Download - Chapter 1: An Orientation to the Human Body
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Chapter 1: An Orientation to the Human Body
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Introduction• Anatomy– Study of:
• External & internal structures of body• Physical relationship between parts of body
– Answers questions “What?” & “Where?”
• Physiology– Study of functions of various parts of body– Answers questions “Why?” & “How?”
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Navigating the Body
• Planes of division
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Navigating the Body (cont’d)• Anatomical Position
– To ensure consistency when describing relationship of structures
– Body is erect– Feet parallel & flat on floor– Arms at sides– Palms forward– Fingers straight down– Head & eyes forward
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Navigating the Body (cont’d)
• Directional References
Superior/cephalic= Top/toward headInferior/caudal = Bottom/below headAnterior/ventral = In front ofPosterior/dorsal = In back of/behindMedial = Near midlineLateral = Away from midlineDeep/internal = Away from surfaceSuperior/external= Close to surfaceProximal = Close to trunkDistal = Away from trunk
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Navigating the Body (cont’d)
• Body regions. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view.
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Navigating the Body (cont’d)
• Body cavities
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Building the Body: Atoms to Organisms
• Levels of organization of the body
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Body Systems
• Integumentary (A), skeletal (B), & muscular (C) systems
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Body Systems (cont’d)
• Nervous (D), cardiovascular (E), & lymphatic (F) systems
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Body Systems (cont’d)
• Respiratory (G) & endocrine (H) systems
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Body Systems (cont’d)
• Reproductive system (I)
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Body Systems (cont’d)
• Digestive (J) & urinary (K) systems
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Chapter 2: The Body and Its Terminology
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Introduction
• Learning terminology is integral part of proficiency
• Study of human body involves scientific names for structures, locations, and physiological mechanisms
• For manual therapists, medical terminology allows clear communication
• Medical terminology is needed for understanding pathologies and scientific research
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Orientation to the Body
• Anatomic position: standard body reference position used to navigate anatomical terminology
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Orientation to the Body (cont’d)
• Body planes: used to describe location and position of structures (see Figure 2-2)– Sagittal plane: vertically divides body or part into
right and left– Frontal (coronal) plane: vertically divides body or
part into front and back– Transverse (horizontal) plane: horizontally divides
body or part into top and bottom
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Orientation to the Body (cont’d)
• Directional terms clearly communicate position of one body part in relation to another– Example: “the scar is superior and lateral to the
left nostril”• Directional terms are easier to understand and
remember in pairs of contrasting terms (see Figure 2-3)
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Key Directional Terms
Term Definition
anterior (ventral) front
posterior (dorsal) back
lateral farther from midline
medial closer to midline
superior (cephalad) above; closer to head
inferior (caudal) below; closer to feet
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Key Directional Terms (cont’d)
Term Definition
proximal closer to attachment point
distal farther from attachment point
superficial closer to the surface
deep farther from the surface
contralateral opposite side of the median
ipsilateral on same side of the median
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Orientation to the Body (cont’d)
• Movement terminology describes how structures move in general and in relation to other parts– Movements on frontal plane move toward (adduction) or
away from (abduction) midline– Movements on transverse plane move toward (horizontal
adduction) or away from (horizontal abduction) midline– Movements on sagittal plane move toward front (flexion)
or back (extension)
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Movement Terminology• Abduction and adduction
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Movement Terminology (cont’d)
• Horizontal abduction and adduction
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Movement Terminology (cont’d)
• Flexion and extension
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Movement Terminology (cont’d)
• Rotation and circumduction
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Common Anatomical Terminology
• Understanding terms important for study of body
• Anatomical terminology describes location and relative position of structures more precisely
• Manual therapists use medical language to communicate with health care community
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Prefixes, Suffixes, and Word Roots• Many anatomy and physiology terms formed by combining word roots, prefixes, and suffixes
• Knowing common word parts makes it easier to understand complex terms
• See Table 2-3 for common word parts used in manual therapies
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Body Regions
• Regional terminology describes areas and divisions of body more precisely
• See Table 2-4 and Figures 2-8 through 2-10 for common terms referring to body regions
• Examples of regional terms: sternal, carpal, scapular, lumbar, gluteal, femoral, calcaneal, plantar
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Body Cavities
• Four primary body cavities: ventral (anterior) or dorsal (posterior) - see Figure 2-11
• Ventral cavities: thoracic cavity (lungs and heart) and abdominopelvic cavity (organs within abdomen and pelvis)– Quadrant method and nine-region method used to
subdivide abdominopelvic cavity (see Figure 2-12)• Dorsal cavities: cranial cavity (brain) and spinal
cavity (spinal cord)
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Pathology Classifications and Terminology
• Pathology: study of disease• Manual therapists should know commonly
used classifications and terminology• See Table 2-5 for basic pathology terms– Examples: acute, chronic, contraindication,
diagnosis, lesion, prognosis, sign, symptom
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Classifications of Disease
• Diseases broadly classified by causes:– Infectious• Pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
– Environmental (e.g., cigarette smoke)– Hereditary (e.g., hemophilia)– Nutrition and lifestyle (e.g., dietary deficiencies)