279
Abbaiah, K., Rao, B. R. M. and Krishna, R. R. (1997). Leaf curl a new virus disease
on roselle. Indian J. Plant Protection., 25(2): 117.
Abbas, M. K. and Ali, S. (2011). Effect of foliar application of NPK on some growth
characters of two cultivars of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa). American J. Plant
Physiol., 6 (4): 220-227.
Abbaspour, H., Afshari, H. and Abdel-Wahhab, M. A. (2012). Influence of salt stress
on growth, pigments, soluble sugars and ion accumulation in three pistachio
cultivars. J. Medicinal Plants Res., 6(12): 2468-2473.
Abdel Latef, A. A., Shaddad, M. A. K., Ismail, A. M. and Ahmad, M. F. A. (2009).
Benzyladenine can alleviate saline injury of two roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)
cultivars via equilibration of cytosolutes including anthocyanins. Int. J. Agric.
Biol. 11(2): 151-157.
Abdel-Moniema, A. S. H., Abd El-Wahaba, T. E. and Faraga, N. A. ( 2011).
Prevailing insects in Roselle plants ( Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and their efficiency
on pollination. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Protection., 44 (3): 242-252.
Abdul-Baki, A. A. and Anderson, J. D. (1973). Vigour determination of Soybean by
multiple criteria. Crop. Sci., 13: 630-633.
Abebe, T., Guenzi, A. C. Martin, B. and Cushman, J. C. (2003). Tolerance of
Mannitol-Accumulating Transgenic Wheat to Water Stress and Salinity. Plant
Physiol., 131 (4): 1748-1755.
Abo-Baker, A. A. and Mostafa, G. G. (2011). Effect of bio and chemical fertilizers on
growth, sepals yield and chemical composition of Hibiscus sabdariffa at new
reclaimed soil of south valley area. Asian J. Crop Sci., 3:16-25.
Abou-Shanab, R. A., Angle, J. S., Delorme, T. A., Chaney, R. L., van Berkum, P.,
Moawad, H., Ghanem, K. and Ghozlan, H. A. (2003). Rhizobacterial effects on
nickel extraction from soil and uptake by Alyssum murale. New Phytol., 158(1):
219-224.
Abu-Tarboush, H. M. and Ahmed, S.A.B. (1996). Studies on Karkade (Hibiscus
sabdariffa): protease inhibitors, Phytase, in vitro digestibility and gossypol
content. Food Chem., 56:15-19.
Adam, P. (1990). Saltmarsh Ecology. Cambridge University Press. Pp.-461.
280
Adams, P. and Ho, L. C. (1995). Uptake and distribution of nutrients in relation to
tomato fruit quality. Acta. Hort., 412: 374-387.
Adamson, W. C. and O'Bryan, J. E. (1981). Inheritance of photo sensitivity in roselle
Hibiscus sabdariffa. J. Heredity., 72(6): 443-444.
Adesegun, S. A., Fajana, A., Orabueze, C. I. and Cocker, A. B. (2009). Evaluation of
antioxidant activity of Phaulopsis fascisepala C. B. CI. (Acanthaceae). eCAM., 6:
227-231.
Adigun, M. O., Ogundipe, O. D., Anetor, J. I., Odetunde, A. O. (2006). Dose-
dependent changes in some haematological parameters during short-term
administration of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueous extract (Zobo) in Wistar
albino rats. Afr. J. Med Med. Sci., 35(1):73-77.
Afanaslev, I. B., Dorozhko, A. I. and Bordskii, A. V. (1989). Chelating and free
radical scavenging mechanisms of inhibitory action of rutin and quercetin in lipid
peroxidation. Biochem. Pharmacol., 38: 1763-1769.
Agarwal, S. and Pandey, V. (2004). Antioxidant enzyme responses to NaCl stress in
Cassia angustifolia. Biol. Plant., 48: 555–560.
Agarwal, V. S. and Ghosh, B. (1985). Drug Plants of India. Root Drugs (Sharma et
al., 1997) I. K. International Publications, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Mumbai,
Bangalore.
Agarwala, S. C. (1952). Relation of nitrogen supply to the molybdenum requirement
of cauliflower grown in sand culture. Nature., 169: 1099.
Agastian, P., Kingsley, S. J. and Vivekanandan, M. (2000). Effect of salinity on
photosynthesis and biochemical characteristics in mulberry genotypes.
Photosynthetica., 38: 287–290.
Agbenin, O. N. and Ogunlana, M. O. (2006). Occurrence of Fusarium wilt and
nematodes on red calyx Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in northern Nigeria. J.
Plant Protection Res., 46(2): 117-122.
Aghaei, K., Ehsanpour, A. A. Balali, G. and Mostajeran, A. (2008). In vitro screening
of potato (Solanum tuberosum, L.) cultivars for salt tolerance using physiological
parameters and RAPD analysis. American Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 3(2):
159-164.
281
Agoreyo, B. O. (2010). Acid Phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities in
ripening fruit of Musa paradisiaca L. POJ., 3(3):66-69.
*Ahmad, I. (1978). Some aspects of salt tolerance in Agrostis stolonifera L. Ph. D.
Thesis University of Wales.
Ahmad, I., Larher, F. and Stewart, G. R. (1979). Sorbitol, a compatible osmotic solute
in Plantago maritima. New Phytol., 82: 671-678.
Ahmed, T. W., Usmani, T. H., Motan, M. T., Damani, M. A. and Askari, S. H. A.
(1998). Delignification of kenaf (Hibiscus sabdariffa) by organosolv pulping
process Part I. Acetic acid. Pakistan J. Sci. Indus Res., 41(5): 235 239.
Ahmed, T. W., Usmani, T. H., Motan, M. T. and Damani, M. A. (2000).
Delignification of kenaf (Hibiscus sabdariffa) by organosolv pulping process.
Part II. Formic and propionic acids. Pakistan J. Sci. Indus. Res., 43(2): 103-107.
Akanbi, W. B., Olaniyan, A. B., Togun, A. O., Hupeju, A. E. O. and Alaniran, O. A.
(2009). The effects of organic fertilizer on growth, calyx yield and quality of
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Am.-Eurasian J. Sustain. Agric., 3: 652-657.
Akhzari, D., Sepehry, A., Pessarakli, M. and Barani, H. (2012). Studying the Effects
of Salinity Stress on the Growth of Various Halophytic Plant Species (Agropyron
elongatum, Kochia prostrata and Puccinellia distans). World App. Sci. J., 16 (7):
998-1003.
Akinwusi, O. and Illoh, H. C. (1995). Crude protein electrophoresis of seeds of some
species of Hibiscus. Nigerian J. Bot., 8: 71-76.
*Aktas, H. (2002). Selection and physiological characterization of pepper for
resistance to salinity stress. Ph. D. Thesis, Institute of Applied and Natural
Science, University of Cukurova, Turkey, 105 p.
Alam, N., Hossain, M., Mottalib, M. A., Sulaiman, S. A., Gan, S. H. and Khalil, M. I.
(2012). Methanolic extracts of Withania somnifera leaves, fruits and roots
possess antioxidant properties and antibacterial activities. BMC Complementary
Alternative Med., 12:175.
Alarcon-Aguilar, F. J., Zamilpa, A., Perez-Garcia, M. D., Almanza-Perez, J. C.,
Romero-Nuñez, E., Campos-Sepulveda, E. A., Vazquez-Carrillo, L. I., Roman-
282
Ramos, R. (2007). Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa on obesity in MSG mice. J.
Ethnopharmacol., 114(1): 66-71.
Alexopoulou, E., Cosentino, S. L., Danalatos, N., Venturi, G. and Fernando, A. L.
(2005). Biokenaf: A european network for the biomass production chain of the
kenaf. Proceedings of the 14th European Biomass Conference
http://www.cres.gr/biokenaf/files/fs_inferior01_h_files/pdf/articles/
BIOKENAF%20 NETWORK ,.PARIS.pdf.
Al-fartosy, A. J. M. (2011). Antioxidant properties of methanolic extract from Inula
graveolens L. Turk. J. Agric. For., 35: 591-596.
Alfocea, E. P., Estan, M. T., Cruz, A. S. and Bolarin, M. C. (1993). Effect of salinity
on nitrate, total nitrogen, soluble protein and free amino acid levels in tomato
plants. J. Hort. Sci., 68(6):1021-1027.
Al-Harbi, A. R. (1995). Growth and nutrient composition of tomato and cucumber
seedlings as affected by sodium chloride salinity and supplemental calcium. J.
Plant Nutr., 18: 1403-1416.
Ali, B. H., Al Wabel, N. and Blunden, G. (2005). Phytochemical, pharmacological
and toxicological aspects of Hibiscus sabdariffa L.: a review. Phytother.
Res.,19(5): 369-75.
Ali, H. A., Siddiqui, M. H., Basalah, M. O., Al-whaibi, M. H. Sakran, A. M. and Al-
Amri, A. (2012 a). Effects of gibberellicc acid on growth and photosynthetic
pigments of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. under salt stress. African J. Biotech., 11(4):
800-804.
Ali, B. H., Al-Lawati, I., Beegam, S., Ziada, A., Al Salam, S., Nemmar, A and
Blunden, G. (2012 b). Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa and its anthocyanins on some
reproductive aspects in rats. Natural prod. communications., 7(1): 41-44.
Ali, M. B., Salih, W. M., Mohamed, A, H. and Homeida, A. M. (1991). Investigation
of the antispasmodic potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces. J.
Ethnopharmacol., 31(2):249-57.
Ali, R. M. and Abbas, H. M. (2003). Response of salt stressed barley seedlings to
phenylurea. Plant Soil Environ., 49 (4): 158–162.
283
Ali, S., Singh, P. and Thomson, R. H. (1980). Naturally occurring quinones. Part 28.
Sesquiterpenoid quinones and related compounds from Hibiscus tiliaceus. J.
Chem. Soc. Perkin Transactions., 1: 257-259.
Ali, S. G., Rab, A., Khan, N. U. and Nawab, K. (2011). Enhanced proline synthesis
may determine resistance to salt stress in tomato cultivars. Pak. J. Bot., 43(6):
2707-2710.
Alia, Mohanty, P. and Saradhi, P. P. (1992) Effect of Sodium Chloride on Primary
Photochemical Activities in Cotyledonary Leaves of Brassica juncea. Biochemie
und Physiologie der Pflanzen., 88: 1-12.
Aliakbar, M. M. and Kobra, M. (2008). Salt stress effects on respiration and growth of
germinated seeds of different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. World J.
Agric. Sci., 4 (3): 351-358.
Ali-Dinar, H. M., Ebert, G. and Ludders, P. (1999). Growth, chlorophyll content,
photosynthesis and water relations in guava (Psidium guajava L.) under salinity
and different nitrogen supply. Gartenbauwissenschaft, 64: 54-59.
Allen, J. A. (2002). Hibiscus tiliaceus. In: Vozzo, J. A. (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed
Manual. Agriculture Handbook 721.USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC.
CAB International. 2003. Forestry Compe.
Alpaslan, M. and Gunes, A. (2001). Interactive effects of boron and salinity stress on
the growth, membrane permeability and mineral composition of tomato and
cucumber plants. Plant Soil., 236: 123-128.
Alscher, R., Erturk, N. and Heath, L. (2002). Role of superoxide dismutase (SODs) in
controlling oxidative stress in plants. J. Exp. Bot., 53:1331- 1341.
Al-Wandawi, H., Al-Shaikhly, K. and Abdul-Rahman, M. (1984). Roselle seed: a new
protein source. J. Agric. Food Chem., 32: 510-512.
Alyari, H., Shekari, F., Motallebi, A., Shekari, F. and Golipoor, M. (2004). Effects of
different salt concentrations on seed germination and seedling growth of Iranian
alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) populations. Turk. J. Field Crops., 9: 22-34.
Amarowicz, R., Estrella, I., Hernández, T., Dueńas, M., Troszyńska, A. Kosińska, A.
and R. Pegg (2009). Antioxidant activity of a red lentil extract and its fractions.
Int. J. Mol. Sci., 10: 5513-5527.
284
Amin, A. and Hamza, A. A. (2006). Effects of Roselle and Ginger on cisplatin-
induced reproductive toxicity in rats. Asian J. Androl., 8(5): 607-12.
Amini, F. and Ehsanpour, A. A. (2005). Soluble Proteins, Proline, Carbohydrates and
Na+/K+ Changes in Two Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Cultivars
under in vitro Salt Stress. American J. Biochem. Biotech., 1 (4): 204-208.
Amirjani, M. R. (2010). Effect of NaCl on Some Physiological Parameters of Rice.
EJBS., 3(1): 06-16
Amusa, N. A., Kogbe, J. O. S. and Ajibade, S. R. (2001). Stem and foliar blight in
roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. sabdariffa) in the tropical forest region of
South Western Nigeria. J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol., 76(6): 681-684.
Anantha Samy, T. S., Kamat, V. N. and Pandya, H. G. (1960). Oxalate content of
leafy vegetables. Curr. Sci., 29:133.
Angelini, L. G., Macchia, M., Ceccarini, L. and Bonarin, E. (1998). Screening of
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) genotypes for low temperature requirements
during germination and evaluation of feasibility of seed production in Italy.
Field Crops Res., 59: 73- 79.
Angus, J. F., Cunningham, R. B., Moncur, M. W. and Mackenzie, D. H.(1981).
Phasic development in field crops. I. Thermal response in the seedling phase.
Field Crops Res.,3, 365 378.
Anonymous, (1956). Wealth of India-Raw Materials, Vol. 2. Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research, Delhi. pp. 190.
Anthraper, A. and Du-Bois, J. D. (2003). The effect of NaCl on growth, N2 fixation
(acetylene reduction) and percentage total Nitrogen in Leucaena leucocephala
(Leguminosae) var. K-81. American J. Bot., 90(5): 683–692.
Anwar, F., Jamil, A., Iqbal, S. and Sheikh, M. A. (2006). Antioxidant activity of
various plant extracts under ambient and accelerated storage of sunflower oil.
Grasas Y. Aceites., 57(2): 189-197.
Aparadh, V. T., Naik, V. V. and Karadge, B. A. (2012). Antioxidative properties
(TPC, DPPH, FRAP, Metal Chelating Ability, Reducing Power and TAC) within
some Cleome species. Annal. Bot., 2: 49-56.
285
*Arab, F. (2006). The effect of different salinity stresses on germination traits and
seedling growth of two rangeland species. M.Sc thesis. Tehran University.
Arbona, V., Marco, A. J., Iglesias, D. J., Lopez-Climent, M. F., Talon, M. and
Gomez-Cadenas, A. (2005). Carbohydrate depletion in roots and leaves of salt-
stressed potted Citrus clementina L. Plant Growth Regul., 46: 153-160.
Archontoulis, S. V., Struik, P. C. and Danalatos, N. G.(2005). Leaf photosynthesis of
kenaf (cv. Everglades 41) as affected by different light intensity and temperature
regimes. In: Proceedings of the 14th European Biomass Conference, 17–21
October, Paris, France, pp. 414–417.
Ardic, M., Sekmen, A. H., Turkan, I., Tokur, S. and Ozdemir, F. (2009 a). The
effects of boron toxicity on root antioxidant systems of two chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.) cultivars. Plant Soil., 314: 99-108.
Ardic, M., Sekmen, A. H., Tokur, S., Ozdemir, F. and Turkan, I. (2009 b) Antioxidant
responses of chickpea plants subjected to boron toxicity. Plant Biol., 11: 328–
338.
Arnon, D. I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts: Polyphenol oxidase in
Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol., 24: 1-15.
Aroiee, H., Azizi, M. and Omidbaigi, R. (2005). Effect of salinity and nitrogen
nutrition on free proline and seed oil content of medicinal pumpkin (Cucurbita
pepo subsp. pepo convar. Pepo var. styriaca). Proc. WOCMAP III, Vol 2:
Conservation Cultivation and Sustainable Use of MAPs (Eds.) A. Jatisatienr, T.
Paratasilpin, S. Elliott, V. Anusarnsunthorn, D. Wedge, L.E. Craker and Z.E.
Gardner, Acta Hort., 676, ISHS.
Aronson, J. A. (1989). ‘HALOPH, A Database of Salt Tolerant Plants of the World
(Ed.) E. E. Witehead, pp-63.
Arumingtyas, E. L., Mastuti, R. and Indriyani, S. (2010). The role of AUX1 gene
and auxin content to the branching phenotype of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.).
Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants., 16(1): 93-98
Asagba, S. O., Adaikpoh, M. A., Kadiri, H. and Obi, F. O. (2007). Influence of
aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. petal on cadmium toxicity in rats. Biol.
Trace Elem. Res., 115(1):47-57.
286
Ashok Kumar, K., Shetty S. Ramachandra and Narsu, L. (2011).HPTLC Method
Development and Validation for Determination of Rutin in Flavanoidal Fraction
of Hibiscus micranthus Linn. e-J. Chem., 8(3): 1444-1450.
Ashori, A., Raverty, W. D., Vanderhoek N. and Ward J. V. (2008). Surface
topography of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) sized papers. Bioresour Technol.,
99(2):404-410.
Ashraf, M. (1994). Breeding for salinity tolerance in plants. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 13:
17-42.
Ashraf, M. and McNeilly, T. (1990). Improvement of salt tolerance in maize by
selection and breeding. Plant Breed., 104: 101-107.
Ashraf, M. and O’Leary, J. W. (1997). Response of a salt-tolerant and a salt-sensitive
line of sunflower to varying sodium/calcium ratios in saline sand culture. J. Plant
Nutr., 20: 361-377.
Ashraf, M. and O’Leary, J. W. (1995). Distribution of cations in leaves of salt–
tolerant and salt–sensitive lines of sunflower under saline conditions. J. Pl. Nut.,
18: 2379–88.
Ashraf, M. and Tufail, M. (1995). Variation in salinity tolerance in sunflower
(Helianthus annuus L.). J. Agron. Crop Sci., 174: 351–362.
Ashraf, M. and Wahid, S. (2000). Time-course changes in organic metabolites and
mineral nutrients in germinating maize seeds under salt (NaCl) stress. Seed Sci
Technol., 28: 641-656.
Ates, E. and Tekeli, A. S. (2007). Salinity Tolerance of Persian Clover (Trifolium
resupinatum var. Majus Boiss.) Lines at Germination and seedling stage. World
J. Agric. Sci., 3 (1): 71-79.
Athawale, M. V., Jonathan, S. D. and Garde S. (2005). Osmolyte trimethylamine-N-
Oxide dose not affect the strength of hydrophobic Interaction: origin of osmolyte
compatibility. Biophysiological J., 89: 858-866.
Atreya, A., Vartak, V. and Bhargava, S. (2009). Salt priming improves tolerance to
dessication and to salt stress in Bruguiera cylindrica. Int. J. Integrative Boil.,
6(2): 68-73.
287
Atta, S., Diallo, A. B., Bakasoo, Y. Sarr, B. Saadou, M. and Glew, R. H. (2010 a).
Microelement contents in roselle (Hibscus sabdariffa L.) at different growth
stages. African J. of Food Agri.Nutr. Devlop., 10(5):2615-2628.
Atta, S., Diallo, A. B., Bakasoo, Y. Sarr, B. Saadou, M. and Glew, R. H. (2010 b).
Variation in macroelements and protein contents of roselle (Hibscus sabdariffa
L.) from Niger. African J. of Food Agri.Nutr. Devlop., 10(6):2707-2718.
Atta, S., Seyni, H. H., Bakaso, Y., Sarr, B., Lona, I. and Saadou, M. (2011). Yield
character variability in roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). African J. Agric. Res.,
6(6):1371-1377.
Ayala, F., O’Leary, J. W. and Schumaker, K. S. (1996). Increased vacuolar and
plasma membrane H+-ATPase activities in Salicornia bigelovii Torr.in response
to NaCl. J. Exp. Bot., 47: 25-32.
Ayala-Astorga, G. I. and Alcaraz-Melendez, L. (2010). Salinity effects on protein
content, lipid peroxidation, pigments and proline in Paulownia imperialis
(siebold & zuccarini) and Paulownia fortunei (seemann and hemsley) grown in
vitro. Electronic J. Biotechnol., 13(5).
Aydin, A., Kant, C.and Turan, M. (2011). Hydrogel substrate alleviates salt stress
with increase in antioxidant enzymes activity of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
under salinity stress. African J. Agric. Res., 6(3): 715-724.
Ayers, A. D. and Hayward, H. E. (1948). A method for measuring the effects of soil
salinity on seed germination with observations on several crop plants. Soil Sci.
Sot. Amer. Proc., 13: 224-226.
Azevedo Neto, A. D., Prico, J. T., Eneas-Filho, J., Braga de Abreu, C. E. and Gomes-
Filho, E. (2006). Effect of salt stress on antioxidative enzymes and lipid
peroxidation in leaves and roots of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive maize
genotypes. Environ. Exp. Bot., 56: 235–241.
Azevedo Neto, A. D., Prisco, J. T., Eneas-Filho, J., Lacerda, C.F., Silva, J.V., Costa,
P.H.A. and Gomes-Filho, E. (2004). Effects of salt stress on plant growth,
stomatal response and solute accumulation of different maize genotypes. Braz. J.
Plant Physiol., 16: 31–34.
288
Aziz, E. E., Nadia Gad and Nadia M. B. (2007). Effect of cobalt and Nickel on plant
growth, yield and flavonoids content of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Australian J. of
Basic Appl. Sci., 1 (2): 73-78.
Azizbekova, Z. S. and Rasulova, D. A. (1972). The influence of nitrogenous
fertilizers on the content of organic acids in the cotton leaves under the chloride
salinity. Dokladi Akademii nauk Azerbeidzhankoi SSR., 5:71-73.
Azooz M. M. (2009). Foliar application with riboflavin (vitamin B2) enhancing the
resistance of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Deep Red Sepals variety) to salinity stress.
J. Biol. Sci., 9(2):109-118.
Azooz, M. M., Shaddad, M. A. and Abdel-Latef, A. A. (2004). The accumulation and
compartmentation of proline in relation to salt tolerance of three sorghum
cultivars. Indian J. Plant Physiol., 9: 1–8.
Azzedine, F.H., Gherroucha and Baka, M. (2011). Improvement of salt tolerance in
durum wheat by ascorbic acid application. J. Stress Physiol. Biochem., 7: 27-37.
Baatour, O., Nasri-Ayachi, M. B., Mahmoudi, H., Tarchoun, I., Nassri, N.,
Zaghdoudi, M., abidi, W., Kaddour, R., M’rah, S., Hamdaoui, G., Marzouk, B.
and Lachaâl M. (2012). Salt effect on physiological, biochemical and anatomical
structures of two Origanum majorana varieties (Tunisian and Canadian). African
J. Biotechnol., 11(27): 7109-7118.
Babakhani, B., Khavari-Nejad, R.A., Hassan sajedi, R., Fahimi, H. and Saadatmand,
S. (2011). Biochemical responses of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars
subjected to NaCl salinity stress. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 10(55): 11433-11441.
Babalola, S. O., Babalola, A. O. and Aworth, O. C. (2000). Composition attributes of
the calyces of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa). J. Food Technol. Afr., 6:133-134.
*Babatunde, F. E. (2001). Response of red variant Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) to
some agronomic practices. Ph. D. Thesis submitted to Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
University, Bauchi, Nigeria, pp:116.
Babatunde, F. E., Oseni, T. O., Auwalu, B. M., Udom, G. N., Ajayi, J. O. and
Mailabari, B. K. (2002). Nitrogen fertilizer and variety on quantity and quality
of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) fiber. Sci. Forum., 5:10-18.
289
Bahboudian, M. H., Picking A. H. and Dayan, E. (2003). Deficiency, Diseases,
Principles. In: Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences. (ed.) Murray, T. M.
(Thomas, B., Murphy, D. J. and Murray, B. G.). Elsevier Academic Press. vol. 2:
642-649.
Bains, S. S. and Firemann, M. (1964). Influence of exchangeable sodium percent on
growth and absorption of essential nutrients and sodium by five crop plants. Jr.
Amer. Soc. Agro., 56: 532-535.
Baker, A. J. M.; McGrath, S. P., Reeves, R. D. and Smith, J. A. C. (2000). Metal
hyperaccumulator plants: a review of the ecology and physiology of a
biochemical resource for phytoremediation of metal polluted soils. In
Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil andWater; Terry, N., Banuelos, G., Eds.;
Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, FL, pp 85-107.
Baker, D. E. and Senef, J. P. (1995). Copper. In: Heavy metals in soils (eds.) B. J.
Alloway, (Publ.) Blackie Academic and Professional London. pp179-205.
Baker, E. F. I. and Kassam, A. H. (1975). Respiration by roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)
in the Western State of Nigeria. Trop. Agric., 52(3): 203-211.
Baker, J. E. and Tadakazu, T. (1973). Acid phosphatase in plant tissues. I. Changes in
activity and multiple forms in tea leaves and tomato fruit during maturation and
senescence. Plant Cell Physiol., 14: 459-471.
Bakker, J. P. Dijkstra, M. and Russchen, P. T. (1985). Dispersal, germination and
early establishment of halophytes and glycophytes on a grazed and abandoned
salt-marsh gradient. New phytol., 101: 291-308.
Baldwin, B. S., Kurtz, M. E., Hovermale, C. and Neill, S. W. (1996). Kenaf: a guide
for production in Mississippi. MAFES Research Report. 21, 8.
Baldwin, J. C., Karthikeyan, A. S. and Raghothama, K. G. (2001). LEPS2, a
phosphorus starvation-induced novel acid phosphatase from tomato. Plant
Physiol., 125: 728–737.
Balibrea, M. E., Amico, J. D., Bolarin, M. C. and Perez-Alfocea, F. (2000). Carbon
partitioning and sucrose metabolism in tomato plants growing under salinity.
Physiol. Plant., 110:503.
290
Ballesteros, E., Kerkeb, B., Donaire, J. P. and Belver, A. (1998). Effects of salt stress
on H+-ATPase activity of plasma membrane-enriched vesicles isolated from
sunflower roots. Plant Sci., 134: 181-190.
Banks, S. W., Gossett, D. R., Lucas, M. C., Millhollon, E. P. and Lacelle, M. G.
(1993) Agrobacterium mediated transformation of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus
L.) with the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep., 11: 101-104.
Banuelos, G. S., Mackey, B., Cook, C., Akohoue, S., Zambrzuski, S. and Samra, P.
(1996). Response of cotton and Kenaf to boron amended water and soil. Crop
Sci., 36 (1): 158-164.
Banuelos, G. S. , Ajwa, H. A. , Mackey, B. , Wu, L. , Cook, C. , Akohoue, S. and
Zambruzuski, S . (1997). Evaluation of different plant species used for
phytoremediation of high soil selenium . J. Envir Qual 26 (3): 639 – 646.
Banuelos, G. S., Ajwa, H. A Caceres. L. and Dyer, D. (1999). Germination responses
and boron accumulation in germplasm from Chile and the United States grown
with boron-enriched water. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 43: 62-67.
Banuelos, G. S., Bryla, D. R. and Cook, C. G. (2002). Vegetative propagation of
Kenaf and canola under irrigation in Central California.Industrial Crops and
Products, 15:237-245.
Barrette-Lennard, E. D., Robson, A. D. and Greenway, H. (1982). Effect of
phosphorus deficiency and water deficit on phosphatase activity from wheat
leaves. J. Exp. Bot., 33: 682–693.
Basu, R. N., Bose, T. K., Chattopadhyay, K., Dasgupta, M., Dhar, N., Kundu, C.,
Mitra, R., Pal, P. and Pathak, G. (1975). Seed treatment for the maintenance of
vigour and viability. Indian Agric., 19: 91-96.
Baszynski, T., Ruszkowska, M., Tukendrof, A. and Wolinska, D. (1978). The effect
of copper deficiency on the photosynthetic apparatus of higher plants. Z.
Pflanzenphysiol., 89:207-216.
Bates, L. S., Waldran, R. P. and Teare, R. E. (1973). Rapid determination of free
proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil., 39: 205-207.
Beadle, C. L. (1993). Growth analysis. In: Photosynthesis and production in a
changing environment: A Field and Laboratory Manual (eds) D. V. Hall, J. M. O.
291
Scurlock, H. R. Bolhar-Nerden Kampf, R. C. Leegood and S. P. Long, Chapman
and Hall Publ., pp-36-46.
Begg, J. E. and Turner, N.C. (1976). Crop water deficits. Adv. Agron., 28: 161-
217.
Beisel, K. G., Jahnke, S., Hofmann, D., Ko¨ppchen,S., Schurr, U. and Matsubara, S.
(2010). Continuous Turnover of Carotenes and Chlorophyll a in Mature Leaves
of Arabidopsis Revealed by 14
CO2 Pulse-Chase Labeling[OA]
. Plant Physiol., 152:
2188–2199.
Bell, T. W. (2006). Morphological and Chemical Differences among Populations of
Hibiscus tiliaceus along an elevational gradient in Moorea, French Polynesia.
Water Resources Center Archives Biology and Geomorphology of Tropical
Islands (ESPM 107/IB 158)(University of California, Multi-Campus Research
Unit) University of California, Berkeley.
Benati, R., Amaducci, M. T. and Venturi, G. (1990). Effetti di durata ecollocazione
nel tempo del ciclo colturale del Kenaf. L'Informatore Agrario, 25 Supplement,
pp. 18-26.
Bender, D. A. (2003).The vitamins. In: Introduction to Human nutrition. (eds.) M. J.
Gibney, H. H. Vorster and F. J. Kok (Publ.) Blackwell Publishing Pp. 125-176.
Ben-Hayyin, G. and Ran, U. (1990). Salt-induced cooperativity in ATPase activity of
plasma membrane-enriched fractions from cultured citrus cells: kinectics and
evidence. Physiol Plant., 80: 210.
Bentwood, B. J. and Cronshaw, J. (1975). Biochemistry and cytochemical localization
of acid phoshatase in the phloem of Nicotiana tabacum. Planta, 130: 97-104.
Benzie, I. F. F. and Strain, J. J. (1996). Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a
measure of antioxidant power: The FRAP assay. Anal Biochem., 239:70-76.
Ben-Zioni, A., Vaadia, Y. and Lips, S. H. (1971). Nitrate uptake by roots as regulated
by nitrate reduction products of the shoot. Physiol Plant., 24: 288–290.
Bernstein, L. (1975). Effects of salinity and sodicity on plant growth. Ann. Rev.
Phytopathol., 13: 295-312.
292
Bernstein, L. and Pearson, G. A. (1956). Influence of exchangeable sodium on the
yield and chemical composition of plants: I Green bean, Garden beets, Clover
and Alfaalfa. Soil Sci., 82: 247-258.
Bernstein, L., Krantz, B. A. and MacKenzie, A. J. (1955). The interaction of salinity
and planting practice on the germination of irrigated row crops. Soil Sci. Soc.
Amer. Proc., 19:240-243.
Bernstein, N., Zilberstaine, M., Ioffe, M. and Meiri, A. (2003). Effects of salt-stress
on root and shoot growth in avocado. In: Arpaia, M.L. and R. Hofshi (eds.)
Proceedings of Avocado Brainstorming. Session II. Salinity Management.
October 31-November 1.Ventura, California, USA.
Bhamburdekar, S. B. (2002). Germination studies in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.).
Ph.D. Thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
Bhargava, N. (1983). Ethnobotanical studies of the tribes of the Andman and Nicobar
islands, India. I. Onge. Eco. Bot., 37 (1): 110-119.
Bhattarai, S. P. and Midmore, D. J. (2009). Oxygation enhances growth, gas exchange
and salt tolerance of vegetable soybean and cotton in a saline vertisol. J.
Integrative Plant Biol., 51(7): 675-688.
Bhatti, A. S. and Wieneke, J. (1984). Na and Cl: leaf extrusion, retranslocation and
root efflux in Diplachne fusca (kallar grass) grown in NaCl. J. Plant Nutr.,
7:1233–1250.
Bhawya, D and Anilkumar, K. R. (2010). In vitro antioxidant potency of Tinospora
cordifolia (gulancha) in sequential extracts. Int. J. Pharma. Biol. Arch., 5: 448–
456.
Bhotia, J. M., Ortuno, A., Sabater, F., Acosta, m. and Sanches-Bravo, J. (1994).
Uptake and decarboxyalation of indole-3-acetic acid during auxin-induced
growth in lupin hypocotyls segments. Planta, 193:224-31.
Bhute, N., Vamadevaih, H. M., Katageri, I. S.,Uppinal, N. F. and Mirajkar, K. K.
(2012). In vitro screening for salinity stress at seedling stage of cotton.
Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 25 (1): 39-42.
Bienert, G. P., Møller, A. L. B., Kristiansen, K. A., Schulz, A., Møller, I. M.,
Schjoerring, J. K. and Jahn, T. P. (2007). Specific aquaporins facilitate the
293
diffusion of hydrogen peroxide across membranes. J. Biol. Chem., 282: 1183-
1192.
Bijeh keshavarzi, M. H. and Moussavinik, S. M. (2011). The effect of different NaCl
concentrations on germination and early growth of Hibiscus sabdariffa seedling.
Ann. Biol. Res., 2(4): 143-149.
Birnbaum, E. H., Dugger, W. M. and Beasley, B. C. A. (1977). Interaction of boron
with components of nucleic acid metabolism in cotton cultured in vitro. Plant
Physiol., 59: 1034-1038.
Bittisnich, D., Robinson, D. and Whitecross, M. (1989). Membrane-associated and
intracellular free calcium levels in root cells under NaCl stress, in J. Dainty,
M. I. de Michelis, E. Marré and F. RasiCaldogno, (eds.), Plant Membrane
Transport: The Current Position. Proceedings of the Eighth International
Workshop on Plant Membrane Transport, Venice, Italy, 25-30 June 1989,
Elesevier Science Publishing Company, Inc., New York, pp. 681-682.
Black, B. L., Fuchigami, L. H. and Coleman, G. D. (2002). Partitioning of nitrate
assimilation among leaves, stems and roots of poplar. Tree Physiol., 22: 717–
724.
Blanchar, R.W.; Rehm, G. and Coldwell, A.C. (1965). Sulfur in plant materials by
digestion with nitric and perctrloric acid. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., 29(1): 71-72.
Blight, E. G. and Dyer, W. J. (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and
purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol., 37: 911-917.
Blits, K. C. and Gallagher, J. L. (1990). Salinity tolerance of Kosteletzkya virginica.L.
Shoot growth, ion and water relations. Plant Cell Environ., 13: 409-418.
Blokhina, O., Virolainen, E. and Fagerstedt, K. V. (2003). Antioxidants, oxidative
damage and oxygen deprivation stress: a review. Annal. Bot., 91(2): 179-194.
Blumwald, E., Aharon, G. S. and Apse, M. P. (2000) Sodium transport in plant
cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta., 1465: 140–151.
Boorman, L. A. (1968). Some aspects of the reproductive biology of Limonium
vulgare Mill. and Limonium humile Mill. Anal. Bot., 32: 803-824.
