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B E H AV I O U R A L D I F F E R E N C E S I N W O LV E S A N D D O G S
C h r i s t i n a H a n s e n W h e a t
Overview1. The Domestication Syndrome
2. What is in the l iterature on wolves and dogs?
3. The Dog Wolf Project
4. Results from the Dog Wolf Project
Domestication syndrome |dә mestә kāSH(ә )n sin drōm|
noun
The genera l a l terat ion o f 1) morphologica l , 2) phys io logica l and 3) behavioural t ra i ts occurs s imultaneously in domest icated animals
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(Belyaev et al, 1985; Goodwin et al, 1997; Künzl & Sachser, 1999; Trut, 2001; Hare et al, 2012; Wilkins et al, 2014)
Defenders.org
Saxony-Blue.com
Imgur.com
pets4homes.co.uk dhn-hes.ca.uky.edu
WIL
DD
OM
ES
TIC
Künzl & Sachser 1999, Hormones and BehaviorTrut et al. 2004, Russian Journal of Genetics
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ME
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IC
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DO
MES
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ILD
Mark Adams Photography gettyimages.com
Slate.com
A G G R E S S I O N
F E A R F U L N E S S
S O C I A B I L I T Y
P L AY F U L N E S S
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Figure 1 !!
!a! b! c! d! e!Figure 1 !!
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D O G S
W O L F H Y B R I D S
Dog Mentality Assessment Test
Figure 2 !
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a a a a a !!
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a a a a a !!
ns! ns!
ns!**! **!ab ab a bc c !! a a a ab b !!
a b ab bc c !! a a a a a !!
GS AM SH CW WH !
Play
fuln
ess!
Socia
bilit
y!
Agg
ress
ion!
Fear
fuln
ess (
strat
le)!
Fear
fuln
ess (
soun
d)!
Fear
fuln
ess (
ghos
t)!
GS AM SH CW WH ! GS AM SH CW WH !
GS AM SH CW WH ! GS AM SH CW WH ! GS AM SH CW WH !
H a n s e n W h e a t e t a l . 2 0 1 8 . J o u r n a l o f C o m p a r a t i v e P s y c h o l o g y
Figu
re 2
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W W
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Playfulness!
Sociability!
Aggression!
Fearfulness (stratle)!
Fearfulness (sound)!
Fearfulness (ghost)!
GS
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GS
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GS
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A G G R E S S I O N
F E A R F U L N E S S
S O C I A B I L I T Y
P L AY F U L N E S S
Figure 1 !!
!a! b! c! d! e!
BUT HOW ABOUT WOLF - DOG COMPARISONS?
1. AGGRESSION Wolves are less aggressive than dogsAggressive encounters
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2. FEARFULNESS
Wolves are more neophobic than dogs
DO
GS
WO
LVES
3 . SOCIABILITY
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Wolves are less at tached to human caregivers than dogs
Gre
etin
g
Aggressive encounters
4. PLAYFULNESSPlay behaviour
Wolves engage more in social play than dogs
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Partial conclusion1. A general lack of consensus among studies
• Smal l sample s izes• Methods are no t s tandard ized across s tudies
2. Too broad behavioural definitions?• F o r i n s t a n c e , 1 2 s u b t y p e s o f a g g re s s i o n i n d o g s• W hich s ubty pes o f b e h a v i o u r s a re re levan t i n a
domes t i ca t ion se t t ing?
3. Does one shoe really fit all?• Should we expec t s imi la r b e h a v i o u r a l ch an ges
ac ross a l l dog bre e ds?
WHEN DO SPECIES DIFFEENCES ARISE?
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T h e D o g Wo l f P r o j e c t
Stockholm University
Purpose and aims
• When do spec ies d i f f e rences in wo l ves and dog ar i se?
• Compare b e h a v i o u r a l dev e lo pment in d ogs and wolves
• Raise dogs and w olves unde r iden t i ca l condi t ions
10 days to 5 weeks• S o c i a l i z a t i o n s t a r t s b e f o r e e y e - o p e n i n g• 2 4 h o u r s s o c i a l i z a t i o n• B o t t l e f e e d i n g e v e r y 2 - 3 h o u r s
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6 weeks to 3 months• Va c c i n a t i o n p r o g r a m c o m p l e t e d
• M e e t i n g s t r a n g e r s
• G r a d u a l w e a n i n g f r o m p h y s i c a l p r e s e n c e o f c a r e g i v e r s i n i t i a t e d
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3 - 7 months• L o t s o f g r o w i n g !
