domestic violence against married women...
TRANSCRIPT
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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST MARRIED WOMEN-A STUDY ON SCHEDULED CASTE AND NON- SCHEDULED CASTE TRIBAL WOMEN
OF KINNAUR DISTRICT
Author:- Hoshiar Singh*
& Sunder Kala Negi†
ABSTRACT
In India where almost half of the population is women, they have always been ill-treated and deprived
of their right to life and personal liberty as provided under the constitution of India. Women’s are always
considering as emotionally and physically weaker than the males and Domestic violence is a major
contributor to physical and mental ill health of a women and is evident to some degree, in every society in
the world. Therefore this paper addresses the domestic violence against married schedule caste and non
schedule caste tribal women of Kinnaur district (Himachal Pradesh). For accomplishing the objectives
fourty cases of domestic violence victim women were selected for recording their narratives, Interview,
Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping, Semi-Structured Socio-Demographic Datasheet, Self Prepared Domestic
Violence Assessment Questionnaire ( DVAQ) and qualitative analysis & interpretation were prepared.
The narratives were recorded, processed, analyzed and tabulated in order to derive major themes and
subthemes. The result based on qualitative research revealed that the more physical and verbal violence
with lower schedule caste women of the tribal area along with the high prevalence factors i.e. alcohol
* Medical Social Worker, Department of Health and Family Welfare , Himachal Pradesh, Email:[email protected]
† Research scholar Department of Psychology, Himachal Pradesh University, summer Hill, Shimla-171005. Email: [email protected]
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abuse of husband, treating wife as slave, treating the violence as a right on women, and ignoring and
tolerating tendency of women. Physical violence is the major cause of concern among these women. The
women feared to resort to law because of unawareness about their rights. Due to MNREGA and self Help
group the financial condition of the SC and Non Sc women is little bit improved in family decision making.
It’s also revealed that there is little acknowledgement of the situation of victims and level of awareness
among these women regarding Domestic Violence Act 2005 and other development programmes for the
welfare and empowerment of women.
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The phenomenon of domestic violence is as old as humans. Violence in home is going on since
hundreds of years all over the world. Society intentionally formulated some beliefs, attitude and traditions
which facilited this violence especially towards women. That is social norms were purposely created to
ensure the subordination of women. The percentage of domestic violence is always more in countries
where the laws and social norms diminish the status of women. Women are generally the prime victims of
domestic violence and which is linked to their disadvantaged position in the society. Sociologists have
always belived that domestic violence is dictated by gender equation in most cases, and women’s are
usually facing more violence in the domestic set up. The World Health Organization (WHO), reported that
globally 29% to 62% of women have experience physical and sexual violence by intimate partner.
Domestic violence is an important cause of morbidity and mortality for women in every country where
these associations have been studied.
Violence against women is not a new phenomenon to know. Domestic violence is recognized as
the significant barriers of the empowerment of women (Sahoo & Pradhan , 2006). There are many forms
of violence against women and these includes psychological (e.g. critical comment, controlling behaviour,
social isolation, economic abuse), physical and sexual abuse. Physical violence can often result in multiple
injuries and may lead to chronic conditions, while emotional abuse can have severe long-term effects on
victim’s mind. Scars on the body heal but scars on the soul take much longer time to fade. Researches
shows that women who are subjected to violence experience multi trauma. In developing countries,
women are more susceptible to domestic violence (Punia & Niwas, 2013).
In India women population, they have always been ill-treated and deprived of their right to life and
personal liberty as provided under the constitution of India. Women are always suppose as a emotionally
and physically weaker than the males, whereas in 21st century women had proved themselves in almost
every field of life affirming that they are no less than men due to their hard work whether at home or
working places but still behind closed doors of homes, in all across our country, women are being beaten,
tortured and killed. It is happening in towns, rural and tribal areas, cities and in metropolitans as well.
Now it’s crossing all social classes, racial lines, age groups and genders. It is becoming a legacy being
passed on from one generation to another. It is one of the pathetic realities that women are not safe and
secure anywhere. According to a latest report prepared by India’s National Crime Records Bureau
(NCRB), a crime has been recorded against women in every three minutes in India. Every 60 minutes, two
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women are raped in this country. Every six hours, a young married woman is found beaten to death, burnt
or driven to suicide.
