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Chapter 14, Section 1 231

Chapter 14, Section 1

How a Community Handles Issues(Pages 324–327)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:

• How do community leaders make public policy?

• What factors must community leaders consider when making public policy?

As you read pages 324–327 in your textbook, complete the web diagram by

listing the factors that community leaders must consider when making public

policy.

Factors to Consider

in Making Public Policy

Preview this selection to get an idea of what is ahead.

First skim the sections about making public policy. Then

write a sentence or two explaining what you think you will

be learning. After you have finished reading, revise your

statements as necessary.

Define or describe the following term from this lesson.

Define the following academic vocabulary word from this

lesson.

Use each of these terms that you studies previously in a

sentence that reflects the term’s meaning.

232 Chapter 14, Section 1

positive

estate

public policy

Making Public Policy (pages 324-325)

founded(Chapter 4, Section 4)

policy(Chapter 7, Section 4)

What is the difference between school policy and public

policy?

As you read, complete the chart with information about

how communities plan for the future


Planning for the Future (pages 325–327)

Short-Term & Long-Term

Plans:

Evaluating Priorities &

Resources:

Creating a Master Plan:

Define or describe the following terms from this lesson.

Define the following academic vocabulary words from this

lesson.

Why must government leaders consider community resources

before creating a master plan?


construct

anticipate

infrastructure

priorities

resources

master plan

Now that you have read the section, write the answers to

the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for

Reading at the beginning of the lesson.

How do community leaders make public policy?

What factors must community leaders consider when making public

policy?




Education and Social Issues(Pages 329–333)


• What are the challenges faced by local school districts?

• How does the government protect Americans’ safety and welfare?

As you read pages 329–333 in your textbook, complete the web diagram by list-

ing the challenges that local school districts face.

School District

Challenges

Complete this outline as you read.

I. Charter Schools

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

II. The Voucher Controversy

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

III. Privatization

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

IV. The Rise of Mass Testing

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________



charter schools

tuition vouchers

Public Education (pages 329–332)

Use each of the following academic vocabulary words in a

sentence that reflects the word’s meaning.

Why are school vouchers controversial?

As you read, write the main idea of the passage. Review

your statement when you have finished reading, and revise

as needed.


impose

fundamental

Crime (page 332)


lesson.

What is community policing?

As you read, number the development of Temporary

Assistance for Needy Families in the correct order.

1. Federal government gives money to states that eventually gets

passed to poor people

2. Number of people on welfare dropped to just over 6 million

3. Congress passed TANF


lesson.


aid

period

Social Programs (page 333)

ratio

Circle the letter of the word that has the closest meaning

to the underlined term that you studied in a previous lesson.

1. The debate seemed to go on forever!

a. discussion b. presentation c. lecture

2. This project will take a considerable amount of time.

a. unfortunate b. dangerous c. significant

What do welfare programs do?


debate(Chapter 1, Section 4)

considerable(Chapter 2, Section 1)




What are the challenges faced by local school districts?

How does the government protect Americans’ safety and welfare?




Environmental Issues(Pages 334–337)


• What is environmentalism?

• How has the government tried to stop air and water pollution?

As you read pages 334–337 in your textbook, fill in the web diagram by compar-

ing and contrasting the processes of recycling and conservation.

BothRecycling Conservation

As you read, write three details about environmentalism.

Then write a general statement on the basis of these

details.

1.

2.

3.



solid waste

recycling

conservation

The Emergence of Environmentalism (pages 334–335)

GeneralStatement


lesson.

What is the difference between recycling and conserving?

As you read, complete the following sentences. Doing so

will help you summarize the section.

1. Byproducts of ______________ create hazardous waste.

2. ______________ ______________ is the most dangerous form.

3. It is estimated that only ______________ percent of hazardous waste

is properly disposed of.


lesson.


environment

inspect

nuclear

dispose

Threat of Hazardous Waste (page 336)

As you read, write three questions about protecting the air

and water. After you have finished reading, write the

answers to these questions.

1.

2.

3.


lesson.

