doc.: ieee 802.11-09/0796r0 submissionslide 1 july 2009 w. y. lee et. al contention-based...
TRANSCRIPT
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 1
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Contention-based Directional MAC Protocols: A Survey
Date: 2009-07-14
Name Company Address Phone email Woo Yong Lee ETRI South Korea [email protected]
Seung Eun Hong ETRI South Korea [email protected]
Yongsun Kim ETRI South Korea [email protected]
Hyun Kyu Chung ETRI South Korea [email protected]
Sungrae Cho Chung-Ang University
South Korea [email protected]
Laihyuk Park Chung-Ang University
South Korea [email protected]
Hyuntaek Lim Chung-Ang University
South Korea [email protected]
Authors:
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission
Taxonomy of Contention-based Directional MAC Protocols
Slide 2
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
• CSMA/CA based protocols• Data/ACKs are transmitted directionally
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission
Non-Circular Directional MAC Protocols
Slide 3 W. Y. Lee et. al
July 2009
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 4
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Omni-directional RTS/Omni-directional CTS
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 5
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
A MAC protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks using directional antennas
• Mulitple Non-circular Directional antennas Assumed
• RTS is transmitted omni-directionally via all antennas (ORTS)
A.Nasipuri, S.Ye,J.You,R.E.Hiromoto, "A MAC protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks using directional antennas", In Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference(WCNC), Chicago, IL, 2000
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 6
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
A MAC protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks using directional antennas
• If not intended receiver for the RTS, it blocks its antenna(s).
• Nodes overhearing RTS blocks its antennas => bad spatial reuse
A.Nasipuri, S.Ye,J.You,R.E.Hiromoto, "A MAC protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks using directional antennas", In Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference(WCNC), Chicago, IL, 2000
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 7
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
A MAC protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks using directional antennas
• If intended receiver for the RTS, it transmits CTS omni-directionally via all antennas (OCTS)
• If not intended receiver for the CTS, it blocks its antenna(s).
• Nodes overhearing CTS blocks its antennas => bad spatial reuse
A.Nasipuri, S.Ye,J.You,R.E.Hiromoto, "A MAC protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks using directional antennas", In Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference(WCNC), Chicago, IL, 2000
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 8
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
A MAC protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks using directional antennas
• The originators of RTS and CTS block all antennas except the one that is used for DATA/ACK.
A.Nasipuri, S.Ye,J.You,R.E.Hiromoto, "A MAC protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks using directional antennas", In Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference(WCNC), Chicago, IL, 2000
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission
A MAC protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks using directional antennas
Slide 9
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
• Event-driven simulator (M=# of antennas)
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 10
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
A MAC protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks using directional antennas
Tx/Rx
RTS (Tx) Omni (via M antennas)
RTS (Rx) Omni
CTS (Tx) Omni (via M antennas)
CTS (Rx) Omni
Info in RTS/CTS frame Source Address/Destination Address
Additional Control Frame None
Additional Info stored in a device None
Deafness problem Intermediate since ORTS/OCTS can inform neighboring nodes projected communication
Hidden node problem Bad since directional DATA can interfere other ongoing communications (Asymmetry in gain)
Spatial Reuse Feature Since nodes overhearing RTS or CTS blocks their antennas, the spatial reuse is bad.
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 11
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Directional RTS/Omni-directional CTS
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 12
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Medium access control protocols using directional antennas in ad hoc networks
• DMAC: Directional MAC (the first “DMAC,” but its name has been shared by several descendants.)
• Assumptions– Location information is determined by GPS (not in practice).
– A node shares the location information with its neighbors.
YB Ko, V Shankarkumar, and NH Vaidya, “Medium access control protocols using directional antennas in ad hoc networks,” INFOCOM 2000, Tel Aviv, Israel, 2000, pp. 13 – 21.
N38 º W 27º
N39 º W 28º
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 13
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Medium access control protocols using directional antennas in ad hoc networks
• Since a source knows the destination’s location, it transmits RTS to the destination directionally (DRTS).– If nodes overhear the DRTS, they block their antenna.
– Nodes in other direction of the DRTS can exploit spatial reuse.
YB Ko, V Shankarkumar, and NH Vaidya, “Medium access control protocols using directional antennas in ad hoc networks,” INFOCOM 2000, Tel Aviv, Israel, 2000, pp. 13 – 21.
