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PERIODIC TABLE FAMILIES
The The Periodic Table (PT) is a way of is a way of
organizing information about elements & organizing information about elements &
atomic structureatomic structure
Groups and families in the PT help us in the PT help us
predict properties of elements and how predict properties of elements and how
they will behavethey will behave
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GROUPS Elements that react similarly Elements that react similarly
are in the same column are in the same column called a called a groupgroup
All elements in a group have All elements in a group have
the same number of the same number of valence valence electronselectrons
Groups are named by Groups are named by numbers numbers
Groups that react similarly Groups that react similarly are called are called families
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FAMILIES Groups that react similarly are Groups that react similarly are
called called families
Families may be one column, or be one column, or several columns put togetherseveral columns put together
Families have names instead of Families have names instead of numbersnumbers
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FAMILIES Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
Transitions Metals (includes Lanthanide & Actinide series)
Other Metals
Metalloids
Nonmetals
Halogens
Noble GasesEIGHT FAMILIES!
ALKALI METALS
Group 1 (except H)
1 valence electron
Very reactive metals,
Always combined with another
element in nature (like salt)
Lowest ionization energy
2nd lowest electronegativity
ALKALINE EARTH METALS
Group 2
2 valence electronsReactive metals Always combined with nonmetals in nature.
Several are important mineral nutrients (such as Mg and Ca)
2nd lowest ionization energy
3rd lowest electronegativity
TRANSITION METALS
Groups 3 - 12
2-7 valence electronsless reactive, harder, malleable good conductors of electricity
Average ionization energy
Average electronegativity
TRANSITION METALS:LANTHANIDES & ACTINIDES
1-2 Valence electrons
Lanthanide all can be found in nature; only 1 radioactive
Actinide all radioactive & only 90-92 occur naturally (others all “man-made”)
OTHER METALS
3, 4, or 5 Valence electrons
Softer; lower boiling point than
transition metals;
4th highest ionization energy
3rd highest electronegativity
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METALLOIDS (SEIMICONDUCTORS)
3,4,5,or 6 Valence electrons
Acts like metal around non-metals; acts like non-metal around metals
Has some, but not all the CHEMICAL properties of a metal
Used for computerchips & solar panels
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NONMETALS
1, 4, 5, or 6 valence electrons
Brittle; Poor conductors of electricity
Common element in human bodyNecessary for life!!
3rd highest ionization energy
2nd highest electronegativity
HALOGENS
Group 17
7 valence electrons Very reactive, volatile, diatomic, nonmetalsAlways found combined with another element in nature
Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth
2nd highest ionization energy
Highest electronegativity
NOBLE/INERT GASES
Group 18
8 valence electrons full valence energy levels make themVERY unreactive (inert), monatomic gases
Used in lighted “neon” signs and in blimps
Highest ionization energy
Lowest electronegativity