In 16 June 2011 an article appeared in India today, which reported that India to be the fourth most
dangerous place for women in the world. This violence was started even before women are born with sex
selective abortion and battering during pregnancy. The latest data from national crime report bureau
(NCRB, 2013) states that a total of 2,44,270 incidents of crime against women (both under Indian panel
code (IPC) AND Special & Local Laws (SLL) were reported in the country during the year 2012 the rate
of crime committed against women is 41.7 % and reported an increase of crime is 6.4 per cent from the
previous year. this report also observed that “cruelty” inficted on Indian women by her husband or his
relative comprise 43.6 per cent of all crimes against women while an astonishing 98.2 percent of the
offenders in rape incidences of the country in 2012 were known of the victim. These numbers does not
take into consideration incidences of marital rape, because as in India marital rape is not recognized as an
offence.
Violence at home a shocking connotation as home is where one should be the safest with family
but this statistics suggested that women are generally unsafe at the place that is considerate to be the most
secure place in the world i.e. her home but also ironically women is more likely to be victimized by those
family members who are supposed to be protect her dignity and well being. On the bases of 13 years
analysis of crime data, in 28 July 2014 the times of India reported that a little more than 57 rapes
happened every day in India. This averages over 2 rapes every hour every day. The data also reported a
women being molested every 26 minute. This may also means that children boys and girls, in India grown
in a situation where they see violence against women as the norm which is a very dangerous for the future
of the society (Fatima & Ahmad, 2015).
India has the largest concentration of tribal population in the world. The word tribal denotes a
group of people living in primitive conditions. It is a social group with territorial affilation, endogamous
with no specialization of functions. Tribes are the autochthonous people of the land who are belived be the
earliest settlers in Indian peninsula. This study was done among the ‘‘Kinnauri’’ tribes in Himachal. In the
ancient mythology, the people of Kinnaur were known as Kinners, the halfway between men and gods.
Kinnaur is in the northeast corner of Himachal Pradesh and surrounded by the Tibet to the east. Kinnaur is
mountainous area and slopes are covered with thick wood, orchards, fields and picturesque hamlets. This
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tribal district was opened for the outsiders in 1989. The people have strong culture and beliefs generally
follow the Buddhism and Hinduism. The Kinners consist of the Rajputs (Khosias ), the Lohar, the Badhi
(Domang) and Koli and the Nangalu (chamang). The Kinnnauri people speak the Kinnauri dialect and at
present Hindi as the second language. The festival of tribal community is also different. The life style of
Kinnauras was found very different from the other communities. This was reflected through their dressing
sense, outfits, ornaments, and habits. They live under very harsh conditions and Kinnauri economy is
based mainly on horticulture, agriculture and animal husbandry.
Due to globalization these tribal people is also affected and statistics shows that the crime against
women is also increasing in tribes, in Himachal year 2011-12 it was 1024 and in the year 2012-13 it is
1523. Hindu marriage act is not implemented in kinnaur and kinnauri tribal women had no right on
property after marriage. Kinnauri tribes have their own norms and cultural beliefs which they had
followed from years. Kinnauri tribal women proved themselves in almost every field of life affirming that
they are no less than men due to their hard work whether at home, field or even at working places. In
Kinnaur district, female work participation rate is 59.17 in census 2011 which is district wise in Himachal
Pradesh highest participation rate of women’s. In India, the phenomenon of violence in the family is very
complex and deep-rooted. Women are deemed inferior in this male oriented society (Lakshmaiahet, 1995).