294
Bor, M., Ozdemir, F. and Turkan, I. E. (2003). The effect of salt stress on lipid
peroxidation and antioxidants in leaves of sugar beet Beta vulgaris L. and wild
beet Beta maritima L. Plant Sci., 164(1): 77-84.
Borassaum Waalkes, J. V. (1966) Malesian Malvaceae revised. Blumea., 14: 1-213.
Borsani, O., Valpuesta, V. and Botella, M. A. (2003). Developing salt tolerant plants
in a new century: A molecular biology approach. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ
Culture, 73: 101-115.
Bose, S. K. and Taneja, V. (1998). Induction of a germination specific, low molecular
weight, acid phosphatase isozyme with specific phosphotyrosine phosphatase
activity in lentil (Lens esculenta) seeds. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 250:
629-634.
Bourdy, G. and Walter, A. (1992). Maternity and medicinal plants in Vanuatu I. the
cycle of reproduction. J. Ethnopharmacol., 37 (3): 179-196.
Bowander, B. and Ravi, C. (1984). Waterlogging from irrigation projects-an
environmental management problem, Center for Energy and Technology,
Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad, pp. 2-10.
Bowler, C., Van Montagu, M. and Inze, D. (1992). Superoxide dismutase and stress
tolerance. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 43: 83-116.
Bowling, D. J. F. (1981). Release of ions to the xylem in roots. Physiol. Plant., 53(3):
392-397.
Bozzo, G. G., Raghothama, K. G. and Plaxton, W. C. (2002). Purification and
characterization of two secreted purple acid phosphatase isoforms from
phosphate-starved tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cell cultures. Eur. J.
Biochem., 269:6278–86.
Bray, E., Bailey-Serres, J. and Weretilnyk, E. (2000). Responses to abiotic stresses.
In: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, (eds.) B. Buchanan, W.
Gruissem and R. L. Jones, (Publ.) American Society of Plant Physiologists,
Rochville, MD USA. Pp.-1158-1203.
Brdar-Jokanović, M., Maksimović, I., Nikolić-Đorić, E., Kraljević-Balalić, M. and
Kobiljski, B. (2010). Selection criterion to assess wheat boron tolerance at
seedling stage, primary vs. total root length. Pak. J. Bot., 42: 3939-3947.
295
Breen, C. M., Everson. C. and Rogers, K. (1977). Ecological studies on Sporobolus
virginicus (L.) Kunth with particular reference to salinity and inundation.
Hydrobiologia., 54: 135-140.
Brewbaker, J. L. and Kwack, B. H. (1963). The essential role of calcium ion in pollen
germination and pollen tube growth. Amer. J. Bot., 50: 859-865.
Briskin, D. P. and Gawienowski, M. C. (1996). Role of the plasma membrane H+-
ATPase in K+ transport. Plant Physiol., 111: 1199–207.
Britto, D. T. and Kronzucker, H. J. (2008). Cellular mechanisms of potassium
transport in plants. Physiol Plant., 133: 637–50.
Broadley, M. R., Bowen, H. C., Cotterill, H. L., Hammond, J. P., Meacham, M. C.,
Mead, A. and White, P. J. (2003). Variation in the shoot calcium content of
angiosperms. J. Expt. Bot., 54: 1431–1446.
Broadly, M. R., White, P. J., Hammond, J. P. Zelko, I. and Lux, A. (2007). Zinc in
plants. New Phytol., 173: 677-702.
*Brown, F. B. H. (1935). Flora of Southern Polynesia. III. Dicotyledons. Bernice P.
Bishop Museum Bulletin., 130: 1-386.
Brown, P. H., Welch, R. M. and Cary, E. E. (1987). Nickel: A Micronutrient
Essential for Higher Plants. Plant Physiol., 85: 801-803.
Brownell, P. F. and Jackman, M. E. (1966). Changes during recovery from sodium
deficiency in Atriplex. Plant Physiol. 41: 617–622.
Broyer, T. C., Carlton, A. B., Johnson, C. M. and Stout, P. R. (1954). Chlorine-a
micronutrient element for higher plants. Plant Physiol., 29:526-532
Brunold C, Deters A, Knoepfel-Sidler F, Hafner J, Müller B, Hensel A.
(2004).Polysaccharides from Hibiscus sabdariffa flowers stimulate proliferation
and differentiation of human keratinocytes. Planta Med., 70(4):370-3.
Bukenya-Ziraba, R. (2004). Hibiscus cannabinus L. In: Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton,
O.A. (Editors). PROTA 2: Vegetables/Légumes. [CD-Rom]. PROTA,
Wageningen, Netherlands.
Buogo, G. and Picchinenna, D. (1937). Chemical characteristics of Roselle hemp.
Ann. Chim. Appl., 27: 577–582.
296
Bush, D. S., Cornejo, M., Huang, C. and Jones, R. L.(1986). Ca2+
Stimulated
Secretion of α-amylase during development in barley aleurone protoplasts. Plant
Physiol., 82: 566-574.
Bushnell, W. R. (1966). Delay of senescence in wheat leaves by cytokinins, nickel
and other substances. Can. J. Bot., 44: 1485-1493.
Cakmak, I. and Kirkby, E. A. (2008): Role of magnesium in carbon partitioning and
alleviating photooxidative damage. Physiol. Plant., 133: 692-704.
Cakmak, I. and Yazici, A. M. (2010). Magnesium: A Forgotten Element in Crop
Production. Better Crops., 94(2): 23-25.
Calmes, J. and Piquemal, M. (1977). Variation saisonniere des cristaux d'oxalate de
calcium des tissus de Vigne vierge. Can. J. Bot., 55: 2075-2078.
Carberry, P. S. and Abrecht, D. G. (1990). Germination and elongation of the
hypocotyls and radicle of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) in response to
temperature. Field Crops Res., 24(3–4): 227–240.
Carberry, P. S., Muchow, R. C., Williams, R., Sturtz, J. D. and McCown, R. L.
(1992). A simulation model for kenaf assisting fibre industry planning in
northern Australia. I. General introduction and phenological model. Aust. J.
Agric. Res., 43:1501–1513.
Carvajal-Zarrabal, O., Hayward-Jones, P. M., Orta-Flores, Z., Nolasco-Hipólito, C.,
Barradas-Dermitz, D. M., Aguilar-Uscanga, M. G., Pedroza-Hernández, M. F.
(2009). Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. dried calyx ethanol extract on fat
absorption-excretion and body weight implication in rats. J. Biomed Biotechnol.,
2009: 394-592.
Carvajal-Zarrabal, O., Waliszewski, S. M., Barradas-Dermitz, D. M., Orta-Flores, Z.,
Hayward-Jones, P. M., Nolasco-Hipólito, C., Angulo-Guerrero, O., Sánchez-
Ricaño, R., Infanzón, R. M., Trujillo, P. R. (2005). The consumption of Hibiscus
sabdariffa dried calyx ethanolic extract reduced lipid profile in rats. Plant Foods
Hum Nutr., 60(4): 153-9.
Casiraghi M. G., Zanardi, F., Appendino, G. and Rassu, G. (2000). The Vinylogous
Aldol Reaction: A Valuable, Yet Understated Carbon-Carbon Bond-Forming.
Chem. Rev., 100(6) : 1929 -1972.
297
Castillo, F. J. (1992) Peroxidases and Stress. In: Penel C., Gaspar T.H., Greppin H.
(Eds), Plant Peroxidases 1980–1990. Topics and Detailed Literature on
Molecular, Biochemical and Physiological Aspects, University of Geneva Press,
Geneva: 187–203.
Cataldo, D. A., Garland, T. R. Wildung, R. E. and Drucker, H. (1978) Nickel in Plants
II. Distribution and chemical form in soybean plants. Plant Physiol., 62: 566-570.
Causton, D. R. and Venus, J. C. (1981). ‘The biometry of plant growth.’ (Edward
Arnold: London).
Cervilla, L. M., Blasco, B., Rıos, J., Romero, L. and Ruiz, J. (2007). Oxidative stress
and antioxidants in tomato (Solanum lycopericum) plants subjected to boron
toxicity. Ann. Bot., 100: 747–756.
Chachar, Q. I., Solangi, A. G. and Verhoef, A. (2008). Influence of sodium chloride
on seed germination and seedling root growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).
Pak. J. Bot., 40 (1): 183-197.
Chaidee, A., Wongchai, C. and Pfeiffer, W. (2008). Extracellular alkalinephosphatase
is a sensitive marker for cellular stimulation and exocytosis in heterotrophy cell
cultures of Chenopodium rubrum. J. Plant Physiol., 165:1655-1666.
Chakrabarti, N. and Mukherji, S. (2003). Growth regulator mediated changes in leaf
area and metabolic activity in mungbean under salt stress condition. Indian
J.Plant Physiol., 7(3): 256-263.
Chakravarty, K. and Basu, N. C. (1972). The antho cyanin pigmentation pattern in
hibiscus sabdariffa and its mode of inheritance with special reference to the
variation intermedius. Genetica., 43(3): 366-374.
Chakravarty, K., Banerjee, S. P. and Shome, A. (1981). A new plant type in roselle
Hibiscus sabdariffa and inheritance of 2 of its main distinguishing
characteristics. Genetica., 55(2): 81-84.
Chalker-Scott L. (1999). Environmental significance of anthocyanins in plant stress
responses. Photochem. Photobiol., 70: 1-9.
Chalker-Scott, L. (2002). Do anthocyanins function as osmoregulators in leaf tissues?
Adv. Bot. Res., 37: 103–106.
298
Champagnol, F. (1979). Relationships between phosphate nutrition of plants and salt
toxicity. Phosphorus Agri., 76: 35-43.
Chang, C. C. and Beevers, H. (1968). Biogenesis of oxalate in plant tissues. Plant
Physiol., 43: 1821-1828.
Changdee, T., Morita, S., Abe, J., Iso, K., Tajima, R. and Polthanee, A. (2008). Root
anatomical responses to waterlogging at seedling stage of three cordage fiber
crops. Plant Prod. Sci., 11: 232-237.
Changdee, T., Polthanee, A., Akkasaeng, C. and Morita, S. (2009). Effect of Different
Waterlogging Regimes on Growth, Some Yield and Roots Development
Parameters in Three Fiber Crops (Hibiscus cannabinus L., Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
and Corchorus olitorius L.). Aust. J. Plant Sci., 8(8): 515-525.
Changdee, T., Polthanee, A., Akkasaeng, C. and Morita, S. (2010). Effect of
Waterlogging at Different Growth stages on Growth and Yield in Hibiscus
cannabinus L.(Kenaf), Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Roselle) and Corchorus olitorius
L.(Jute). Khon. Kaen. Agr. J. 38: 349-360.
*Chantiratikal, A. (2005). Keson Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) Ke Atas Pencernaan,
Fungsi Rumen Dan Penggunna, Nitrogen Dalam Lembu Tenusu (oleh). A thesis
submitted to Yng dikernukakan Kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia Sebagai
Memenyhi sgarat Keperluan untuk Ijazah Doktor Falsafah.
Chaparzadeh, N., Amico, M. L., Nejad, R. K., Izzo, R. and Izzo, F. N. (2004).
Antioxidative responses of Calendula officinalis under salinity conditions. Plant
Physiol. Biochem., 42: 695–701.
Chapin, F. S. III, Johnson, D. A. and McKendrick, J. D. (1980). Seasonal movement
of nutrients in plants of differing growth form in an Alaskan tundra ecosystem:
Implications for herbivory. J. Ecol., 68:189-209.
Chapin, F. S. III. (1974). Morphological and physiological mechanisms of
temperature compensation in phosphate absorption along a latitudinal gradient.
Ecology., 55:1180-98.
Chapin, S. F. (1980). The mineral nutrition of wild plants. Annu. Rev. Ecol. System.,
11:233–260.
299
Chapman, H.D. and Pratt, P.F. (1961) Chlorine, In: Methods of analysis for soils,
plants and waters (eds.) Chapman, H.D.; Pratt, P.F. University of California
Riverside pp-97-100.
Charles, E. D. A. (1982). Physiological determinant of crop growth. Academic press
Australia.
Charles-Edwards, D. A.; Muchow, R. C. and Wood, I. M. (1983). Effect of Sowing
Date on the Growth and Yield of Kenaf Hibiscus cannabinus grown Under
Irrigation In Tropical Australia 3. Physiological Analysis of Growth. Field Crops
Res., 7 (2): 103-114.
Charlton, W.L., Matsui, K., Johnson, B., Graham, I.A., Ohme-Takagi, M. and Baker,
A. (2005). Salt-induced expression of peroxisome-associated genes requires
components of the ethylene, jasmonate and abscisic acid signalling pathways.
Plant Cell Environ., 28: 513–524.
Chartzoulakis, K. S. and Loupassaki, M. H. (1997). Effects of NaCl salinity on
germination, growth, gas exchange and yield of greenhouse eggplant. Agric.
Water Manage., 32 (3): 215-225.
Charvat, I. D. and Esau, K. (1974). An ultrastructural study of acid phosphatase
localized in Phaseolus vulgaris xylem by the use of an azo-dye method. J. Cell
Sci., 19: 543-561.
Chatterjee, A. and Ghosh, S. K.(2007). A new monopartite begomovirus isolated from
Hibiscus cannabinus L. in India. Arch Virol., 152(11):2113-8.
Chatterjee, A., Roy, A., Padmalatha, K. V., Malathi, V. G. and Ghosh, S. K . (2005).
Occurrence of a Begomovirus with yellow vein mosaic disease of mesta
(Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa). Australasian Plant Pathol.,
34(4): 609-610.
Chatterjee, C., Sinha, P., Nautiyal, N., Agarwala, S. C. and Sharma, C. P. (1987).
Metabolic changes associated with boron-calcium interactions in maize. Soil Sci.
Plant Nutr., 33: 607-617.
Chaves, M. M., Pereira, J. S., Maroco, J. and Rodrigues, M. L. (2002). How plants
cope with water stress in the field: photosynthesis and growth. Annal. Bot., 89:
907-916.
300
Chee Hong, A. W. (2004). Properties of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) bast fiber
reinforced unsaturated polyester composite. Thesis submitted to the School of
Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Degree of
Master of Science.
Cheeseman, J. M. and Hanson, J. B. (1979). Energy-linked potassium influx as related
to cell potential in corn roots. Plant Physiol., 64: 842–845.
Cheeseman, J. M., Herendeen, L. B., Cheeseman, A. T. and Clough, B. F. (1997).
Photosynthesis and photorespiration in mangroves under field conditions. Plant
Cell Environ., 20: 579-588.
Chelli-Chaabouni, A., Mosbah-Afef, B., Maalej, M., Gargouri, K., Gargouri-Bouzid,
R. and Drira, N. (2010). In vitro salinity tolerance of two pistachio rootstocks:
Pistacia vera L. and P. atlantica Des f. Environ. Exp. Bot., 69: 302-312.
Chen, C. C., Chou, F. P., Ho, Y. C., Lin, W. L., Wang, C. P., Kao, E. S., Huang, A.
C., Wang, C. J. ( 2004). Inhibitory effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. extract on
low density lipoprotein oxidation and anti hyperlipidemia in fructose fed and
cholesterol fed rats. J. Sci. Food Agric., 84(15): 1989-1996.
Chen, C. C., Hsu, J.D., Wang, S.F., Chiang, H.C., Yang, M.Y., Kao, E.S., Ho, Y.C.
and Wang, C.J. (2003). Hibiscus sabdariffa extract inhibits the development of
atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51(18):5472-7.
Chen C. W., Chiang, W. L., Tsai, C. H. (2006). Fuzzy Lyapunov Method for Stability
Condition of Nonlinear Systems. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Tools., 15: 163-171.
Chen, P., Li, R., Zhou, R. and Zhao, Y. (2010). Direct shoot organogenesis and plant
regeneration from cotyledonary node of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.). African
J. Biotechnol., 9(50): 8693-8697.
Chen, Q., Zhang, W. H. and Liu, Y. L. (1999). Effect of NaCl, glutathione and
ascorbic acid on function of tonoplast vesicles isolated from barley leaves. J.
Plant Physiol., 155: 685-690.
Chen, S. and Shi, S. (1992). Anatomical characteristics of Kenaf.
CNKI:SUN:ZGZB.0.
Chen, W. S., Huang, Y. F. and Chen, Y. R. (1992). Localization of acid phosphatase
in root cap of rice plant. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin., 33: 233-239.
301
Chen, Y. W., Shao, G. H. and Chang, R. Z. (1997). The effect of salt stress on
superoxide dismutase in various organelles of cotyledons of soybean seedlings.
Acta Agron. Sin., 23: 214– 219.
Chen, Z., Newman, I., Zhou, M., Mendham, N., Zhang, G. and Shabala, S. (2005).
Screening plants for salt tolerance by measuring K+ flux: a case study for barely.
Plant Cell Environ., 28: 1230-1246.
Cheng, Y. f. and Tsai, J. l. (1999). Chromosome study of the Malvaceae in Taiwan.
Quart. J. Forest Res., 21(3): 61-72.
Cheng, Z., Lu, B. R., Baldwin, B. S., Sameshima, K. and Chen, J. K. (2002).
Comparative studies of genetic diversity in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.)
varieties based on analysis of agronomic and RAPD data. Hereditas, 136: 231-
239.
Cheng, Z., Lu, B, R., Sameshima, K., Fu, D. X. and Chen, J. K. (2004). Identification
and genetic relationships of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) germplasm revealed
by AFLP analysis. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol., 51: 393-401.
Chewonarin, T., Kinouchi, T., Kataoka, K., Arimochi, H., Kuwahara, T.,
Vinitketkumnuen, U. and Ohnishi, Y. (1999). Effects of roselle (Hibiscus
sabdariffa Linn.), a Thai medicinal plant, on the mutagenicity of various known
mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium and on formation of aberrant crypt foci
induced by the colon carcinogens azoxymethane and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-
phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine in F344 rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 37: 591-601.
Chhabra, R., Singh, S. B. and Abrol, I. P. (1979). Effect of exchangeable sodium
percentage on growth, yield and chemical composition of sunflower (Helianthus
annuus L.). Soil Sci., 127: 242-247.
Chin, H. F and Enoch, I.C. (1988) Malayasian trees in colour, Kuala Lumpur:
Tropical press.
Chin, W. Y. (1992). A guide to medicinal plants. Singapore:Singapore Science
Center.
Ching, A., Walk, S. and Webber, C. (1997). The effect of Gibberllic acid on the
growth and yield of Kenaf. Kenaf Association Interntional Conference
302
Chinoy, J. J. (1984). The role of ascorbic acid in growth, differentiation and
Metabolism of plants. In (Eds.) N. J. Chinoy. Kluwer Academic Publishers
Group. Lancaster. 1-19.
Chookhampaeng, S. (2011). The effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content
proline content and antioxidative enzymes of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Seedling. European J. Sci. Res., 49 (1): 103-109.
Chopra, R. N., Nayar, S. L. and Chopra, I. C. (1973). ‘Glossary of Indian Medicinal
Plants’. CSIR Publishers.
Chougule, P., Pawar, R., Limaye, D., Joshi, Y. M. and Kadam V. (2012). In Vitro
Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Centaurea behen. J. Appl. Pharma.
Sci., 2(4):106-110.
Chow, W. S., Ball, M. C. and Anderson, J. M. (1990). Growth and photosynthetic
responses of spinach to salinity: Implications of K nutrition for salt tolerance.
Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 17: 563-578.
Chua, N. M., Solevilla, R. C., Guevara, B. Q. and Santos, P. S. (1987). Antimicrobial
Properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. Malvaceae. Acta Manilana., 36: 3-16.
Chun, N. Y. (1995). Hawaiian canoe building traditions. Honolulu: Kamehameha
Schools Press.
Churchill, K. A. and Sze, H. (1984). Anion-Sensitive, H-Pumping ATPase of Oat
Roots : Direct Effects of Cl, NO(3) and a Disulfonic Stilbene. Plant Physiol.,
76(2): 490-497.
Cisse M, Vaillant F, Acosta O, Dhuique-Mayer C, Dornier M. (2009). Thermal
degradation kinetics of anthocyanins from blood orange, blackberry and roselle
using the arrhenius, eyring and ball models. J. Agric. Food. Chem.,57(14): 6285-
91.
Clark, D. R., Green, C. J., Allen, V. G. and Brown, C. P. (1999). Influence of salinity
in irrigation water on forage sorghum and soil chemical properties. J. Plant Nutr.,
22(12): 1905- 1920.
Clark, T. F., Nelson, G. H., Nielschag, H. J. and Wolff, I. A. (1962). A search for
new fibre crops. V. Pulping studies on Kenaf. TAPPI., 45: 780-786.
303
Clark ,T. F. and Wolff, I. A. (1969). A search for new fiber crops. XI. Compositional
characteristics of Illinois Kenaf at several population densities and maturities.
TAPPI 52(11): 2606.
Clarke, S. M. and Eaton–Rye, J. J. (2000). Amino acid deletions in loop-C of the
chlorophyll a binding protein CP 47 after the chloride requirement and /or
prevent the assembly of photosystem II. Pl. Mol. Biol., 44: 591-601.
Clarkson, D. T. (1988). The uptake and translocation of manganese by plant roots. In:
R.D. Graham, R.J. Hannam, N.J. Uren. (eds). Manganese in Soil and Plants.
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 101- 111.
Clarkson, D. T. (1991). Root structure and sites of ion uptake. In Y. Waisel, A. Eshel,
U. Kafkafi, eds, Plant Roots: The Hidden Half. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp
417-453.
Clarkson, D. T. and Hanson, J. B. (1980). The mineral nutrition of higher plants. Ann.
Rev. Plant Physiol., 31: 239-298.
Cle, C., Hill, L.M., Niggeweg, R., Martin, C.R., Guisez, Y., Prinsen, E., M. and
Jansen, A. K. (2008). Modulation of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in Solanum
lycopersicum; consequences for phenolic accumulation and UV-tolerance.
Phytochemistry, 69: 2149-2156.
Clemens, K. L., Force, D. A. and Britt, R. D. (2002). Acetate binding at the
photosystem II oxygen evolving complex: an S2-State multiline signal ESEEM
study. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124: 10921-10933.
Collins, A. (2001). Carotenoids and genomic stability. Mutat. Res., 475: 1–28.
Conacher, C. A., Poiner, I. R., Butler, J., Pun, S. and Tree, D. J. (1994). Germination
storage and viability testing of seeds of Zostera capricorni Aschers. From a
tropical bay in Australia. Aquat. Bot. 49: 47-58.
Cook, M. G. and Evans, L. T. (1983). Some physiological aspects of the
domestication and improvement of rice. Field Crops Res., 6: 219–238.
Cooke, K.T. and Burden, R.S. (1990). Lipid modulation of plasma membrane-bound
ATPases. Physiol. Plant., 78:153-159.
Cooke, T. (1967 a). Hibiscus cannabinus, In: The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay.
(Publ.) Botanical Survey of India, Culcutta. V-I, pp-110.
304
Cooke, T. (1967 b). Hibiscus tiliaceus, In: The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay.
(Publ.) Botanical Survey of India, Culcutta. V-I, pp-119.
Cooper, E. M., Sims, J. T., Cunningham, S. D., Huang, J. W. and Berti, W. R. (1999).
Chelate-assisted phytoextraction of lead from contaminated soils. J. Environ.
Qual., 28: 1709–1719.
Cordovilla, M. P., Ligero, F. and Lluch, C. (1996). Growth and nitrogen assimilation
in nodules in response to nitrate levels in Vicia faba under salt stress. J. Exp.
Bot., 47: 203–210.
Cornillon, P. and Palloix, A. (1997). Influence of sodium chloride on growth and
mineral nutrition of pepper cultivars. J. Plant Nutr., 20 (9): 1085-1094.
Cornino, E., Baker, A. J. M. and Whiting, S. N. (2004). Salt and metal in the soil
Metal accumulating plants for phytoremediation .14th meeting of the Indian
Society of Ecology 4-6 october 2004, Siena.
Cosentino, S. L., Riggi, E. and Agosta, G. D. (2004). Leaf photosynthesis in Kenaf
(Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in response to water stress. Proceedings II World
Conference on Biomass. Rome, May 10-14th
(2004), pp 374-376.
Cosentino, S. L. and Copani, V. (2003). Leaf photosynthesis in kenaf (Hibiscus
cannabinus L.) in response to water stress. Agroindustria., 2: 137-145.
Covello, M. and Boisio, M. L. (1955). Variation of the amylolytic power of barley
during germination as related to the presence of inorganic biocatalyst. Biochim.
Appl., 2: 107-124.
Craig Plett, D. A. R. R. E. N. and Moller, I. S. (2010). Na+
transport in glycophytic
plants: what we know and would like to know. Plant Cell Environ., 33 (4): 612-
626.
Cram, W. J. (1988). Transport of nutrient ions across cell membranes in vivo. Adv.
Plant Nutr., 3: 1-54.
Cramer, G. R., Lynch, J., Lauchli, A. and Epstein, E. (1987). Influx of Na+, K
+ and
Ca2+
into roots of salt-stressed cotton seedlings: Effects of supplemental Ca2+
.
Plant Physiol., 83: 510-516.
Crane, J. C. (1947). Kenaf: Fibre plant, rival of jute. Econ. Bot., 1: 334-350.
Crane, J. C. (1949). Roselle-a potentially important plant fiber. Econ. Bot., 3: 89-103.
305
Crawford, N. M., Kahn, M. L., Leustek, T. and Long, S. R. (2000). Nitrogen and
Sulfur. In: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, (eds.) B. Buchanan,
W. Gruissem and R. L. Jones, (Publ.) American Society of Plant Physiologists,
Rochville, MD USA. Pp.-786-849.
Criley, R. A. (1997). Control of vegetative growthin Hau (H. tiliaceus). Horticulture
Research Note, HRN-5: University of Hawaii at Manoa. Pp-1-4.
Cristofari, E., Desantis, F., Milletti, G. and Mencacci, N. (1988). In vitro clonal
propagation of Hibiscus cannabinus L. Annali. Della. Facolta diAgraria
Universita degli Studi di Perugia., 42: 689-694.
Croteau, R, Kutchan, T. M. and Lewis, N. G. (2000). Natural products (secondary
metabolites). In: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, (eds.) B.
Buchanan, W. Gruissem and R. L. Jones, (Publ.) American Society of Plant
Physiologists, Rochville, MD USA. Pp.-1250–1318.
Cruz, V., Cuartero, J., Bolarin, M. C. and Romero, M. (1990). Selection for characters
to evaluate salinity tolerance in Lycopersicon species. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci.,
115: 1000-1004.
Curie, C. and Briat, J. F. (2003). Iron transport and signaling in plants. Annu. Rev.
Plant Biol., 54:183–206.
Curl, E. A. and Truckove, B. (1969). ‘The Rhizosphere’. In: Root exudates Manorik
and elima. Advanced series in Agricultural Sciences 15 Springer Verlag, Berlin
Heidelberg New York, Tokyo.
Curtis, P. S. and Lauchli, A. (1985). Responses of Kenaf Hibiscus cannabinus to
salt stress germination and vegetative growth. Crop Sci., 25(6): 944-949.
Curtis, P. S. and Lauchli, A. (1986). The role of leaf area development and
photosynthetic capacity in determining growth of Kenaf under moderate salt
stress. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 13: 553-565.
Curtis, P. S. and Lauchli, A. (1987). The Effect of Moderate Salt Stress on Leaf
Anatomy In Hibiscus cannabinus Kenaf and Its Relation to Leaf Area. American
J. Bot., 74(4): 538-542.
306
Curtis, P. S.; Zhong, H. L.; Lauchli, A. and Pearcy, R. W. (1988). Carbohydrate
Availability Respiration and The Growth of Kenaf Hibiscus cannabinus Under
Moderate Salt Stress. American J. Bot., 75(9): 1293-1297.
Cusido, R. M., Palazon, J., Altabella, T. and Morales, C. (1987). Effect of salinity on
soluble protein, free amino acids and nicotine contents in Nicotiana rustica L.
Plant and Soil., 102 (1): 55-60.
D’Arrigo, C.M., Radaelli, L., Loppolo, A. and Sambuco, G. (1983). Sodium in
mineral nutrition II. Effect of sodium chloride on the uptake of some stress
element by bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Agrochemica, 27: 165-172.
Dafallah, A. A. and al-Mustafa, Z. (1996). Investigation of the anti-inflammatory
activity of Acacia nilotica and Hibiscus sabdariffa. Am. J. Chin. Med., 24(3-
4):263-9.
Dagar, J. C., Bhagwan, H. and Kumar, Y. (2004). Effect on growth performance and
biochemical contents of Salvadora persica when irrigated with water of different
salinity. Indian J Plant Physiol., 9: 234-238.
Dahiya, S. S. and Singh, M. (1976). Effect of salinity, alkalinity and iron application
on the availability of iron, manganese, phosphorus and sodium in pea (Pisum
sativum L.) crop. Plant Soil, 44: 697-702.
Daiponmak, W., Theerakulpisut, P., Thanonkao, P., Vanavichit, A. and Prathepha, P.
(2010). Changes of anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside content and antioxidant
activity in Thai rice varieties under salinity stress. Science Asia., 36: 286-291.
Dajic, Z. (2006). Salt stress. In: Physiology and molecular biology of salt tolerance in
plant. (eds.) K. V. Madhava Rao, A. S. Raghavendra and K. Janardhan Reddy.
Springer, Netherlands, pp 41-99.
Dale, J. E. (1982). Growth of Leaves. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi. Pp-
60.
Dalton, A. D., Russell, S. A. and Evans, H. J. (1988). Nickel as a micronutrient
element for plants. Biofactors., 1: 11-16.
*Danalatos, N. G. (1993). Quantified analysis of selected land use systems in the
Larissa region, Greece. Wageningen Agricultural University, Ph. D. Thesis,
Wageningen, The Netherlands. Pp.-370.
307
Danalatos, N.G. and Archontoulis, S. V. (2010). Growth and biomass productivity of
kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus, L.) under different agricultural inputs and
management practices in central Greece. Indus.l Crops Prod., 32(3): 231-240.
Dandekar, C. B. and Chougule, B. A. (2010). Drainage of Irrigated Lands.9th
International Drainage Symposium held jointly with CIGR and CSBE/SCGAB
Proceedings, 13-16 June 2010 IDS-CSBE-100037.
Dangl, J. L., Dietrich, R. A. and Thomas, H. (2000). Senescence and programmed cell
death. In: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, (eds.) B. Buchanan, W.
Gruissem and R. L. Jones, (Publ.) American Society of Plant Physiologists,
Rochville, MD USA. Pp.-1044-1100.
*Danladi, A. (2008) Characterization of some selected cellulosic fibres and the study
of the properties if their composites with natural rubber. Ph.D thesis, A.B.U.
Zaria.pp34-97.
Das, L. K. and Singh, B. (1986). Economic Control Of Maconellicoccus hirsutus
Infesting Mesta Hibiscus sabdariffa . Indian J. Agric. Sci., 56(5): 373-375.
Datta, P. N. and Ghosh, M. (2003). Estimation of osmotic potential and free amino
acids in some mangroves of the Sundarbans, India. Acta Bot Croast , 62:37–45.
Datta, P. C. and Chowdhury, A., Jena, A. and Fischer; G. (1981). Anatomy of
pregermination to postgermination embryos of Hibiscus cannabinus. Flora;
morphologie, geobotanik, oekophysiologie . 171 (3): 266-279.
Dave, Y., Rao, T. V. R. and Inamdar, J. A. (1987). Structural design of the
developing and mature pericarp of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.
Plant Sci., 97(1): 17 24.
Davenport, R. J., Reid, R. and Smith, F. (1997) Sodium-calcium interactions in two
wheat species differing in salinity tolerance. Plysiol. Plant., 99: 323–327.
Davey, M . W., Gilot, C., Persiau, G., Ostergaard, J., Han , Y., Bauw, G. C. and Van
Montagu, M. C. (1999). Ascorbate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis cell suspension
culture. Plant Physiol., 121: 535-543.
Davies, K. J. A. (2001). Oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses and damage removal,
repair and replacement systems. IUBMB Life., 50: 279-289.
308
Davis, D. D. and Asker, H. (1983). Synthesis of Oxalic acid by enzymes from
Lettuce leaves. Plant Physiol.,72 : 134-138.
De Kock, P. C., Y. Ohta, Inkson, R. H. E. and Knight, A. H. (1973). The effect of
oxalate and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid on absorption of calcium into
Lemna. Physiol. Plant., 28: 379-382.
De Tullio, M. C., Paciolla, C., Vecchia, F. D., Rascio, N., D’Emerico, S., De Gara. L.,
Liso, R. and Arrigoni, O. (1999). Changes in onion root development induced by
the inhibition of peptidyl-prolyl hydroxylase and influence of the ascorbate
system on cell division and elongation. Planta., 209: 424-434.
Debez, A., Ben Hamed, K., Grignon, C. and Abdelly, C. (2004). Salinity effects on
germination, growth and seed production of the halophyte Cakile maritima. Plant
Soil., 262: 179-189.
Deegan, B., Harrington, J. and Dundon, P. (2005). Effects of salinity and inundation
regime on growth and distribution of Schoenoplectus triqueter. Aquat Bot., 81:
199-211.
Delgado, E., Mitchell, R.A.C., Parry, M. A., Driscoll, S. P., Mitchell, V. J., Lawlor,
D. W. (1994). Interacting effects of CO2 concentration, temperature and nitrogen
supply on the photosynthesis and composition of winter wheat leaves. Plant Cell
Environ., 17:1205–13
Del-Rio, J. C., Marques, G., Rencoret, J., Martinez, A. T. and Gutierrez, A. (2007).
Occurrence of naturally acetylated lignin units. J. Agric. Food Chem., 55(14):
5461-5468.
Demidchik, V., Cuin, T. A., Svistunenko, D., Smith, S. J. Miller, A. J., Shabala, S.,
Sokolik, A. and Yurin,V. (2010). Arabidopsis root K+-efflux conductance
activated by hydroxyl radicals: single-channel properties, genetic basis and
involvement in stress-induced cell death. J. Cell Sci., 123: 1468-1479.
Demir, Y., Alayli, A., Yildirim, S. and Demir, N. (2004). Purification and
Characterization of Acid Phosphatase from Hypericium (Hypericum perforatum
L.). Int. J. Agricul. Biol., 6(6): 1089–1092.
309
Demiral, M. A., Aktaş Uygun, D., Uygun, M., Kasirğa, E. and Karagözler, A. A.
(2011). Biochemical response of Olea europaea cv. Gemlik to short-term salt
stress. Turk. J. Biol., 35: 433-442.
Desai, N. M., Sonar, B. A., Shaikh, S. S., Patil, U. H., Gaikwad, D.K., Chavan, N.S.
Sabale, A.B. and Chavan, P. D. (2010). Screening of some coastal plant
resources for their antioxidant potential, Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid content.
