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BBN-ANG-241 Phonology: The Rules of English Phonology
4. Consonants 02
Törkenczy MiklósDept of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University
(1) Topics discussed in this lecture
— Plosives: aspiration
— Plosives: flapping
— Plosives: affrication
— Plosives: glottal reinforcement & replacement
— Plosives: release (lateral, nasal, unreleased)
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Zoç\ Zjqfi\
(2) Aspiration of fortis stops p, t, k
(2.1) phonetics: aspiration = delay in Voice Onset Time (positive VOT)partial devoicing of the following vowel/sonorant
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(2.2) Distribution complementary
#__(C) V ! –__ (C)V ! #__(C) V – __ (C)V __ C ….k+ q+ i+ v.
_V Zoç\án aZoç\éal Zoç\aráde léoZo\ard
_C [okfi\áy re[okfi\áce [okfi\acídity ÁZo\ril cáZo\tain,
hyZo\nótic
_# máZo\
ASPIRATION [fortis stop] = [aspirated] / when a stressed vowel follows
when [l, r, w, j] and a stressed vowel follows
word-initially
!NOT after [s] sZo\ít, misZs\áke, másZs\er
.o.fortis stops have an aspirated and an unaspirated allophone:
Zoç\ Zo\
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3(3) Flapping of /t, d/
(3.1). phonetics: one-tap "r", "a very rapid articulation of a stop"
(3.2) flapping accents: AmE, Ireland, some northern UK, Australia, New Zealand
(3.3) distribution
a. V_V b. C_V c. V_C
á[3]om atómic míster mystérious flótsam itsélf
wrí[3]er áltar altérnative átlas Atlántic
rí[3]er sén[3}]ence senténtial chútney Vietnám
pár[3]y partítion métric attráct
d. #_ e. _#
tomórrow tíme pást
púnt
párt
cút
N_ nasalised flap or deletion of stop
!rd3}?mr !rdm?mr
winter = winner
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(3.4) .s.FLAPPING
s.c = 3 / V(Cnon-lateral sonorant)__ Vunstressed
[ ... ] [ t ] Z3\
(3.5) across words: I hate Eric `H gdH3 !dqHj
(3.6) neutralisation: when an otherwise active contrast is suspended in some environment (phonemic overlapping)
Adam Z!z3?l\ = atom Z!z3?l\ although bad Zazc\ ≠ bat Zazs\
.s. .c.
Z---\ Zs\ Z3\ Zc\ Z---\
Compare Hungarian mészben = mézben although mész ≠ méz
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>o+ >s+ >j+ >sR
ts dz(4) Affrication of t/d (especially London): t more often than d
tíme tomórrow hat
dó píty bed
retáin ríding
adóre
(5) Glottal reinforcement of o+ s j+ sR (optional)
syllable-final: YES not syllable-final NO YES
top helps pie leper
cat football too better
like act kill kicker
much fetched choose Thatcher
GLOTTAL REINFORCEMENT
[voiceless stop] = [>+voiceless stop] / syllable finally & _C
[voiceless affricate] = [>+voiceless affricate] / syllable finally & _C & word medially at the beginning of an unstressed syllable
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(6) Glottal replacement of t (Glottaling)
a. Environments: where it never applies
__Vstressed #__
tíme tomorrow
retáin tobacco
b. Environments: where it can hierarchy of contexts (X > Y = it is more likely to apply in environment X than in Y)
1 2 3 4
__ (#) C > > __Csyllabic > __ V__ # V
__ 5
Scotland rjP>k?mc quite easy jv`H>h9yh bottle aP>4ÿ better ad>?quite nice jv`H>m`Hr Quite! jv`H> button aU>mÿ water vN9>?
c. Variation (accents) division of the hierarchy is made on the basis of region (accents), social status, style
e.g. London, working class, informal Glottaling 1, 2, 3, 4
Upper middle class, formal (RP) Glottaling 1 NO Glottaling: 2, 3, 4
GLOTTALING
s = > optional
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o´+ a´+ s´+ c´+ j´+ f´
(7) Plosives: release
(7.1) plosive articulation: closure - hold - release: >–<
(7.2) lateral & nasal release
__V/Csome __ l __ [nasal]normal release lateral release nasal release
pony atlas topmost
baby medley chutney
cry at last madness
[homorganic] [homorganic]
(7.3) unreleased stops (‘incomplete plosion')
__[stop] __5compulsory optional
dropped /pt/ hat
rubbed /bd/ snob
good boy /db/ wig