To prevent violence against women and to protect the rights of aggrieved women, the legislation
‘The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005’ was passed by the parliament. According
to this act every victim/ or victim relative can file a complaint to the protection officer, police officer or
magistrate in the form of ‘Domestic Incident Report’ (Similar to FIR), it will be considered as the primary
evidence of the offence. After implementation of Domestic violence Act, 2005, the situation of women is
not improved and one of the major reasons behind that is unawareness about law and women rights among
women. In 21st century still tribal women are less awareness about their right and those women who are
aware they have to fight with some rigid community belief of tribal society. Most common forms of
domestic violence prevalent in these tribal area is biting, 2nd marriage, Treating the Wife as a Slave ,forced
pregnancy, dowry related violence , girl-child abuse, critical comments, mental torture of women who are
not able to give birth to sons etc. The description of tribal women is the “Tower of Tolerance”. Moreover,
poverty alcoholism, illiteracy and unawareness are the four major corset foundations for eruption of
violence in lower class families of India (Rapley, 2003). However, since the present study is concerned
more with sociological aspect of the problem.
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YEAR- April, 2013 to March, 2014
Yearly progress report on implementation of protection of women from Domestic violence Act-2005
KALPA NICHAR POOH TOTAL
No. of Protection officer Appointed
4 3 3 10
Government Servant
Male --- 1 2 3
Female 4 2 1 7
Members of NGO’s
Male --- --- --- ---
Female --- --- --- ---
Number of Service provider registered
1 ---- --- 1
No of Medical Facilities notified --- --- --- ---
No of Shelter Home notified --- ---- --- ---
No. of complaints of domestic violence lodged with PO
2 --- --- ---
No. of Domestic incident Report (DIR) ---
Lodged with SP---
Sent direct to court---
----
34
---
---
32
---
---
0
---
---
66
---
No of DIR forwarded to Magistrate
13 1 0 14
No. of Aggrieved persons provided medical aid by Medical facility ----
--- --- --- ---
NO. of Aggrieved persons provided shelter by shelter homes ---
--- --- --- ---
No. of Aggrieved persons provided legal aid and under legal service Authorities Act 1987 ---
--- --- --- ---
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No. of applications heard by Magistrate
8 1 0 9
No. of applications disposed of by Magistrate
3 1 0 4
No. of case in which experts order granted by Magistrate ---
--- --- --- ---
No. of cases in which interim order granted by Magistrate ---
--- --- --- ---
No. of Protection order granted by Magistrate ---
--- --- --- ---
No. of custody orders granted by Magistrate ---
--- --- --- ---
No. of compensation orders granted by Magistrate ---
--- --- --- ---
No. of cases in which Monetary relief granted by Magistrate---
--- --- --- ---
No. of cases in which judgment has gone against the women ---
--- --- --- ---
No, of Respondents of breach of protection orders or interim protection orders brought up before Magistrate ---
--- --- --- ---
Imprisonment and fine --- --- --- --- ---
No. of respondents fined or imprisoned for breach of protection order or interim protection order
--- --- --- ---
Source “District Programme office, Women and Child Department, Reckong Peo Kinnaur.
Objectives:
1. To know the Socio-Demographic profile and general status of the females living in the study area.
2. To Study the Nature of Domestic Violence on Women.
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3. To Asses the Prevalence Factors for Domestic Violence
4. To assess the awareness about the Domestic violence Act-2005.
PRESENT STUDY
The present study is confined to district Kinnaur, which is a tribal district of Himachal
Pradesh and approximately 270 Km from Shimla town. The study is pioneer in nature because
attempt has been made to explore the domestic violence against married scheduled caste and non-
scheduled caste tribal women of kinnaur district. The present study attempts to address the
prevalence of different kinds of Domestic Violence – verbal, physical, sexual, psychological,
economic etc. in Scheduled caste and non- Scheduled tribe women of Kinnaur District of Himachal
Pradesh. It also explains how there is little acknowledgement of the situation of victims and level of
awareness among these women regarding Domestic Violence Act 2005. The main objective of the
Study is to work on grass root level within the society, and to find out the socio demographic profile
and general status of the females. The study highlights the ground realities of women’s condition
and position in Women Empowerment era in Himachal Pradesh
Method
Sample and Data Selection: Data is very much required for any research. There are two types of
data viz. primary data and secondary data. In present study both type of data has been used.
