic).•There heat is of two chambers.•They are oviparous(egg laying).•In Pisces single circulatory system is present.•Respiration by gills.•Locomotion by fins.•EXAMPLE – Rohu , Shark , Whale

EXAMPLES OF CLASS: PISCES

Electric ray (Torpedo)

Sting ray Caulophyryne jordani(Angler fish)

Synchiropus splendidus

Pterois volitans(Lion fish)

Scoliodon (Dog fish)

CLASS : EMBHEBIAN•They live in land and water both.•Their heart is three chambered (2 auricle, 1 ventricle)•They are cold blooded.•They are oviparous.•There respiratory organ is gills , skin and lungs.•There skin is moist and slimy due to presence of mucilaginous.•They are Triploblastic , coelomate and heterotrophic animal.• EXAMPLE – Bufo(toad), ranatigrina(frog) , hyla(tree frog), salamander.

EXAMPLES OF CLASS: EMPHIBIAN

Dendrobates

Salamander

Rana tigrina(Common frog)Hyla (Tree frog) Toad

CLASS : REPTELIA•They are creeping animals.•Their heart is three chambered except crocodile in crocodile heart is of four chambered.•Their respiration is by lungs.•They are oviparous (egg laying)•They are picilotheumic (cold blooded animal).•Scales present on the body surface / skin.•EXAMPLE – Crocodile , Snake , Lizard , Tortotoise.

EXAMPLES OF CLASS: REPTELIA

Flying lizard (Draco)King CobraHouse wall lizard(Hemidactylus)

Chameleon

Turtle

CLASS : AVES•They are warm blooded animal.•Hear if four chambered heart (2 auricle , 2 ventricle).•Beak present on the interior portion of the mouth.•Their bone is hollow due to which they can fly called pneumatic bone.•Fore limb are converted into wings .•Feather present on the wings.•Only ostrich , kiwi and penguin are those aves which van not fly.

EXAMPLES OF CLASS: AVES

Pigeon crow

Ostrich(Struthio camelus)

White Stork(Ciconia ciconia)

Male Tufted Duck(Aythya fuligula)

CLASS : mammAlia•There memory gland are well developed•Hair present on there body.•They are viviparous(child bearing).•They have 4 chambered heart.•There respiration is by lungs.•They are warm blooded(homiothermic).•There nerveous system is well developed.•Digestive system is well developed.•In there mouth several typed of tooth's are present.•They are unisexual means males and female are seperated.

EXAMPLES OF CLASS:MAMMALIA

WHALE

CAT

HUMAN

RAT

BAT

NAME - UTKARSH SINGH

CLASS - IX – bROLL NO. - 47