Phcog. J., 2(7):151-156.
Devasagayam, T. P. A., Boloor, K. K. and Ramasarma, T. (2003). Methods for
estimation of lipid peroxidation: An analysis of merits and demerits. Ind. J. of
Biochem. and Biophy., 40: 300-308.
Devitt, D. A, Stolzy, L. H. and Labanauskas, C. K. (1987). Impact of potassium,
sodium and salinity on the protein-and free amino acid content of wheat grain.
Plant Soil., 103 (1):101-109.
Dey, K. L. (1973). ‘Indigenous Drugs of India’ (ed.) K. L. Dey, C. B. (1973). pp-153.
Dey, P. M. (1990). (eds.) Methods in Plant Biochemistry. Vol II Carbohydrates.
(Publ.) Acad. Press London.
Dhopte, A. M. and Phadnawis, B. N. (1989). Estimation of ascorbic acid (AA) with
dye method. Useful techniques for Plant Scientists (eds.) A. M. Dhopte and M.
Livera, (Publ.) Forum for plant physiologists Akola (India) pp-243.
Diedrick, K. (2010). Manganese fertility in soybean production. Pioneer Hi-Bred
Agronomy Sciences, 20 (14).
Dieter, W., Pate, J. S. and Atkins, C. (1986). Effects of NaCl Salinity on Growth,
Development, Ion Transport and Ion Storage in White Lupin (Lupinus albus L.
cv. Ultra). J. Plant Physiol.,124(3-4): 257.
Dietrich, P., Sanders, D. and Hedrich, R. (2001). The role of ion channels in light
dependent stomatal opening. J. Expt. Bot., 52 (363): 1959-1967.
Dionisio-Sese, M.L. and Tobita, S. (1998). Antioxidant responses of rice seedlings to
salinity stress. Plant Sci., 135: 1-9.
Dixon, N. E., Gazzola, C., Blakeley, R. L. and Zerner, B. (1975). Jack bean urease
(EC. 3.5.1.5) a metalloenzyme. A simple biological role for nickel, J. Am. Chem.
Soc., 97:4131-4132.
310
Dixon, R. A. and Paiva, N. L. (1995). Stress-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism.
Plant Cell., 7:1085-1097.
Djanaguiraman, M., Senthil, A. and Ramadass. (2004). Mechanism of salt tolerance in
rice genotypes during germination and seedlings growth. Indian J. Agric. Res., 38
(1): 73-76.
Doering, H.W., Schulze, G. and Roscher, P. (1984)). Salinity effects on the
micronutrient supply of plants differing in salt resistance. Proceedings of the 6th
Interntl Colloquium for the optimization of plant nutrition. Montpellier, France,
pp. 165-172.
Downton, W. J. S. (1977). Photosynthesis in salt-stressed grapevines. Aust J Plant
Physiol., 4: 183-192.
Downton, W. J. S., Grant, W. J. R. and Robinson, S. P. (1985): Photosynthetic and
stomatal responses of spinach leaves to salt stress. Plant Physiol., 77: 85– 88.
Draycott, A. P. (1972). ‘Sugar-Beet Nutrition’ (Publ.) Applied Sci. Ltd. London.
Dube, B. K., Sinha, P. and Chatterjee, C. (2000). Boron stress affects metabolism and
seed quality of sunflower. Trop. Agric., 77: 89-92.
Dubey, R. S. (1997). Nitrogen metabolism in plants under salt stress. In: Jaiwal, P.K.,
R.P. Singh and A. Gulati, (Ed.). Strategies for Improving Salt Tolerance in
Higher Plants. Oxford and IBH Publ. Co., New Delhi, pp: 129-158.
Ducic, T. and Polle, A. (2005). Transport and detoxification of manganese and copper
in plants. Braz. J. Plant Physiol., 17: 103-112.
Dudonne, S., Vitrac, X., Coutiere, P., Woillez, M. and Merillon J. M. (2009).
Comparative Study of Antioxidant Properties and Total Phenolic Content of 30
Plant Extracts of Industrial Interest Using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, SOD and ORAC
Assays. J. Agric. Food Chem., 57: 1768–1774.
Duff, S.M.G., Sarath, G. and Plaxtron, W. C. (1994). The role of acid phosphatases in
plant phosphorus metabolism. Physiol Plant., 90: 791–800.
Dugger, W. M. (1974). Functional aspects of boron in plants. Adv. Chem. Ser., 123:
112-129.
Duh, P. D. and Yen, G. C. (1997). Antioxidative activity of three herbal water
extracts. Food Chem., 60: 639-645.
311
Duke, J. A. (1983). Handbook of Energy Crops. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/new
crop/duke_energy/dukeindex.html.
Durenkamp, M. and De Kok, L. (2004). Impact of pedospheric and atmospheric
sulphur nutrition on sulphur metabolism of Allium cepa ., a species with a
potential sink capacity for secondary sulphur compounds. J. Expt. Bot., 55(404):
1821-1830.
Dutt, D., Upadhyay, J. S., Singh, B. and Tyagi, C. H. (2009). Studies on Hibiscus
cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa as an alternative pulp blend for softwood:
an optimization of kraft delignification process. Ind. Crops Prod., 29616-29626.
Ehdaie, B., Alloush, G. A., Madore, M. A. and Waines, J. G. (2006). Genotypic
variation for stem reserves and mobilization in wheat I. Post-anthesis changes in
internode dry matter. Crop Sci.,46: 2093-2103.
Ehsanpour, A. A. and Amini, F. (2003). Effect of salt and drought stress on acid
phosphatase activities in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) explants under in vitro
culture. African J. Biotech., 2 (5): 133-135.
El-Adawy, T. A. and Khalil, A. H. (1994). Characteristics of roselle seeds as a new
source of protein and lipid. J. Agric. Food Chem., 42:1896-1900.
El-Basheir, Z. M. and Fouad, M. A. (2002). A preliminary pilot survey on head lice,
pediculosis in Sharkia Governorate and treatment of lice with natural plant
extracts. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol., 32(3):725-36.
Elevitch, C. R. and Thomson, L. A. J. (2006). Hibiscus tiliaceus (beach hibiscus)
Malvaceae (mallow family) Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agro-forestry
(www.traditionaltree.org).
El-Katony, T. M. (1998). Salinity-fertility interactions on the uptake and distribution
of Ca and Mg in Linum usitatissimum L. and Hibiscus cannabinus L. Egypt. J.
Bot., 38(1-2): 223-240.
Ellis, R. H., Hong, T. D. and Roberts, E. H. (1985), Hand book of seed technology for
gene banks. Vol II Compendium of specific germination information and test
recommendations, International Board for Plant Genetic Resources UK, pp. 497-
647.
312
El-Meleigy, S. (1989). Physiological studies on roselle plant Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
Ph. D. thesis Ain Shams University.
El-Motaium, R., Hu, H. and Brown, P.H. (1994). The relative tolerance of six Prunus
rootstocks to boron and salinity. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 119: 1169-1175.
El-Saidi, M. T. and Hawash, M. (1971).The effect of using saline water for irrigation
on the growth and chemical properties of roselle plants Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
Zeitschrift fuer Acker und Pflanzenbau. 134(3): 251-256.
El-Sharkawi, H. M., Salama, F. M. and Mazen, A. A. (1986 a). Ionic and Hydrative
Adjustments to Salinity and Sodicity Stresses in some Crop Plants. Egyptian J.
Bot., 29-30(1-3): 107-116.
El-Sharkawi, H. M.; Salama, F. M. and Mazen, A. A. (1986 b). Chlorophyll Response
to Salinity Sodicity and Heat Stresses in Cotton, Rama and Millet.
Photosynthetica., 20(2): 204-211.
Elsheikh, E. A. E. and Wood, M. (1990). Effect of salinity on growth, nodulation and
nitrogen yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J. Exp. Bot., 41: 1263–1269.
Elsheikh, E. A. E. and Wood, M. (1995). Nodulation and N2 fixation by soybean
inoculated with salt-tolerant Rhizobia or salt sensitive Bradyrhizobia in saline
soil. Soil Biol. Biochem., 27: 657–661.
Emam, M.M. and Helal, N.M. (2008). Vitamins Minimize the Salt-Induced Oxidative
Stress Hazards. Australian J. Basic Appl. Sci., 2(4): 1110-1119.
Englbrecht, C. C., Schoof, H. and Böhm, S. (2004). Conservation, diversification and
expansion of C2H2 zinc finger proteins in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome.
BMC G enomics., 5: 39.
Epron, D., Toussaint, M. L. and Badot, P. M. (1999) Effects of sodium chloride
salinity on root growth and respiration in oak seedlings. Ann. Forest Sci., 56: 41–
47.
Epstein, E. (1961). The essential role of calcium in selective cation transport by plant
cells. Plant Physiol., 36: 437-444.
Epstein, E. (1972). Mineral nutrition of plants: Principles and Perspectives. (Publ.)
John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York., London, Sydney, Toronto.
313
Eryilmaz, F. (2006). The relationships between salt stress and anthocyanin content in
higher plants. Biotechnol. Equip., 20: 47-52.
Esau, K. (1977). Anatomy of Seed plants. 2nd
ed. (Publ.) John Wiley, New York.
Esfandiari, E., Shekari, F., Shekari, F. and Esfandiari, M. (2007). The effect of salt
stress on antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation in the wheat
seedling. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca., 35(1): 48-56.
Essa, M. M. and Subramanian, P. (2007). Hibiscus sabdariffa Affects Ammonium
Chloride-Induced Hyperammonemic Rats. Evid. Based Complement Alternat
Med., 4(3): 321-5.
Essah, P. A., Davenport, R. and Tester, M. (2003). Sodium influx and accumulation in
Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 133: 307–318.
Evans, G. C. (1972). The Quantitative Analysis of Plant Growth. Black Well Sci.,
Publ. Oxford.
Evenari, M. (1961).A survey of the work done in seed physiology by the Department
of Botany, Hebrew University, Jerusalem (Israel). Proc. Int. Seed Test. Ass., 26:
597-658.
Eweida, M. H. T., El-Agamy, A. I., Nassanein, A. M. and Ghaly, F. (1978). The effect
of some herbicides on cotton plant. Beitrage zur Tropischen Landwirtschaft und
viterinarmedizin., 16 (3): 299-304.
Fageria, N. (1983). Ionic interaction in rice plants from dilute solutions. Plant Soil.,
70: 309-316.
Fakeye, T. O., Pal, A., Bawankule, D. U., Khanuja, S. P. (2008). Immunomodulatory
effect of extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Family Malvaceae) in a mouse
model. Phytother. Res., 22(5): 664-8.
Falleh, H., Ksouri, R., Lucchessi, M., Abdelly C. and Magné, C. (2012). Ultrasound-
Assisted Extraction: Effect of Extraction Time and Solvent Power on the Levels
of Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Mesembryanthemum edule L.
Aizoaceae Shoots. Trop. J. Pharma. Res., 11 (2): 243-249.
Fam, S. S. and Morrow, J. D. (2003). The isoprostanes: unique products of
arachidonic acid oxidation-a review. Curr. Med. Chem., 10 :1723-1740.
314
Fang, Y. L., Lin, X., Lin, A. Q. and Liu Y. Y. (2004). Isolation and structural analysis
of saponin from seed of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. Xiamen Daxue Xuebao (Ziran
Kexue Ban). 43(5): 657-660.
FAO/WHO, (1991). Protein Quality Evaluation: Report of the Joint FAO/WHO
Expert Consultation, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 51. Rome: FAO.
Faraji, M. H. and Tarkhani, A. H. (1999). The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa)
on essential hypertension. J. Ethnopharmacol., 65(3):231-6.
Farombi, E. O. and Fakoya, A. (2005). Free radical scavenging and antigenotoxic
activities of natural phenolic compounds in dried flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa
L. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 49(12): 1120-8.
Farr, H. J. (2010). Early growth tolerance to boron and salt in wheat and barley. A
dissertation submitted as a part of the requirement for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of gribusiness with Honours (Agricultural Technology) at Curtin
University.
Fathima, M. and Balasubramanian, A. (2006). Effect of plant growth regulators on the
yield and quality of bast fibres in Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. altissima Wester.,
Int. J. Bot., 2(1): 48-55.
Fawole, O. A., Makunga, N. P. and Opara, U. L. (2012). Antibacterial, antioxidant
and tyrosinase-inhibition activities of pomegranate fruit peel methanolic extract.
BMC Complementary Alternative Med., 12: 200.
Fediuc, E., Lips, S.H. and Erdei, L. (2005). O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase activity in
Phragmites and Typha plants under cadmium and NaCl stress conditions and the
involvement of ABA in the stress response. J. Plant Physiol., 162: 865–872.
Fei, G., YiJun, Z., LingYun, H., DaCheng, H. E. and GenFa, Z. (2008). Proteomic
analysis of long-term salinity stress responsive proteins in Thellungiella
halophila leaves. Chinese Sci. Bull., 53: 3530–3537.
Feierabend, J. (2005). Catalases in plants: molecular and functional properties and
role in stress defence. In: Antioxidants and reactive oxygen in plants. N.
Smirnoff, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Pp.-101– 140.
Fernandez-Pascual, M., De Lorenzo, C., De Felipe, M. R., Rajalakshmi, S., Gordon,
A. J., Thomas, B. J. and Minchin, F. R. (1996). Possible reasons for relative salt
315
stress tolerance in nodules of white lupin cv. Multolupa. J. Exp. Bot., 47: 1709–
1716.
Ferreira, C. V., Granjeiro, J. M., Taga, E. M. and Aoyama, H. (1998). Purification and
characterization of multiple forms of soybean seed acid phosphatases. Plant
Physiol. Biochem., 36(7):487-494.
Fiehn, O., Kopka, J., Dormann, P., Altmann, T., Trethewey, R.N. and Willmitzer, L.
(2000). Metabolite profiling for plant functional genomics. Nat. Biotechnol., 18:
1157-1161.
Field, C. D. (1995). Journey Amongst Mangroves. International Society of Mangrove
Ecosystem Okinawa Japan pp:140.
Fischer, J. D., Hausen, D. and Hodges, T. K. (1970). Correlation between ion fluxes
and ion stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity of plant roots. Plant
Physiol., 46: 812–814.
Fiske, C.H. and Subba Rao, Y. (1925). The colourimetric determination of
phosphorus. J. Biol. Chem., 66: 375-400.
Flasinski, S., Zamorski, R. and Kotowska, V. (1989). The effect of water and salt
stresses on the phosphorus content and acid phosphatase activity in oilseed rape.
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae., 58(1): 47-58.
Flowers, T. S. and Colmer, T. D. (2008). Salinity tolerance in halophytes. New
Phytologist., 179: 945-963.
Flowers, T. J. and Hall , J. L. (1978). Salt tolerance in the halophyte Suaeda maritime
(L.) Dum. : The influene of the salinity of the culture solution on the content of
various organic compounds. Ann. Bot., 42: 1057-1063.
Flowers, T. J., Troke, P. F. and Yeo, A. R. (1977). The mechanism of salt tolerance in
halophytes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 28(1): 89-121.
Folin, O. and Denis, W. (1915). A colourimetric estimation of phenol and phenol
derivatives in urine. J. Biol. Chem., 22: 305-308.
Foolad, M. R. (1996). Response to selection for salt tolerance during germination in
tomato seed derived from PI174263. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 121: 1006-1001.
316
Fougere, F., Le Rudulier, D. and Streeter, J. G. (1991). Effects of salt stress on amino
acid, organic acid and carbohydrate composition of roots, bacteroids and cytosol
of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Plant Physiol., 96: 1228–1236.
Fowler, R. M. and Bright, H. A. (1935). cf. Vogel, A. I. In: A text book of
quantitative inorganic analysis. Longmans Grem and Co. Ltd. (E. L. B. S.).
1964.
Foyer, C. (1993). Ascorbic acid. In: Antioxidants in Higher Plants. R.G. Alscher and
J.L. Hess (eds.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp.31-58.
Foyer, C. H. and Noctor, G. (2005). Redox homeostasis and antioxidant signaling: a
metabolic interface between stress perception and physiological responses. Plant
Cell., 17: 1866-1875.
Franceschi, V. R. and Homer, H. T. (1980). Calcium oxalate crystals in plants. Bot.
Rev., 46: 361-427.
Franceschi, V. R. and Nakata, P. A. (2005).Calcium oxalate in plants: formation and
function. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 56:41-71.
Francois L. E. and Maas, E. V. (1978).'Plant Responses to Salinity: An Indexed
Bibliography' published by US Salinity laboratory.
Francois, L. E. and Maas, E. V. (1994). Crop response and management of salt-
affected soils. In M. Pessarakli (Eds.), Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress (pp.
169-201). New York: Marcel Dekker.
Francois, L. E., Donovan, T. J. and Maas, E. V. (1992). Yield, vegetative growth and
fibre length of Kenaf grown on saline soil. Agron. J., 84: 592-598.
Fricker, M. D. and Willmer, C. M. (1990). Some properties of proton pumping
ATPases at the plasma membrane and tonoplast of guard cells. Biochemie
physiologie der pflanzen., 186: 301-308.
Fritioff, A., Kautsky, L. and Greger, M. (2005). Influence of temperature and salinity
on heavy metal uptake by submerged plants. Environ Pollut., 133: 265-274.
Frugoli, J. A., Zhong, H. H., Nuccio, M. L., McCourt, P., McPeek, M. A., Thomas, T.
L. and McClung, C. R. (1996). Catalase is encoded by a multi-gene family in
Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Plant Physiol., 112:327–336.
317
Fry, S. C. (1983). Feryloyllated pectins from the primary cell wall. Their structure
and possible function. Planta, 153: 111-123.
Fry, S. C. (1986). Cross linking of matrix polymers in the growing cell walls of
angiosperms. Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol., 37:165-186.
Fryxell, P. A. (1988). Malvaceae of Mexico. Syst. Bot. Monogr., 25: 453.
Fukuda, A.,Chiba, K., Maeda, M., Nakamura, A., Maeshima, M. and Tanaka, Y.
(2004). Effect of salt and osmotic stresses of genes for the vacuolar H+-
pyrophosphatase, H+-ATPase subunit A and Na+/H+ antiporter from barley. J.
Exp. Bot., 55: 585-594.
Funk, D., Stadelhofer, B. and Koch, W. (2008). Ornithine-delta-aminotransferase is
essential for arginine catabolism but not for proline biosynthesis. BMC Plant
Biol., 8: 40.
Gacche, R.N., Kabaliye, V. N. Dhole, N. A. and Jadhav, A. D. (2010). Antioxidant
potential of selected vegetables commonly used in diet in Indian subcontinent.
Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resources.,1(3): 306-313.
Gaikwad D. K. (1995): Physiological studies in salinity tolerance of grain amaranth.
Ph.D Thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
Gao, S., Ouyang, C., Wang, S., Xu, Y., Tang, L. and Chen, F. (2008). Effects of salt
stress on growth, antioxidant enzyme and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities
in Jatropha curcas L. seedlings. Plant Soil Environ., 54 (9): 374–381.
Garcia, P. O. C., Rivero, R. M., Lopez-Lefebre, L. R., Sanchez, E., Ruiz, J. M. and
Romero, L. (2001). Response of oxidative stress metabolism to the application
of carbendazim plus boron in tobacco. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 28: 801–806.
Garcia, M., Garmendia, I. and Gracia, J. (2008). Influence of natural fiber type in
eco-composites. J. Appl. Poly. Sci., 107: 2994-3004.
Garg, B. K. and Gupta, I. C. (1997). Saline Wastelands Environment and Plant
Growth. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers. Pp-287.
Garg, N. and Manchanda, G. (2009). ROS generation in plants: Boon or Bane? Plant
Biosystems- an international journal dealing with all aspects of plant biology.
Official J. Societa Botanica italiana., 143 (1): 81-96.
318
Gaspar, T., Penel, C., Castillo, J. F. and Greppin, H. (1985). A two-step control of
basic and acidic peroxidases and its significance for growth and development.
Physiol. Plant., 64: 418-423.
Gassama-Dia, Y.K., Sané, D. and Ndoye, M. (2004). Direct genetic transformation of
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. African J. Biotechnol., 3: 226-228.
Gastal, F. and Lemaire, G. (2001). N uptake and distribution in crops: an
agronomical and ecophysiological perspective. J. of Exp. Bot., 53(370): 789–799.
Gauch, H.G. and Dugger, W.M. (1954) The physiological action of boron in higher
plants: A review and interpretation. College Park: Univ. Md., Agic. Exp. Stn., A-
80: 63-79.
Gautam, R. D. (2004) Sorell-A lesser-known source of medicinal soft drink and food
in India. Nat. Prod. Radiance., 3(5): 338-342.
Gazzarrini, S. and McCourt, P. (2001). Genetic interaction between ABA, ethylene
and sugar signaling pathways. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 4: 387–391.
Geissman, T. A. (1962). Chemistry of the Flavonoid compounds, Pergamon Press
Oxford. Pp-409.
Gelholt, H. S., Mali, S. and Purohit, A. (2003). Role of specific ions on growth and
metabolic patterns in moth bean (C3) and pearl millet (C4) of Indian desert.
Indian J. Plant Physiol., 8(2):145-149.
Gerard, C. J. and Hinojosa, E. (1973). Cell wall properties of cotton roots as
influenced by calcium and salinity. Agron. J., 65: 556-560.
Gerloff, G. C., Moore, D. G. and Curtis, J. T. (1966). Selective absorption of mineral
elements by native plants of Wisconsin. Plant Soil., 25: 393-405.
Ghanem, M. E., Albacete, A., Martı´nez-Andu´ jar, C., Acosta, M., Romero-Aranda,
R., Dodd, I. C., Lutts, S. and Pe´rez-Alfocea, F. (2008). Hormonal changes
during salinity-induced leaf senescence in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). J.
Exp. Bot., 59(11): 3039–3050.
Ghoulam, C. and Fares, K. (2001). Effect of salinity on seed germination and early
seedling growth of sugar beet. Seed Sci.Technol., 29: 357-364.
319
Ghoulam, C., Foursy, A. and Fares, K. (2002) Effects of salt stress on growth,
inorganic ions and proline accumulation in relation to osmotic adjustment in five
sugar beet cultivars. Environ. Exp. Bot., 47: 39-50.
Giannakoula, A., Ilias, I. F., Jelena, J., Maksimović, D., Maksimović, V. M. and
Živanović, B. D. (2012). Does overhead irrigation with salt affect growth, yield
and phenolic content of lentil plants? Arch. Biol. Sci., Belgrade., 64 (2): 539-547.
Gil, M. I., Tomas-Barberan, F. A., Hess-Pierce, B. and Kader, A. A. (2002).
Antioxidant capacities, phenolic compounds, carotenoids and vitamin C contents
of nectarine, peach and plum cultivars from California. J. Agr. Food Chem., 50:
4976–4982.
Gill, K. G. and Dutt, S. K. (1982). Effect of salinity on stomatal number, size and
opening in barley genotypes. Biol. Plant., 24(4): 266-269.
Gill, S. S. and Tuteja, N. (2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery
in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 48 : 909-930.
Go´mez-Cadenas, A., Tadeo, F. R., Primo-Millo, E. and Talo´n, M. (1998).
Involvement of abscisic acid and ethylene in the responses of citrus seedlings to
salt shock. Physiol. Plant., 103: 475–484.
Golldack, D., Su, H., Quigley, F., Kamasani, U. R., Munoz-Garay, C., Balderas, E.,
Popova, O. V., Bennett, J., Bohnert, H. J. and Pantoja, O.
(2002). Characterization of a HKT-type transporter in rice as a general alkali
cation transporter. Plant J., 31: 529–542.
Golparvar, A. R. (2011). Multivariate analysis of germination ability and tolerance to
salinity in Agropyron desertorum genotypes in greenhouse condition. Afr. J.
Biotechnol., 10 (73): 16577-16580.
Golub, E. E. and Boesze-Battaglia, K. (2007). The role of alkaline phosphatase in
mineralization. Current Opinion in Orthopaedics, 18: 444–448.
Gomes, M. A. C., Suzuki,M. S., Cunha, M. and Tullii,C. F. (2011). Effect of salt
stress on nutrient concentration, photosynthetic pigments, proline and foliar
morphology of Salvinia auriculata Aubl. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia., 23 (2):
164-176.
320
Gomez, J. M., Hernandez, J. A., Jimenez, A., del Rio, L. A. and Sevilla, F. (1999).
Differential response of antioxidative systems of chloroplasts and mitochondria
to long term NaCl stress on pea plant. Free Radical Res. (Suppl.), 31: 11– 18.
Gomez-Leyva, J. F., Martinez-Acosta, L. A., Lopez-Muraira, I. G., Silos-Espino, H.,
Ramirez- Cervantes F. and Andrade-Gonzalez, I. (2008). Multiple shoot
regeneration of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) from a shoot apex culture
system. Int. J. Bot., 4: 326-330.
Gopalakrishnan, S., Saroja, K. and Elizabeth, J. D. (2011). GC-MS analysis of the
methanolic extract of the leaves of Dipteracanthus patulus (Jacq.) Nees. J. Chem.
Pharm. Res., 3(3): 477-480.
Gordon, L. Kh. and Bichurina, A. A. (1973). Possible causes of the stimulation of
respiration in plant roots by exogenous sodium chloride. Fiziologiya Rastenij.,
20: 462-468.
Gossett, D. G., Millhollon, E. P. and Lucas, J. (1994). Antioxidant responses to NaCl
stress in salt tolerant and salt sensitive cultivars of cotton. Crop Sci., 34: 706-714.
Goudarzi, M. and Pakniyat, H. (2009). Salinity causes increase in proline and protein
contents and peroxidase activity in wheat cultivars. J. Appl. Sci., 9(2): 348-353.
Gouia, H., Ghorbal, M. H. and Touraine, B. (1994). Effects of NaCl on Flows of N
and Mineral lons and on NO3-
Reduction Rate within Whole Plants of Salt-
Sensitive Bean and Salt-Tolerant Cotton. Plant Physiol., 105: 1409-1418.
Govindarajan, R., Rastogi, S., Vijaykumar, M., Rawat, A. K. S., Shirwaikar, A.,
Mehrotra, S. and Puahpangadam, P. (2003). Studies on antioxidant activities of
Desmodium gangetium. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26:1424-1427.
Govinden-Soulange, J., Boodia, N., Dussooa, C., Gunowa, R., Deensah, S., Facknath
S. and Rajkomar, B. (2009). Vegetative Propagation and Tissue Culture
Regeneration of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Roselle). World J. Agric. Sci., 5 (5): 651-
661.
Graham, R. D. (1991). Breeding wheats for tolerance to micronutrient deficient soils:
present status and priorities. In Wheat for the non- Traditional Warm Areas
CIMMYT (ed. Saunders, D. A.), Mexico D.F., pp. 315–332.
321
Graham, R. D., Welch, R. M. and Walker, C. D. (1985). A role of nickel in the
resistance of plants to rust. Austr. Agron. Soc. Proc. 159.
Graifenberg, A., Botrini, L., Giustiniani, L. and Lipucci Di Paola, M. (1996). Salinity
affects growth, yield and elemental concentration of fennel. Hort. Sci., 31: 1131-
1134.
Grattan, S. R. and Grieve, C. M. (1992). Mineral element acquisition and growth
response of plants grown in saline environments. Agric., Ecosys. Environ.,
38:275-300.
Grattan, S. R. and Grieve, C. M. (1999). Salinity-Mineral nutrient relations in
horticultural crops. Sci. Hort., 78:127–157.
Greenwood, M. E. and DuBowy, P. J. (2005). Germination characteristics of
Zannichellia palustris from New South Wales, Australia. Aquat. Bot., 82 (1): 1-
11.
Grieve, C. M. and Poss, J.P. (2000). Wheat response to interactive effects of boron
and salinity. J. Plant Nutr., 23: 1217-1226.
Grigal, D. F., Ohmann, L. F. and Brander, R. B. (1976). Seasonal dynamics of tall
shrubs in northeastern Minnesota: Biomass and nutrient element changes. For.
Sci., 22:195-208.
Grotz, N., Fox, T., Connolly, E., Parkt, W., Guerinot, M. L. and Eide, D. (1998).
Identification of a family of zinc transporter genes from Arabidopsis that respond
to zinc deficiency. Plant Biology, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 95: 7220-7224.
Guerinot, M. and Eide, D. (1999). Zeroing in on zinc uptake in yeast and plants. Curr.
Opinion Plant Biol., 2: 244–249.
Gueta-Dahan, Y., Yaniv, Z., Zilinskas, B. A. and Ben-Hayyin, G. (1997). Salt and
oxidative stress: Similar and specific response and their relation to salt tolerance
in citrus. Planta, 203: 460– 469.
Guggenheim, J. and Waisel, Y. (1977). Effects of salinity, temperature and nitrogen
fertilization on growth and composition of Rhodes grass (Chloris
gayana Kunth). Plant Soil., 47: 431-440.
Gul, B. and Weber, D. J. (1999). Effect of salinity, light and thermoperiod on seed
germination of Allenrolfea occidentalis. Can. J. Bot., 77: 1-7.
322
Gulcin, I., Sat, I. G., Beydemi, S. and Kufrevioglu, O. I. (2004). Evaluation of the
invitro antioxidant properties of extracts of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea ). Indian
J. Food Sci., 16:17-30.
Gunes, A., Soylemezoglu, G., Inal, A., Bagci, E. G., Coban, S. and Sahin, O. (2006).
Antioxidant and stomatal response of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) to boron
toxicity. Sci. Hort., 110: 279-284.
Guo, A., Zhou, P. and Su, J. (2002). Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
analyses among Hibiscus cannabinus and related species. J. Tropic. Subtropic.
Bot., 10(4): 306-312.
Guo, Y., Tian, Z., Yan, D., Zhang, J. and Qin, P. (2009). Effects of nitric oxide on
salt stress tolerance in Kosteletzkya virginica. Life Science Journal, 6 (1): 67-75.
Gupta, U. C. (1993). Deficiency, sufficiency and toxicity levels of boron in crops. In
Boron and Its Role in Crop Production. Ed. U C Gupta. pp 137–145. CRC Press,
Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Haber, F. and Weiss, J. (1934). The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by
iron salts. Proc. Royal Soc. A., 147: 332.
Hadjiivanova, C. and Tzvetkova, N. (2010). Acid phosphatase activity in sun-
exposed and shade beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) leaves. General and Applied Plant
Physiology, 36 (1–2):24–27.
Hainida, E., Amin, I. Normah, H., Mohd-Esa, N. and Ainul, Z. A. B. (2008). Effects
of defatted dried roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seeds powder on lipid profiles
of hypercholesterolemia rats. J. Sci. Food Agric., 88:1043-1050.
Hakim, M. A., Juraimi, A. S., Begum, M., Hanafi, M. M., Ismail, M. R. and Selamat,
A. (2010). Effect of salt stress on germination and early seedling growth of rice
(Oryza sativa L.). Afr. J. Biotechnol., 9: 1911-1918.
Halbrock, K. S. and Grisebach, H. (1979). Enzymic controls in the biosynthesis of
lignin and flavonoids. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 30:105-130.
Haller, W. T., Sutton, D. L. and Barlowe, W. C. (1974). Effects of salinity on growth
of several aquatic macrophytes. Ecology., 55: 891–894.
Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J. M. C. (1989). Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
323
Halliwell, B., Gutterdge, J. M. and Aruoma, O. I. (1987). The deoxy ribose method: a
simple ‘test-tube’ assay for determination of rate constant for reaction of
hydroxyl radicals. Anal. Biochem., 165:215-219.
Hamada, A. M. and EL-Enany, A. E. (1994). Effect of NaCl salinity on growth,
pigment and mineral element contents and gas exchange of broad bean and pea
plants. Biol. Plant., 36: 75-81.
Hameed, A., Naseer, S. and Iqbal, T., Syed, H. and Haq, M. A.(2008). Effects of
NaCl salinity on seedling growth, senescence, catalase and protease activities in
two wheat genotypes differing in salt tolerance. Pak. J. Bot., 40(3): 1043-1051.
Hamilton, E. W. and Heckathorn, S. A. (2001). Mitochondrial adaptations to NaCl.
Complex I is protected by anti-oxidants and small heat shock proteins, whereas
Complex II is protected by proline and betaine. Plant physiol., 126: 1266-1274.
Hamrick, J. L., Linhart, Y. B. and Mitton, J. B. (1979). Relationships between life
history characteristics and electrophoretically detectable genetic variation in
plants. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 10: 173-200.
Han, B., Zhou, P., Cui, L. and Fu, J. (2003 b). Characterization of the key aromatic
constituents in tea flowers of elite Chinese tea cultivars. Orig. Res. Rep., 21: 31-
36.
Han, J. S., Kim, W. and Rowell, R. M. (1995). Chemical and physical properties of
Kenaf as a function of growth. Proc. Seventh Annu. Intl. Kenaf Assoc. Conf.,
Irving, TX, p-63-83.
Han, S., Tang, R., Anderson, L. K., Woerner, T. E. and Pei, Z. M. (2003 a). A cell
surface receptor mediates extracellular Ca2+
sensing in guard cells. Nature.,
425(6954): 196-200.
Han, S. T. (1998). Medicinal Plants in the South pacific. WHO Regional Publications,
Western Pacific Series No. 19.
Hannoufa, A. and Hossain, Z. (2012). Regulation of carotenoid accumulation in
plants. Biocatalysis Agric. Biotechnol., 1(3): 198-202.
Hansen, R.W. (1981) Nutrient content of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) at five growth
stages. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Analysis., 12(10): 1031-1045.
324
Harborne J. (1964). Phenolic glucosides. In: Biochemistry of phenolic compounds.
(Publ.) Academic Press. p. 129.
Harling, H., Czajay, I., Schell, J. and Walden, R. (1997). A plant cation-chloride co-
transporter promoting auxin-independent tobacco protoplast division. EMBO J.,
16:5855-5866.
Harmer, P. M., Benne, E. J., Laughlin, W. M. and Key, C. (1953). Factors affecting
crop response to sodium applied as common salt on Michigan muck soil. Soil
Sci., 76: 1-17.
Harper, J. F., Breton, G. and Harmon, A. (2004). Decoding Ca2+
signals through plant
protein kinases. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 55: 263-288.
Hassan, F. A. S. (2009). Responses of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. plants to some
biofertilization treatments. Ann. Agric. Sci., Ain Shams Univ. Cairo, 54: 437-446.
Hassanein,R. A., Hemmat, K.I., Khattab, Hala M.S. EL-Bassiouny and Mervat S.
Sadak (2005) Increasing the Active Constituents of Sepals of Roselle (Hibiscus
sabdariffa L.) Plant by Applying Gibberellic Acid and Benzyladenine. J. Appl.
Sci. Res., 1(2): 137-146.
Hassidim, M., Braun, Y., Lerner, H. R. and Reinhold, L. (1986). Studies on H+
translocating ATPases in plants of varying resistance to salinity. Plant Physiol.,
81: 1057-1061.