Primary data and Secondary data:
Primary data are those which are collected fresh and for the first hand and thus happen to
be original in character, which we collected on the field discussing with respondents. We asked no.
of questions from them and got response from their side. The main source of Primary data was
interview schedule and questioner.
Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone. The main sources
of secondary data were: internet, books, article etc
SAMPLE DESIGN
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The present study is a descriptive study. The study design gives in brief universe, sample size
and criteria for selection of respondents. The study was conducted in District Kinnaur, Himachal
Pradesh. There is three blocks in Kinnaur district; these are Pooh block, Kalpa block and Nichar
block.
Sample Size:
The sample size comprised 40 respondents from the District Kinnaur. Only Married Domestic
violence victim women were selected from these three blocks. The respondents were selected with
the help of NGO, Mental health professionals and Govt Organization’s of Kinnaur district.
PARTICIPENT’S Inclusion & Exclusion Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:
a) Kinnauri women
b) Married sc and non-sc Women
c) Domestic violence victim Women
d) Willingly Agreed
e) Not more than 50 years of age.
f) Able understand and read Hindi or Local Language at least
Exclusion Criteria:
a) Unmarried Women
b) Mentally or Physically Disabled
MEASURES
In this study both qualitative and quantitative measures have been used. In quantitative
method field observation, interview, Fuzzy cognitive mapping, case study and photography have
been used. In quantitative analysis, the self Report Measure has been used on both the groups. The
descriptions of both the methods are as follows:-
Qualitative measures
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Observation: Observation is a fundamental aspect of any discipline and has been playing
pivotal role in the social work as a social science discipline. It deals with noting and recording of
events and human behavior without formal manipulation of variables operating in the events was
undertaken in the present study.
Interview: Interview is a formal or informal meeting between two people or among a group
of people for the purpose of obtaining information about something in particular. It is more
appropriately a face to face conversation which is always goal directed. It is considered as a
successful tool in social sciences research.
Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM): Individuals store their own perception of the reality
through mental maps. In cognitive maps, the stored concepts are decoded, analyzed and clearly
structured through cause and effect relationships, and this is significantly useful both for individual
aims (through understanding of complex issues) and in group situations. A cognitive map is
constituted by nodes, which represents the concepts and are connected to each other by links (also
called edges). The edges are directed to show the directions of the cause-effect relationships. The
fuzzy cognitive maps, was developed initially by Kosllo in 1986, later used by Ozesmi (1999, 2003,
2006) is a pure qualitative technique. Here subject is directed to report his major problem area of his
life. Hence observation, interview and fuzzy cognitive mapping were used in recording narrative of
the respondents while doing Interviewing. It helped in identifying or deriving major themes behind
such practices.
Quantitative Measures
1. Semi-Structured Socio-Demographic Datasheet
2. Self Prepared Domestic Violence Assessment Questionnaire ( DVAQ)
1) Socio-demographic Datasheet
The socio-demographic characteristics of the married women and spouse were collected in a semi
structure datasheet. The details were age, education, occupation, religion, type of family, family
income and residence. Marital details such as duration of marital life, type of marriage and number
of children.
2) Self Prepared Domestic Violence Assessment Questionnaire (DVAQ):
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The Domestic Violence Assessment Questionnaire was prepared which is further divided in to five
sub-sections to measure the (1) Family Environment and Support (2) Physical & Verbal Violence
(3) Psychological Violence; (4) Awareness of Domestic Violence Act 2005; (5) A check list to
identify the causes of Domestic violence.
Domain Low ( Score)
[From Average]
High ( Score)
[From Average ]
Family Environment & Support
Good Bad
Physical & Verbal Bad Good
Psychological Good Bad
Procedure
The study was conducted between January 2014 to September 2014 in the three blocks (Pooh
block, Nichar block, Kalpa block) of Kinnaur District. Only married sc and non-sc women were
selected from this tribal area. The women who meet the inclusion criteria were assessed. They were
explained about the objectives of the study and the probable time taken for the interview. Purposive
sampling method was used and during the course, 55 respondents fulfilled the criteria, 10 couples
refused to take part due to time constraints and family pressure and 5 other respondent were not
suffering from the domestic violence. 40 domestic violence victim women consented to participate
in the study and were included. Informed consent was taken from the respondents willing to take
part in the study. Confidentiality was assured and maintained.