DestinationSource
ⅹ
ⅹDRTS
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 14
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Medium access control protocols using directional antennas in ad hoc networks
• If the intended receiver receives the DRTS successfully, it responds with CTS omni-directionally (OCTS).
• Nodes overhearing OCTS block their antennas.
YB Ko, V Shankarkumar, and NH Vaidya, “Medium access control protocols using directional antennas in ad hoc networks,” INFOCOM 2000, Tel Aviv, Israel, 2000, pp. 13 – 21.
Source
Destinationⅹ
ⅹOCTS
ⅹOCTS
OCTS
OCTS
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 15
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Medium access control protocols using directional antennas in ad hoc networks
• Spatial Reuse Improvement by using DRTS
A B C D E
DRTS (B,C)
OCTS (C,B)OCTS (C,B)
DATA
ACK
OCTS (E,D)OCTS (E,D)
DRTS(D,E)
DATAACK
• Node D cannot transmit anything toward node C due to OCTS(C,B).
• Since Node D’s RTS is directional to E, node D can initiate DRTS to node E.
• Spatial reuse is improved by DRTS.
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 16
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Medium access control protocols using directional antennas in ad hoc networks
• Problems– Since B transmits DRTS
directionally to C, node A does not aware of it. (deafness)
– This creates significant collisions from A.
F A B C D
DRTS (B)
DATA
ACK
OCTS(B,C)DRTS (A)
DRTS (A)
OCTS(B,C)
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 17
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Simulation (1/3)
• NS-2 based simulation• Mesh topology• No mobility• Bulk TCP traffic based on several
scenarios• 2 Mbps links• Two adjacent rows and two
adjacent columns being separated by 200 meters
• Traffic model: FTP with infinite backlog at each source node
• TCP packet size: 1460 bytes • Maximum advertised window is 8
packets
5 10 15 20 25
4 9 14 19 24
3 8 13 18 23
1 6 11 16 21
2 7 12 17 22
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 18
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Simulation (2/3)
• Scenario 1• Scenario 1
5 10 15 20 25
4 9 14 19 24
3 8 13 18 23
1 6 11 16 21
2 7 12 17 22
1 2
• In 802.11, communication of connections 1 and 2 cannot occur at the same time unlike in DMAC
• Fairness in 802.11 is not good unlike in DMAC
Connections IEEE802.11 DMAC
No.1 1130.42 771.27
No.2 214.57 1040.21
Total throughput 1344.99 1811.48
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 19
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Simulation (3/3)
• Scenario 2
5 10 15 20 25
4 9 14 19 24
3 8 13 18 23
1 6 11 16 21
2 7 12 17 22
3 4
Connections IEEE802.11 DMAC
No.3 653.64 1250.14
No.4 634.58 1251.64
Total throughput 1288.22 2501.78
• Better throughput at the DMAC since it exploits spatial reuse.
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 20
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Medium access control protocols using directional antennas in ad hoc networks
Tx/Rx DMAC
RTS (Tx) Directional
RTS (Rx) Omni
CTS (Tx) Omni
CTS (Rx) Omni
Info in RTS/CTS frame Source Address/Destination Address
Additional Control Frame Control Frame for sharing location of neighboring nodes
Additional Info stored in a device Device’s location information by GPS
Deafness problem Directional RTS can cause the Deafness problem behind the RTS originator.
Hidden node problem Directional RTS can cause the Hidden node problem behind the RTS originator.
Spatial Reuse Feature Intermediate since originator of RTS has its direction of communication
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 21
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Directional RTS/Directional CTS
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 22
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
MAC Protocol with Directional Antennas for Deafness Avoidance in Ad Hoc Networks
• DMAC/DA protocol– Each device maintains a
neighbor table by communication history.
– Device’s neighbor table maps each neighboring node’s ID with that device’s beam number.
– Deafness duration: the time of Deafness (initiated by WTS), e.g., C notifies that C will be busy for Tc.