Havaux, M. (1998) Carotenoids as membrane stabilizers in chloroplasts. Trends Plant
Sci., 3: 147–151.
Hawk, P. B.; Oser, B. L. and Summerson, W. H. (1948). Practical physiological
chemistry. (Publ.) The Blockiston Co. USA.
Hawkesford, M. J. and Miller, A. J. (2004). Ion-coupled transport of inorganic
solutes. In: M. R. Blatt (Eds): Membrane Transport in Plants: Annu. Plant Rev.,
15: 105-134. Oxford: Blackwell publishing Ltd.
Hays, S. M. (1989). Kenaf tops equal high quality hay. USDA-ARS, Agric. Res.
37(6): 18.
He, T. and Cramer, G. R. (1992). Growth and mineral nutrition of six rapid-cycling
Brassica species in response to seawater salinity. Plant Soil., 139: 285-294.
325
He, T. and Cramer, G. R. (1993).Growth and ion accumulation of two rapid cycling
Brassica species differing in salt tolerance. Plant and Soil., 153: 19-31.
*Health Bulletin (1951). No.23 pp 32.
Heath, R.L. and Packer, L. (1968). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplast I.
Kinetics and stioichemistry of fatty aid peroxidation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys,
125: 189-198.
Heber, U. (1974). Metabolite exchange between chloroplast and cytoplasm. Annu.
Rev. Plant Physiol., 25:393-421.
Heikal, M. M. D. (1977). Physiological studies on salinity tolerance. IV changes in
water content and mineral composition of plants over a range of salinity stress.
Plant. Soil., 48: 223-232.
Hela, M., Nawel, N., Imen, T., Hanen, Z., Imen, B. S., Raouia, B. M., Olfa, B., Rym,
K., Mouhiba, B. N. A., Abdelali, H., Lachaâl, M. and Ouerghi, Z. (2011). Salt
stress induced changes in germination, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant
activities in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings. African J. Biotech., 10(65):
14498-14506.
Heldt, H. W., Chon C. J., Maronde, D., Herold, A., Stankovic, Z. S., Walker, D. A.,
Kraminer, A., Kirk, M. R. and Heber, U. (1977). Role of orthophosphate and
other factors in the regulation of starch formation in leaves and isolated
chloroplasts. Plant Physiol., 59: 1146-1155.
Hemavathi, Upadhyaya, C. and Young. K. (2009). Over-expression of strawberry D-
galacturonic acid reductase in potato leads to accumulation of vitamin C with
enhanced abiotic stress tolerance. Plant Sci., 177: 659-667.
Henriques, R., Jasik, J., Klein, M., Martinoia, E. and Feller, U. (2002). Knock out of
Arabidopsis metal transporter gene IRT1 results in iron deficiency accompanied
by cell differentiation defects. Plant Mol. Biol., 50: 587-97.
Hepler, P. K. (2005). Calcium: a central regulator of plant growth and development.
Plant Cell., 17: 2142–2155.
Hernandez, I., Chacón, O., Rodriguez, R., Portieles R., López, Y., Pujol, M. and
Borrás-Hidalgo, O. (2009). Black shank resistant tobacco by silencing of
glutathione S-transferase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 387: 300-304.
326
Hernandez, I., Fernandez, J. A. and Niell, F. X. (1995). A comparative study of
alkaline phosphatase activity in two species of Gelidium (Gelidiales,
Rhodophyta). Eur. J. Phycol., 30: 69–77.
Hernandez, J. A., Ferrer, M. A., Jiménez, A., Ros-Barceló, A. and Sevilla, F. (2001).
Antioxidant system and O2 and H2O2 production in the apoplast of Pisum
sativum L. leaves; its relation with NaCl induced necrotic lesions in minor veins.
Plant Physiol., 127: 817– 831.
Hernandez, J. A., Jimerez, A., Mullineaux and Sevilla, P. F. (2000). Tolerance of pea
(Pisum sativum) to long term salt stress is associated with induction of
antioxidant defenses. Plant Cell Biol., 23: 853– 862.
Herrera-Arellano, A., Flores-Romero, S., Chávez-Soto, M. A. and Tortoriello, J.
(2004). Effectiveness and tolerability of a standardized extract from Hibiscus
sabdariffa in patients with mild to moderate hypertension: a controlled and
randomized clinical trial. Phytomedicine., 11(5): 375-82.
Hida, H., Yamada, T. and Yamada, Y. (2005). Production of hydroxyl citric acid by
microorganism. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 70: 1972-1974.
Higbie, S. M., Wang, F., Stewart, J. M. C. D., Sterling, T. M., Lindemann, W. C.,
Hughs, E. and Zhang, J. (2010). Physiological response to salt (NaCl) stress in
selected cultivated tetraploid cottons. Int. J. Agron., 1: 1-12.
Hinsigi, G. (1989). Agricultural fibers for paper pulp. Outlook Agri. 18:96-103.
Hinsigi, G. and Krisna, K. R. (1998). Mesta (Hibiscus cannabinus L.). In: Science of
field Crop Production.(Publ.) Oxford and IBH. New Delhi.(eds.) G. Hinsigi and
K. R. Krisna pp: 398-402.
*Hirai, K. (1950). Science Bull. Fal. Agr. Kyushu Univ.12, 8391.In: Functional
aspects in mineral nutrition of green plants by A. Pirson. (1955) Annu. Rev. Plant
Physiol., 54: 71-114.
Hirpara, K. D., Ramoliya, P. J., Patel, A. D. and Pandey, A. N. (2005). Effect of
salinisation of soil on growth and macro- and micro-nutrient accumulation in
seedlings of Butea monosperma (Fabaceae). Anales de Biología., 27: 3-14.
Hirschi, K. (2001). Vacuolar H+/Ca+ transport: who’s directing the traffic? Trends
Plant. Sci., 6: 100-104.
327
Hirschi, K. D. (2004). The calcium conundrum. Both versatile nutrient and specific
signal. Plant Physiol., 136: 2438–2442.
Hirunpanich, V., Utaipat, A., Morales, N. P., Bunyapraphatsara, N., Sato, H.,
Herunsale, A. and Suthisisang, C. (2005). Antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts
from dried calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. (Roselle) in vitro using rat low-
density lipoprotein (LDL). Biol. Pharm. Bull., 28(3): 481-4.
Hirunpanich, V., Utaipat, A., Morales, N. P., Bunyapraphatsara, N., Sato, H.,
Herunsale, A. and Suthisisang, C. (2006). Hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant
effects of aqueous extracts from the dried calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. in
hypercholesterolemic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 103(2): 252-60.
Ho, W. M., Ang, L. H. and Lee, D. K. (2008) . Assessment of Pb uptake, translocation
and immobilization in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) for phytoremediation of
sand tailings . J Envir Sci., 20: 1341 – 1347.
Hochmuth, G. (2011). Iron (Fe) Nutrition of Plants. series of the Soil and Water
Science Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food
and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida SL353: 1-8.
Hoekstra, F. A. and Golovina, E. A. (1999). Membrane behaviour during dehydration:
implications for desiccation tolerance. Russian J. Plant Physiol., 46: 295–306.
Holloway, R. E. and Alston, A. M. (1992). The effects of salt and boron on growth of
wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 43: 987-1001.
Hootsmans, M. J. M., Vermaat, J. E. and van Vierseen, W. (1987). Seed-bank
development, germination and early seedling survival of two seagrass species
from the Netherlands: Zostera marina L. and Zostera noltii Hornem. Aquat. Bot.,
28: 275-285.
Horiguchi, T. (1988). Mechanism of manganese toxicity and tolerance of plants IV.
Effects of silicon on alleviation of manganese toxicity of rice plants. Soil
SciPlant Nutr., 34: 65-73.
Hossain, M. D., Hanafi, M. M., Jol, H. and Jamal, T. (2011). Dry matter and nutrient
partitioning of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) varieties grown on sandy bris soil
Aust. J. Crop Sci., 5(6):654-659.
328
Houle, G., Morel, L., Reynolds, C. E. and Siegel, J. (2001). The effect of salinity on
different developemental stages of an endemic annual plant Aster laurentianus
(Asteraceae). American J. Botany, 88(1): 62-67.
httl://zipcodezoo.com/plants/H/Hibiscus_tiliaceus/default.asp).
http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADN809.pdf.
https://www.epa.qld.gov.au/register/p00273aa.pdf
http://tropicos.org/Name/50211911. Flora Hawaiensis Fam. (Fl. Hawaii.) Pariti hastatum (L.
f.) O. Deg. & Greenwell 221, 1957.
http://tropicos.org/NamePrint.aspx?nameid=50211759. Contributions from the University
of Michigan Herbarium (Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb.,) Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell 23:
258. 2001.
http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50211761. Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis (quarto ed.) 1: 256.
1824. (Fl. Bras. Merid. (quarto ed.)) Paritium tiliaceum (L.) A. Juss.
http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50211761. The Bahama Flora (1920). Pariti tiliaceum (L.) A.
Juss. (Bahama Fl.) 273.
Hu, Y. and Schmidhalter, U. (1997). Interactive effects of salinity and macronutrient
level on wheat. 2. Composition. J. Plant Nutr., 20: 1169–1182.
Hu, Y. and Schmidhalter, U. (2005). Drought and salinity: A comparison of their
effects on mineral nutrition of plants. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 168: 541–549.
Hu, Y., Camp, K. and Schmidhalter, U. (2000). Kinetics and spatial distribution of
leaf elongation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under saline soil conditions. Int.
J. Plant Sci., 161(4):575–582.
Huang, J. and Reddman, R. E. (1995). Salt tolerance of Hordeum and Brassica
species during germination and early seedling growth. Can. J. Plant Sci., 75:
815-819.
Huang, S. H., Zhang, J. Y., Ma, Y. P., Wei, S. and Huang, L. Q. (2012 a).
Characterization of an acid phosphatase responsible for hydrolysis of pyridoxal
50-phosphate in tobacco plants. Plant Physiol.Biochem., 57: 114-119.
Huang, Z., Longa, X., Wang, L., Kanga, J., Zhang, Z., Zed, R. and Liua, Z.
(2012 b). Growth, photosynthesis and H+-ATPase activity in two Jerusalem
artichoke varieties under NaCl-induced stress. Process Biochem., 47: 591-596.
329
Huber, S.C. (1989). Biochemical Mechanism for Regulation of Sucrose Accumulation
in Leaves during Photosynthesis. Plant Physiol., (91): 656-662.
Huda, M. S., Drzal, L. T. Mohanty, A. K. and Misra, M. (2008). Effect of fiber
surface-treatment on the properties of laminated biocomposites from poly (lactic
acid) (PLA) and Kenaf fibers. Compos. Sci. Technol., 68: 424-432.
Husain, S., von Caemmerer, S. and Munns, R. (2004). Control of salt transport from
roots to shoots of wheat in saline soil. Func. Plant Biol., 31: 1115–1126.
Hussain, K., Majeed, A. Nawaz, K., M. F. Nisar, F., Khan F., Afghan, S. and Ali,
K. (2010). Comparative study for salt stress among seed, root stock and direct
regenerated violet (Viola odorata L.) seedlings in relation to growth, ion contents
and enzyme activities. African J. Biotechnol., 9 (14): 2108-2117.
Hussein, O. S., Hanafy Ahmed, A.H., Ghalab, A. R. and El-Hefny, A. M. (2012).
Some Active Ingredients, Total Protein and Amino Acids in Plants Produced
from Irradiated Ambrosia maritima Seeds Growing under Different Soil Salinity
Levels. American J. Plant Physiol., 7: 70-83.
Hymavathy, K. R. (1983). Germination studies in fingermillet (Eleusine coracana
Gaertn.). M. Phil. dissertation submitted to Shivaji University, Kolhapur. (MS)
India.
Hymlo, B. (1953). Transpiration and ion absorption. Physiol. Plant., 6: 333-405.
IAB. (2000). Indian Agriculture in Brief. (27th edition). Agriculture Statistics
Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
Ibnusaud, I. et al. (2000). Convenient method for large-scale isolation of hibiscus
acid. (US 6127553 A) Pp:1-5.
Ibrahim, M. M. and Hussein, R. M. (2006). Variability, habitability and genetic
advance in some genotypes of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). World J. Agric.
Sci., 2(3): 340-345.
Immanuel, R. R. and Ganapathy, M. (2007). Growth performance of four Acacia
species in different saline environments. Plant Archives., 7 (2): 673-675.
Ingham, L. M., Parker, M. L. and Waldrom, K. W. (1998). Peroxidases: Changes in
soluble and bound forms during maturation and ripening of apples. Physiol.
Plant., 102:93–100.
330
Ismail, A., Ikram, E. H. K. and Nazri, H.S.M. (2008). Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)
seeds- Nutritional composition, protein quality and health benefits. Food., 2(1):
1-16.
Ismail, A., Marjan, Z. M. and Foong, C.W. (2004). Total antioxidant activity and
phenolic content in selected vegetables. Food Chem., 87: 581–586.
Iyare, E. E. and Adegoke, O. A. (2008). Maternal consumption of an aqueous extract
of Hibiscus sabdariffa during lactation accelerates postnatal weight and delays
onset of puberty in female offspring Niger. J. Physiol. Sci., 23(1-2):89-94.
Izawa, S, Heath, R. L. and Hind, G. (1969). The role of chloride ion in
photosynthesis. III. The effect of artificial electron donors upon electron
transport. Biochim Biophys Acta., 180: 388-398.
Jacoby, B. and Rudich, B. (1980). Proton-chloride symport in barley roots. Ann. Bot.,
46: 493-498.
Jafri, A. Z. and Ahmad, R. (1995). Effect of soil salinity on leaf development,
stomatal size and its distribution in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Pak. J. Bot.,
27(2): 297-303.
Jain, A., Sharma, A. D. and Singh, K. (2004). Plant growth hormones and salt stress-
mediated changes in acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in the pearl millet
seeds. Int. J. Agric. biol., 6(6): 960–963.
Jain, V., Verma, S. K. and Katewa, S. S. (2009). Myths, traditions and fate of
multipurpose Bombax ceiba L. An appraisal. Indian J. Trad. Knowledge., 8: 638-
644.
Jaleel, C. A. and Azooz, M. M. (2009). Exogenous calcium alters pigment
composition, g-glutamyl kinase and proline oxidase activities in salt-stressed
Withania somnifera. Plant Omics J., 2(2): 85-90.
Jaleel, C. A., Gopi, R., Manivannan, P. and Panneerselvam, R. (2007) Antioxidative
potentials as a protective mechanism in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. plants
under salinity stress. Turk. J. Bot., 31: 245-251.
Jaleel, C. A., Sankar, B., Sridharan, R. and Panneerselvam, R. (2008). Soil salinity
alters growth, chlorophyll content and secondary metabolite accumulation in
Catharanthus roseus. Turk. J. Biol., 32: 79-83.
331
Jamil, M., Bashir, S., Anwar, S., Bibi, S., Bangash, A., Ullah, F. and Shikrha, E.
(2012). Effect of salinity on physiological and biochemical characteristics of
different varieties of rice. Pak. J. Bot., 44: 7-13.
Jamil, M., Rehman, S., Lee, K. J., Kim, J. M., Kim, H. S. and Rha, E. S. (2007).
Salinity reduced growth PS II photochemistry and chlorophyll content in radish.
Sci. Agric., 64: 1-10.
Jan, A. (2010). Impact of Salt Stress and Mineral Nutrition on Chickpea and Roselle.
A Post Doctoral Research Fellow Report submitted to School of Environmental
and Natural Resource Sciences Faculty of Science and Technology University
of Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) September, 2010.
Janagoudar, B. S., Rajashekhar, M. K. and Sheshagiri, R. (2004). In vivo and in vitro
screening of cotton genotypes for salt tolerance. In: International symposium on
stratagies for sustainable cotton production–A Global vision (Ed. B. M. Khadi)
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Pp. 411-415.
Janicka-Russak, M. and Klobus, G. (2007). Modification of plasma membrane and
vacuolar H+-ATPases in response to NaCl andABA. J. Plant Physiol.,164:295-
302.
Janzen, H. H. and Chang, C. (1987). Cation nutrition of barley as influenced by soil
solution composition in a saline soil. Canadian J.Soil Sci., 67: 619-629.
Jayakumar, T., Thomas, P. A. and Geraldine, P. (2009). In vitro antioxidant activities
of an ethanolic extract of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. Innov. Food.
Sci. Emerg. Tech., 10: 228-234.
Jayaraman, J. (1981). Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry. New Age International
Publishers, New Delhi. Pp 54-56.
Jeannette, S., Jimenez, B., Craig, R. and Lynch, J. P. (2002). Salinity tolerance of
Phaseolus species during germination and early seedling growth. Seed Physiol,
Prod. Technol.
Jefferies, R. L., Rudmik, T. and Dillon, E. M. (1979). Responses of halophytes to
high salinities and low water potentials. Plant Physiol., 64: 989-994.
332
Jiang, Q., Mu, M., Wang, W. and Zhao, H. (2006). The Salt Distribution
Characteristics in True Mangrove Plants and Mangrove Associates. J. Xiamen
University (Natural Science), 2006: 06.
Jirovetz, L., Jager, W., Remberg, G., Espinosa-Gonzalez, J., Morales, R., Woidich, A.
and Nikiforov, A. (1992). Analysis of the volatiles in the seed oil of Hibiscus
sabdariffa (Malvaceae) by means of GC-MS and GC-FTIR. GC-FTIR. J. Agric.
Food Chem., 40:1186-1187.
Johanson, J. G. and Cheeseman, J. M. (1983). Uptake and distribution of sodium and
potassium by corn seedlings. Role of the mesocotyl in sodium exclusion. Plant
Physiol., 73: 153–158.
Johnson, C. M., Stout, P. R., Broyer, T. C. and Carlton, A. B. (1957). Comparative
chlorine requirements of different plant species. Plant Soil., 8: 337-353.
Joshi, R. N. (1971). The yields of leaf protein that can be extracted from crops of
Aurangabad. In Piere (1971a).
Joshi, Y. C. (1976). Effect of different levels of ESP on the yield attributes of seven
wheat varieties. Indian J. Plant Physiol., 19: 190–193.
Joshi, A. J. and Hinglajia, H. (1999). Effects of chloride and sulphate on seed
germination in Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC. growing at three different habitats
edaphically. J. Indian Bot. Soc., 78 (1-2): 99-101.
Joshi, A. J. and Iyengar, E. R. R. (1982). Effect of salinity on the germination of
Salicornia brachiate Roxb. Ind. J. Pl. Physiol., 25: 65-70.
Joy, K. W. (1964). Accumulation of oxalate in tissues of sugar-beet and the effect of
nitrogen supply. Ann. Bot., 28: 689-701.
Joyner, F. and Pate, J. B. (1956). The inheritance of leaf shape in Kenaf. Focus on
Egyptian Plant Science and Biotechnology J. Heredity., 47(5):199.
Juhaida, M.F., Paridah, M.T., Mohd Hilmi, M., Sarani, Z., Jalaluddin, H. and
Mohamad Zaki, A. R. (2010). Liquefaction of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.)
core for wood laminating adhesive. Bioresour Technol.; 101(4):1355-60.
Juliani, H. R., Welch, C. R., Wu, Q., Diouf, B., Malainy, D. and Simon, J. E. (2009).
Chemistry and quality of Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) for developing the
natural-product industry in Senegal. J. Food Sci. Mar., 74(2):S113-21.
333
Kabala, K. and Klobus, G. (2008).Modification of vacuolar proton pumps in
cucumber roots under salt stress. J. Plant Physiol., 165:1830-1837.
Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendiais, H. (2001) Trace elements in soils and plants, Third
edition. CRC press, 1-413.
Kachru, R.P., Nachiket, K. and Balasubramanian, D. (1994). Physical and mechanical
properties of green banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) fruit. J. Food Eng., 26: 369-
378.
Kaddour, R., Sellami, N., Chennaoui, H., Nasri, N., Baatour, O., Mahmoudi, H.,
Tarchoun, I., Lachaâl, M., Gruber, M. and Trifi, N. (2011). Correlation between
salt tolerance and genetic diversity between Sulla carnosa and Sulla coronaria.
African J. Biotechnol., 10 (65): 14355-14365.
Kafaga, E. R. and Koch, H. (1980 a). Stage of Maturity and quality of Karkadeh
Hibiscus sabdariffa var. Sabdariffa1. Organic acids. Angewandte Botanik., 54(5
6):287 294.
Kafaga, E. R. and Koch, H. (1980 b). Stage of Maturity and quality of Karkadeh
Hibiscus sabdariffa var. Sabdariffa 2. Anthocyanins. Angewandte Botanik., 54(5
6):295 300.
Kafaga, E. R. and Koch, H. (1980 c). Stage of Maturity and quality of Karkadeh
Hibiscus sabdariffa var. Sabdariffa3. Mucilage pectin and Carbohydrates.
Angewandte Botanik., 54(5 6):301 310.
Kafaga, E. R. and Koch, H. (1980 d). Stage of Maturity and quality of Karkadeh
Hibiscus sabdariffa var. Sabdariffa4. Improved drying and Harvesting system.
Angewandte Botanik., 54(5 6): 312-318.
Kahkonen, M. P., Hopia, A. I., Vuorela, H. J., Rauha, J. P., Pihlaja, K. Kujala, T. S.
and Heinonen, M. (1999). Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing
phenolic compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47: 3954-3962.
Kalavathi, D. (1996). Seed production, processing, testing and storage studies in
medicinal plants of Senna, Periwinkle and Roselle. Ph. D. Thesis¸ Tamil Nadu
Agril. Unvi., Coimbatire.
334
Kan, W .H. and Hu, T. W. (1987). Regeneration of Deforested Sites of Coastal
Windbreaks By Underplanting. Bulletin-of-Taiwan-Forestry-Research-Institute-
New-Series., 2(1): 1-16.
Kao, E. S., Hsu, J. D., Wang, C. J., Yang, S. H., Cheng, S. Y. and Lee, H. J. (2009).
Polyphenols extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. inhibited lipopolysaccharide-
induced inflammation by improving antioxidative conditions and regulating
cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 73(2): 385-90.
Karabal, E., Yucel, M. and Oktem, H. A. (2003). Antioxidant responses of tolerant
and sensitive barley cultivars to boron toxicity. Plant Sci., 164: 925–933.
Karadge, B. A. (1981). Physiological studies in Portulaca oleracea. Ph. D. Thesis,
Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
Karimi, G., Ghorbanli, M., Heidari, H., Khavarinejad, R. and Assareh, M. (2005). The
effect of NaCl on growth, water relations, osmolytes and ion content in Kochia
prostrata. Biol. Plant., 49: 301-304.
Karimi, S. and Ungar. I. (1989). Development of epidermal salt hairs in Atriplex
triangularis Willd. in response to salinity, light intensity and aeration. Botanical
Gazette., 150(1): 68-71.
Karley, A. J., Leigh, R. A. and Sanders, D. (2000). Where do all ions go? The cellular
basis of differential ion accumulation in leaf cells. Trends Plant. Sci., 5: 465-470.
Karmarkar, S. M. (1965). Physiological studies in succulent plants. A Ph. D. thesis
submitted to University of Bombay, (MS) India.
Katsumi, M. and Fukuhara, M. (1969). The activity of -amylase in the shoot and its
relation to gibberallin induced elongation. Physiol Planta., 22: 68-75.
Kausar, N. and Akhtar, M. W. (1979). Isolation and characterization of HC seed
lipase.Pakistan J. Biochem., 12(2):58-64.
Kaya, C., Higgs, D. and Kirnak, H. (2001). The effects of high salinity (NaCl) and
supplementary phosphorus and potassium on physiology and nutrition
development of spinach. Bulg. J. Plant Physiol., 27(3-4): 47-59.
Kayashima, T. and Katayama, T. (2002). Oxalic acid is available as a natural
antioxidant in some systems. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta., 1573: 1−3.
335
Kefu, Z, Munns, R and King, R W. (1991). Abscisic-acid levels in NaCl treated
barley, cotton and saltbush. Australian J. Plant Physiol., 18: 17-24.
Keles Y., Oncel I., Yenice N. (2004). Relationship between boron content and
antioxidant compounds in Citrus leaves taken from fields with different water
sources. Plant and Soil., 265: 343–353.
Keser, S., Celik, S., Turkoglu, S., Yilmaz, O. and Turkoglu, I. (2012). Hydrogen
Peroxide Radical Scavenging and Total Antioxidant Activity of Hawthorn.
Chem. J., 2(1):9-12.
Keutgen, A. J. and Pawelizik, E. (2008). Quality and nutritional value of strawberry
fruit under long term salt stress. Food Chem., 107: 1413–20.
Khader V. and Rama S. (1998). Selected mineral content of common leafy vegetables
consumed in India at different stages of maturity. Plant Foods Human Nutr
(Dordrecht)., 53(1): 71-81.
Khan, D., Ahmad, R. and Ismail, S. (1987). Germination, growth and ion regulation in
Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC under saline conditions. Pakistan Journal of
Botany. 19:131- 138.
Khan, M. A. and Ungar, I. A. (1984). The effect of salinity and temperature on the
germination of polymorphic seeds and growth of Atriplex triangularis Willd. Am.
J. Bot., 71: 481-489.
Khan, M. A. and Webber, D. J. (1986). Factors influencing seed germination in
Salicornia pacifica var. utahensis. Am. J. Bot., 73: 1163-1167.
Khan, M. A., Ungar, I. A. and Showalter, A. M. (2000). Effects of salinity on growth,
water relations and ion accumulation of the subtropical perennial halophyte,
Atriplex griffithii var. stocksii. Annu. Bot., 85: 225–232.
Khan, N.A., Nazar, R. and Anjum, N. A. (2009). Growth, photosynthesis and
antioxidant metabolism in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cultivars differing in
ATP-sulfurylase activity under salinity stress. Sci. Hort., 122: 455–460.
Khavari-Nejad, R. A. and Mostofi, Y. (1998). Effects of NaCl on photosynthetic
pigments, saccharides and chloroplast ultrastructure in leaves of tomato cultivars.
Photosynthetica., 35: 151-154.
336
Khayatnezhad, M., Gholamin, R., Shahzad jamaati-e- Somarin and Rogayyeh Zabihi-
e-Mahmoodabad (2010). Study of NaCl Salinity Effect on Wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) Cultivars at Germination Stage. American-Eurasian J. Agric.
Environ. Sci., 9 (2): 128-132.
Khodadadi, M., Fotokian, M. H. and Miransari. M. (2011). Genetic diversity of
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes based on cluster and principal
component analyses for breeding strategies. Aus. J. Crop. Sci., 5(1):17-24.
Khristova, P. and Tissot, M. (1995). Soda anthraquinone pulping of Hibiscus
sabdariffa (Karkadeh) and Calotropis procera from Sudan. Bioresource
Technol., 53(1): 67-72.
Kiarostami, K., Mohseni, R. and Saboora, A. (2010). Biochemical changes of
Rosamarinus officinalis under salt stress. J. Stress Physiol. Biochem., 6: 114-122.
Kiessoun, K., Souza, A., Roland Meda, N.T., Yacouba Coulibaly, A., Kiendrebeogo,
M., Lamien-Meda, A., Lamidi, M., Millogo-Rasolodimby, J. and Nacoulma, O.
G. (2010). Polyphenol Contents, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities
of Six Malvaceae Species Traditionally used to Treat Hepatitis B in Burkina
Faso. European J. Sci. Res., 44(4): 570-580.
Kılıç, C. S., Aslan, S., Kartal M. and Coskun, M. (2011). Fatty Acid Composition of
Hibiscus trionum L. (Malvaceae). Rec. Nat. Prod., 5(1): 65-69.
Killinger, G. B. (1969). Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), a multiuse crop. Agron. J.,
61: 734–736.
Kim, J. K., So, H., Youn, M. J., Kim, H. J., Kim, Y., Park, C., Kim, S. J., Ha, Y. A.,
Chai, K. Y., Kim, S. M., Kim, K. Y. and Park, R. (2007). Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
water extract inhibits the adipocyte differentiation through the PI3-K and MAPK
pathway. J. Ethnopharmacol., 114 (2): 260-7.
Kim, K. Y., Huh, G. H., Lee, H. S., Kwon, S. Y., Hur, Y. and Kwak, S. S. (1999).
Molecular characterization of cDNAs for two anionic peroxidases from
suspension cultures of sweet potato. Mol. Genet.Genomics., 261:941-947.
Kim, M. S., Kim, J. K., Kim, H. J., Moon, S. R., Shin, B. C., Park, K. W., Yang, H.
O., Kim, S. M. and Park, R. (2003). Hibiscus extract inhibits the lipid droplet
337
accumulation and adipogenic transcription factors expression of 3T3-L1
preadipocytes. J. Altern. Complement Med., 9(4): 499-504.
Kinzel, H. (1989). Calcium in the vacuoles and cell-walls of plant-tissue - forms of
deposition and their physiological and ecological significance. Flora., 182: 99-
125.
Kirdpon, S., Nakorn, S. N. and Kirdpon, W. (1994). Changes in urinary chemical
composition in healthy volunteers after consuming roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa
Linn.) juice. J. Med. Assoc. Thai., 77(6):314-21.
Kirk, J. O. T. and Allen, R.L. (1965). Dependance of chloroplast pigment synthesis on
protein synthesis. Effect of actidione. Archh Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.,
21:523-530.
Kirsch, M.,Zhigang, A., Viereck, R., Low, R. and Rausch, T. (1996). Salt stress
induces an increased expression of V-type H+ATPase in mature sugarbeet
leaves. Plant Mol. Biol., 32: 543-547.
Klink, R. and Lottge, U. (1990). Electron microscope demonstration of a head and
stalk structure of the leaf vacuolar ATPase in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
L. Bot. Ada., 104: 122-131.
Klug, A. (1999). Zinc Finger Peptides for the Regulation of Gene Expression. J. Mol.
Biol., 293: 215-218.
Kluge, M. and Ting, I. P. (1978). Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Analysis of an
ecological adaptation. Springer-verlag, Berlin.
Kluge, C., Lahr, J., Hanitzsch, M., Bolte, S., Golldack, D. and Dietz, K. J. (2003).
New insight into the structure and regulation of the plant vacuolar H+-ATPase. J.
Bioenerg. Biomembr., 35: 377-387.
Kobaisy, M., Tellez, M. R., Webber, C. L., Dayan, F. E., Schrader, K. K. and Wedge,
D. E. (2001).Phytotoxic and fungitoxic activities of the essential oil of kenaf
(Hibiscus cannabinus L.) leaves and its composition. J Agric Food Chem. Aug.,
49(8):3768-71.
Koca, H., Bor, M., Özdemir, F. and Türkan, İ. (2007). The effect of salt stress on lipid
peroxidation, antioxidative enzymes and proline content of sesame cultivars.
Environ. Exp. Bot., 60: 344–351.
338
Kochian, L. V. (2000). Molecular physiology of mineral nutrient acquisition,
transport and utilization. In: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants,
(eds.) B. Buchanan, W. Gruissem and R. L. Jones, (Publ.) American Society of
Plant Physiologists, Rochville, MD USA. Pp.-1204-1249.
Kojima, M., Shioiri, H., Nogawa, M., Nozue, M., Matsumoto, D., Wada, A., Saiki, Y.
and Kiguchi, K. (2004). In planta transformation of Kenaf plants (H. cannabinus
var. aokawa No. 3) by Agrobacterium tumefacience. J. Bioscience
Bioengineering., 98(2):136-139.
Kolawole, J. A. and Maduenyi, A. (2004). Effect of zobo drink (Hibiscus sabdariffa
water extract) on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in human volunteers.
Eur. J. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet., 29(1): 25-9.
Koleva, I. I., Van Beek, T.A., Linssen, J.P.H., de Groot, A. and Evstatieva, L.N.
(2002). Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study
on three testing methods. Phytochemical Analysis 13: 8-17
*Konczak,V. (1996). Les fleurs de Tahiti, vol. 1. Papeete: Pacific Promotion Tahiti
SA.
*Koningshofer, H. (1981). Stoffwechselphysiologische Untersu chungen an Plantago-
Arten unter besonderer Berucksichti gung okologischer Aspekte. Phil. Diss.,
Wien.
Koprivova, A., North, K. A. and Kopriva, S. (2008). Complex signaling network in
regulation of adenosine 5phosphosulfate reductase by salt stress in Arabidopsis
roots. Plant Physiol., 146: 1408–1420.
Kornberg, H. L. and Krebs, H. A. (1957). Synthesis of cell constituents from Q-units
by a modified tricarboxylic acid cycle. Nature, 179: 988-991.
Krämer, U., Cotter-Howells, J. D., Charnock, J. M., Baker, A. J. M. and Smith, J. A.
C. (1996). Free histidine as a metal chelator in plants that accumulate nickel.
Nature., 379:635–638.
Kremer, M. L. (1970). Inhibition of catalase by cyanide, Israel J. Chem., 8: 79-87.
Kremer, B. P. (1988). Thin-layer Chromatographic analysis of Polyols (alditols).
In:Experimental Phycology: A Laboratory Manual. (Eds.) C.S. Lobban, D. J.
Chapman, B. P. Kremer (Publ.) Cambridge University Press. Pp- 151-156.
339
Krishnappa, D. G. and Munirajappa. (1980). In Chromosome number reports LXVIII.
Taxon., 29: 535–536.
Krishnmurthy, R., Anbazhangan, M. and Bhagwat, K. A. (1987). Relationship of salt
tolerance with leaf ascorbic acid content and titratable acid number in rice
varieties. Indian J. Expt Biol., 25: 273-275.
Ksouri, R., Megdiche, W., Debez, A., Felleh, H., Grignon, C. and Abdelly, C. (2007).
Salinity effects on polyphenol content and antioxidant activities in leaves of tha
halophyte Cakile maritime. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 45: 244-249.
Kubmarawa, D., Andenyang, I. F. H. and Magomya, A. M. (2009). Proximate
composition and amino acid profile of two non-conventional leafy vegetables
(Hibiscus cannabinus and Haematostaphis barteri). African J. Food Sci., 3(9):
233-236.
Kugler, D. E. (1996). Kenaf Commercialization: 1986 1995. In Janick J (ed.).
Progress in New Crops. ASHS Press, Arlington, VA. pp. 129 132.
Kuiper, P. J. C. (1980). Lipid metabolism in higher plants in saline environment.
Physiol. Veg., 18: 83-88.
Kumar, B. P., Kannana, M. M., Lavanyaa, B., Suthakaranb, R. and Quinec, D. S.
(2011). GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract of Litsea decanensis gamble and
its free radical scavenging activity. J. Pharma. Res., 4(1):100-103.
Kumar, D. (1984). The values of certain plant parameters as an index for salt
tolerance in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Plant soil., 79: 261-172.
Kumar, V., Idem, N.U.A. and Echekwu, C.A. (1985). Yield components of five
roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) varieties in northern Nigeria. East African Agric.