Respondent were assessed in two sessions, information was collected in a semi-structured
interview, observation and questioner. In each session; small breaks were given according to the
requirement of respondent. After collecting the relevant socio-demographic details, the respondents
were administered with Domestic Violence Questionnaire.
ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
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The collected data was interpreted & arranged by Statistical Package for Social Sciences-16
(SPSS16) which is specially designed for this purpose. The socio-demographic data of women
respondents and their spouses were tabulated and analyzed using the descriptive statistics.
Table 1.2: Distribution of Socio-demographic characteristics of women respondents
Variables Sr. No
Respondent detail Frequency (%)
Age
1. 21-30 11
2. 31-40 21
3. 41-50 08
Religion 1. Hindu 36
2. Buddhism 04
Education
1. Uneducated 06
2. 5th 13
3. 10th 15
4. Intermediate 06
5. Higher and professional 00
Occupation
1. Housewife 28
1. (a) Housewife + Working in manrega for earning
13
1. (b) Housewife + SHG 01
1. ( c) Housewife + Working in people’s field, houses etc
06
1. ( d) Only Housewife 08
2. Govt job 03
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3. Private job 00
4. Self employed 09
CASTE 1. SC 27
2. Non-SC 13
Place of Residence 1. Rural 40
Type of House
1. Kachha 03
2. Semi kachha 07
3. Puccka 30
Marriage 1. Love 11
2. Arranged 29
Type of marriage 1. Monogamy marriage 35
2. Polyandry marriage 02
3. Polygamy marriage 01
State of marriage 1. First marriage 38
2. Second marriage 02
Marriage
Duration
1. 0-5 07
2. 6-10 14
3. 11-15 09
4. 16-20 08
5. 21 and more 02
Number of Children
1. No children 04
2. One 06
3. Two 18
4. Three 08
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5. Four and more 04
Type of Family 1. Nuclear 12
2. Joint 20
3. Extended 08
Family Members 1. 2- 5 17
2. 6-9 14
3. 9-12 09
Presently living with
1. With Husband 11
2. With Parents (Mother , Father of victim)
23
3. With relative 02
4. Living separate 04
5 other 00
Own Income (PM)
1. No income 12
1. Less than 4,000 21
1. 4,000-8,000 04
2. 9,000-12,000 02
3. 13000-20,000 01
4. 21,000 and more 00
Interpretation:
Age: The mostly 21 domestic violence victims were in the 31-40 age groups.
Religion: The total respondents were Hindu were 36 and 4 respondent were Buddhist.
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Education: The women respondents, 6 were uneducated, 13 respondents of them were upto 5th, 15
respondent were educated upto 10th, 6 respondent were intermediate and no respondent were
educated in Higher and professional.
CASTE: Mostly domestic violence victim women were belong to scheduled caste category (27)
and rest respondent belong to non-Scheduled caste (13) category.
Occupation: The 28 respondent were housewife, 03 respondents were in govt job, 09 respondents
were self employed and no respondent were doing any private job. In detail out of 28 housewife’s
(13 respondents were Housewife + working in manega for earning perpose , 1 respondent is
Housewife +SHG , 6 respondent were housewife + working in people’s field, Houses etc for
earning purpose on temporary bases and rest 8 respondent were only housewife and they have no
source of income completely dependent on other.
Residence: all respondent were belonging to rural residence (tribal district).
Type of House: The 3 respondent houses were as kacchha houses and 30 were paccka houses, rest
7 were belonging to semi kaccha houses.
Marriage: The only 11 respondent marriages was love marriage and rest of the others 29
respondents marriage was arranged marriage.
Type of Marriage: The 35 respondent marriages was monogamous type of marriage, 2 respondent
marriages was polyandrous marriage and rest 1 respondent marriage was polygamous kind of
marriage.
State of Marriage: The 38 respondent marriages was first time and rest 2 respondent marriages
were second time.