– Link Activity: Latest transmission time from backlogged nodes (e.g., D and E). => WTS is necessary
M Takata, M Bandai and T Watanabe, "MAC Protocol with Directional Antennas for Deafness Avoidance in Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. IEEE Goblecom 2007, pp.620-625, 2007
E
A BC
D
(1)
(2)(3)
(4)
(5)(6)
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 23
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
MAC Protocol with Directional Antennas for Deafness Avoidance in Ad Hoc Networks
– (1) DRTS– (2) DCTS– WTS is transmitted
circularly to avoid deafness and hidden node problem
• (3) WTS (Wait-to-Send) A->E and B->G
• (4) WTS A->D
– (5) DATA– (6) ACK
M Takata, M Bandai and T Watanabe, "MAC Protocol with Directional Antennas for Deafness Avoidance in Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. IEEE Goblecom 2007, pp.620-625, 2007
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 24
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
MAC Protocol with Directional Antennas for Deafness Avoidance in Ad Hoc Networks
– WTS (Wait To Send) message
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 25
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
MAC Protocol with Directional Antennas for Deafness Avoidance in Ad Hoc Networks
• Simulation– Event Driven
– Node: 100 (randomly distributed)
– 1500x1500m
– Transmission range
• Omni: 250m
• Directional: 500m– Data rate:11Mbps
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 26
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
MAC Protocol with Directional Antennas for Deafness Avoidance in Ad Hoc Networks
• Simulation ResultNPN: Next Packet Notification (to increase throughput)PCS: Physical Carrier SensingMDA: MAC protocol for Directional Antenna [12]
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 27
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
MAC Protocol with Directional Antennas for Deafness Avoidance in Ad Hoc Networks
Tx/Rx DMCA/DA with NPN
RTS (Tx) Directional
RTS (Rx) Omni
CTS (Tx) Directional
CTS (Rx) Omni
Info in RTS/CTS frameSource Address/Destination Address ,# of WTSs (which will synchronizes the transmission time of DATA)
Additional Control Frame WTS
Additional Info stored in a device Neighbor Table (Beam index, Deafness duration, and Link Activity)
Deafness problemIntermediate since WTS can effectively avoid deafness problem (But not enough since WTS is selectively transmitted to subset of beams)
Hidden node problemIntermediate since WTS can effectively avoid hidden node problem (But not enough since WTS is selectively transmitted to subset of beams)
Spatial Reuse Feature Good since neighbor table is maintained
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission
Circular Directional MAC Protocols
Slide 28 W. Y. Lee et. al
July 2009
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 29
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Circular Directional RTS/Directional CTS
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission
Me Neighbor My beamNeighbor’s
beam
A B 4 2
A MAC protocol for full exploitation of directional antennas in ad-hoc wireless networks
• CRTS protocol maintains location table– Through Circular RTS, each node records location table.
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. alSlide 30
Tx beam 2
AB
Rx beam 4
T. Korakis, G. Jakllari, and L. Tassiulas, "A MAC protocol for full exploitation of directional antennas in ad-hoc wireless networks," Proc. ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc), pp.98–107, June 2003.
Circular RTS (B with Tx beam 2)
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 31
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
• CRTS protocol– Source node transmits RTS circularly.
– Destination node transmits CTS directionally toward RTS originator.
– Nodes behind the destination does not aware of it.
– Node receiving either RTS or CTS blocks its corresponding antenna.
A MAC protocol for full exploitation of directional antennas in ad-hoc wireless networks
T. Korakis, G. Jakllari, and L. Tassiulas, "A MAC protocol for full exploitation of directional antennas in ad-hoc wireless networks," Proc. ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc), pp.98–107, June 2003.
Circular DRTS
DCTS
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 32
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
• Problem of CRTS protocol– Since DCTS does not inform nodes behind the destination
node, collision may occur (hidden node problem)
A MAC protocol for full exploitation of directional antennas in ad-hoc wireless networks
T. Korakis, G. Jakllari, and L. Tassiulas, "A MAC protocol for full exploitation of directional antennas in ad-hoc wireless networks," Proc. ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc), pp.98–107, June 2003.
Collision
Circular DRTS
DCTS
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission
A MAC protocol for full exploitation of directional antennas in ad-hoc wireless networks
• Simulation– Event driven simulation
– Physical channel is error free
– Propagation delay is zero
– Packet length is constant and equal to 1024 bytes
– The packet arrival at each station is a Poisson process with the same mean
– Each simulation runs for 200 seconds with a warm up period of 50 seconds.