Forestry J., 51: 108-112.
Kurian, T. and Iyengar, E. R. (1972). Response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
to salinity of sea-water. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 42: 717-721.
Kuroda, K., Nishimura, N., Izumi, A. and Dimmel, D. R. (2002). Pyrolysis of lignin
in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide: a convenient method for
S/G ratio determination. J Agric Food Chem., 27;50(5):1022-7.
Kvet, J., Ondok, J. P., Necas, J. and Jarvis, P. G. (1971). Methods of Growth
Analysis. In: Plant Photosynthetic Production Manual of Methods (Eds.) Sestak,
340
Z., Catsky, J. and P. G. Jarvis, Dr. W. Junk N. V. Publishers. The Hague (1971)
pp-343-391.
Labanauskas, C. K., Stolzy, L. H. and Handy, M. F. (1972). Concentrations and total
amount of nutrients in citrus seedlings (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) and in soil as
influenced by different soil oxygen treatment. Proc. Soil. Sci. Soc. Amer., 36:
454-457.
Labanauskas, C. K., Stolzy, L. H. and Handy, M. F. (1981). Protein and free amino
acids in field grown cowpea seeds as affected by water stress at various growth
stages. Plant Soil., 63: 355-368.
Labanauskas, C. K., Stolzy, L. H. and Zentmyer, G. A. (1978). Rootstock, soil oxygen
and soil moisture effects on growth and concentration of nutrients in avocado
plants. Calif. Avo. Soc. Yrbk. 62, 118-125.
Lagrimini, L. M. and Rothstein, S. (1987). Tissue specificity of tobacco peroxidase
isozymes and their induction by wounding and Tobacco Mosaic Virus infection.
Plant Physiol., 84: 438-442.
Lakshiminarayana, A., Krishnmurthy, R., Rama Rao, M. and Appa Rao, P. (1980).
Effect of Nitrogen Utilization by rosellle Hibiscus sabdariffa and Kenaf Hibiscus
cannabinus., Indian J. Agric. Sci., 50(3): 244 248.
Lal, R. K. and Bhardwaj, S. N. (1984). Effect of salinity on mineral composition and
ionic balance in field pea (Pisum sativum var. arvensis). Indian J. Plant Physiol.,
27: 351-354.
Lal, S. D. and Yadav, B. K. (1983). Folk medicines of Kurukshetra district (Haryana)
INDIA.
Lallu and Dixit, R. K. (2003). Relative salt tolerance of mustard genotypes at seedling
stage. In : Book of Abstract, 2nd International Congress of Plant Physiology (Ed.
G. C. Srivastava), Indian Society for Plant Physiology, New Delhi, p. 202.
Lans, C. A. (2006). Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary
problems and diabetes mellitus. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 13: 2-45.
Lasat, M. M., Baker, A. J. M. and Kochian, L. V. (1996). Physiological
Characterization of root Zn2+
absorption and translocation to shoots in Zn
341
hyperaccumulator and non-accumulator species of Thlapsi. Plant Physiol., 112:
1715-1722.
Lasat, M. M., Pence, N. S., Gravin, D. F., Ebbs, S. D. and Kochian, L.V. (2000).
Molecular Physiology of zinc hyperaccumulator Thlapsi caerulescens. J. Exp.
Bot., 51(342):71-79.
Lauchli, A.(1990). Calcium, salinity and the plasma membrane. In: Calcium in plant
growth and development. (eds.) R. T. Leonard P. K. Hepler, (Publ.) American
Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, USA. Pp- 26–35.
Leblebici, Z., Aksoy, A. and Duman, F. (2011). Inluence of salinity on the growth and
heavy metal accumulation capacity of Spirodela polyrrhiza (Lemnaceae). Turk.
J. Biol., 35: 215-220.
Lechno, S., Zamski, E. and Tel, O. E. (1997). Salt stress induced responses in
cucumber plants. J. Plant. Physiol., 150(1-2): 206-211.
Ledig, F. T. (1988). Conservation stratagies for forest gene resources. Forest. Ecol.
Manage., 14: 77-90.
Lee, R. B. (1988). Phosphate influx and extracellular phosphatase activity in barley
roots and rose cells. New Phytol., 109: 141-148.
Lee, Y. G. , Byeon, S. E., Kim, J. Y., Lee, J. Y., Rhee, M. H., Hong, S., Wu, J. C.,
Lee, H. S., Kim, M. J., Cho, D. H. and Cho, J. Y. (2007). Immunomodulatory
effect of Hibiscus cannabinus extract on macrophage functions. J.
Ethnopharmacol., 113, 62.
Lee, W. C., Wang, C. J., Chen, Y. H., Hsu, J. D., Cheng, S. Y., Chen, H. C. and Lee,
H. J. (2009). Polyphenol extracts from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. attenuate
nephropathy in experimental type 1 diabetes. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 57(6): 2206-
10.
Lefebvre, D. D., Duff, S. M. G., Fife, C. A., Julien-Inalsingh, C. and Plaxton, W. C.
(1990). Response to phosphate deprivation in Brassica nigra suspension cells.
Plant Physiol. 93: 504–511.
Lehr, J. J. (1947). The importance of sodium for plant nutrition. Soil Sci., 63(6): 479-
486.
342
Leidi, E. O., Silberbush, M. and Lips, B. H. (1992). Salinity and nitrogen nutrition,
studies on peanut and cotton plants. J. Plant Nutr., 5(5): 591-604.
Leigh, R. A. (2003). Nutrition. In: Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences. (ed.)
Murray, T. M. (Thomas, B., Murphy, D. J. and Murray, B. G.) Elsevier Academic
Press. vol. 2: 617-625.
Leigh, R. A., Wyn Jones and R. G. (1984). A hypothesis relating critical potassium
concentrations for growth to the distribution and functions of this ion in the plant
cell. New Phytol., 97: 1-13.
LeMahieu, P.J., Oplinger, E.S. and Putnam, D.H. (1991). Kenaf, Alternative field
crops manual, University of Wisconcin.U. S. A.
Lemaire, G., Khaity, M., Onillon, B., Allirand, J. M., Chartier, M. and Gosse, G.
(1992). Dynamics of accumulation and partitioning of N in leaves, stems and
roots of lucerne in a dense canopy. Ann. of Bot., 70: 429–435.
Letellier, S. R., Lochhead, M. J., Campbell, A. A. and Vogel, V. (1998). Oriented
growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals beneath phospholipid
monolayers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1380:31–45.
Leung, W. T. W., Busson, F. and Jardin, C. (1968). Food composition table for use in
Africa. FAO, Rome, Italy. Pp.- 306.
Leustek, T. and Saito, K. (1999) Sulfate transport, assimilation in plants. Plant
Physiol., 120:637-643.
Li, F., Vallabhaneni, R., Yu, J., Rocheford, T. and Wurtzel, E. T. (2008). The maize
phytoene synthase gene family: overlapping roles for carotenogenesis in
endosperm, photomorphogenesis and thermal stress tolerance. Plant Physiol.,
147(3): 1334-1346.
Li, L., Huang, X., Sattler, I., Fu, H., Grabley, S. and Lin, W. (2006) Structure
elucidation of a new friedelane triterpene from the mangrove plant Hibiscus
tiliaceus. Mag. Resonance Chem., 44(6): 624-628.
Liang, S. (2002). Effects of boron on growth and some physiological-biochemical
indexes of Brassica campestris. Subtropical Plant Sci., 2002: 03.
Liang, Y. C. (1999). Effects of silicon on enzyme activity and sodium, potassium and
calcium concentration in barley under salt stress. Plant Soil., 209: 217-224.
343
Liang, Y.C. Zhang, W.H. Chen, Q. R. and Ding, X. (2005). Effects of silicon on H+-
ATPase and H+-PPase activity, fatty acid composition and fluidity of tonoplast
vesicles from roots of salt-stressed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.),Environ. Exp.
Bot., 53: 29-37.
Liang, Y. C., Zhang, W. H., Chen, Q., Liu, Y. L. Ding, R. X.( 2006). Effect of
exogenous silicon (Si) on H+-ATPase activity, phospholipids and fluidity of
plasma membrane in leaves of salt-stressed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).
Environ. Exp. Bot., 57(3): 212-219.
Liao, H., Wong, F. L., Phang, T. H., Cheung, M. Y., Li, W. Y. F., Shao, G., Yan, X.
and Lam, H. M. (2003). GmPAP3, a novel purple acid phosphatase-like gene in
soybean induced by NaCl stress but not phosphorus deficiency. Gene, 318: 103–
111.
Libert, B. and Franceschi, V. R. (1987). Oxalate in crop plants. J. Agric. Food. Chem.
35:926–38.
Lila, A. and Ehsanpour, A. (2006). The effect of ascorbic acid on salt induced alfalfa
(Medicago sativa L.) in in vitro culture. Nigerian Soc. for exp. Biol., 18(2):63-69.
Lin, C. C. and Kao, C. H. (1995). NaCl stress in rice seedlings: starch mobilization
and the influence of gibberellic acid on seedling growth. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin.,
36: 169–173.
Lin, H. and Wu, L. (1996). Effects of salt stress on root plasma membrane
characteristics of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive buffalograss clones. Environ.
Exp. Bot., 36: 239-254.
Lin, C. C. and Kao, C. H. (2001). Relative importance of Na+, Cl
- and abscisic acid in
NaCl induced inhibition of root growth of rice seedlings. Plant Soil, 237: 165–
171.
Lin, H., Salus, S. and Schumaker, K. (1997). Salt sensitivity and the activities of the
H+-ATPases in cotton seedlings. Crop Sci., 37: 190-197.
Lin, L. T., Liu, L. T., Chiang, L. C. and Lin, C. C. (2002). In vitro anti-hepatoma
activity of fifteen natural medicines from Canada. Phytother. Res., 16(5): 440-4.
344
Liso, R., Innocenti, A. M., Bitonti, M. B. and Arrigoni, O. (1988). Ascorbic acid-
induced progression of quiescent centre cells from G1 to S phase. New Phytol.,
110: 469-471.
Liu, D., Jiang, W., Zhang, L. and Li, L. (2000). Effects of boron ions on root growth
and cell division of broadbean (Vicia faba L.) Israel J. Plant. Sci., 48: 47-51.
Liu, J. and Zhu, J. K. (1997). Proline accumulation and salt-stress induced gene
expression in a salt-hypersensitive mutant of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol.,
114:591–596.
Liu, J. Y., Chen, C. C., Wang, W. H., Hsu, J. D., Yang, M. Y. and Wang, C. J.
(2006).The protective effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract on CCl4-induced
liver fibrosis in rats. Food Chem Toxicol., 44(3): 336-43.
Liu, M. and Li, D. (2011). Effects of salt stress on seed germination and seedling
growth of Kenaf. J. of Henan Institute of Science and Tehnology (Natural
Sciences Edition). Doi-CNKI:SUN:ZGZB.0.2011-04-004.
Liu, X., Ardo, S., Bunning, M., Parry, J., Zhou, K., Stushnoff, C., Stoniker, F., Yu, L.
and Kendall, P. (2007). Total phenolic content and DPPH● radical scavenging
activity of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in Colorado. LWT., 40: 552–557.
Liu, X., Zhao, M., Wang, J., Yang, B. and Jiang, Y. (2008). Antioxidant activity of
methanolic extract of emblica fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) from six regions in
China. J. Food Composition Analysis., 21 :219–228.
Lloyd, R. V., Hanna, P. M. and Mason, R. P. (1997). The origin of the hydroxyl
radical oxygen in the Fenton reaction. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 22: 885-888.
Llusia, J., Penuelas, J., Asensio, D. and Munne-Bosch, S. (2005). Airborne limonene
confers limited thermotolerance to Quercus ilex L. fumigated with selected
monoterpenes. Physiol. Plant., 123: 40-48.
Loescher, W. H. (1987). Physiology and metabolism of sugar alcohols in higher
plants. Physiol Plant., 70: 553–7.
Loester, W. H., Tyson, R. H., Everard, J. D., Redgwell, R. J. and Bieleski, R. L.
(1992). Mannitol synthesis in higher plants: evidence for the role and
characterization of a NADPH-dependent mannose-6-phosphate reductase. Plant
Physiol., 98: 1396-1402.
345
Loewus, F. A. (1988). Ascorbic acid and its metabolic products. In J. Preiss (ed),
Biochemistry of plants. Vol 14, Academic press, New York, pp-85.
Loneragan, J. F. (1988). Distribution and movement of manganese in plants. In:
Graham, R. D. Hannam, R. J. and Uren, N. C. (eds.), Manganese in soil and
plants, pp 113-124. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Lopez, M. V. and Satti, S. M. E. (1996). Calcium and potassium-enhanced growth
and yield of tomato under sodium chloride stress. Plant Sci., 114: 19-27.
Lopez-Berenguera, C., Carvajala, M., Garcea-Viguerab, C. and Alcaraz, C.F. (2007).
Nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur nutrition in Broccoli plants grown under
salinity. J. Plant Nutr., 30: 1855–1870.
Lopez-Nicolas,J. I., Hernanadez-Ruiz, J., Arnao, M. B. Sanchez, Bravo, J. and
Acosta, M. (2002). Peroxidase and catalase activities in different tissues from
etiolated lupin hypocotyls. In: ‘Plant Peroxidases’. (Eds.) M. Acosta, J. N.
Rodriguez-Lopez and M. A. Pedreno, University of Murcia (2002) pp- 218-221.
Lotsch, B. von and Kinzel, H. (1971). Zum Calciumbedarf von Oxalatpflanzen.
Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen., 162: 209-219.
Lovdal, T., Olsen, K.M., Slimestad, R., Verheul, M. and Lillo, C. (2010). Synergetic
effects of nitrogen depletion, temperature and light on the content of phenolic
compounds and gene expression in leaves of tomato. Phytochemistry, 71: 605-
613.
*Lowry, J. B. (1972). Malaysian J. Sci., 1 (A): 133. In: The Flavonoids (eds.) J. B.
Harborne, J. J. Mabry and H. Mabry (Publ.) Chapman and Hall Ltd. 11 New
Fetter Lane London.
Lowry, O. H.; Rosenbrough, N. J., Furr, A. L. and Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein
measurement with Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193: 262-263.
Lozano-Rodriguez, E., Hernandez, L. E., Bonay, P. and Carpena-Ruiz, R. O. (1997).
Distribution of cadmium in shoot and root tissues of maize and pea plants:
physiological disturbances. J. Exp. Bot., 8: 123–128.
Luck, H. (1974). In: Methods in Enzymatic Analysis II (ed.) Bergmeyer. (Publ.)
Academic Press, New York. pp. 885.
346
Luk, E., Jensen, L.T. and Culotta, V. C. (2003). The many highways for intracellular
trafficking of metals. JBIC, 8: 803-809.
Luna, C. M. Gonzalez, C. A. and Trippi, V. S. (1994). Oxidative damage caused by
excess of copper in oat leaves. Plant Cell Physiol., 35: 11-15.
Luo, Q., Bingjun, Y. and Liu, Y. (2005). Differential selectivity to chloride and
sodium ions in seedlings of Glycine max and G. soja under NaCl stress. J. Plant
Physiol., 162: 1003–1012.
Lutts, S., Kinet J. M. and Bouharmont, J. (1996). NaCl-induced senescence in leaves
of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Ann. Bot., 78:
389-398.
Luximon-Ramma, A.; Bahorum, T.; Soobratee, M.A. and Aruoma, O.I. (2002).
Antioxidant activities of phenolic proanthocyanidin and flavonoid components in
extracts of Cassia fistula. Journal of Agriculture and food chemistry, 50(18):
5042-5047.
Ma, T., Liu, Q., Li, Z. and Zhang, X. (2002). Tonoplast H+-ATPase in response to
salt stress in Populus euphratica cell suspensions. Plant Sci., 163: 499-505.
Maas, E. V. (1986). Salt tolerance of plants. Appl. Agric. Res., 1: 12-26.
Maas, E. V. and Hoffman, G. J. (1977). Crop salt tolerance-current assessment. J.
Irrig. Drain. Div. ASCE. 103 (IR-2): 115-134.
Maas, E. V., Ogata, G. and Garber, M. J. (1972). Influence of salinity on Fe, Mn and
Zn uptake by plants. Agron. J., 64: 793-795.
Madhava Rao, K. V. and Sresty, T. V. S. (2000). Antioxidative parameters in the
seedlings of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millspaugh) in response to Zn and Ni
stresses. Plant Sci., 157: 113–128.
Magali, C., Gary, F. W. and Elizabeth, I. O. (2008). Determination of antioxidant
capacity of culinary herbs subjected to various cooking and storage processes
using the ABTS radical cation assay. Plant foods Hum. Nutr., 63: 47-52
Mahadevan, N., Shivali and Kamboj, P. (2009). Hibiscus sabdariffa L. An overview,
Nat.Prod. Radiance., 8: 77-83.
Maharashtra State Gazetteer Part-III Miscellaneous Plants (1961). General Series
Volume A BOTANY Revised edition.
347
Maiti, R. K., Vidyasagar, P., Umashankar, P. Gupta, A. Rajkumar, D. and González-
Rodríguez, H. (2010). Genotypic Variability in Salinity Tolerance of Some
Vegetable Crop Species at Germination and Seedling Stage. IJBSM., 1(3): 204-
209.
Maliwal, G. L. and Paliwal, K. V. (1972). Enzymic activity and synthesis of nucleic
acids in okra (Abelmoschus esculantus) and spongegourd (Luffa cylindrica)
grown in saline substrate. Plant and Soil, 37(1), 221-228.
Malkin, R. and Niyogi, K. K. (2000). Photosynthesis. In: Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology of Plants, (eds.) B. Buchanan, W. Gruissem and R. L. Jones, (Publ.)
American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rochville, MD USA. Pp.-521-575.
Manchanda, H. R., Sharma, S. K. and Mor, R.P. (1991). Relative tolerance of pulses
for chloride and sulfate salinity. Ind. J. Agric. Sci., 61: 20-26.
Manchandia, A. M., Banks, S.W., Gossett, D. R., Bellaire, B. A., Lucas, M. C. and
Millhollon, E. P. (1999). The influence of alpha-amanitin on the NaCl induced
up-regulation of antioxidant enzyme activity in cotton callus tissue. Free Radical
Res., 30: 429-438.
Mandhania, S., Madan, S. and Sheokand, S. (2010). Differential response in salt
tolerant and sensitive genotypes of wheat in terms of ascorbate, carotenoids
proline and plant water relations. Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci., 1(4): 792-797.
Mane, A. V., Karadge B. A. and Samant, J. S. (2010). Salinity induced changes in
photosynthetic pigments and polyphenols of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle. J.
Chem. Pharm. Res., 2: 338-347.
Mane, A. V., Saratale, G. D. Karadge, B. A. and Samant, J. S. (2011). Studies on the
effects of salinity on growth, polyphenol content and photosynthetic response in
Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash. Emir. J. Food Agric., 23 (1): 59-70.
Manery, J. F. (1966). Effects of calcium ions on membranes. Fed. Proc., 25: 1804-
1810.
Mansour, B. M. M. (1974). Effects of temperature and day length on growth and
flowering of roselle H. sabdariffa. Sci. Horti., 3(2):129-136.
Mansour, M. M. F., Al-Mutawa, M. M., Salama K. H. A. and Abou Hadid, A. F.
(2002). Salt acclimation of wheat salt sensitive cultivar by polyamines. In:
348
Ahmad R., Malik K.A. (eds.): Prospect for Saline Agriculture. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht.
Mansour, M. M. F., Lee-Stadelmann, O. Y. and Stadelmann, E. J. (1993). Salinity
stress and cytoplasmic factors. A comparison of cell permeability and lipid
partiality in salt sensitive and salt resistant cultivars and lines of Triticum
aestivum and Hordeum vulgare. Physiol. Plant., 88:141-148.
Marcar, N. E. (1993). Waterlogging modifies growth, water use and ion
concentrations in seedlings of salt-treated Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E.
tereticornis, E. robusta and E. globulus. Australian J. Plant Physiol., 20: 1–13.
Maret, W. (2005). Zinc coordination environments in proteins determine zinc
functions. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 19: 7-12.
Maricle, B. R., Koteyeva, N. K., Voznesenskaya, E. V., Thomasson, J. R. and
Edwards, G. E. (2009). Diversity in leaf anatomy and stomatal distribution and
conductance between salt marsh and fresh water species in the C4 genus Spartina
(Poaceae). New Phytol., 184: 216-233.
Marschner, H. (1986). Mineral nutrition of higher plants. (Publ.) Acad. Press London,
New York.
Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, 2nd
edn. Academic Press,
London. Pp.-446.
Martinez, V. and Lauchli, A. (1994). Salt-induced inhibition of phosphate uptake in
plants of cotton. New Phytol., 125: 609-614.
Masuda, T., Yamashita, D., Takeda, Y. and Yonemori, S. (2005). Screening for
tyrosinase inhibitors among extracts of seashoer plants and identification of
potent inhibitors from Garcinia subelliptica. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 69(1):
197-201.
Mathers, J. and Wolever, T. (2003). Digestion and metabolism of carbohydrates. In:
Introduction to Human nutrition. (eds.) M. J. Gibney, H. H. Vorster and F. J.
Kok (Publ.) Blackwell Publishing. Pp.-69-80.
Matsumaru, P. (1993). Salt injury of crops in greenhouse 2: Salt tolerance variation of
crops grown in NaCl accumulated soils. Bull. Chiba Agric. Exp. Stn., 34: 55-62.
349
Matsumoto, H. and Chung, G. P. (1988). Increase in proton-transport activity of
tonoplast vesicles as an adaptive response of barley roots to NaCl stress. Plant
Cell Physiol., 29: 1133-1140.
Mc Donald, M. S. (2003). Photobiology of higher Plants. National University of
Ireland, Galway. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Pp 354.
McClintock, M. C. and El-Tahir, I. M. (2004). Hibiscus sabdariffa L. In: Grubbem G.
J. H. and Denton G. A. (Editors) PROTA 2 Vegetables Legumes (CD Rom)
PROTA Wageningen Netherlands.
McClung, C. R. (1997). Regulation of Catalases in Arabidopsis. Free Radical Biol.
Med., 23(3): 489–496.
McClure, J. W. (1975). In: Harborne, J. B., Mabry, T. J. and Mabry, H. (Eds.), The
Flavonoides, Academic press, New York. Pp.-45-79.
McLachlan, K. D.; Elliott, D. E.; De Marco, D. G. and Garran, J. H. (1987). Leaf acid
phosphatase isozymes in the diagnosis of phosphorus status in field-grown
wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 38: 1-13.
McLean, K. S., Lawrence, G. W. and Reichert, N. A. (1992). Callus induction and
adventitious organogenesis of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.). Plant Cell Rep.
11(10): 532–534.
Medina, E., Lugo, A.E. and Novelo, A. (1995). Mineral content of foliar tissues of
mangrove species in Laguna de Sontecomapan (Veracruz, Mexico) and its
relation to salinity. Biotropica., 27(3): 317‐323.
Medina, M.I., Quesada, M.A., Pliego, F., Botella, M.A. and Valpuesta, V. (1999).
Expression of tomato peroxidase gene TPX1 in NaCl adapted and unadapted
suspension cells. Plant Cell Rep., 18: 680-683.
Mehta, K. K. (1970). Studies on the effect of irrigation water on soil properties and
crop growth with special reference to boron. Ph. D. thesis Udaipur University,
Udaipur.
Meints, P. D. and Smith, C. A. (2003). Kenaf seed storage duration on germination,
emergence and Yield. Industr. Crops Prod., 17: 9-14.
350
Melecchi, M. I. S., Martinez, M. M., Abad, F. C., Zini, P. P., do-Nascimento-Filho, I.
and Caramao, E. B. (2002). Chemical composition of Hibiscus tiliaceus L.
flowers: A study of extraction methods. J. Separation Sci., 25 (1-2): 86-90.
Meloni, D. A., Oliva, M. A., Ruiz, H. A. and Martinez, C. A. (2001). Contribution of
proline and inorganic solutes to osmotic adjustment in cotton under salt stress. J.
Plant Nutr., 24: 599-612.
Mengel, K. (1977). Spezifische Wirkungen des Kaliums bei der Ertragsbildung der
pflanzen. Bodenkulture., 28: 366-385.
Menzel, M.Y. and Wilson, F.D. (1961) Chromosomes and crossing behavior of
Hibiscus cannabinus, H. acetosella and H. radiatus. Amer. J. Bot., 48: 651–657.
Metzler, D. E. (1979). Biochemistry: The chemical reactions of living cell. Second
edition. Vol 1 and 2. Elsevier Academic Press. Pp. 1-1977.
Michelet, B. and Boutry, M. (1995). The plasma membrane H+-ATPase- a highly
regulated enzyme with multiple physiological functions. Plant Physiol., 108: 1-6.
Millaleo, R., Reyes, D. M., Ivanov, A. G., Mora, M. L. and lberdi, M. A. (2010).
Manganese as essential and toxic element for plants transport, accumulation and
resistance mechanisms. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 10(4): 470-481.
Millerd, A., Morton, R. K. and Wells, J. R. E. (1963 a). Oxalic acid synthesis in
shoots of Oxalis pes-caprae (L.). Biochem. J., 86: 57-62.
Millerd, A., Morton, R. K. and Wells, J. R. E. (1963 b). Enzymatic synthesis of oxalic
acid in Oxalis pes-caprae. Biochem. J., 88: 281-288.
Mimura, T., Kura-Hotta, M., Tsujimura, T., Ohnishi, M., Miura, M., Okazaki, Y.,
Mimura, M., Maeshima, M. and Washitani-Nemoto, S. (2003). Rapid increase of
vacuolar volume in response to salt stress. Planta., 216(3): 397-402.
Minhas, P. S., Sharam, D. R. and Khosla, B. K. (1990). Effect of alleviation of
salinity stress at different growth stages of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea).
Indian J. Agric. Sci., 60(5): 343-346.
Mishra, D. and Kar, M. (1974). Nickel in plant growth and metabolism. Bot. Rev., 40:
395-452.
351
Mishra, G., Zhang, W., Deng, F., Zhao, J. and Wang, X. (2006). A bifurcating
pathway directs abscisic acid effects on stomatal closure and opening in
Arabidopsis. Science., 312: 264–266.
Mishra, M., Mishra, P. K., Kumar U. and Prakash, V. (2009). NaCl Phytotoxicity
Induces Oxidative Stress and Response of Antioxidant Systems in Cicer
arietinum L. CV. Abrodhi. Bot. Res. Int., 2 (2): 74-82.
Mishra, P., Verma, M., Mishra, V., Mishra, S. and Rai, G. K. (2011). Studies on
development of ready to eat amla (Emblica officinalis) chutney and its
preservation by using class one preservatives. Am. J. Food Technol., 6: 244-252.
Mishra, S. and Dubey, R. S. (2008). Changes in phosphate content and phosphatase
activities in rice seedlings exposed to arsenite. Braz. J. Plant Physiol., 20:19 -28.
Mittler, R. (2002). Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant
Sci., 7: 405–410.
Mittova, V., Guy, M., Tal, M. and Volokita, M. (2004). Salinity up-regulates the
antioxidative system in root mitochondria and peroxisomes of the wild salt-
tolerant tomato species Lycopersicon pennellii. J. Exp. Bot., 55: 1105- 1113.
Miyagawa, Y., Tamoi, M. and Shigeoka, S. (2000). Evaluation of the defense system
in chloroplasts to photooxidative stress caused by paraquat using transgenic
tobacco plants expressing catalase from Escherichia coli. Plant Cell Physiol., 41:
311–320.
Mizukami, H., Aragane, M. and Ohashi, H. (1988). Flavones 3 hydroxylase activity in
cultured cells of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Plant Tissue Culture Lett., 9(2):
119-122.
Mizukami, H., Tomita K. and Ohashi, H. (1989). Anthocyanin accumulation and
changes in activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and chalcone synthase in
roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa L. callus cultures. Plant Cell Reports., 8(8): 467-470.
Mlean, K. H. and Mohamed, S. (2001). Flavonoid (Myricetin, Quercetin, Kaempferol,
Luteolin and Apigenin) content of Edible Tropical plants. J. Agric. Food. Chem.,
49: 3106-3112.
352
Mohamed, A., Bharadwaj, H., Hamama, A. and Webber, III (1995). Chemical
composition of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed oil. Indust. Crops Prod.
4:157-165.
Mohamed, A. A., Khalil, A. A. and El-Beltagi, H. S. E. (2010). Antioxidant and
antimicrobial properties of kaff maryam (Anastatica hierochuntica) and dodum
palm (Hyphaene thebaica). Grasas Y Aceites., 61(1): 67-75.
Mohamed, R., Fernadez, J., Pineda, M. and Aguilar, M. (2007). Roselle (Hibiscus
sabdariffa) seed oil is a rich source of γ-tocopherol. J. Food Sci., 72(3): 207-211.
Mohammed, B., Jean-Marie K. and Stanley, L. (2002). Osmotic and ionic effects of
NaCl on germination, early seedling growth and ion content of Atriplex
halimus (Chenopodiaceae). Canadian J. Bot., 80 (3): 297-304.
Mojiminiyi, F. B., Dikko, M., Muhammad, B. Y., Ojobor, P. D., Ajagbonna, O. P.,
Okolo, R. U., Igbokwe (2007). Anti hypertensive effect of an aqueous extract of
the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Fitoterapia., 78(4):292-7.
Molassiotis, A., Sotiropoulos, T., Tanou, G., Diamantidis, G. and Therios, I. (2006).
Boron induced oxidative damage and antioxidant and nucleolytic responses in
shoot tips culture of the apple rootstock EM 9 (Malus domestica Borkh).
Environ. Exp. Bot., 55: 54–62.
Montavon, P., Kukic, K. R. and Bortlik, K. (2007). A simple method to measure
effective catalase activities: optimization, validation and application in green
coffee. Analytical Biochem., 360: 207-215.
Montero, E., Cabot, C., Poschenrieder, C. and Barcelo, J. (1998). Relative importance
of osmotic-stress and ion-specific effects on ABA mediated inhibition of leaf
expansion growth in Phaseolus vulgaris. Plant Cell Environ., 21:54–62.
Moog, P. R. and Bruggemann, W. (1995). Iron reductase systems on the plant plasma
membrane—a review. In Iron Nutrition in Soils and Plants, (eds.) J. Abadia, pp.
343–62. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 397 pp.
Mor, R. P. and Manchanda, H. R. (1992). Influence of phosphorus on the tolerance of
table pea to chloride and sulfate salinity in a sandy soil. Arid Soil Res. Rehab., 6:
41-52.
Moran, N. (2007). Osmoregulation of leaf motor cells. FEBS Lett., 581: 2337-2347.
353
Morishita, J., Shiraouna, N., Segawa, M. and Otha, Y. (1986). Changes I the
concentration of organic acids and mineral ions in saps of cucumber and tomato
plants under excess supply of sodium chloride. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 32 (3):469-
473.
Morita, N., Nakazato, H., Okuyama, H., Kim, Y. and Thompson, Jr. G. A. (1996).
Evidence for a glycosylinositol phospholipid anchored alkaline phosphatase in
the aquatic plant Spirodela oligorrhiza. Biochim. Biophys. Acta.,1290: 53–62.
Morton, J. (1987). Roselle. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL.
p. 281–286.
Morton, R. K. and Wells, J. R. E. (1964). Isocitrate lyase and the formation of a-keto
y-hydroxyglutaric acid in Oxalis. Nature, 201: 477-479.
Mostafa, H. A. M., El-Bassiouny, H. M. S., Khattab, H. K. I. and Sadak, M. S.
(2005). Improving the Characteristics of Roselle seeds as a New Source of
Protein and Lipid by Gibberellin and Benzyladenine application. J. Appl. Sci.,
1(2):161-167.
Moujir, L., Seca, A. M., Silva, A. M., López, M. R., Padilla, N., Cavaleiro, J. A.,
Neto, C. P. (2007). Cytotoxic activity of lignans from Hibiscus cannabinus.
Fitoterapia., 78(5): 385-7.
Mousavi, S. R., Shahsavari, M. and Rezaei, M. (2011). A General Overview On
Manganese (Mn) Importance for crops production. Australian J. Basic Applied
Sci., 5(9): 1799-1803.
Moya, J. L., Gomez-Cadenas, A., Primo-Millo, E. and Talon, M. (2003). Chloride
absorption in salt-sensitive Carrizo citrange and salt tolerant Cleopatra mandarin
citrus rootstocks is linked to water use. J. Exp. Bot., 54: 825-833.
Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Jalali-Khanabadi, BA, Afkhami-Ardekani, M, Fatehi, F,
Noori-Shadkam, M. (2009). The effects of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on
hypertension in patients with type II diabetes. J. Hum. Hypertens., 23(1):48-54.
Mubassara, S., Takasugi, M., Iga, R., Sheikh, J. A. and Aoshima (2011). Inhibition of
the histamine and leukotriene B4 release from rat peritoneal exudates cells by six
Bangladeshi plants. Pharmac. online., 2: 76-85.
354
Muchow, R.C. (2009). Effect of leaf nitrogen and water regime on the photosynthetic
capacity of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) under field conditions. Aus. J. of
Agri. Res., 41(5): 845-852.
Muchow, R. C., Fisher, M. J., Ludlow, M. M. and Myers, R. J. K. (1980). Stomatal
behaviour of kenaf and sorghum in a semi-arid tropical environment. I. During
the night. Australian J. Plant Physiol., 7: 609-619.
Mueller, B. M. and Franz, G. (1992). Chemical structure and biological activity of
polysaccharides from H. sabdariffa. Planta Medica., 58(1): 60-67.
Muhammad, Z. and Hussain, F. (2010). Vegetative growth performance of five
medicinal plants under NaCl salt stress. Pak. J. Bot., 42: 303-316.
Muir, J. P. (2002). Effect of Dairy Compost Application and Plant Maturity on Forage
Kenaf Cultivar Fiber Concentration and In Sacco Disappearance. Crop Sci.;
42(1):248-254.
Mukewar, A. M., Zope, J. S. and Lahane, P. S . (1997). Combining ability analysis
in kenaf (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Indian J. Genet Plant Breed., 57(2): 161-162.
Mukhtar, A. M. (2007). The effect of feeding roselle. Afr. Acad. J., 5: 254-259.
Muller-Moule, P., Golan, T. and Niyogi, K. K. (2004). Ascorbate deficient mutants
of Arabidopsis grown in high light despite chronic photo oxidative stress. Plant
Physiol., 134: 1163–1172.
Munns, R. (1993). Physiological process limiting plant growth in saline soils: some
dogmas and hypothesis. Plant Cell Environ., 16: 15-24.
Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell
Environ., 25(2): 239-250.
Munns, R., James, R.A. and Lauchli, A. (2006). Approaches to increasing the salt
tolerance of wheat and other cereals. J. Exp. Bot., 57: 1025-1043.
Munns, R. and Tester, M. (2008). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu. Rev. Plant.