Duration of Marriage: The marital details show that 7 respondents were married between 0-5
years, majority 14 respondents were married between 6-10 years, 9 respondent were married
between 11-15 years, 8 respondent married between 16-20 years and only 2 respondent were
married 21 year and above years.
Number of Children: The majority of the respondents had two children i.e. 18 and it was followed
by 08 of three children, 06 respondent had single child, 4 respondents had no child and rest 04 had
four and more children.
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Type of Family: The 20 respondent were belonging to joint family and 12 respondent were belong
to nuclear family and 08 respondent were related to extended family system.
Family Members: The 17 respondents had belonged to 2-5 numbers of family members and
followed 14 respondent had 6-9 numbers of family members and rest were 09 were belonged to 9-
12 family members.
Presently Living with: the 23 respondent were living with her mother and father, 11 respondent
presently living with Husband, 4 respondent living separately and 2 respondent living with relative
house. It shows that the main source of support is parents (Mother, father of victims).
Income (PM): The 12 respondent were having an income ranges from Rs.8,000 – Rs.12,000 and
10 respondent were having an income ranges from 20,000 and more, 9 respondent income ranges
from 4,000-8,000, 08 respondent income ranges 12,000-20,000 and 1 respondent were having a
less than 4,000 income.
Table 1.3 Distribution of Socio-demographic Characteristics of spouse group
Table -1.3: shows the socio-demographic details of spouse group
Age: The mean age of the spouse group is 38.6 ± 4.5.
Socio-demographic Characteristics
Detail of Respondent
Spouse Mean + SD and
N (%)
Age 38.6 ± 4.5
Sex Male 40 (100%)
Education
Up to Matric Intermediate Graduation Other
03 (7.5%) 20 (50.0%) 13 (32.5%) 04 (10.0%)
Occupation
Farmer Labourer Job Business
23 (57.5%) 03 (7.5%)
06 (15.7%) 08(20.0%)
Alcohol Dependency
Daily Concurrently Occasionally No Intake
20 (50.0%) 13 (32.5%) 04 (10.0%)
03 (7.5 %)
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Education: 20 (50.0%) were upto intermediate level, 13(32.5%) upto graduation, 4 (10.0%) were
educated in other technical field rest 3(7.5%) were educated upto matric.
Occupation: In the spouse group, 23 (57.5%) belonging to farmer, 8 (20.0%) belonging to business
and 6 (15.0%) belonging to job and rest 3 (7.5%) were labourer.
Alcohol Dependency: 3 (7.5) were from no intake, 4 (10.0) belonging to occasionally intake, , 13
(32.5%) belonging to concurrently and rest 20 (50.0%) were belonging to daily intake.
Table 1.4: Distribution of Domestic violence Act Awareness of women respondents
Awareness about domestic violence Act (before domestic violence and after domestic violence)
1. How many women (victim) know about domestic violence act ( Before domestic violence )
Know’s Not knows
03 37
2. How many women (victim) know about domestic violence act (After Domestic violence )
27 13
Source of Awareness about the Domestic violence Act
1 Family member 02
2. Relative 01
3. T.V , news paper , radio, internet
05
4. Panchayat 02
5. NGO 10
6. Govt agency 06
7. Other source 01
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Awareness about “District Programme officer and Women and Child Department
1. Yes 28
2. NO 12
Awareness about protection officer
1. yes 07
2. no 33
Interpretation:
Awareness about domestic violence Act ( before domestic violence Victim ) : Out of 40
respondent only 3 respondent know about domestic violence act before victim of domestic violence
and rest 37 respondent don’t know and hear about domestic violence Act before victim of domestic
violence.
Awareness about domestic violence Act (After domestic violence Victim , Present Awareness):
Presently Out of 40 victims 27 respondent know about domestic violence act and rest 13 victim still
don’t know about domestic violence act.
Source of Awareness about the Domestic violence Act: Mostly 10 victim awareness and know
about domestic violence Act from NGO, 06 respondent first time know about domestic violence act
from Govt Agency, 5 respondent know about domestic violence act from electronic media like TV,
newspaper, radio and internet, 2 respondent aware about domestic violence act with the help of
family member and Panchayat and 1 victim first time aware about domestic violence act from their
relative and other source.