How are local governments trying to persuade Americans to

drive less?


nevertheless

Protecting the Air and Water (pages 336–337)




What is environmentalism?

How has the government tried to stop air and water pollution?




The Sources of Our Laws(Pages 344–347)


• What are the functions of law?

• What early laws influenced modern legal systems?


noting the early laws upon which modern legal systems are based.

Early Laws



as needed.

Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson.

What are the purposes of laws?


I. Code of Hammurabi

A. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________


generation

draft

Functions of Law (pages 344–345)

Early Law (pages 345–347)

B. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

II. Roman Law

A. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________

D. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

III. English Law

A. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________



Use these academic vocabulary words in a sentence that

reflects the word’s meaning.

Why was the Code of Hammurabi an important development?


common law

precedent

statute

jurisprudence

code

equivalent




What are the functions of law?

What early laws influenced modern legal systems?




Types of Laws(Pages 348–351)


• What actions do various kinds of law govern?

• How do various kinds of law differ?

As you read pages 348–351 in your textbook, complete the graphic organizer by

defining the different kinds of law.

Different Kinds

of Law

As you read, write three questions about criminal and civil

law. After you have finished reading, write the answers to

these questions.

1.

2.

3.



felony

misdemeanor

lawsuit

Criminal and Civil Law (pages 348–350)

Define these academic vocabulary words.

Use each of these terms that you studied previously in a


What is the difference between a felony and a misdemeanor?


defendant (Chapter 12, Section 4)

torts

assume

file

plaintiff (Chapter 12, Section 4)

plagiarism



1. Public law is also known as ______________ law.

2. ______________ law is an element of public law that deals with the

rules and regulations that government agencies of the executive

branch must issue.

3. The U.S. Congress and state and local legislatures write thousands of

______________ laws.

Define each of these terms that you studied previously in a


Scan this section to pinpoint some key words or phrases in

the selection. Then write two facts about international law.

1.

2.


issue (Chapter 7, Section 2)

Public Law (pages 350–351)

element (Chapter 6, Section 4)

International Law (page 351)

What is an example of a case involving international law?




What actions do various kinds of law govern?

How do various kinds of law differ?




The American Legal System(Pages 352–358)


• What legal protections are guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution?

• What are the rights of people accused of a crime?

As you read pages 352–358 in your textbook, complete the web diagram by list-

ing the legal protections enjoyed by Americans that are included in Article I and

the Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution.

Legal Protection Included

in Article I and the

Bill of Rights

Before you read this selection, read its title and then skim

the page to get a general idea of its contents. Then write a

sentence or two describing what you think you will be

learning. After you have finished reading, revise your

statements as necessary.



lesson.

Define each of these terms that you studied previously.


transfer

due process of law

Legal Protections in the U.S. Constitution (pages 352–354)

stare decisis (Chapter 8, Section 4)

writ of habeas corpus(Chapter 6, Section 2)

bill of attainder

(Chapter 6, Section 2)

ex post facto law


Why is the writ of habeas corpus an important right?


I. Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

II. Fifth Amendment: Self-Incrimination, Double Jeopardy, and Grand

Juries

A. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

III. Sixth Amendment: Legal Counsel and Trials

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________


Rights of People Accused of Crimes (pages 354–358)

D. __________________________________________________________

E. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

IV. Eighth Amendment: Punishment and Bail

A. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________

i. ____________________________________________________

ii. ____________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________

4. ________________________________________________________


Define each of the following academic vocabulary words

from this lesson.


search warrant

indicate

volume


Why must police be aware of the exclusionary rule when

investigating crimes?

As you read, complete the chart with information about

how we fulfill our legal responsibilities.


doublejeopardy


grand jury (Chapter 4, Section 2)

bail (Chapter 4, Section 2)

Our Legal Responsibilities (page 358)

Our Legal

Responsibilities

What are the legal responsibilities of Americans?




What legal protections are guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution?

What are the rights of people accused of a crime?




Civil Cases(Pages 364–367)


• What are the various types of civil law?