Biol., 59: 651–681.
Munusamy, M. and Agamuthu, P. (2012). Phytoextraction of As and Fe using
Hibiscus cannabinus L. from Soil Polluted with Landfill Leachate . Int. J.
Phytoremediation. 14(2): 186-199.
355
Murata, N., Allakhverdiev, S. I. and Nishiyama, Y. (2012).The mechanism of
photoinhibition in vivo: Re-evaluation of the roles of catalase, α-tocopherol, non-
photochemical quenching and electron transport. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., xxx:
1-7.
Murata, Y. (1969). In Physiological Aspects of Crop Yield, ed. J. D. Eastin, F. A.
Haskins, C. Y. Sullivan, C. H. M. van Bavel, pp. 235-59. Madison, Wis: Agron.
Soc. Am.
Murillo-Amadot, B. E., Troyo-Die´ guez, R., Lo´ pez-Aguilar, A., Lo´ pezCorte´ S.,
Tinoco-Ojanguri, C. L., Jones, H. G. and Kaya, C. (2002). Matching
physiological traits and ion concentrations associated with salt stress in cowpea
genotypes. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 53: 1243–1255.
Murray, J. R. and Hackett, W. P. (1991). Dihydroflavonol reductase activity in
relation to differential anthocyanin accumulation in juvenile and mature phase
Hedera helix L. Plant Physiol., 97: 343-351.
Musa, A. and Ogbadoyi, E. O. (2012). Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Levels of
Some Nutrients, Anti-nutrients and Toxic Substances in Hibiscus sabdariffa.
Asian. Crop Sci., 4(3):101-112.
Nable, R. O. (1988). Resistance to boron toxicity amongst several barley and wheat
cultivars: A preliminary examination of the resistance mechanism. Plant Soil.,
112: 45-52.
Nable, R. O., Banuelos, G. S. and Paull, J. G. (1997). Boron toxicity. Plant and Soil.,
193: 181-198.
Nable, R. O. and Paull, J. G. (1991). Mechanism of genetics of tolerance to boron
toxicity in plants. Curr. Top Plant Bioch. Physiol., 10: 257-273.
Nadia Gad (2011). Productivity of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Plants as affected
by Cobalt and Organic Fertilizers. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 7(12): 1785-1792.
Naftel. J. A. (1939). Colourimeter micro-determination of boron by the curcumin-
acetate solution method. Anal. Chem. 25:1264-1267.
Nagata, T. (1992). Radiolabeling of soluble and insoluble compounds as
demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. In, Recent Advances in Cellular
356
and Molecular Biology, R. J. Wegmann and M. A. Wegmann, eds., Peters Press,
Leuven. 6: 9-21.
Naidoo, G., Tuffers, A. V. and Von-Willert, D. J. (2002). Changes in gas exchange
and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of two mangroves and a mangrove
associate in response to salinity in the natural environment. Trees., 16(2-3): 140-
146.
Najafinia, M., Azadvar, M., Ershad, D. and Aeen, A. (2004). Root and crown rot of
mesta caused by Cylindrocarpon didymium from Jiroft. Iranian J. Plant Pathol.,
40(3 4): 83-84.
Nakamura, Y., Kasamo, K., Shimosato, N., Sakata, M. and Ohta, E. (1992).
Stimulation of the extrusion of protons and H+-ATPase activities with the
decline in pyrophosphatase activity of the tonoplast in intact mung bean roots
under high-NaCl stress and its relation to external levels of Ca2+
ions . Plant Cell
Physiol., 33: 139 -149.
Nakanishi, H. (1988). Dispersal ecology of the maritime plants in the Ryukyu Islands,
Japan. Ecol. Res., 3: 167-173.
Nakaya, K. (1983). Redescription of the holotype of Proscyllium habereri
(Lamniformes, Triakidae). Jap. J. Ichthyol., 29(4): 469-73.
Nakasone, H. Y. and Rauch, F. D. (1980). Ornamental hibiscus—propagation and
culture. Honolulu (HI): University of Hawaii. 15 p. Research Bulletin; RB-175.
Nanda, K. K. (1950): Catalase ratio as a rapid method for determining the germinating
capacity of seeds. Curr. Sci., 19: 22-24.
Nason, A. and McElroy, W. D. (1963). Modes of action of essential mineral elements.
In: Plant Physiol., A treatise Vol. III (Ed.) P. F. C. Steward (1963) Academic
Press, New York. PP. 451-536.
Nazar, R. Iqbal, N., Masood, A., Syeed, S. and Khan, N. A. (2011). Understanding the
significance of sulfur in improving salinity tolerance in plants. Environ. Expt.
Bot., 70: 80–87.
Nelson, E.G. and Wilson, F. D. (1965). Inheritance in kenaf as related to selection of
inbred lines for compositive varieties. Tech. Bull. USDA. 1319:1-28.
357
Nelson, N. (1944). A Photometric adaptation of the Somogyi method for the
determination of glucose.J. Biol.Chem., 153: 375-380.
Ness, P. J. and Woolhouse, H. W. (1980). RNA synthesis in Phaseolus chloroplasts.
1. Ribonucleic acid synthesis and senescing leaves. J. Exp. Bot., 31: 223-233.
Neumann, P. (1997). Salinity resistance and plant growth revisited. Plant Cell
Environ., 20: 1193-1198.
Neumann, P. M. (1993). Rapid and reversible modifications of extension capacity of
cell wall elongating maize leaf tissues responding to root addition and removal of
NaCl. Plant Cell Environ., 16: 1107-1111.
Neumann, P. M. and Leon, D. (1992). Physical restraints underlying short term
inhibition by auxin of root elongation in intact maize seedlings. J. Plant Growth
Regulation., 11: 119-123.
Ng, F. S. P. and Asri, N. S.(1979). Germination of fresh seeds Malaysian trees. IV:
Forestry, 42: 221-224.
Nicholas, D. J. D. (1961). Minor mineral nutrients. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 12: 63-
90.
Nicolas, G., Sanchez, O. J., Hernandez-Nistal, J. and Labrador, E. (1989).
Peroxidases and cell wall growth by epicotyls of Cicer arietinum L. possible
regulation by calcium and calmodulin and relationship with cell wall loosening.
In: Cell Separation in Plants. (eds.) D. J. Osborne and M. B. Jackson NATO ASI
Series, vol. H 35: 377-382.
Nigwekar, A. S. and Chavan, P. D. (1987). The influence of sodium chloride salinity
on the growth and mineral nutrition of horsegram Dolichos biflorus L. Acta.
Societatis.Botanicorum Poloniae., 56: 93-99.
Nirmaladevi, R., Padma, P. R. and Kavitha, D. (2010).Analyses of the methanolic
extract of the leaves of Rhinacanthus nasutus. J. Med. Plants Res., 4 (15): 1554-
1560.
Niyogi, K. K., Shih, C., Chow, W. S., Pogson, B. J., DellaPenna, D. and Björkman,
O. (2001). Photoprotection in a zeaxanthin- and lutein-deficient double mutant of
Arabidopsis. Photosynth. Res., 67: 139-145.
358
Nkaa, F. A., Ogbonnaya, C. I. and Onyike, N. B. (2010). Growth Performance of
Three Kenaf Varieties Grown under Water Stress in Eastern Nigeria. The African
J. Plant Sci. Biotechnol., 4 (Special Issue 1): 95-101.
ntbg.org/plants/details php ? plastid 6255).
Nukaya, A., Masui, M., Ishida, A. and Ogura, T. (1977). Salt tolerance of green
soybeans. J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci., 46:18-25.
Nukaya, A., Masul, M. and Ishida, A. (1982). Salt tolerance of green soybeans as
affected by various salinities in sand culture. J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci.,50: 487-
496.
Nuss, R. F. and Loewus, F. A. (1978). Further studies on oxalic acid biosynthesis in
oxalate-accumulating plants. Plant Physiol., 61: 590-592.
Nye, P. H. (1966). The effect of the nutrient intensity and buffering power of a soil
and the absorping power, size and root hairs of a root, on nutrient absorption by
diffusion. Plant Soil., 25(1): 81-105.
Nye, P. H. (1977). The rate-limiting step in plant nutrient absorption from soil. Soil
Sci., 123: 292-97.
Nye, P. H. and Tinker, P. B. (1977). Solute movement in the soil-root system. Studies
in ecology.Vol. 4, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK.
Nzikou, J. M., Bouanga-Kalou, G., Matos, L., Ganongo-Po, F. B., Mboungou-
Mboussi, P. S. Moutoula, F. E., Panyoo-Akdowa, E., Silou, T. H. and Desobry,
S. (2011). Characteristics and Nutritional Evaluation of seed oil from Roselle
(Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Congo-Brazzaville. Current Res. J. Biol. Sci., 3(2):
141-146.
O’Neill, M. A., Warrenfeltz, D., Kates, K., Pellerin, P., Doco, T., Darvill, A. G. and
Albersheim, P. (1996). Rhamnogalacturonan. II. A pectic polysaccharide in the
walls of growing plant cells, forms a dimer that is covalently cross-linked by a
borate ester. J. Biol. Chem., 271: 22923-22930.
O’Nell, R. A. and Sccot, T. K. (1987). Rapid effects of IAA on cell surface proteins
from intact carrot suspension culture cells. Plant Physiol., 84: 443-446.
Odigie, I. P., Ettarh, R. R. and Adigun, S. A. (2003). Chronic administration of
aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa attenuates hypertension and reverses
359
cardiac hypertrophy in 2K-1C hypertensive rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 86(2-
3):181-5.
Ogbonnaya, C. I., Nwalozie, M. C., Roy-Macauley, H. and Annerose, D. J. M.
(1998). Growth and water relations of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) under
water deficit on a sandy soil. Industrial Crops Prod., 8 (1):65-76.
Ojeda, D., Jiménez-Ferrer, E., Zamilpa, A., Herrera-Arellano, A., Tortoriello, J. and
Alvarez, L. (2009). Inhibition of angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE) activity by
the anthocyanins delphinidin- and cyanidin-3-O-sambubiosides from Hibiscus
sabdariffa. J. Ethnopharmacol., 127(1): 7-10.
Okita, T. W., Greenberg, E., Kuhn, D. N. and Preiss, J. (1979). Subcellular
Localization of the Starch Degradative and Biosynthetic Enzymes of Spinach
Leaves. Plant Physiol., 64: 187-192.
Okosun, L. A. (2000). Effect of plant density, sowing date and fertilizer on the
growth and yield of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) in the Sudan savana. Ph. D.
Thesis, Postgraduate School Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
Okosun, L. A., Magaji, M. D. and Yakubu, A. I. (2006). Effect of sowing date and
planting distance on growth and yield of two cultivars of roselle (Hibiscus
sabdariffa var. sabdariffa). J. Plant Sci., 1: 297-305.
Olcer, H. and Kocacaliskan, I. (2007). Excess boron reduces polyphenol oxidase
activities in embryo and endosperm of maize seed during germination. J.
Biosciences., 62: 111-115.
Olmos, E. and Hellin, E. (1997). Cytochemical localization of ATpase plasma
membrane and acid phosphatase by cerium based in a salt-adapted cell line of
Pisum sativum. J. Exp. Bot., 48: 1529-1535.
Olsen, K. M., Hehn, A., Jugde, H., Slimestad, R., Larbat, R., Bourgaud, F. and Lillo,
C. (2010). Identification and characterisation of CYP75A31, a new flavonoid
3050- hydroxylase, isolated from Solanum lycopersicum, BMC Plant Biol.,
doi:10.1186/1471-2229-10-21.
Olvera-García, V., Castaño-Tostado, E., Rezendiz-Lopez, R. I., Reynoso-Camacho,
R., González de Mejía, E., Elizondo, G. and Loarca-Piña, G. (2008). Hibiscus
360
sabdariffa L. extracts inhibit the mutagenicity in microsuspension assay and the
proliferation of HeLa cells. J. Food Sci., 73(5): 75-81.
Omer, E. A., Khattab, M. E. and Ibrahim, M. E. (1997). Effect of pinching and foliar
application of some growth regulators on two new early mature varieties of
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Egypt. J. Hort., 24:117-130.
Ong, C.Y., Ling, S.K., Ali, R.M., Chee, C.F., Samah, Z.A., Ho, A.S., Teo, S.H. and
Lee, H.B. (2009). Systematic analysis of in vitro photo-cytotoxic activity in
extracts from terrestrial plants in Peninsula Malaysia for photodynamic therapy.
J. Photochem. Photobiol. B., 96(3): 216-22.
Onyenekwe, P. C., Ajani, E. O., Ameh, D. A. and Gamaniel, K. S. (1999).
Antihypertensive effect of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyx infusion in
spontaneously hypertensive rats and a comparison of its toxicity with that in
Wistar rats. Cell Biochem. Funct., 17(3): 199-206.
Orisakwe, O. E., Husaini, D. C. and Afonne, O. J. (2004). Testicular effects of sub-
chronic administration of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueous extract in rats.
Reprod. Toxicol., 18(2): 295-8.
Orlovsky, N. S., Japakova, U. N., Shulgina, I. and Volis, S. (2011) Comparative study
of seed germination and growth of Kochia prostrata and Kochia scoparia
(Chenopodiaceae) under salinity. J. Arid Environ., 75: 532–537.
Osman, A M., El Garby Y., M. and Mokhtar, A. (1975). Chemical examination of
local plants part 13 elucidation of the structure of a new glycoside from the
leaves of egyptian Hibiscus sabdariffa. Australian J. Chem., 28(1): 217 220.
Osmond, C. B. (1963). Oxalate and ionic equillibria in Australian salt bush Atriplex.
Nature, 198: 503-504.
Osmond, C. B. (1967). Acid metabolism in Atriplex. I Regulation of oxalate synthesis
by the apparent excess cation absorption in leaf tissue. Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 20: 575-
87.
Osmond, C. B. and Avadhani, P. N. (1968). Acid metabolism in Atriplex. II Oxalate
synthesis during Acid Metabolism in the Dark. Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 21: 921-927.
Ouoba, L. I., Nyanga-Koumou, C. A., Parkouda, C., Sawadogo, H., Kobawila, S. C.,
Keleke, S., Diawara, B., Louembe, D. and Sutherland, J. P. (2009).Genotypic
361
diversity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from African traditional alkaline-
fermented foods. J. Appl. Microbiol., 108(6): 2019-2029.
Overlach, S, Diekmann, W and Raschke, K. (1993). Phosphate translocator of
isolated guard-cell chloroplasts from Pisum sativum L. transport glucose-6-
phosphate. Plant Physiol., 101: 1201-1207.
Oyewole, C. I. and Mera, M. (2010). Responses of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) to
rate of inorganic and farmed fertilizers in the Sudan savanna ecological zone of
Nigeria. African J. Agric. Res., 5:2305-2309.
Ozen, T. and Turkekul, I. (2010). Antioxidant activities of Sarcodon imbricatum
wildly grown in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Pharmacogn. Mag., 6 (22): 89-
97.
Pais, I. and Jones, B. J. Jr. (2000). The Handbook of Trace Elements. St. Lucie Press,
Boca Raton.
Palavan-Unsal, N., C¸ Etin E. and Kadıoglu, A. (2000). Boron stress affects
peroxidase activity. Plant Peroxidase Newsletter., 15: 37–44.
Paliwal, K. V. (1972). Irrigation with Saline water’, I.A.R.I., Monograph No. 2 (New
Series), New Delhi, pp. 198.
Paliwal, K. V. and Maliwal, G. L. (1973). Salt tolerance of some arhar (Cajanus
indicus) and cowpea (Vigna cinensis) varities at germination and seedling stage.
Ann. Arid. Zone., 12: 135-143.
Paliwal, K. V. and Mehta, K. K. (1973). Interactive effect of salinity, SAR and boron
on the germination and growth of seedlings of some paddy (Oryza sativa)
varieties. Plant and Soil., 39: 603-609.
Pandey M., Sonker, K., Kanoujia, J., Koshy, M. K., Saraf, S. A. (2009). Sida
veronicaefolia as a source of natural antioxidant. Int. J. Pharma. Sci. Drug Res.,
1(3): 180-182.
Pappas, C. S., Tarantilis, P. A., Daliani, I., Mavromoustakos, T. and Polissiou, M.
(2002). Comparison of classical and ultrasound-assisted isolation procedures of
cellulose from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
rodustrus Sm.). Ultrason. Sonochem., 9(1): 19-23.
362
Pappas, C. S., Tarantilis, P. A. and Polissiou, M. G. (2004). Spectroscopic
determination of the degree of esterification of pectic substances from kenaf. Nat.
Prod. Res., 18(4): 335-40.
Pappas, C. S., Tarantilis, P. A. and Polissiou, M. G. (2003). Isolation and
spectroscopic study of pectic substances from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.).
Nat. Prod. Res., 17(3):171-6.
Parida, A. K. and Das, A. B. (2002). NaCl stress causes changes in photosynthetic
pigments, proteins and other metabolic components in the leaves of a true
mangrove, Bruguiera parviflora, in hydroponic cultures. J. Plant Biol., 45: 28–
36.
Parida, A. K. and Das, A. B. (2004). Effects of NaCl stress on nitrogen and
phosphorous metabolism in a true mangrove Bruguiera parviflora grown under
hydroponic culture. J. Plant Physiol., 161: 921–928.
Parida, A., Das, A. B. and Das, P. (2002). NaCl stress causes changes in
photosynthetic pigments, proteins and other metabolic components in the leaves
of a true mangrove, Bruguiera parviflora in hydroponic cultures. J. Plant Biol.,
45: 28-36.
Parida, A. K., Das, A. B. and Mittra, B. (2004 a) Effects of salt on growth, ion
accumulation, photosynthesis and leaf anatomy of the mangrove Bruguiera
parviflora. Trees Struct. Funct., 18:167– 174.
Parida, A. K., Das, A. B. and Mohanty, P. (2004 c). Investigations on the
antioxidative defence responses to NaCl stress in a mangrove, Bruguiera
parviflora: differential regulations of isoforms of some antioxidative enzymes.
Plant Growth Regul., 42: 213-226.
Parida, A. K., Das A. B., Sanada Y. and Mohanty P. (2004 b). Effects of salinity on
biochemical components of the mangrove, Aegiceras corniculatum. Aquatic Bot.,
80: 77–87.
Parida, A. K. and Jha, B. (2010). Salt tolerance mechanisms in mangroves: A review.
Trees., 24: 199-217.
Parvaiz, A. and Satyawati, S. (2008). Salt stress and phyto-biochemical responses of
plants-a review. Plant Soil Environ., 54: 88-99.
363
Pascoal Neto, C., Seca, A., Fradinho, D., Coimbra, M. A., Domingues, F., Evtuguin,
D., Silvestre, A. and Cavaleiro, J. A. S. (1996). Chemical composition and
structural features of the macromolecular components of Hibiscus cannabinus
grown in Portugal. Ind. Crops Prod., 5: 189-196.
Pascoal Neto, C., Seca, A., Nunes, A. M., Coimbra, M. A., Domingues, F., Evtuguin,
D., Silvestre, A. and Cavaleiro, J. A. S. (1997).Variations in chemical
composition and structure of macromolecular components in different
morphological regions and maturity of Arundo donax. Ind. Crops Prod., 6: 51-
58.
Pate, J. B. and Joyner, J. F. (1958). The inheritance of a male sterility factor in kenaf
(Hibiscus cannabinus L.). Agron. J., 50: 402–403.
Patil, A.V. and Chavan, P. D. (2011). Influence of salt stress on phosphorus
metabolism in the roots and leaves of one month old Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC
seedlings. Phcog. J., 3(25):48-51.
Patil, R. C. and Thombare, M. V. (1980). Heterosis and combining ability studies in
Hibiscus cannabinus (L). J.M.A.U. 5 (52): 123-126.
*Patnaik, (1950). Soil Fertility Evaluation. In: Principles of Soil Science. (Ed.) M. M.
Rai (Publ.) Macmillan, 2002 pp-367-380.
Pattanaik, C., Reddy, C. S., Dhal, N. K. and Das, R. (2008). Utilization of mangrove
Forests in Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sancturary, Orissa. Indian J. Traditinal
Knowledge., 7(4): 598-603.
Paul, A. K. and Mukherji, S. (1972). Changes in respiration of rice seedlings as
affected by storage and viability and its possible relation with catalase and
peroxidase activities during germination. Biol. Plant., 14: 414-419.
Paul, S., Roy, A., Ghosh, R., Das, S., Chaudhuri, S. and Ghosh, S. K. (2006).
Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus p27 and its isoforms affect symptom expression
and potentiate virus movement in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.). Molecular
characterization and sequence variability of betasatellites associated with leaf
curl disease of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) from different geographical
locations of India. Mol. Plant Microbe. Interact., 19(9): 948-57.
364
*Paull, J. G. (1990). Genetic studies of the tolerance of wheat to high concentrations
of boron. Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, University of Adelaide.
Paull, J. G., Cartwright, B. and Rathjen, A. J. (1988). Responses of wheat and barley
genotypes to toxic concentrations of soil boron. Euphytica., 39 (2): 137-144.
Pendias, K. and Pendias, H. (1992). Trace elements in soils and plants. USA, CRR
Press, 365.
Peng, Q., Wei, Z. and Lau, B. H. (2000). Pycnogenol inhibits tumor necrosis factor-
alpha induced nuclear factor kappa B activation and adhesion molecule
expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Cell. Mol. Life. Sci., 57: 834-841.
Penning de Vries, F.W.T. (1975). The cost of maintenance processes in plant cells.
Annal. Bot., 39: 77-92.
Penuelas, J. and Munne-Bosch, S. (2005). Isoprenoids: an evolutionary pool for photo
protection. Trends in Plant Science, 10: 166-168.
Perez, S. C. J. G. and Tambelini, M. (1995). Efeito dos estresses salino e hídrico e do
envelhecimento precoce na germinação dealgarobeira. Pesquisa agropecuária
brasileira, Brasília. 30 (11), 1289-1295.
Perez-Alfocea, F., Estan, M. T., Santa Cruz, A. and Bolarin, M. C. (1993 a). Effects
of salinity on nitrate, total nitrogen, soluble protein and free amino acid levels in
tomato plants. J. Hort. Sci., 68:1021-1027.
Perez-Alfocea, F., Estan, M. T., Caro, M. and Guerrier, G. (1993 b). Osmotic
adjustment in Lycopersicon esculentum and L. pennelli under NaCl and
polyethylene glycol 6000 iso-osmotic stresses. Physiol. Plant., 87:493-498.
Perry, L. M. (1980). Medicinal plants of east and South East Asia. Attributed to
properties and uses MIT Press, Cambridge, UK, pp-632.
Pervaiz, M. and Sain, M. M. (2003). Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 39:325-
340.
Pessarakli, M. and Szabolcs, I. (1994). Soil salinity and sodicity as particular
plant/crop stress factors. In Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. M. Pessarakli
(Eds.), New York: Marcel Dekker. Pp.-1-15.
Pessarakli, M. and Tucker, T. C. (1988). Dry matter yield and nitrogen-15 uptake by
tomatoes under sodium chloride stress. Soil Sci. Soc. America., 52(3): 698– 700.
365
Petrini, C., Bazzocchi, R. and Montalti, P. (1994). Yield potential and adaptation of
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in Northcentral Italy. Industr. Crops Prod.,
3:11–15.
Pettigrew, W. T. and Meredith, W. R. (1994). Leaf gas exchange parameters vary
among cotton genotypes. Crop Sci., 34: 700– 705.
Pfeiffer, W. (1996). Auxin induces exocytosis of acid phosphatase in coleoptiles from
Zea mays. Physiol. Plant., 98:773–9.
Pfeiffer, C. M. and Bloss, H. E. (1988). Growth and nutrition of guayule (Parthenium
argentatum) in a saline soil as influenced by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza and
phosphorus fertilization. New Phytol., 108(3): 315-321.
Pfeffer, P. E., Tu, S., Gerasimowicz, W. V. and Cavanaugh, J. R. (1986). In vivo 31P
NMR studies of corn root tissue and its uptake of toxic metals. Plant Physiol.,
80: 77-84.
Phillips, J. M. and Hayman, D. S. (1970). Improved procedures for clearing roots and
staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment
of infection. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 55: 157-160.
Pierce, W. S. and Hendrix, D. L. (1979). Utilization of enzyme markers to determine
the location of plasma membrane from Pisum epicotyls on sucrose gradients.
Planta., 146: 161-169.
Piquemal, M., Bailly-Fenech, G. and Latche, J. C. (1980). Oxalate metabolite
Photorespiratoire. Physiol. Veg., 18:571-572.
Pittman, J. (2005). Managing the manganese: molecular mechanisms of manganese
transport and homeostasis. New Phytol., 167:733-742.
Poontariga, H., Darinee, P., Kannarat, R. and Rangsi, C. (2003). Salinity effects on
antioxidant enzymes in mulberry cultivars. Science Asia., 29: 109113.
Popp, M. (1984). Chemical composition of Australian mangroves. I. Inorganic ions
and organic acids. Z. Pflanzenphysiol., 113: 395-409.
Popp, M. and Kinzel, H. (1981). Changes in the organic acid content of some
cultivated plants induced by mineral ion deficiency. J. Exp. Bot., 32: 1-8.
366
Popp, M., Larher, F. and Weigel, P. (1984). Chemical Composition of Australian
Mangroves III. Free Amino Acids Total Methylated Onium Compounds and
Total Nitrogen. Zeitschrift-fuer-P.flanzenphysiologie.Bd., 114(1): 15-26.
Popp, M., Larher, F. and Weigel, P. (1985). Osmotic adaptation in Australian
mangroves. Vegetario, 61: 247-253.
Prain, D. (1903). Flora of Sunderbans. Records of the Botanical Survey of India. New
Delhi.
Prasad, T. K., Anderson, M. D., Martin, B. A. and Stewart, C. R. (1994). Evidence for
chilling-induced oxidative stress in maize seedlings and a regulatory role for
hydrogen peroxide. Plant Cell., 6: 65-74.
Preiss, J. and Levi, C. (1980). Starch Biosynthesis and Degradation. In: The
Biochemistry of Plants-A Comprehensive treatise. (eds.) P. K. Stumpf and E. E.
Conn. Carbohydrates: Structure and Functions. Vol. (3). Academic Press.
London.
Prenesti, E., Berto, S., Daniele, P. G. and Toso, S. (2007). Antioxidant power
quantification of decoction and cold infusions of Hibiscus sabdariffa flowers.
Food Che., 100 (2): 433-438.
Pujol, A. J., Calvo, J. F. and Ramiraz–Diaz, L. (2000). Recovery germination from
different osmotic conditions by four halophytes from southeastern Spain. Annal.
Bot., 85:279-286.
Puppo, A. (1992). Effect of flavonoids on hydroxyl radical formation by Fenton-type
reactions: influence of the iron chelator.Phytochem., 31: 85-88.
Qadir, M. and Shams, M. (1997). Some agronomic and physiological aspects of salt
tolerance in cotton. J. Agro. Crop Sci., 179: 101-106.
Quaranta, E., Belocchi, A., Bottazzi, P., Monotti, M., Del Pino, A.M. and Desiderio,
E. (2000). Limited water supply on kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in central
Italy. Ital. J. Agron., 4 (1): 1–9.
Racette, S., Louis, I. and Torrey, J. G. (1990). Cluster root formation by Gymnostoma
papuanum (Casuarinaceae) in relation to aeration and mineral nutrient
availability in water culture. Canadian J. Bot., 68: 2564-2570.
367
Radyuk, M. S., Domanskaya, I. N., Shcherbakov, R. A. and Shalygo, N. V. (2009).
Effect of low above-zero temperature on the content of low-molecular
antioxidants and activities of antioxidant enzymes in green barley leaves. Russ. J.
Plant physiol., 56: 175-180.
Rafat Hussain, S., Cillard, J. and Cillard, P. (1989). Hydroxyl radical scavenging
activity of flavonoids. Phytochem., 26(9): 2489-2491.
Ragnekar, P. V. (1975). Effect of calcium deficiency on the carbon metabolism in
photosynthesis and respiration of tomato leaf. Plant Soil., 42: 565-583.
Rahimi, A., Biglarifard, A., Mirdehghan, H. and Borghei, S. F.( 2011). Influence of
NaCl salinity on growth analysis of strawberry cv. Camarosa. J. Stress Physiol.
Biochem., 7 (4):145-156.
Rahman, S., Vance, G. F. and Munn, L. C. (1993). Salinity induced effects on the
nutrient status of soil, corn leaves and kernels. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 24:
2251-2269.
Rajashekar Reddy, B. H. (2006). Physiological and molecular studies of salinity
tolerance in cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L.). Ph. D. Thesis, University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
Rajgopal, (1999). Salt tolerance studies in cotton (Gossypium spp.). Ph. D.
Thesis,University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
Raji, J. A. (2008). The Feasibility of Intercropping Kenaf with Sorghum in a Small-
Holder Farming System, J. Sustainable Agric., 32 (2): 355-364.
Raju, M., Varakumar, S., Lakshminarayana, R., Krishnakantha, T. P. and Baskaran,
V. (2007). Carotenoid composition and vitamin A activity of medicinally
important green leafy vegetables. Food Chemistry, 101:1598-1605.
*Rakhimkhanov, Z. B., Sadykov, A. S., Ismailov, A. I. and Karimdzhanov, A. K.
(1970). Khim. Prir. Soedin., 6 (129): 130. In: The Flavonoids (eds.) J. B.
Harborne, J. J. Mabry and H. Mabry (Publ.) Chapman and Hall Ltd. 11 New
Fetter Lane London.
Ramachandra Reddy, A. and Das, V. S. R. (1986). Correlation between biomass
production and net photosynthetic rates and kinetic properties of RuBP
carboxylase in certain C3 plants. Biomass., 10 (2): 157-164.
368
Ramlingam, M. and Yong-Ki, P. (2010). Free radical scavenging activities of
Cnidium officinale Makino and Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. methanolic
extracts. Pharmacogn Mag., 6(24): 323–330.
Ramoliya, P. J., Patel, H. M. and Pandey, A. N. (2004). Effect of salinisation of soil
on growth and macro- and micro-nutrient accumulation in seedlings of Acacia
catechu (Mimosaceae). Ann. appl. Biol., 144:321-332.
Ramoliya, P. J., Patel, H. M., Joshi, J. B. and Pandey, A. N. (2006). Effect of
salinization of soil on growth and nutrient accumulation in seedlings of Prosopis
cineraria. J. Plant Nutr.,29: 283-303.
Ranganna, S. (1986). Handbook of Analysis and Quality Control for Fruit and
Vegetable Products, 2nd ed. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, India.
Rao, P. U. (1996). Nutrient composition and biological evaluation of mesta (Hibiscus
sabdariffa) seeds. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., 49(1):27-34.
Rasdhari, M., Parekh, T., Dave, N., Patel, V. and Subhash, R. (2008). Evaluation of
various physico-chemical properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa and L. casei
incorporated probiotic yoghurt. Pak. J. Biol. Sci.,11(17): 2101-8.
Rashid, U., Anwar, F., Moser, B. R. and Knothe, G. (2008). Moringa oleifera oil: A
possible source of biodiesel. Bioresource Tecnol., 99: 8175-8179.
Ratajczak, R. (2000). Structure, function and regulation of the plant vacuolar H+-
translocating ATPase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1465: 17-36.
Rathert, G. (1983). Carbohydrate status in response to ion regulation of two rice
varieties (Oryza Sativa L.) grown in saline medium. J. Plant Nutr., 6(10): 817-
829.
Rathert, G. and Doering, H. W. (1981). IV. Ion-specific salinity effects on amylases in
leaves of bushbean and sugarbeet plants. J. Plant Nutr., 4: 261-277.
Rathert, G., Doering, H. W. and Witt, J. (1981). Influence of Extreme K:Na Ratios
and High Substrate Salinity on Plant Metabolism of Crops Differing in Salt
Tolerance III. K/Na Effects on the carbohydrate Pattern of Bushbean and
Sugarbeet Plants in Response to the Salt Tolerance of the Species, J. Plant Nutr.,
4:131-141.
369
Ravindran, C., Naveenan, T., Govindaswamy, R. V., Rajasabapathy, R. and Meena,
R. M. (2012). Antioxidants in mangrove plants and endophytic fungal
associations. Bot. Mar., 55: 269-279.
Reaubourg, G. and Monceaux, R. H. (1940). The chemical, botanical and
pharmacological characteristics of the karkade (rosella) Hibiscus sabdariffa
(gossypifolius). J. Pharm. Chim., 1: 292–305.
Reddy, A. R.and Das, V. S. R. ( 2000). Photosynthesis and kinetic characteristics of
rubisco in Hibiscus cannabinus L. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 38 (8): 841-844.
Reddy, M.P. and Vora, A.B. (1986). Changes in pigment composition, Hill reaction
activity and saccharides metabolism in bajara (Pennisetum typhoides) leaves
under NaCl salinity. Photosynthetica, 20: 50-55.
Reggi, E., Cosentino, S. L. and Mantineo, M. (2004). Gas exchange and stomatal
behavior in Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) as affected by artificial light
intensity during night measurement. II World Conference on Biomass Roma 10-
14 Maj.
Rehman, S., Harris, P. J. C., Bourne, W. F. and Wilkin, J. (1996). The effect of
sodium on germination and the potassium and calcium contents of Acacia seeds.
Seed Sci. Technol., 25: 45–57.
Rehman, S., Park, T. I. Kim, Y. J. Seo, Z. W. and Yun, S. J. (2006). Inverse
relationship between boron toxicity tolerance and boron contents of barley seed
and root. J. Plant Nutr., 29: 1779-1789.
Reichert, N. A. and Liu, D. (1994). Protoplast culture and in vitro regeneration of
kenaf. Proc. Intl. Kenaf Assoc. Conf. 6:61-65.
Reichert, N. A. and Liu, D. (1996). Protoplast isolation, culture and fusion protocols
for kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture., 44: 201-
210.
Reid, R. J., Hayes, J. E., Post, A., Stangoulis, J. C. and Graham, R. D. (2004). A
critical analyses of the cases of boron toxicity in plants. Plant Cell Environ., 25:
1405–1414.
Reilly, A., Tlustos, C., Anderson,W., Connor, L. O., Foley, B. and Wall, P. (2003).
Food Safety: A Public Health Issues of Growing Importance. In: Introduction to
370
Human nutrition. (eds.) M. J. Gibney, H. H. Vorster and F. J. Kok (Publ.)
Blackwell Publishing Pp. 292-317.
Rejskova, A., Patkova, L., Stodulkova, E. and Lipavska, H. (2007). The effect of
abiotic stresses on carbohydrate status of olive shoots (Olea europaea L.) under
in vitro conditions. J. Plant Physiol., 164(2):174-84.
Rema Devi, G. and Gopal Krishnan, P. K. (1997). Effect of sodium chloride and
calcium chloride salinity on seedling growth of cowpea. Indian J. Plant Physiol.,
2(1): 79-80.