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. alSlide 33
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission
A MAC protocol for full exploitation of directional antennas in ad-hoc wireless networks
• Simulation– Scenario 1
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. alSlide 34
Throughput (%)
In high load
DMAC(DRTS/OCTS)
CRTS
Node A 33.34 40.21
Node C 15.57 39.89
Total throughput 48.91 80.1
(2) Now, C is trying to send RTS to B
• DMAC: Since either DRTS from A or OCTS from B does not reach to C, C can continuously transmit RTS to B (Hidden node problem)• CRTS: Since A’s CRTS inform C of communication with B, C suppress its RTS.
(1)A and B are
communicating
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 35
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
A MAC protocol for full exploitation of directional antennas in ad-hoc wireless networks
Tx/Rx CRTS
RTS (Tx) Circular (one round and waits until CTS)
RTS (Rx) Omni
CTS (Tx) Directional to the RTS beam
CTS (Rx) Omni
Info in RTS/CTS frame Source Address/Destination Address , Source Beam Index/ Destination Beam Index
Additional Control Frame None
Additional Info stored in a device Location Table
Deafness problem Bad since CTS is transmitted directionally
Hidden node problem Bad since CTS is transmitted directionally
Spatial Reuse Feature Good since location table is maintained
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 36
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Circular Directional RTS/Circular Directional CTS
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 37
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Handling Asymmetry in Gain in Directional Antenna Equipped Ad Hoc Networks
• CRCM (Circular RTS and CTS MAC) protocol– Source transmits RTS
circularly– Destination sends CTS
circularly – Circular CTS is partially
transmitted to non-overlapping region of CRTS to reduce overhead.
– Node receiving either RTS or CTS blocks its corresponding antenna.
– Circular RTS/CTS reduces Deafness and hidden node problems.
Circular RTS Circular CTS
G Jakllari, J Broustis, T Korakis,S V. Krishnamurthy, and L Tassiulas, "Handling Asymmetry in Gain in Directional Antenna Equipped Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. IEEE 16th International Symposium on PIMRC, pp.1284-1288, 2005
Location of RTS originator is determined by location table
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 38
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Handling Asymmetry in Gain in Directional Antenna Equipped Ad Hoc Networks
• Location tracking and maintenance– Using location table, relative location of nodes
can be figured out.– Under the following scenario, node C needs to
block beams 2 and 4.
4
4
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 39
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Handling Asymmetry in Gain in Directional Antenna Equipped Ad Hoc Networks
• Simulation – Opnet ver. 10.0– 4 nodes in the line
21 3 4RTS
Scenario:Node 2 initiates communication to node 3.Now, node 4 tries to send RTS to node 3 in CRTS protocol.Throughput of CRCM is better than CRTS.
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 40
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Handling Asymmetry in Gain in Directional Antenna Equipped Ad Hoc Networks
Tx/Rx CRCM
RTS (Tx) Circular (one round and waits until CTS)
RTS (Rx) Omni
CTS (Tx) Circular
CTS (Rx) Omni
Info in RTS/CTS frame Source Address/Destination Address , Source Beam Index/ Destination Beam Index
Additional Control Frame None
Additional Info stored in a device Location Table
Deafness problem Intermediate since circular RTS and circular CTS
Hidden node problem Intermediate since circular RTS and circular CTS
Spatial Reuse Feature Good since location table is maintained
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 41
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
Comparison of Directional MAC Protocols Non-Circular DMAC Circular DMAC ORTS/OCTS DRTS/OCTS DRTS/DCTS CRTS/DCTS CRTS/CCTS
DMACNasipuri et
alCW-MAC DMAC ToneDMAC MMAC DMAC/DA UDAAN CRTS DMAC-PDX CRCM
[Infocom00] [WCNC00][COMSWARE0
7][Infocom00] [Tech report] [Mobicom02, [Globecom07] [JSAC05] [Mobihoc03, [Globecom07] [PIMRC05]
(Scheme 2) (Scheme 1) ,TMC06] TMC08]
RTS Tx/ Omni/ Omni/ Omni/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Circular/ Circular/ Circular/RTS Rx Omni Omni Omni Omni Omni Omni Omni Omni Omni Omni Omni
Directional/ Omni, Directional
CTS Tx/ Omni/ Omni/ Omni/ Omni/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Circular/
CTS Rx Omni Omni Omni Omni Omni
Directional Omni Omni Directional Omni
DATA Tx/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/DATA Rx Directional Directional Directional Directional Directional Directional Directional Directional Directional Directional Directional
ACK Tx/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ Directional/ACK Rx Directional Directional Directional Directional Directional Directional Directional Directional Directional Directional Directional
Additional Control
Frame
None None None NoneTone
Multihop RTS
WTSNone None Test frame None(out-of-
band)Wait to Send
DeafnessIntermediat
eIntermediat
eGood Bad
Intermediate
BadIntermediat
eBad Bad
Intermediate
Intermediate
Hidden Intermediate
Bad Good BadIntermediat
eBad
Intermediate
Bad BadIntermediat
eIntermediat
eNode
Spatial Bad Bad
Intermediate
Intermediate
BadIntermediat
eGood Good Good
Intermediate
GoodReuse
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 42
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
References[1] A.Nasipuri, S.Ye,J.You, R.E.Hiromoto, "A MAC protocol for mobile ad-hoc
networks using directional antennas", In Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference(WCNC), Chicago, I L, 2000
[2] YB Ko, V Shankarkumar, and NH Vaidya, “Medium access control protocols using directional antennas in ad hoc networks,” INFOCOM 2000, Tel Aviv, Israel, 2000, pp. 13 – 21.