• What are the steps in a civil lawsuit?

As you read pages 364–367 in your textbook, complete this graphic organizer by

showing the steps in a civil lawsuit.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.



1. ______________ lawsuits that deal with damages under a few thousand

dollars are handled in ______________ ______________ court.

2. A person files a ______________ lawsuit when someone has been

injured.

3. ______________ in ______________ are resolved on the grounds of

fairness in matters for which no ______________ already exists.


Circle the letter of the phrase that has the closest meaning

to the underlined term that you studied in a previous

lesson.

1. The plaintiff claims negligence.

a. party that is being sued

b. party that pays damages

c. party that files lawsuit

2. The defendant claimed no responsibility in the lawsuit.

a. party that is being sued

b. party that is injured

c. party that files lawsuit

What do civil lawsuits usually involve?


defendant (Chapter 12, Section 4)

injunction

Types of Civil Lawsuits (pages 364–365)

plaintiff (Chapter 12, Section 4)


I. Bringing Suit

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

II. The Defendant’s Response

A. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

III. Pretrial Discussions

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________

D. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________

IV. Trial

A. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________


What Happens in a Civil Case? (pages 365–367)

B. __________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________

1. ________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________

V. Appeal

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________



Why are most civil cases settled before they go to trial?


complaint

summons

medical

compensate




What are the various types of civil law?

What are the steps in a civil lawsuit?




Criminal Cases(Pages 368–373)


• What are the general types of criminal cases?

• What procedures do criminal cases follow?

As you read pages 368–373 in your textbook, complete the graphic organizer

by outlining the procedures that take place in a criminal case after an arrest

is made.

Steps in Criminal Cases

As you read, write three questions about the types of crim-

inal cases. After you have finished reading, write the

answers to these questions.

1.

2.

3.


Use each of these academic vocabulary words in a sentence

that reflects the word’s meaning.


crime

unique

purchase

Types of Cases (pages 368–370)

What does it mean if a prisoner is granted parole?

As you read, number the steps involved in the development

of a criminal case in the correct order.

1. The prosecution and defense present their cases.

2. The prosecution shows probably cause for believing

the accused committed the crime.

3. The jurors review the evidence.

4. The prosecution requests a retrial.

5. The defense lawyer interviews witnesses and studies

the pertinent laws.

6. A police officer reads the suspect his or her rights

7. The judge explains the law that relates to the case.

8. The suspect is charged with a crime.

9. The judge declares a hung jury.

10. The defendant enters a plea during arraignment.


What Happens in a Criminal Case? (pages 370–373)


Circle the letter of the term that has the closest meaning

to the underlined word.

1. A preliminary investigation should reveal the sheer size of this case.

a. initial b. soon c. long

2. Be sure to select the ripest apple in the basket.

a. grab b. choose c. eat

What does the defendant do during the arraignment?


testimony

cross-examine

acquittal

hung jury

preliminary

select

arraignment




What are the general types of criminal cases?

What procedures do criminal cases follow?




Young People and the Courts(Pages 375–378)


• What are the stages in the juvenile justice system?

• What role does rehabilitation play in the juvenile justice system?


writing how juveniles and adults are treated differently in the American criminal

system.

BothJuvenile Offenders Adult Offenders

Scan this section to locate some key words or phrases in

the selection. Then write two facts about the causes of

juvenile delinquency.

1.

2.



lesson.

As you read, write three details about the stages in the

juvenile justice system. Then write a general statement on

the basis of these details.

1.

2.


somewhat

juvenile

juvenile delinquent

Causes of Juvenile Delinquency (page 375)

Stages in the Juvenile Justice System (pages 376–378)

3.



What does it mean to “divert” a juvenile from the court

system?



as needed.


rehabilitate

involve (Chapter 3, Section 3)

emphasis (Chapter 1, Section 2)

General Statement

Supreme Court Rules (page 378)


Why was the Gault case important?




What are the stages in the juvenile justice system?

What role does rehabilitation play in the juvenile justice system?


adult

impact

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