Ren, A. and Wang, Y. (2010). Effects of Salt Stress on Stomatal Differentiation and
Movements of Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Leaves Acta Horticulturae
Sinica , 37 (3) :479-484.
Rengel, Z. (1988). Manganese and its role in biological processes. In: Sigel A. Sigel,
H. (eds.) Metal Ions in Biological Systems,pp. 69-72. Marcel Dekker, NewYork,
USA.
Rengel, Z. (1992). The role of calcium in salt toxicity. Plant, Cell Environ., 15(6):
625-632.
Reuveni, M., Bennett, A. B., Bressan, R. A. and Hasegawa, P. M. (1990). Enhanced
H+ transport capacity and ATP hydrolysis activity of the tonoplast H+-ATPase
after NaCl adaptation. Plant Physiol., 94: 524-530.
Rezazadeh, A., Ghasemnezhad, A., Barani, M. and Telmadarrehei, T. (2012). Effect
of Salinity on Phenolic composition and Antioxidant Activity of Artichoke
(Cynara scolymus L.) leaves. Res. J. Med. Plant., 6(3): 245-252.
Rhodes, M. J. C. and Price, K. R. (1996). Analytical problems in the study of
flavonoid compounds in onions. Food Chem., 57(1): 113–117.
Rice-Evans, C. and Burdon, R. (1993). Free radical-lipid interactions and their
pathological consequences. Prog. Lipid. Res., 32: 71-110.
Richardson, K. E. and Tolbert, N. E. (1961). Oxidation of glyoxylic acid to oxalic
acid by glycolic acid oxidase. J. Biol. Chem., 236:1280–84.
Ridley, H. N. (1930). The Dispersal of Plants throughout the World. (Publ.) L. Reeve
and Co. Ltd. Lloyds Bank and Buildings, Ashford, Kent pp- 261-262.
371
Rizk, T. Y., Al-Hasan, A. M., El-Tekriti, R. A. and Alawi, B. J. (1978). Effect of
Salinity on Germination and Seedling Vigor of Some Annual Medics Medicago-
Spp. Mesopotamia J. Agricult., 13: 105-22.
Rocha, E., Matic, I. and Taddei, F. (2002). Over-representation of repeats in stress
response genes: a strategy to increase versatility under stressful conditions. Nucl.
Acids. Res., 30: 1886-1894.
Rockel, B., Lüttge, U. and Ratajczak, R. (1998). Changes in message amount of V-
ATPase subunits during salt-stress induced C3-CAM transition in
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 36(8): 567-573.
Rodriguez-Medina, I. C., Beltrán-Debón, R., Molina, V. M., Alonso-Villaverde, C.,
Joven, J., Menéndez, J. A., Segura-Carretero, A. and Fernández-Gutiérrez, A.
(2009).Direct characterization of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa using
HPLC with diode array detection coupled to ESI and ion trap MS. J. Sep. Sci.,
32(20): 3441-3448.
Rodriguez-Navarro, A., Blatt, M. R. and Slayman, C. L. (1986). A Potassium proton
symport in Neurospora crassa. J. Gen. Physiol., 87: 649–74.
Rogers, M. E., Grieve, C. M. and Shannon, M. C. (2003): Plant growth and ion
relations in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in response to the combined effects of
NaCl and P. Plant Soil., 253: 187–194.
Rogers, M. E., Noble, C. L., Halloran, G. M. and Nicolas, M. E. (1997). Selecting for
salt tolerance in white clover (Trifolium repens): chloride ion exclusion and its
heritability. New Phytologist, 135: 645–654.
Rognes, S. E. (1980). Anion regulation of lupin asparagine synthetase: chloride
activation of the glutamine-utilizing reactions. Phytochem., 19: 2287-2293.
Roháček, K., Soukupová, J. and Barták, M. (2008). Chlorophyll fluorescence: A
wonderful tool to study plant physiology and plant stress. Plant Cell
Compartments - Selected Topics. Pp.-41-104.
Roosens, N. H., Thu, T. T., Iskandar, H. M. and Jacobs, M. (1998). Isolation of the
ornithine-d-aminotransferase cDNA and effect of salt stress on its expression in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol., 117:263– 271.
372
Rosa, R. M., Melecchi, M. I. S., Halmenscherlager, R. D. C., Abad, F. C., Simoni, C.
R., Caramao, E. B., Pegas-Henriques, J. A., Saffi, J. and Lia-De-Paula-Ramos, A.
L. (2006). Antioxidant and antimutagenic properties of Hibiscus tiliaceus L.
methanolic extract. J. Agric. And Food Chem., 54(19): 7324-7330.
Rosenberge, N. J. (1969). Seasonal Patterns in Evapotranspiration by Irrigated
Alfalfa in the Central Great Plains. Agronomy J., 61: 879-886.
Rowell, R. M. and Han, J. S. (1994). Changes in kenaf properties and Chemistry as a
function of Growing time. In: Kenaf Properties, Processing and Products;
Mississippi State University, Ag and Bio Engineering. Pp.-33-41.
Roy, A., Sitalakshmi, T., Geetha, R. V., Lakshmi, T. and VishnuPriya, V. (2011). In
Vitro Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of the Ethanolic Extract
of Dioscorea villosa (Wild Yam) Tubers. Drug Invention Today., 3(9): 214-215.
Rubin, B. A. and Chernavina, I. A. (1970). Alternative routes of trace element
involvement in the biosynthetic properties of plants. In: Y. A. V. Peive and M. Y.
A. Shkolnik (Eds.) Biologicheskaya Rol Mikroelementov i Ikh primeneniye v
Selskom Khozyaistve i Meditsine (The biological role of trace elements and their
use in agriculture and medicine). Nauka, Leningrad, 1: 361-369.
Rubio-Casal, A.E., Castillo, J. M., Luque, C. J. and Fig.ueroa, M. E. (2003) Influence
of salinity on germination and seeds viability of two primary colonizers of
Mediterranean salt pans. J. Arid. Environ., 53: 145-154.
Ruiz, D., Martinez, V. and Cerda, A. (1997). Citrus response to salinity: Growth and
nutrient uptake. Tree Physiol., 17: 141–50.
Rukayadi, Y., Shim, J. S. and Hwang, J. K. (2008). Screening of Thai medicinal
plants for anticandidal activity. Mycoses., 51(4): 308-12.
Rukmini, C., Vijayaraghavan, M. V. and Tulpule, P. G. (1982). Nutritional and
toxicological evaluation of Hibiscus sabdariffa oil and Cleome viscosa oil. J.
American Oil Chemists' Soc., 59 (10): 415-419.
Rush, J. D. and Koppenol, W. H. (1987). The reaction between ferrous
polyaminocarboxylate complexes and hydrogen peroxide: an investigation of the
reaction intermediates by stopped flow spectrophotometry. J. Inorg. Biochem.,
29: 199–215.
373
Ryan, J., Miyamoto, S. and Stroehlein, J. L. (1975 a). Salt and specific ion effects on
germination of four grasses. J. Range Management., 28: 61-64.
Ryan, J., Miyamoto, S. and Stroehlein, J. L. (1975 b). Effect of acidity on germination
of some grasses and alfalfa. J. Range Manage., 28 (2): 154-155.
Sabir, P. and Ashraf, M. (2007). Screening of local accessions of Panicum miliaceum
L., for salt tolerance at the seedling stage using biomass production and ion
accumulation as selection criteria. Pak. J. Bot., 39(5): 1655-1661.
Sachray, L., Weiss, D., Reuveni, M., Nissim-Levi, A. and Shamir, M.O. (2002).
Increased anthocyanin accumulation in aster flowers at elevated temperatures due
to magnesium treatment. Physiol. Plant., 114: 559–565.
Sadak, M. S. (2005). Physiological studies on the interaction effects of gibberellic
acid and benzyladenine on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) plant Ph. D.Thesis
Fac.of Sci. Ain Shams Univ.Egypt.
Sadasivam, S. and Manikam, A. (1992). Biochemical methods for agricultural
sciences. (Publ.) Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi, pp.105.
*Sadia, M. (2000). Etud des potentialities de clonage in vitro Chez Hibiscus
sabdariffa L. Momorie de DEA University Chekh Anta Diop Daker Senegal 52.
Saghir, A., noor-ul-islam, Mahmood, A., Ashraf, F., Hayat, K. and Hanif, M. (2010).
Screening of cotton germplasm against cotton leaf curl virus. Pak. J. Bot., 42(5):
3327-3342.
Saikia, C. N. and Ali, F. (1999). Graft copolymerization of methylmethacrylate onto
high alpha cellulose pulp extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa and Gmelina
arborea. Bioresource Technol., 68(2): 165-171.
Sairam, R. K., Rao, K. V. and Srivastava, G. C. (2002). Differential response of wheat
cultivar genotypes to long term salinity stress in stress in relation to oxidative
stress, antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Sci., 163: 1037-
1048.
Sairam, R. K., Srivastava, G. C., Agarwal, S. and Meena, R. C. (2005). Differences in
antioxidant activity in response to salinity stress in tolerant and susceptible wheat
genotypes. Biol. Plant., 49: 85-91.
374
Sairam, R. K. and Tyagi, A. (2004). Physiology and molecular biology of salinity
stress tolerance in plants. Curr. Sci., 86(3): 407-421.
Saito, K. (2000). Regulation of sulfate transport and synthesis of sulfur-containing
amino acids. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 3: 188–195.
Salama, E. M., El-sharkawi, H. M. and Gadallah (2001). Chlorophyll parameters in
Hibiscus sabdariffa and Lupinus albus plant in response to decreasing soil water
potential and kinetin treatments. Photosynthesis Res., 69: 1-4.
Samanthi, P. H., Takayuki, S. and Hattori, K. (2004). Multiple shoot regeneration
from young shoots of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), Plant Cell, Tissue and
Organ Culture, 77: 49-53.
Samanthi, P. H., Takayuki, S. and Hattori, K. (2005). Factors influencing
Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation of kenaf. Plant Cell Tissue and
Organ Culture., 82(2): 201-206.
Samiullah and Bano, A. (2011). Evaluation of oxidative stress tolerance growth
responses osmolites and phytohormonal estimation of the selected halophytes.
International Conference on Environmental, Biomedical and Biotechnology. pp
146-152.
Sampathkumar, S. and Ramakrishnan, N. (2011). GC-MS analysis of methanolic
extract of Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolas. leaves. Int. J. Pharma. Res. Dev.,
3(5): 113-116.
Samy, M. S. (1980). Chemical and nutritional studies on roselle seeds (Hibiscus
sabdariffa L.). Z. Ernahrungswiss.,19(1):47-9.
Sanchez-Aguayo, I., Gonzalez-Utor, A. L. and Medina, A. (1991). Cytochemical
localization of ATPase activity in salt-treated and salt-free grown Lycopersicon
esculentum roots. Plant Physiol., 96: 153-158.
Sanders, D. (1990). Kinetic modeling of plant and fungal membrane transport
systems. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 41: 77-107.
Sanders, D. and Bethke, P. (2000). Membrane Transport. In: Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology of Plants, (eds.) B. Buchanan, W. Gruissem and R. L. Jones,
(Publ.) American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rochville, MD USA. Pp.-110–
158.
375
Santiago, L. S; Lau, T. S.; Melcher, P. J., Steele, O. C. and Goldstein, G. (2000).
Morphological and physiological responses of Hawaiian Hibiscus tiliaceus
populations to light and salinity. Int. J. Plant Sci., 161(1): 99-106.
Santos, C. V. (2004). Regulation of Chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation by
salinity in sunflower leaves. Sci. Hort., 103 (1): 93-99.
Saquet, J. L. (1996). Flora de Tahiti. Papeete: Polymages.
Sarkar, U. and Choudhuri, M. E. (1981). Effects of some oxidants on senescence of
isolated leaves of sunflower with special reference to glycolate content, glycolate
oxidase and catalase activities. Can. J. Bot., 59: 392-396.
Sastri, B. N. (1959). The Wealth of India. A dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and
Industrial Products. Raw materials, (Publ.) C.S.I.R. New Delhi. V(H-K):77-97.
Sastry, E. V. D. and Sharma, H. (2000). Effect of temperature and salinity on the
germination and seedling growth in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Indian J. Agri.
Sci., 70: 117-118.
Sato, K., Goda, Y., Yoshihira, K. and Noguchi, H. (1991). Structure and contents of
main coloring constituents in the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa and commercial
roselle colour. J. Food Hygienic Soc. Japan., 32(4): 301-307.
Sayago A., Sonia, G., Arranz, S., Serrano, J. and Goni, I. (2007). Dietary fiber content
and associated antioxidant compounds in roselle flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)
beverage. J. Agric. Food Chem., 55(19): 7886-7890.
Scalet, M., Federico, R., Guido, M. C. and Manes, F. (1995). Peroxidase activity and
polyamines changes in response to ozone and stimulate acid rain in Aleppopine
needles. Phytochem., 35: 417-425.
Scandalios, J. G. (1987). The antioxidant enzyme genes Cat and Sod of maize:
Regulation, functional significance and molecular biology. In: Rattazi, M. C.;
Scandalios, J. G.; Whitt, G. S., eds. Isozymes: Current Topics in Biological and
Medical Research.New York: Alan R. Liss., 19–43.
Schauer, N., Steinhauser, D., Strelkov, S., Schomburg D, Allison, G., Moritz, T.
Lundgrend,, K., Roessner-Tunali, U., Forbes, M. G. Willmitzer, L., Fernie, A. R.
and Kopka, J. (2005). Hypothesis GC–MS libraries for the rapid identification of
metabolites in complex biological samples. FEBS Lett., 579: 1332-1337.
376
Schmalfuss, H. and Reinike, I. (2001). Uber die Wirkung gestaffelter K-Gaben als
KCl and K2SO4 auf Ertrag and Gehalt an Wasser, N-Verbindungen, KCl and S-
Fraktionen von Spinatpflanzen in Gefassversuch. Bodonkunde., 91(136): 21-29.
Scholander, P. F., Hammel, H. T., Hemmimgsen, E. A. and Garey, W. (1962). Salt
balance in mangrove. Plant Physiol., 37: 722-729.
Schulte, E. E. and Kelling, K. A. (1999). Soil and applied manganese. Understanding
Plant Nutrients, A2526.
Seal, S. N. and Sen, S. P. (1970). The photosynthetic production of oxalic acid in
Oxalis corniculata. Plant Cell Physiol., 11: 119-128.
Seca, A. M. L., Silva, A. M. S., Silvestre, A. J. D., Cavaleiro, J. A. S., Domingues, F.
M. J. and Pascoal Neto, C. (2001 a). Phenolic constituents from the core of Kenaf
(Hibiscus cannabinus). Phytochem., 56(7): 759-767.
Seca, A. M. L., Silva, A. M. S., Silvestre, A. J. D., Cavaleiro, J. A. S., Domingues,
F. M. J. and Pascoal Neto, C. (2001 b). Lignanamides and other phenolic
constituents from the bark of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus). Phytochem., 58(8):
1219-1223.
Segura-Carretero, A., Puertas-Mejía, M. A., Cortacero-Ramírez, S., Beltrán, R.,
Alonso-Villaverde, C., Joven, J., Dinelli, G. and Fernández-Gutiérrez, A.
(2008).Selective extraction, separation and identification of anthocyanins from
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. using solid phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis-
mass spectrometry (time-of-flight /ion trap). Electrophoresis, 29(13): 2852-61.
Sekine, T.; Sasakawa, T.; Morita, S., Kimura, T. and Kuratom, K. (1965). In.
Laboratory manual for physiological studies of Rice (Eds.) S. Yoshida, D. Forno,
J. B. Cook and K. A. Gomez (Pub.) International Rice Research Institute,
Manila, India. 1972.
Sellers, T. and Reichert, N. A. (1999). Kenaf properties, processing and products.
Mississippi State Uni. MS.
Selvam, V. (2007). Trees and shrubs of the Maldives. Publisher Ministry of Fisheries,
Agriculture and Marine Resources, Maldives. Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture
and Marine Resources, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Pp.- 239.
377
Selvamangai, C. and Bhaskar, A. (2012).GC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in the
Methanolic Extract of Eupatorium triplinerve. Int. J. Drug Dev. Res., 4 (4): 148-
153.
Sen, A. and Batra, A. (2012). Chemical composition of methanol extract of the leaves
of Melia azedarach L. Asian J Pharm. Clin. Res., 5(3): 42-45.
Sermsri, N., Duuyapat, C. and Murata, Y. (1987). Studies on Roselle (Hibiscus
sabdariffa var. altissima L.) Japanese J. Crop. Sci. 56 (1): 64-69.
Serrano, R. (1989). Structure and function of plasma membrane ATPase. Annu. Rev.
Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 40: 61–94.
Shaalan, M. N., Abd El-Latif, T. A., Soliman, S. G. and El-Ghawas, E. O. (2001).
Effect of some chemical and biofertilizer treatments on roselle plants (Hibiscus
sabdariffa L.). Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 79: 587-606.
Shabala, L., Mackay, A., Tiyan, Y., Jacobsen, S. E., Zhou, D. and Shabala, S. (2012).
Oxidative stress protection and stomatal patterning as components of salinity
tolerance mechanism in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Physiol. Plant., 146 (1):
26-38.
Shabala, S. (2003). Regulation of potassium transport in leaves: from molecular to
tissue level. Annal. Bot., 92: 627-634.
Shaheen, N., Ajab, M., Hayat, M. Q. and Yasmin, G. (2009). Diversity of Foliar
trichomes and their systematic relevance in the genus Hibiscus (Malvaceae). Int.
J. Agric. Biol., 11: 279–284.
Shaikh J. U., Grice, I. D. and Tiralongo, E. (2011). Cytotoxic effects of bangladeshi
medicinal plant extracts. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative
Medicine., 2011: 1-7.
Shalata, A. and Tal, M. (1998). The effect of salt stress on lipid peroxidation and
antioxidants in the cultivated tomato and its wild salt tolerant relative
Lycopersicon pennellii. Physiol. Plant., 104: 169-174.
Sharaf, A. (1962). The pharmacological characteristics of Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
Planta Med., 10: 48–52.
378
Sharma, A. D., Thakur, M., Rana, M. and Singh, K. (2004). Effect of plant growth
hormones and abiotic stresses on germination, growth and phosphatase activities
in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench seeds. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 3: 308-312.
Sharma, P, Jha, A. B., Dubey, R. S. and Pessarakli, M. (2012). Reactive Oxygen
Species, Oxidative Damage and Antioxidative DefenseMechanism in Plants
under Stressful Conditions. Journal of Botany, 2012: 1-26.
Sharma, P. C., Mishra, B., Singh, R. K. and Singh, Y. P. (2001). Variability in the
response of spinach, fenugreek and coriander to alkalinity and salinity stresses.
Indian J. Plant Physiol., 6(3):229-233.
Sharma, P. N., Tripathi, A. and Bisht, S. S. (1995) Zinc requirement for stomatal
opening in cauliflower. Plant Physiol., 107: 751-756.
Sharma, V. and Ramawat, K. G. (2012). Salinity-induced modulation of growth and
antioxidant activity in the callus cultures of Miswak (Salvadora persica). 3
Biotech., 13205-012-0064-6.
Shaul, O. (2002). Magnesium transport and function in plants: the tip of the iceberg.
Bio Metals., 15: 309–323.
Shazra, A., Rasheed, S. and Ansari, A. A. (2008). Study on the Mangrove Ecosystem
in Maldives. Global J. Environ. Res., 2 (2): 84-86
Shchiparev, S. M. and Soldatenkov, S. V. (1972). Study of the biosynthesis and
metabolism of hydroxyl citric acid in the leaves of ambari (Hibiscus cannabinus
vulgaris). Fiziologiya Rastenii., (Moscow)19(6): 1261-1265.
Shekhawat, N. S., Jain, H. C. and Arya, H. C. (1980). Accumulation of aromatic
amino acids, the precursors of auxin and phenols in pearl millet infected with
Sclerospora graminicola. Comp. Physiol. Ecol., 5(1): 39-42.
Shen, B., Jensen, R. G. and Bohnert, H. J. (1997). Mannitol protects against oxidation
by hydroxyl radicals. Plant Physiol., 115: 527-532.
Shih, C.Y. and Kao, C. H. (1998). Methyl jasmonate induces acid phosphatase
activity in rice leaves. J. Plant Physiol., 152: 358-362.
Shikanai, T., Takeda, T., Yamauchi, H., Sano, S., Tomizawa, K.I., Yokota, A. and
Shigeoka, S. (1998). Inhibition of ascorbate peroxidase under oxidative stress in
tobacco having bacterial catalase in chloroplasts. FEBS Lett., 428: 47–51.
379
Shikanai, T., Muller-Moule, P., Munekage, Y., Niyogi, K. K. and Pilon, M. (2003).
PPA 1, a P-type ATPase of Arabidopsis, functions in copper transport in
chloroplasts. Plant Cell., 15: 1333-1346.
Shivali, Mahadevan, N. and Kamboj, P. (2010). Antihyperlipidemic effect of
hydroalcoholic extract of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) leaves in high fat diet
fed rats. Annals of Biological Research, 1 (3): 174-181.
ShivRaj, A. (1978). An introduction to physiology of field crops. IBH publication.
Shkolnik, M. Y. (1984). Trace elements in Plants. Elsevier, New York.
Shome, A. (1981). X-ray Irradiation of Excised Embryos of Mesta (Hibiscus
cannabinus L. and Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Theor. Appl. Genet., 59: 11-15.
Shomer-Ilan, A. and Waisel, Y. (1973). The effect of sodium chloride on balance
between C3 and C4 carbon fixation pathways. Physiol. Plantarum., 29: 190-193.
Sibole, J. V., Cabot, C., Poschenrieder, C. and Barcelo, J. (2003). Efficient leaf
partitioning, an overriding condition for abscisic acid controlled stomatal and leaf
growth responses to NaCl salinization in two legumes. J. Exp. Bot., 54: 2111–
2119.
Sidari, M., Santonoceto, C., Anastasi, U., Preiti, G. and Muscolo, A. (2008).
Variations in four genotypes of lentil under NaCl salinity stress. Am. J. Agric.
Biol. Sci., 3(1): 410-416.
Siddiqui, M., Zhai, W., Amy, G. and Mysore, C. (1996). Bromate ion removal by
activated carbon. Water Res., 30(7): 1651-1660.
Sie, S. R., Charles, G., Sakhanokho, H. F., Toueix, Y., Djè, Y., Sangaré, A. and
Branchard, M. (2010). Protocols for callus and somatic embryo initiation for
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae): Influence of explant type, sugar and plant
growth regulators 1Université d’Abobo-Adjamé, Laboratoire. AJCS., 4(2):98-
106.
Siegel, S. M., Chen, J., Kottenmeier, W. Clark, K., Siegel, B. Z. and Chang, H.
(1982). Reduction in peroxidase in Cucumis, Brassica and other seedlings
cultured in saline waters. Phytochemistry., 21: 539-542.
380
Siepe, T., Ventrella, D. and Lapenta, E. (1997). Evaluation of genetic variability in a
collection of Hibiscus cannabinus (L.) and Hibiscus spp. (L.). Ind. Crop Prod. 6:
343-352.
Silberbush, M. and Ben-Asher, J. (1987). The effect of salinity parameters of
potassium and nitrate uptake of cotton. Communication Soil Sci. Plant Analysis.,
18: 65-81.
Silva, S. A. F. (1966). Notas sobre a anatomia e pólen de Hibiscus tiliaceus e H.
pernambucensis. Sellowia., 18: 105-108.
Simoens, P. and Van Damme, P. L. (1988). Germination capacity of Hibiscus
sabdariffa L. in saline soils. Mededelingen van de Faclteit
Landbouwwetenschappen Universiteit Gent., 53(1): 161-168.
Simon-Sarkadi, L., Kocsy, G. and Sebestyen, Z. (2002). Effect of salt stress on free
amino acid and polyamine content in cereals. Acta Biologia Szegediensis., 46:
73-75.
Singh, B., Senthil Kumar, A., Natesan, B., Singh, K. and Usha, K. (2005). Improving
zinc use efficiency of cereals under zinc deficiency. Curr. Sci., 88: 36-44.
Singh, D. and Sharma, P. C. (2010). Effect of NaCl stress in photosynthesis
characteristics and antioxidant enzymes in rice cultivars. Indian J. Plant Physiol.,
15 (3): 255-258.
Singh, D. P. (1988). Breeding mesta Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa l.
For better quality 1. Induction of mutations superior in fats fatty acids and amino
acid contents. Genetica Agraria., 42(3): 273-282.
Singh, D. P. (2010). Mesta (Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa) Online
available at Central Research Institute for Jute and allied fibres. Barrackpore 743,
24-Parganas (North) West Bengal, India.
Singh, D. P. and Mitra, G. C. (1967). X-irradiation effects on Hibiscus cannabinus L.
and Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Genetica Agraria., 21(1/2/3): 86-100.
Singh, R., Issar, D., Zala, P. V. and Nautiyal, P. C. (2007). Variation in sensitivity to
salinity in groundnut cultivars during seed germination and early seedling
growth. SAT ejournal., 5 (1): 1-7.
381
Singh, S. S., Mishra, A. K. and Upadhyay, R. S. (2010). Potentiality of Azolla as a
suitable P-biofertilizer under salinity through acid phosphatase activity.
Ecological Engineering, 36:1076–1082.
Singh, S. S., Singh, S. K. and Mishra, A. K. (2008 a). Regulation of Na+ ion by
combined-N sources in Azolla pinnata–Anabaena azollae symbiotic association
during salt toxicity. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety., 69: 32–38.
Singh, S. S., Upadhyay, R. S. and Mishra, A. K. (2008 b). Physiological interactions
in Azolla–Anabaena system adapting to the salt stress. J. Plant Interact., 3: 145–
155.
Singh, V. L. and Tiwari, H. N. (1984). Modification of mutagenic effectiveness and
efficiency of ethyl methanesulfonate with streptomycin in Hibiscus sabdariffa .
Indian J. Forestry., 7(2): 105-109.
Sinha, P., Dube, B. and Chatterjee, C. (2002). Influence of boron stress on biomass,
yield, metabolism and quality of groundnut. Indian J. Plant Physiol., 7: 131-134.
Siso, S., Camarero, J. J. and Gil-Pelegrin, E. (2001). Relationship between hydraulic
resistance and leaf morphology in broadleaf Quercus species: a new
interpretation of leaf lobation. Trees Struct Function., 15: 341–345.
Sivarajan V. V. and Pradeep, A. K. (1996). Malvaceae of Southern Peninsular India:
A Taxonomic Monograph. Department of Botany, University of Calicat-673 635.
(Publ.) Daya Publishing House, Delhi-110 035.
Skovsted, A. (1941). Chromosome numbers in the Malvaceae. II Compt. Rend. Lab.
Carleberg. Ser. Physiol., 23(14): 195-242.
Small, T. and Rhoden, E. G. (1991). Dry matter production and nitrogen uptake of
roselle. Hort Sci., 26(6):738.
Smirnoff, N. (1995). The role of active oxygen in the response of plants to water
deficit and desiccation. New Phytol., 125: 27-58.
Smirnoff, N. (1996). The function and metabolism of ascorbic acid in plants. Ann.
Bot., 78: 661-669.
Smirnoff, N. (1998). Plant resistance to environmental stress. Current Opinion in
Biotechnology., 9: 214-219.
382
Smirnoff, N. (2000). Ascorbic acid: metabolism and functions of a multi-faceted
molecule. Curr. Opinion Plant Biol., 3: 229-235.
Smirnoff, N. and Colombe, S. V. (1988). Drought influences the activity of enzymes
of the chloroplast hydrogen peroxide scavenging system. J. Exp. Bot., 39: 1097-
1108.
Smirnoff, N. and Cumbes, Q. J. (1989). Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of
compatible solutes. Phytochem., 28: 1057–1060.
*Smith, A. C. (1981). Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes
Only). Volume 2. Pacifc Tropical Bo-tanical Garden, Lāwa‘i, Hawai‘i.
Soave, R. C. F., Mendes, J. A. and Beltrati, C. M. (1990). Morphological and
anatomical studies of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. seeds. Arquivos-de-Biologia-e-
Technologia., 33(1): 141-148.
Sobhan, M. A. and Husain, M. (1986). Inheritance in roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa
L.). Bangladesh J. Agric., 11(4): 9-13.
Song, J., Fan, H., Zhao, Y. Y., Jia, Y. H., Du, X. H. and Wang, B. S. (2008). Effect of
salinity on germination, seedling emergence, seedling growth and ion
accumulation of a euhalophyte Suaeda salsa in an intertidal zone and on saline
inland. Aquat. Bot., 88: 331-337.
Sonneveld, C. and de Kreiji, C. (1999). Response of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
to an unequal distribution of salts in the root environment. Plant Soil., 209: 47–
56.
Sonneveld, C. and Van Der Burg, M. M. (1991). Sodium chloride salinity in fruit
vegetable crops in soil less culture. Neth. J. Agri. Sci., 39: 115-122.
Sorkheh, K., Shiran, B., Rouhi, V., Khodambashi, M. and Sofo, A. (2012). Salt
stress induction of some key antioxidant enzymes and metabolites in eight
Iranian wild almond species. Acta Physiol. Plant., 34: 203–213.
Sotiropoulos, T. E., Molassiotis, A., Almaliotis, D., Mouhtaridou, G., Dimassi, K.,
Therios, I. and Diamantidis, G. (2006). Growth, nutritional status, chlorophyll
content and antioxidant response of the apple rootstock MM 111 shoots cultured
under high boron concentrations in vitro. J. Plant Nutr., 29: 575–583.
383
Soto, R. (1992). Nutrient concentration and retranslocation in coastal vegetation and
mangroves from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Brenesia., 37: 33-50.
Sreenivasulu, N., Grimm, B. and Wobus, U. (2002). Differential response of
antioxidant compounds to salinity stress in salt tolerant and salt sensitive seedling
of foxital millet (Setaria italica). Physiol. Plant., 109: 435-442.
Srivastava, O. P. and Van Huystee, R. B. (1973). Evidence for close association of
peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and IAA oxidase isoforms of peanuts suspension
culture medium. Can. J. Bot., 51: 2207-2215.
Srivastava, S. K., Pandey, B. P. and Lal, R. S. (1978). Combining ability in a six
parent diallel cross in mesta. Ind. J. Agric.Sci., 49 (9): 724-730.
Srivatanakul, M., Park, S. H., Sanders, J. R., Salas, M. G. and Smith, R. H. (2000).
Multiple shoot regeneration of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) from a shoot apex
culture system. Plant Cell Rep., 19: 1165–1170.
Staples, G.W. and Herbst, D.R. (2005). A tropical garden flora: Plants cultivated in
the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu,
HI, U.S.A.
Starck, K. (1963). Effect of boron on the cell wall structure of sunflower. Acta Soc.
Bot. Pol., 32: 619-623.
Stern, W. L. and Voigt, G. K. (1959). Effect of salt concentration on growth of Red
mangrove in culture. Botanical Gazette., 121(1): 36-39.
Stewart, G. R. and Larher, F. (1980). Accumulation of amino acids and related
compounds in relation to environmental stress. In "The Biochemistry of Plants"
(BJ Miflin ed), Vol. 5, Academic Press, New York, pp. 609-635.
Stipanovic, R. D., Puckhaber, L. S., Reibenspies, J. H. and Williams, H. J. (2006).
The absolute configuration of (-)-3-hydroxy-alpha-calacorene. Phytochem.,
67(13): 1304-8.
Stoeva, N. and Kaymakanova, M. (2008). Effect of salt stress on the growth and
photosynthesis rate of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J. Central Eur. Agri.,
9 (3): 385-392.
384
Stok, B. P., Tanczos, O. G., Kahr, M. and Stuiver, C. E. E. (Bep). (1981). Transport of
Mg2+
and Ca2+
and Mg2+
-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity in oat roots
as affected by mineral nutrition. Physiol plant., 52: 115-123.
Stoop, J. H. M. and Pharr, D. M. (1994). Growth substrate and nutrient salt
environment alter Mannitol-hexose portioning in celery petioles. J. Am. Soc.
Hort. Sci.,119:237.
*Storey, R. and Wyn Jones, R. G. (1975). Betaine and proline levels in plants and
their relationship to NaCl stress. Plant Sci. Lett., 4: 161-168.
Storey, R. and Wyn Jones, R. G. (1978). Salt stress and comparative physiology in the
Gramineae. I. Ion relations of salt and water-stressed barley cultivars, California
Mariout and Arimar. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 5: 801-816.
Strain, J. J. and Cashman, K. D. (2003). Minerals and trace elements. In: Introduction
to Human nutrition. (eds.) M. J. Gibney, H. H. Vorster and F. J. Kok (Publ.)
Blackwell Publishing Pp. 177-224.
Streb, S., Delatte, T., Umhang, M., Eicke, S., Schorderet, M., Reinhardt, D. and
Zeeman, S.C. (2008). Starch granule biosynthesis in Arabidopsis is abolished by
removal of all debranching enzymes but restored by the subsequent removal of
an endoamylase. The Plant Cell., 20: 3448-3466.
Strogonov, B. P. (1964). Physiological basis of salt tolerance of plants. (Trans.)
Poljakoff-Mayber, A. and Mayer, A. M. Israel Program Sci. Transl., Jerusalem.
Pp. 279.
Strogonov, B. P. (1974). Structure and function of plant cell in saline habitats. New
York, Toronto: Wiley.
Strogonov, B. P. (1970). Structure and function of plant cells in saline habitats. Israel
Programme for Scientific Translation. Jerusalem.
Suboh, S. M., Bilto, Y. Y. and Aburjai, T. A. (2004). Protective effects of selected
medicinal plants against protein degradation, lipid peroxidation and
deformability loss of oxidatively stressed human erythrocytes. Phytother. Res.,
18(4): 280-4.
385
Sudhakar, C., Lakshmi, A. and Giridarakumar, S. (2001). Changes in the antioxidant
enzyme efficacy in two high yielding genotypes of mulberry (Morus alba L.)
under NaCl salinity. Plant Sci., 161: 613- 619.
Sugimoto, N., Takeda, G., Nagato, Y. and Yamaguchi, J. (1998). Temporal and
spatial expression of the α-amylase gene during seed germination in rice and
barley. Plant Cell Physiol., 39: 323–333.
Sultana, B., Anwar, F. and Iqbal, S. (2008). Effect of different cooking methods on
the antioxidant activity of some vegetables from Pakistan. Int. J. Food Sci.
Technol., 43: 560-567.
Sumner, L. W., Mendes, P. and Dixon, R. A. (2003). Plant metabolomics: large-scale
phytochemistry in the functional genomics era. Phytochem., 62: 817-836.
Sun, F., Zhang, W., Hu, H., Li, B., Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, K., Liu, M. and Li, X.
(2008). Salt modulates gravity signaling pathway to regulate growth direction of
primary roots in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 146(1): 178-88.