[3] R. R. Choudhury and NH Vaidya, “Deafness: a mac problem in ad hoc networks when using directional antennas,” ICNP 2004, pp. 283 – 292.
[4] R. R. Choudhury, X. Yang, R. Ramanathan and NH Vaidya, “On designing MAC protocols for wireless networks using directional antennas,” IEEE Trans. Mobile Computing, Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2006, pp.477 – 491
[5] R.R. Choudhury, X. Yang, N.H. Vaidya, and R. Ramanathan, “Using Directional Antennas for Medium Access Control in Ad Hoc Networks,” Proc. ACM MobiCom, June 2002
[6] M. Takata, M. Bandai and T. Watanabe, "MAC Protocol with Directional Antennas for Deafness Avoidance in Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM, pp.620-625, 2007
[7] R. Ramanathan, "Ad Hoc Networking With Directional Antennas: A Complete System Solution," IEEE JSAC 2005, vol.23, no.3 , pp.496-506, Mar 2005
[8] G. Jakllari, J. Broustis, T. Korakis,S V. Krishnamurthy, and L. Tassiulas, "Handling Asymmetry in Gain in Directional Antenna Equipped Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. IEEE 16th International Symposium on PIMRC, pp.1284-1288
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/0796r0
Submission Slide 43
July 2009
W. Y. Lee et. al
[9] F. Yildirim and H. Liu, "Directional MAC for 60 GHz using Polarization Diversity Extension (DMAC-PDX)," Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM, pp.4697-4701, 2007
[10] G. Li, L.L. Yang, "On Utilizing Directional Antenna in 802.11 Networks: Deafness Study," Proc. IEEE COMSWARE 2007, pp. 1-6, Jan 2007
[11] A P Subramanian and S R. Das, "Addressing Deafness and Hidden Terminal Problem in Directional Antenna based Wireless Multi-Hop Networks," Proc. IEEE COMSWARE,pp. 1-6, Jan. 2007
[12] H. Gossain, C. Cordeiro and D. P. Agrawal, “MDA: An Efficient Directional MAC scheme for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks,” Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM, Nov. 2005.
[13] T. Korakis, G. Jakllari, and L. Tassiulas, "A A MAC protocol for full exploitation of Directional Antennas in Ad-hoc Wireless Networks", Proc. ACM MobiHoc 2003, 2003
[14] T. Korakis, G. Jakllari, and L. Tassiulas, "CDR-MAC: A Protocol for Full Exploitation of Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks," IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol.7, No.2, Feb 2008.
[15] M. Taksata, M. Bandai, and T. Watanabe, "A Directional MAC Protocol with Deafness Avoidance in Ad Hoc Networks," IEICE Trans. Commun, Vol.E90-B, No.4, APR 2007
[16] M. Takata, M. Bandai, and T. Watanabe, “Performance analysis of a directional MAC protocol for location information staleness in MANETs,” IPSJ J., vol.46, no.11, pp.2623–2632, Nov. 2005.
[17] J. Wang, Y. Fang, and D. Wu, “SYN-DMAC: A directional MAC protocol for ad hoc networks with synchronization,” Proc. IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), pp.2258–2263, Oct. 2005.
[18] M. Takata, K. Nagashima, and T. Watanabe, “A dual access mode MAC protocol for ad hoc networks using smart antennas,” Proc. IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp.4182–4186, June 2004.