• P r e p a r i n g t o b e r e - h o m e d
• D e c r e a s e d p h y s i c a l p r e s e n c e s o f c a r e g i v e r s
• I n c r e a s e d v i s i t s f r o m g r o u p s o f s t r a n g e r s
THE ONTOGENY OF SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN WOLVES
AND DOGS
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Behavioural observations• K e e p i n g d i a r i e s
• C e i l i n g c a m e r a s
• We s t a r t v i d e o fi l m i n g a t 3 w e e k s
Behavioural testing• Te s t i n g s t a r t s a t 6 w e e k s
• S t i l l o n g o i n g ( w o l v e s )
A G G R E S S I O N
F E A R F U L N E S S
S O C I A B I L I T Y
P L AY F U L N E S S
T H E C R I T I C A L P E R I O D“The critical period of socialization marks an important time frame in a young animals life, in which it through exploration gains important information about its environment. This developmental period can have great impact on behaviour later in life”
(Scott & Fuller, 1965).
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O n s e t o f f e a r f u l r e s p o n s e
3 14
weeks
P e r i o d o f s o c i a l i z a t i o n
EX
PL
OR
AT
OR
Y
BE
HA
VI
OU
R
C R I T I C A L p e r i o d o f s o c i a l i z a t i o n
DOGS
WOLVES
L o r d ( 2 0 1 3 ) , E t h o l o g y
P l y u s n i n a e t a l . ( 1 9 9 1 ) , A p p l i e d A n i m a l B e h a v i o u r S c i e n c e
Exp
lora
tory
beh
avio
ur
Pla
sma
cort
iso
l
- FEARFULNESS -
Repeated novel object tests
6 , 10 , 14 , 18 , 22 and 26 weeks of age
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H a n s e n W h e a t e t a l . 2 0 1 9 . F r o n t i e r s i n P s y c h o l o g y
- SOCIABILITY -
• Mental Description for Puppies – greeting (8 weeks)
• Separation tests (10 weeks)
• Strange Situation Test (23 weeks)
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Gre
etin
g
Strange s i tua t ion tes t
Human-directedsociability
T o p a l e t a l . ( 2 0 0 5 )
8 weeks 12 weeks 16 weeks
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L i n n L a r s s o n , M S c
- PLAYFULNESS -
• Social play (5 - 11 weeks)
• Solitary play – Mental Description for puppies (8, 12 and 16 weeks)
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Å s a L y c k e , M S c
Soci
al p
lay
Play
biti
ng
Play
hun
ting
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ConclusionF e a r f u l n e s s
• D o g s b e c o m e l e s s f e a r f u l t h a n w o l v e s• T h i s d i f f e r e n c e d e v e l o p s p r o g r e s s i v e l y d u r i n g t h e
fi r s t 6 m o n t h s o f l i f e
Soc iab i l i ty• D o g s a n d w o l v e s a r e e q u a l l y a t t a c h e d t o h u m a n
c a r e g i v e r s• B u t w h a t a b o u t s t r a n g e r s ?
P lay fu lness• H i g h l y c o n t e x t s p e c i fi c
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A R E D O G S U N I Q U E I N R E S P O N D I N G T O S O C I A L C U E S G I V E N B Y H U M A N S ? Dog s hav e evolved
spec ia l sk i l l s in fo l lowing human soc ia l cues
But what about wolves with no prior training?
…and what happens if we look at something else than pointing?
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H a n s e n W h e a t a n d T e m r i n , 2 0 1 9 , i n r e v i e w
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0
1
2
3
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OZZY LITA JONI BJÖRK IGGY HENDRIX FLEA STING PJ MOBY LEMMY KD ELVIS
Ret
riev
ing
scor
e
1st 2nd 3rd
Conclusion• The ability to interpret human social cues
IS NOT unique to dogs
• Wolves can spontaneously retrieve a ball
• Standing variation for interpreting human social cues in wolf populations
T H A N K Y O U !
@ChristinaHWheat