Sundararaj, D. D., Balasundramaniyan, G. and Soundrapandian, G. (1966).
Pretreatment of the seeds of Prosopis juliflora DC. for improving germination.
Madras Agric. J., 53: 259-261.
Sundararajan, R., Haja, N. A., Venkatesan, K., Mukherjee, K., Saha, B. P.,
Bandyopadhyay, A. and Mukherjee, A. K. (2006). Cytisus scoparius link-A
natural antioxidant. BMC. Comp. Alter. Med., 6: 1-7.
Sutcliffe, J. F. (1962). Mineral salt absorption in plants. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Swingle, R.S., Urias, A.R., Doyle, J.C. and Voigt, R.L. (1978). Chemical composition
of Kenaf forage and its digestibility by lambs and in vitro. J. Animal Sci., 46,
1346–1350.
Szarka, A., Horemans, N., Kovacs, Z., Grof, P., Mayer, M. and Banhegyi, G. (2007).
Dehydroascorbate reduction in plant mitochondria is coupled to the respiratory
electron transfer chain. Physiol. Plant., 129: 225-232.
Szczerba, M. W., Britto, D. T., Balkos, K. D. and Kronzucker, H. J. (2008).
Alleviation of rapid, futile ammonium cycling at the plasma membrane by
potassium reveals K+-sensitive and insensitive components of NH4+ transport. J
Exp Bot., 59: 303-313.
386
Sze, H., Liang, F., Hwang, I., Curran, A. C. and Harper, J. F. (2000). Diversity and
regulation of plant Ca2+
pumps: insights from expression in yeast. Annu. Rev.
Plant. Mol. Plant Physiol., 51: 433–462.
Sze, H., Ward, J. M., Lai, S. and Perera, I. (1992). Vacuolar-type H+-translocating
ATPases in plant endomembranes: subunit organization and multigene family. J.
Exp. Biol., 172: 123-135.
Tabaldi, L. A., Ruppenthal, R., Cargnelutti, D., Morsch,V. M., Pereira, L. B. and
Schetinger, M. R.C. (2007). Effects of metal elements on acid phosphatase
activity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings. Env. Exp. Bot.,59: 43–48.
Tahery, Y. (2011). Growth characteristics and biomass production of Kenaf. African
J. Biotechnol., 10(63):13756-13761.
Taiz, L. (1992). The Plant Vacuole. J. Exp. Biol., 172: 113-122.
Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (1998). Plant physiology. 2.ed. Sunderland: Sinauer
Associates,. 792p.
Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2006). Plant Physiology. IVth
(edit.) (Publ.) Sinauer
Associates, Inc., Publishers, Massachusetts.
Taiz, S. L. and Taiz, L. (1991). Ultrastructural comparison of the vacuolar and
mitochondrial H+-ATPases of Daucus carota. Bot. Acta., 104: 117-121.
Takahashi, M., Adam, S. E., Konaka, D. and Morikawa, H. (2008). Nitrogen dioxide
at an ambient level improves the capability of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) to
decontaminate cadmium. Int. J. Phytoremediation., 10(1):73-6.
Takahashi, M., Konaka, D., Sakamoto, A. and Morikawa, H. (2005). Nocturnal
uptake and assimilation of nitrogen dioxide by C3 and CAM plants. Z.
Naturforsch. C., 60(3-4):279-84.
Takayama, K., Ohi-Toma, T., Kudoh, H. and Kato, H. (2005). Origin and
diversification of Hibiscus glaber, species endemic to the oceanic Bonin Islands,
revealed by chloroplast DNA polymorphism. Molecular Ecol., 14: 1059–1071.
Takayama, K., Kajita, T., Murata, J. and Tateishi, Y. (2006). Phytogeography and
genetic structure of Hibiscus tiliaceus speciation of a pantropical plant with sea-
drifted seeds. Mol. Ecol., 15: 2871-2881.
387
Talaat, I. M. and Youssef, A. A. (1998). Response of roselle plants (Hibiscus
sabdariffa L.) to some growth regulating substances. Egypt. J. Physiol. Sci., 22:
327–338.
Taleisnik, K. L. (1987). Salinity effects on growth and carbon balance in
Lycopersicon esculentum and L. pennelli. Physiol. Plantarum., 71: 213-218.
Talwalkar, R. T. and Patel, S. M. (1962). Nutritive value of some leaf-proteins. I.
Amino-acid composition of Trigonella foenum-graecum and Hibiscus
cannabinus. Ann Biochem Exp Med., 22: 289-294.
Tanaka, T. (1976). Tanaka’s Cyclopedia of Edible plants of the world. (Ed.) S. Nakao.
(Publ.) Keigaku Publishing Co. Published by Yagaku-Sha Ltd. Tokyo, Japan. Pp.
362-363.
Tanaka, M. and Fujiwara, T. (2008). Physiological roles and transport mechanisms of
boron: Perspectives from plants. Pflugers Arch., 456: 671–677.
Tang, T., Zhong, Y., Jian, S. and Shi, S. (2003). Genetic diversity of Hibiscus
tiliaceus (Malvaceae) in China assessed using AFLP markers. Annal. Bot.,
92:409-414.
Tanji, K., Grattan,S., Grieve,C., Harivandi, A., Rollins, L., Shaw, D., Sheikh, B. and
Wu, L. (2008). Salt Management Guide for Landscape Irrigation with Recycled
Water in Coastal Southern California A Comprehensive Literature Review.
Tavakkoli, E., Fatehi, F., Rengasamy, P. and McDonald, G. K. (2012). A comparison
of hydroponic and soil-based screening methods to identify salt tolerance in the
field in barley. J. Exp.Bot., 63: 3853–3868.
Teakle, N. L. and Tyerman, S. D. (2010). Mechanisms of Cl- transport contributing to
salt tolerance Plant, Cell Environ., 33: 566–589.
Tee, P. L., Yusef, S. and Mohamed, S. (2002). Antioxidative properties of roselle
(Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in linoleic acid model system. Nutr. Food. Sci., 32: 17-
20.
Tejaswini, Sheriff R. A. and Sarma, M. S. (1995). Heterosis, potence ratio and
inbreeding depression in roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa (L.) var. altissima). Indian
J. Genet. Plant Breed., 55(4): 359-361.
388
Termaat, A. and Munns, R. (1986). Use of concentrated macronutrient solutions to
separate osmotic from NaCl-specific effects on plant growth. Austr. J Plant
Physiol., 13: 509-522.
Termaat, A., Passioura, J. B. and Munns, R. (1985). Shoot turgor does not limit shoot
growth of NaCl affected wheat and barley. Plant Physiol., 77: 869-872.
Terry, N. (1977). Photosynthesis, growth and the role of chloride. Plant Physiol., 60:
69-75.
Tester, M. and Davenport, R. J. (2003). Na+
tolerance and Na+ transport in higher
plants. Annal. Bot., 91: 503–527.
Thaipong, K., Boonprakob, U., Crosby, K., Cisneros-Zevallos, L. and Byrne, D. H.
(2006). Comparison of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assays for estimating
antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts. J. Food Compos. Anal., 19: 669–
675.
Thayer, S. S. and Bjorkman, O. (1990). Leaf xanthophyll content and composition in
sun and shade determined by HPLC. Photo. Res., 23 (3): 331-343.
Thirthamallappa and Sheriff, R. A. (1992). Combining ability in roselle (Hibiscus
sabdariffa L. var. altissima). Indian J. Genet. Plant Breeding., 52(4): 367-368.
Thomas, J. R. (1980). Osmotic and specific salt effects on growth of cotton. Agron. J.,
72: 407-412.
Thomas, M. and Beevers, M. (1949). Physiological studies in acid metabolism in
green plants II. Evidence of CO2 fixation in Bryophyllum calycinum and the
study of diurnal fluctuations in genus. New Phytol., 48: 421-447.
Tiffin, L. O. (1970). Translocation of iron citrate and phosphorus in xylem exudate of
soybean. Plant Physiol., 45: 280-283.
Tjio, J. H. (1948). The somatic chromosomes of some tropical plants. Hereditas, 34:
135-146.
Tkhin, F. V., Makhsudova, B. and Otroshchenko, O. S. (1981 a). Dynamics of The
Accumulation of The Flavan Compounds of Hibiscus cannabinus. Chem. Nat.
Compounds., 17(5): 398-400.
389
Tkhin, F. V., Makhsudova, B. and Otroshchenko, O. S. (1981 b). Catechins of The
Roots of Hibiscus cannabinus Cultivated In Vietnam. Chem. Nat. Compounds.,
17(6): 801-802.
Tkhin, F. T., Makhsudova, B. and Otroshchenko, O. S. (1982). Dimeric
proantocyanidins from Hibiscus cannabinus. Khimiya Prirodnykkh Soedinenii.,
3:336-340.
Tobe, K., Li, X. and Omasa, K. (2002). Effects of temperature on seed germination
and radical survival of Kalidium capsicum (Chenopodiaceae). Aust. J. Bot., 50:
163-169.
Todd, G. W. and Yoo, B.Y. (1964). Enzymatic changes in detached wheat leaves as
affected by water stress. Phyton, (Buenos Aires), 21:61.
Tolibaev, I., Mikhamedova, KH. S. and Akramov, S. T. (1976). N-acetylated
phospholipids and lyso phospholipids in Kenaf seeds. Khimiya Prirodnykkh
Soedinenii., 6:723-725.
Tolibaev, I., Mikhamedova, KH. S. and Akramov, S. T. (1977 a). Phospholipids of
seeds of Deccan hemp cultivar Uzbeskii-1574. Khimiya Prirodnykkh Soedinenii.,
6: 776-780.
Tolibaev, I., Mikhamedova, KH. S. and Akramov, S. T. (1977 b). Phospholipids of
seeds of Deccan hemp cultivar Uzbeskii-1503. Khimiya Prirodnykkh Soedinenii.,
4: 485-487.
Tolibaev, I., Mikhamedova, KH. S. and Akramov, S. T. (1981). Phospholipids from
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) during growth. Khimiya Prirodnykkh Soedinenii.,
2:157-160.
Tomana, T. and Yamada, H. (1988). Relationship between temperature and fruit
quality of apple cultivars grown at different locations. J. Jpn. Soc. Hortic. Sci.,
56: 391-397.
Tomlinson, P. B. (1986). Malvaceae. In: The Botany Of Mangroves, (Eds.)
Tomlinson, P. B.; Raven, P. H.; Janzen, D. H., Hubbell, S. P. and Ashton, P. S.
(Publ.) Cambridge University Press. Pp-5, 267,268.
390
Toole, E. H., Toole, V. K. and Nelson, E. G. (1960). Preservation of Hemp and Kenaf
Seed. US Department of Agriculture. Technical Bulletin 1215. US Gov. Print
Office, Washington, DC.
Toth, S. J., Prince, A. L., Wallace, A. and Mikkelsen, D. S. (1948). Rapid
quantitative determination of eight mineral elements in plant tissue vy systematic
procedure involving use of a flame photometer. Soil Sci., 66 : 459-466.
Tozlu, I., Moore, G. A. and Guy, C. L. (2000). Effects of increasing NaCl
concentration on stemelongation, drymass production and macro- and micro-
nutrient accumulation in Poncirus trifoliate. Australian J. Plant Physiol., 27 (1):
35–42.
Trang, N. T. D. (2004). Integrated use of constructed wetlands for livestock
wastewater treatment and fodder production. A thesis submitted to Senate
Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of the degree of Master of Science.
Triplett, E. W., Barnett, N. M. and Blevins, D. G. (1980). Organic acids and ionic
balance in xylem exudates of wheat during nitrate and sulphate absorption. Plant
Physiol., 65: 610-613.
Trivedi, P. C. (1997). The Medicinal and Poisonous Legumes. Scientific Publishers,
Jodhpur342 001.
Tsai, P. J., McIntosh, J., Pearce, P., Camden, B. and Jordan, B. R. (2002).
Anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity in Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extract.
Food Res. Int. 35(4): 351-356.
Tseng, T. H., Kao, E. S., Chu, C. Y., Chou, F. P., Wu, Lin, H. W. and Wang, C. J.
(1997). Protective effects of dried flower extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
against oxidative stress in rat primary hepatocytes. Food Chem.Toxicol., 35(12):
1159-64.
Tunçtürk, M., Tunçtürk, R., Yildirim, B. and Çiftç, V. (2011). Changes of
micronutrients, dry weight and plant development in canola (Brassica napus L.)
cultivars under salt stress. African J. Biotech., 10(19): 3726-3730.
Turner, W. and Plaxton, W.C. (2001). Purification and characterization of banana
fruit acid phosphatase. Planta, 214: 243–249.
391
Uddin, M. K., Juraimi, A. S., Ismail, M.R. and Alam, M. A. (2012). The effect of
salinity on growth and ion accumulation in six turfgrass species. Plant Omics J.,
5(3): 244-252.
Ueki K. and Sato, S. (1977). Regulation of phosphate synthesis by orthophosphate in
cultured tobacco cells. Plant Cell Physiol., 18: 1253–1263.
Umemura, T. A., Perata, P., Futsuhara, Y. and Yamaguchi, J. (1998). Sugar sensing
and α-amylase gene repression in rice embryos. Planta., 204: 420–428.
Ungar, I. A. (1968). Species-soil relationships on the Great Salt Plains, northern Okla-
homa. Ibid., 80: 392-406.
Ungar, I. A. (1978). Halophyte seed germination. Bot. Review., 44: 233-263.
Ungar, I. A. and Binet, P. (1975). Factors influencing seed dormancy in Spergularia
media (L.) C. Presl. Aquat. Bot., 1: 45–55.
Vaidya, K. R. (1994). An induced female sterile mutant in roselle (Hibiscus
sabdariffa L.). Revista Brasileira de Genetica.,17(3): 309-311.
Valdez-Aguilar, L. A., Grieve, C. M., Poss, J. and Mellano, M. A. (2009).
Hypersensitivity of Ranunculus asiaticus to salinity and alkaline pH in irrigation
water in sand cultures. Hort. Sci., 44:138–144.
Van Den Berg, C. (1950). The reactions of field crops to the salt content of the soil.
Versl.Landbouwk, Onderz., 56: 80-82.
Venkatesalu, V. and Chellppan, K. P. (1988). Photosynthetic studies in succulent
halophytes. Geiobios., 15: 49-52.
Vera-Estrella, R., Barkla, B. J.,Garcia-Ramirez, L. and Pantoja, O. (2005). Salt stress
in Thellungiella halophila activates Na+ transport mechanisms required for
salinity tolerance. Plant Physiol., 139: 1507-1517.
Vianello, A., Zancani, M., Nagy, G. and Macri, F. (1997). Guaiacol peroxidase
associated to soybean root plasma membranes oxidizes ascorbate. J. Plant
Physiol., 150: 573–577.
Vincent, J. B., Crowder, M. W. and Averill, B. A. (1992). Hydrolysis of phosphate
monoesters: a biological problem with multiple chemical solusions. Trends
Biochem. Sci., 17: 105-110.
392
Vincente, O., Boscaiu, M., Naranjo, M. A., Estrelles, E., Belles, J. M. and Soriano, P.
(2004). Responses to salt stres in halophyte Plantago crassifolia
(Plantaginaceae). J. Arid Environ., 58: 463-481.
Vinson, J. A., Yong, H., Xuchui, S., Zubik, L. (1998). Phenol antioxidant quantity
and quality in foods: vegetables. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 46: 3630-3634.
Vitart, V., Baxter, I., Doerner, P. and Harper, J. F. (2001). Evidence for a role in
growth and salt resistance of a plasma membrane H+-ATPase in the root
endodermis. Plant J., 27: 191-201.
von Uexkull, H. R. (1990). Chloride in the nutrition of coconut and oil palm.
Transactions 14th
International Congress of Soil Science, Kyoto, Japan, 12-18
August 1990. Volume IV: 134-139.
Vorster, H. H. and Hautvast, J. (2003). Introduction to Human Nutrition : A global
perspective on food and nutrition. In: Introduction to Human Nutrition. (eds.) M.
J. Gibney, H. H. Vorster and F. J. Kok (Publ.) Blackwell Publishing Pp. 1-12.
Voulgaridis, E. , Passialis, C. and Grigoriou, A. (2000). Anatomical characteristics
and properties of Kenaf stems (Hibiscus cannabinus). IAWA Journal., 21(4):
435-442.
Vranova, E., Inzé, D. and Van Breusegem, F. (2002). Signal transduction during
oxidative stress. J. Expt. Bot., 53(372): 1227-1236.
Wadkar, P. R. (1989). Studies in salt tolerance of Crotolaria L. species. A Ph. D.
thesis, submitted to Shivaji University, Kolhapur, (MS) India.
Wagner, H. and Farkas, L. (1975). Synthesis of Flavonoids. In: The Flavonoids. (eds.)
J. B. Harborne, J. J. Mabry and H. Mabry, (Publ.) Chapman and Hall Ltd. 11
New Fetter Lane London. Pp.-127-213.
Wagner, H. and Bladt, S. (2003). Plant Drug analysis. A thin leyer chromatography
atlas Ed. U. Publication. Springer.
Wagner, S. (1996). Plant Drug Analysis - A Thin Layers Chromatogratlas. 2nd
Ed.
Springer. Pp.-195-197.
Wagner, W. L., Herbst, D. R. and Sohmer, S. H. (1990). Manual of the flowering
plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press,
Honolulu.
393
Wahid, A. (2007). Physiological implications of metabolites biosynthesis in net
assimilation and heat stress tolerance of sugarcane sprouts. J. Plant Res., 120:
219-228.
Wahid, A. and Ghazanfar, A. (2006). Possible involvement of some secondary
metabolites in salt tolerance of sugarcane. J. Plant Physiol., 163: 723-730.
Waisel, Y. (1972). Biology of Halophytes. Academic press New York. page 395.
Wakeel, A., Suemer, A., Hanstein, S., Yan, F. and Schubert, S. (2011). In vitro effect
of different Na+/K+ ratios on plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity in maize
and sugar beet shoot. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 49(3): 341-345.
Walker, K. E. and Taiz, L. (1988). Characterization of the vacuolar proton pumps of
the cortex, stele and tip of maize roots: effects of salinity. Bot. Acta., 101: 182-
186.
Wallace, A., Ramney, E. H. and Mueller, R. T. (1982). Sodium relations in desert
plants: 7. Effects of Sodium chloride on Atriplex polycarpa and A.canescens.
Soil Sci., 134: 65-68.
Walling, C. (1998). Intermediates in the reactions of Fenton type reagents. Acc. Chem.
Res., 31:155−157.
Wang, B., Luttge, U. and Ratajczak, R. (2001). Effects of salt treatment and osmotic
stress on V-ATPase and V-PPase in leaves of halophyte Suaeda salsa. J. Exp.
Bot., 52: 2355-2365.
Wang, B. L., Shi, L., Li, Y. L. and Zhang, W. H. (2010 a). Boron toxicity is
alleviated by hydrogen sulfide in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings.
Planta., 231:1301-1309.
Wang, B. S., Ratajczak, R. and Zhang, J. H. (2000). Activity, amount and subunit
composition of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase and H+ PPase in wheat roots under
severe NaCl stress. J. Plant Physiol., 157: 109-116.
Wang, X. B., Wu, Q., Ito, T., Cillo, F., Li, W. X., Chen, X., Yu, J. L. and Ding, S. W.
(2010 b). RNAi-mediated viral immunity requires amplification of virus-derived
siRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 107: 484-489.
*Warburg, O. and Luttgens, W. (1946). Photochemische Reduktion des Chinons in
grunen Zellen und Granula. Biochimia, 11: 321-322.
394
Ward, M. R., Aslam, M. and Huffaker, R. C. (1986). Enhancement of nitrate uptake
and growth of barley seedlings by Ca under saline conditions. Plant Physiol., 80:
520-524.
Warner, R. M. and Erwin, J. E. (2003). Effect of photoperiod and daily light integral
on flowering of five Hibiscus sp. Sci. Hort., 97 (3-4): 341-351.
Watson, M. C., Banuelos, G. S., O’Leary, J. W. and Riley, J. J. (1994). Trace element
composition of Atriplex grown with saline drainage water. Agri. Ecosys.
Environ., 48: 157-167.
Watt, (1890). Watt Dictionary Economic production. 4: 243.
Watt, J. M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M. G. (1962). The medicinal and poisonous plants
of Southern and Eastern Africa. (eds.) Watt J. M. and Breyer-Brandwijik, M. G.
(2nd
ed.). (Publ.) E. and S. Livingstone, Ltd., Edinburgh and London. Pp.-1457.
Webb, E. L., Brooks, J. S and Jensen, M. L. (1999). Effects of topography on rain
forest tree community structure and diversity in American Samoa and
implications for frugivore and nectarivore populations. J. Biogeogr., 26: 887-897.
Webber, C. L. III. (1992). Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) yield components as
affected by sewage sludge applications. Proc. TAPPI Pulping Conf. pp. 57-62.
Webber, C. L. III and Bledsoe, R. E. (1993). Kenaf: Production, Harvesting and
Products. In: J. Janick and J. E. Simon (eds.), New crops. Wiley, New York.
p.416-421.
Webber, C. L. III and Bledsoe, V. K. (2002). Kenaf Yield Components and Plant
Compositions. In:Trends in New Crops and New Uses. (Eds.) J. Janick and A.
Whipkey. ASHS Press, Alexandria,VA. Pp- 348-357.
Webster, P. J. (1920). The cultivation and uses of roselle. Philip. Agric. Rev., 13: 89-
99.
Weimberg, R. (1970). Enzyme levels in pea seedlings grown in highly salinized
media. Plant Physiol., 46: 466-470.
Whistler, W. A. (1980). The Vegetation of Eastern Samoa. Allertonia., 2: 45-158.
White, G. A., Adamson, W. C., Whiteley, E. L. and Massey, J. H. (1971). Emergence
of Kenaf seedlings as affected by seed fungicides. Agron. J., 63: 484 486.
395
White, P. J. (2000). Calcium channels in higher plants. Biochemica et Biophysica
Acta., 1465: 171-189.
White, P. J. (2001). The pathways of calcium movement to the xylem. J. Expt. Bot.,
52: 891-899.
White, P. J. and Broadley, M. R. (2003). Calcium in plants. Ann. Bot., 92: 487–511.
Wiam, I. M., Sonfada, M. L., Oke, B. O., Kwari, H. D. and Onyeyili, P A . (2006).
Lawsonia inermis and Hibiscus sabdariffa: Posible histological stains. Tropical
Veterinarian., 24 (1 2): 1-5.
Wilkinson, S. R., Welch, R. M., Mayland, H. F. and Grunes, D. L. (1990).
Magnesium in Plants: Uptake, Distribution, Function and Utilization by Man and
Animals. In: ‘Metal ions in Biological systems’. (Eds.) H. Sigel and A. Sigel.
Compendium on Magnesium and Its Role in Biology Nutrition and Physiology,
MARCEL DEKKER, INC New York and Basel vol. 26.
Willekens, H., Chamnongpol, S., Davey, M., Schraudner, M., Langebartels, C.,
Montagu, M. V., Inze, D. and Van Camp, W. (1997). Catalase is a sink for H2O2
and is indispensable for stress defence in C3 plants. The EMBO J., 16(16): 4806–
4816.
Wilson, C. and Madore, M. A. (1995). Effect of mannose on the plasma membrane
ATPase from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves. Plant Sci., 104 (2): 153-160.
Wimmer, M. A., Mühling, K. H. Läuchli, A., Brown, P. H. and Goldbach, H. E.
(2003). The interaction between salinity and boron toxicity affects the subcellular
distribution of ions and proteins in wheat leaves. Plant Cell Envrion., 26:1267-
1274.
Winicov, I. and Seemann, J. R. (1990). Expression of genes for photosynthesis and
the relationship to salt tolerance of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) cells. – Plant Cell
Physiol., 31: 1155– 1161.
Wong, P. K., Yusof, S., Ghazali, H. M. and Cheman, Y. B. (2002). Physicochemical
characteristics of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Nutr. Food Sci., 32: 68-73.
Wong, S. K. and Chan, E. W. C. (2010). An electronic journal dedicated to enhance
public awareness on the environmental importance of mangroves and
associates.8(1): ISME/GLOMIS Electronic Journal (ISSN 1880-7682) is
396
published by International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME). Available
on-line athttp://www.glomis.com. Headquarters: c/o Faculty of Agriculture,
University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0129 Japan.
Wong, S. K., Lim, Y. Y. and Chan, E.W.C. (2010). Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-
tyrosinase and Antibacterial activities of selected Hibiscus species.
Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 14: 781-96.
Wood, B. W., Nyczepir, A. P. and Reilly, C. C. (2006). Field deficiency of nickel in
trees: Symptoms and causes. Acta Hort., 721: 83-97.
Wood, I. M., Muchow, R. C. and Ratcliff, D. (1983). Effect of sowing date on the
growth and yield of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) grown under irrigation in
Tropical Australia. II. Stem production. Field Crops Res., 7: 91-102.
Woodruff, J. R. (1972). In: Magnesium in the Environment, Soils, Crops, Animals
and Man (J. B. Jones, M. C. Blount and S. R. Wilkinson, eds.), Proceedings of a
Symposium Held at Fort Valley State College, Fort Valley, Georgia, October 5-
6, Taylor County Printing Company, Reynolds, GA, , pp. 41-60.
Wooley, J. T. (1957). Sodium and silicon as nutrients for the tomato plant. Plant
Physiol., 1: 317–321.
Wright, C. I., Van-Buren, L., Kroner, C. I. and Koning, M. M. (2007). Herbal
medicines as diuretics: a review of the scientific evidence. J. Ethnopharmacol.,
114(1):1-31.
Wright, S. T. C (1978). Phytohormones and stress phenomena. In: Letham, D. S.,
Goodwin, P. B, Higgins, T. J. V. (eds) Phytohormones and related compounds: a
comprehensive treatise, vol. 2. Elsevier /North Holland Biomedical Press,
Amsterdam, pp 495–536.
Wu, J., Steinebrunner, I., Sun, Y., Butterfield, T., Torres, J., Arnold, D., Gonzalez, A.,
Jacob, F., Reichler, S. and Roux, S. J. (2007). Apyrases (Nucleoside
Triphosphate-Diphosphohydrolases) play a key role in growth control in
Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 144: 961-975.
Wu, S. J., Ding, L. and Zhu, J. K. (1996). SOS1, a genetic locus essential for salt
tolerance and potassium acquisition. Plant Cell., 8: 617–627.
397
Wyn Jones, R.G. and Lunt, O. R. (1967). The function of calcium in plants. Bot.
Rev., 33: 407-426.
WWW SOS-arsenic net/English/homegarden/index html
Xiong, L., Schumaker, K. S. and Zhu, J. K. (2002). Cell signaling during cold,
drought and salt stress. The Plant Cell., S165–S183.
Xu, G., Magen, H., Tarchitzky, J. and Kafkafi, U. (2000). Advances in chloride
nutrition. Advances in Agronomy, 68: 96–150.
Yabe, T., Yamashita, E., Kikuchi, A., Morimoto, K., Nakagawa, A., Tsukihara, T.
and Nakai, M.(2008). Structural analysis of Arabidopsis CnfU protein: An Iron–
Sulfur cluster biosynthetic scaffold in chloroplasts. J. Mol. Biol., 381: 160–173.
Yadav, H. D., Yadav, O. P., Dhankar, O. P. and Oswal, M. C. (1989). Effect of
chloride salinity and boron on germination, growth and mineral composition of
chickpea (Cicer arietimum L.). Ann. Arid Zone., 28: 63-67.
Yadav, S. R. and Sardesai, M. M. (2002). Flora of Kolhapur District, Shivaji
University Press, Kolhapur.
Yagoub, A. G., Mohamed, B. E., Ahmed, A. H. and El Tinay, A. H. (2004). Study on
furundu, a traditional Sudanese fermented roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seed:
effect on in vitro protein digestibility, chemical composition and functional
properties of the total proteins. J. Agric. Food Chem., 52(20): 6143-50.
Yamaguchi, T., Takamura, H., Matoba, T. and Terao, J. (1998). HPLC method for
evaluation of the free radical-scavenging activity of foods by using 1, 1-diphenyl-
2-picrylhydrazyl. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem., 62: 1201-1204.
Yamaya, T. and Matsumoto, H. (1989). Accumulation of asparagine in NaCl-stressed
barley seedlings. Ber. Ohara Inst. Landwirtsch. Biol., 19: 181-188.
Yan, W. (2005). Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with copper and zinc from pi
waste. A thesis submitted to Senate Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of
the degree of Master of Science.
Yang, J. L., You, J. F., Li, Y. Y., Wu, P. and Zheng, S. J. (2007). Magnesium
enhances aluminum-induced citrate secretion in rice bean roots (Vigna
umbellata) by restoring plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity. Plant Cell
Physiol., 48: 66-73.
398
Yang, G., Zhou, R. and Tang, T. (2008). Simple and efficient isolation of high-quality
total RNA from Hibiscus tiliaceus, a mangrove associate and its relatives. Prep.
Biochem. Biotechnol., 38: 257-264.
Yen, G. C., Duh, P. D. and Tsai, C. L. (1993). The relationship between antioxidant
activity and maturity of peanut hulls. J. Agric. Food Chem., 41: 67-70.
Yildirim, E., Karlidag, H. and Turan, M. (2009). Mitigation of salt stress in
strawberry by foliar K, Ca and Mg nutrient supply. Plant Soil Environ., 55(5):
213–221.
Yıldıztugay, E., Sekmen, A. Turkan, H. I. and Kucukoduk, M. (2011). Elucidation of
physiological and biochemical mechanisms of an endemic halophyte Centaurea
tuzgoluensis under salt stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 49: 816-824.
Ynoue, C. K., Ono, E. O. and Furlan, M. R. (1996). Effect of growth regulators on
seed germination of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Revista de Agric., 7 (2):
233- 242.
Yoshiba, Y., Kiyosue, T., Katagiri, T., Ueda, H., Mizoguchi, T., Yamaguchi-
Shinozaki, K., Wada, K., Harada, Y. and Shinozaki, K. (1995). Correlation
between the induction of a gene for delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase
and the accumulation of proline in Arabidopsis thaliana under osmotic stress.
Plant J., 7:751–760.
Yossef, T. (1995). Mangrove Ecology, Silviculture and Conservation. P. Sanger
(2002) (Publ.) Kluner Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Netherland pp-360.
Young, J. (1991). The photoprotective role of carotenoids in higher plants. Physiol.
Plant., 83(4): 702–708.
Youssef, T. and Saenger, P. (1998). Photosynthetic gas exchange and accumulation of
phytotoxins in mangrove seedlings in response to soil physico-chemical
characteristics associated with waterlogging. Tree Physiol., 18: 317-324.
Yruela, I. (2005). Copper in plants: acquisition, transport and interactions. Braz. J.
Plant Physiol., 17 (1): 145-156.
Yu, S., Kuo, Y., Sheu, G., Sheu, Y. and Liu, L. (1991). Metabolic derepression of α-
amylase gene expression in suspension-cultured cells of rice. J. Boil. Chem., 266
(31): 21131-21137.
399
Yuan, G., Wang, X., Guo, R. and Wang, Q. (2010). Effect of salt stress on phenolic
compounds, glucosinolates, myrosinase and antioxidant activity in radish sprouts.
Food Chem., 121: 1014-1019.
Zachariah, S. M., Vidya Viswanad, Aleykutty, N. A., Jaykar, B. and Halima,O.A
(2012). Free radical scavenging and antibacterial activity of Mirabilis jalapa
Linn using in vitro models. Asian J. Pharma. Clinic. Res., 5(3): 115-119.
Zapata, C., Srivatanakul, M., Park, S. H., Lee, B. M., Salas, M. G. and Smith, H.
(1999). Improvements in shoot apex regenerations of two fiber crops: Cotton and
kenaf. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 56:185–191.
Zeeman, S. C., Northrop, F., Smith, A. M. and Rees, T. (1998). A starch-
accumulating mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana deficient in a chloroplastic starch
hydrolyzing enzyme. Plant J., 15: 357-365.
Zeeman, S. C., Kossmann, J. and Smith, A. M. (2010). Starch: Its Metabolism,
Evolution and Biotechnological Modification in Plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.,
61:209–234.
Zemlyankukhina, O. A., Zemlyankukhin, L. A. and Brazhnikova, T. A. (1967).
Extraction purification and characterization of citrate synthase from cotyledons
of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus). Biokhimiya., 1987:52(6): 991-999.
*Zen, (1982). Hibiscus. In: Encyclopaedia Britanica XI.
Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Pan, Q., Zhan, J., Wang, X. and Huang, W. (2006).Changes in
membrane-associated H+-ATPase activities and amounts in young grape plants
during the cross adaptation to temperature stresses. Plant Sci., 170: 768–777.
Zhao, G. Q., Ma, B. L. and Ren, C. Z. (2007). Growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll
fluorescence and ion content of naked oat in response to salinity. Crop Sci.,
47:123–131.
Zheng, C., Jiang, D., Liu, F., Dai, T., Jing, Q. and Cao, W. (2009). Effects of salt and
waterlogging stresses and their combination on leaf photosynthesis, chloroplast
ATP synthesis and antioxidant capacity in wheat. Plant Sci., 176: 575-582.
Zheng, W., Pi, M. M. and Liu, W. D. (1989). A study on the effects of boron on the
carbon metabolism of Ramie. J. Huazhong Agri. Uni., 8 (4): 354-360.
400
Zhong, H. and Läuchli, A. (1988). Incorporation of [14
C] glucose into cell wall
polysaccharides of cotton roots: effects of NaCl and CaCl2. Plant Physiol., 88:
511-514
Zhu, S., Zhang, X., Luo, T., Liu, Q., Tang, Z. and Jing, Z. (2011). Effects of NaCl
stress on seed germination, early seedling growth and physiological
characteristics of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.). African J.
Biotechnol., 10(78): 17940-17947.
Zhu, Z., Wei, G., Li, J., Qian, Q. and Yu, J. (2004). Silicon alleviates salt stress and
creases antioxidant enzymes in leaves of salt stressed cucumber (Cucumis sativus
L.).Plant Sci., 167: 527-533.
Zhukovskaya, N. (1973): Absorption and accumulation of phosphate by plants under
conditions of salinization. Soviet. Plant Physiol., 20: 55–61.
Zid, E. and Boukhris, M. (1977). Some aspects of the salt tolerance of Atriplex
halimus L. Multiplication [feed grasses, Arid Zones], growth, mineral
composition. Oecologia Plantarum., 12: 351-362.
Zidan, M. A. and Elewa, M. A. (1995). Effect of salinity on germination, seedling
growth and some metabolic changes in four plant species (Umbelliferae). Indian
J. Plant Physiol., 38(1): 57-61.
Zindler-Frank, F. (1976). Oxalate biosynthesis in relation to photosynthetic pathway
and plant productivity-a survey. Z. Pflanzenphysiol., 80: 1-13.
* Original not seen