Awareness about “District Programme officer and Women and Child Department: 28
respondent aware about District Programme officer and Women and Child Department and rest 12
respondent not aware about District Programme officer and Women and Child Department.
Awareness about protection officer: The mostly 33 respondent not aware about protection officer
and only 7 respondent know about protection officer
Table 1.5: Domain wise distribution of Domestic Violence on women respondents
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Domain N Mean ±SD
Family Environment &
Support 40 24.05±.1.72
Physical & Verbal Violence 40 16.9±.1.94
Psychological Violence 40 31.2±3.21
Table .5: The above table shows domain wise distribution of score on domestic violence on women
respondents group. The mean and SD are as 24.05±1.72 in family environment and support,
16.9±1.94 in physical and verbal violence and 31.2±3.21 in psychological violence. In physical &
verbal violence low score is indicating the high physical violence.
Table 1.6.: Prevalence factors for Domestic Violence
S.No. Factors Total Score Out of 40
1. Doubt of extra-marital relations / Doubt of love affairs before marriage
28
2. Dowry or any other Demand 06 3. Tolerating Tendency 28 4. Free and Social nature 00 5. Treating the Wife as a Slave 18 6. Husband’s alcoholism 33 7. Not doing house-work properly 25 8. Ignoring and tolerate of women. 28 9. Lack of Family Support (mother,father side) 05 10. Lack of Social Support 11 11. Dominating Attitude of Husband or in laws 31 12. Treating Violence as a Right 07 13. Lack of Awareness of you about the Domestic
Violence Act 31
14. Inter-Caste Marriage 02 15. Partial fulfillment or non-fulfillment of
promises made at the time of marriage. 06
16. Infertility – No child 04 17. Birth of girl child repeatedly 06 18. Low job satisfaction (Husband) 00 19. Husband economically dependent on parents 18 20. Dressing fashionably 00
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Table 1.6: In this given table most prevalence factors No. 01, 2, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13 are more prominent.
The more respondents indicate in these following areas and lowest factors are as: 4, 14, 18 and 20.
SUGGESTIONS
The Government has implemented several development programmes for the welfare and
empowerment of weaker sections. Economic development programmes are most important schemes
for the income generation and creating employment opportunities to disadvantaged classes. The
main problem is how to implement those programmes. Effective implementation and fund
utilization under these schemes will definitely be instrumental in removing the poverty and creating
job opportunities for scheduled caste largely. In the context of present study Govt. need to create
awareness about different Govt. schemes related to economic and social development of Scheduled
Caste and scheduled tribe people. Because most of Scheduled Caste and scheduled tribe people are
unaware about the development schemes of the Govt.
Conclusion
The present study aimed at finding out the nature of domestic violence on sc and non-sc
women and prevalence factors.
To achieve these objectives, a descriptive study design was adopted and 40 domestic
violence victim women were selected, into the study using purposive sampling method. The
respondents were selected from. District Kinnaur.
Majority of them were Hindus, housewife by occupation and were from rural(tribal) area
of residence, belonged from joint family, monogamous type of marriage, married between 6-
10 years and had two children.
It was observed that the severity of physical violence more prominent due to husband’s
unnecessary suspicious nature and alcoholic behavior. Victim and victim’s family members
are not aware about law’s and welfare programs for victim women. Family (mother and
father side) support is available for victim but lack of support from in lows side.
It was also found that the joint families were more as compare to nuclear family system
and mostly domestic violence victim women belongs to scheduled caste category.
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In the end, I would like to conclude that the more physical and verbal violence with SC and
non SC tribal women in the respective area along with the high prevalence factors i.e. Husband’s
alcoholism, Dominating Attitude of Husband or in laws, Lack of Awareness about the Domestic
Violence Act, Doubt of extra-marital relations / Doubt of love affairs before marriage, Dowry or
any other Demand, treating wife as slave and ignoring and tolerating tendency of women.
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