Electric Mobility in Future Buildings - Active Net Zero Energy Buildings -
J. Peças Lopes, Centre for Power and Energy Systems - INESC TEC September, 2015
Research and Technological Development | Technology Transfer and Valorisation | Advanced Training | Consulting Pre-incubation of Technology-based Companies
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1. The Electric Mobility Paradigm Motives for EV adoption
• High concentration of GHG in the atmosphere (global problem)
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1. The Electric Mobility Paradigm Expectable benefits
Reduction of the fossil fuel usage in the transportations sector
Immediate reduction of the local pollution levels
(CO2, CO, HC, NOX, PM)
If EV deployment is properly accompanied by an increase in
the exploitation of renewable endogenous resources
GHG global emissions will be greatly reduced Important
contribution to eradicate the global warming problematic
Source: topnews.in
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1. The Electric Mobility Paradigm b) Expectable benefits
Controlled EV charging (and V2G) together with Demand Response under
the paradigm of a active net zero energy building or district, might be used
to “shape” the power demand, avoiding very high peak loads and energy
losses
EV storage capability might be used to avoid wasting “clean” energy
(wind/PV) in systems with high renewables integration.
Obtain a local balance of generation / consumed energy (at home /
building, district level)
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DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES (DER)
• Distributed storage devices (static: batteries…)
• DG units (wind, solar, Combined Heat and Power…) – Property of private promoters
• Controllable Loads (large industrial consumers and…
set of domestic clients)
• Electric Vehicles (highly flexible controllable loads and possibly distributed
storage devices when in V2G mode)
2. Smart Grid Paradigm Components
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2. Smart Grid Paradigm Active demand response
Active Loads – Implementation of demand response strategies
– Controlling loads is essential to ensure power balance
– Provide reserve to grid (terciary reserve).
Active Net Zero Energy Building
The deployment of smart meters and home energy
management tools will enable the development of innovative demand response strategies, dedicated to LV consumers.
7
Ch
argi
ng
rate
C
har
gin
g ra
te
Power
Reduce load
Reduce load
Voltages
Max
.
Min
.
Power
Increase load
Increase load
Technical challenges – Integrated management of EV and RES
2. Smart Grid Paradigm Foreseen problems for distribution networks resulting from EV and DG
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3.Refuelling and recharging location preferences
Where do you / would you choose to refuel your vehicle?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Conventional vehicle Electric vehicle
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f re
sp
on
de
rs
At a service station or recharging station At work At home
Consensus emerging
that home recharging is
preferred option
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3. Location of vehicle for longest period of inactivity
Where is your vehicle parked for the longest period?
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Weekday Weekend
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f re
sp
on
de
rs
At home in a garage
At home in a driveway
At home on the street outside my
home
At home but in a parking space
away from my home
At work
At an intermediate location, such as
a rail station
At a shopping district
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3. Profile of time of return from last journey of the day, Portugal
What time do you return from your last journey of the day?
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%M
onday -
->
06:0
0
12:0
0
18:0
0
Tuesday -
->
06:0
0
12:0
0
18:0
0
Wednesday -
->
06:0
0
12:0
0
18:0
0
Thurs
day -
->
06:0
0
12:0
0
18:0
0
Friday -
->
06:0
0
12:0
0
18:0
0
Satu
rday -
->
06:0
0
12:0
0
18:0
0
Sunday -
->
06:0
0
12:0
0
18:0
0
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f re
sp
on
de
rs
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4. The EV integrated into a building / home
• V2H as a particular case of V2G
HAN
LAN
EV
AMM
µG
µG
Storage
Active Net Zero Energy Building
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4. V2H - Use Cases
AMM
EV
App
Home Grid
The home / building is connected to the electric grid and EV are available for energy management. The AMM is responsible for managing the EV charging/discharging along with the home appliances (App)
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4. V2H - Use Cases
AMM
Home Grid
EV
App
µG
The home / building is connected to the electricity grid with EV and µG available for energy management. The AMM is responsible for managing the EV charging/discharging along with available microgeneration and home appliances
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4. V2H - Use Cases
AMM
Home Grid
EV
App
µG
1) It is considered that AMM intentionally inhibits any energy exchange with the grid. Enough microgeneration and V2H is available to supply the consumption. 2) An emergency event or fault in the grid forces the home / building to be physically disconnected from the grid
Individual microgrid <-> Active Net zero energy building
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5. EV Business Models
Modes By Charging
Point Location and V2G
Capability
Private area
with private
Access
Private area
with public
access
Public area
with public
access
PU-EVSA-CC
Distribution
Grid
EVC
SoCEVM
EMC1
EV Owner1EVS-A1
EVC
SoCEVM
EVM
Suppliers
or Market
EMC2EV Owner2
EVS-A2
C
P
C
P
C
P
Physical Connection / Energy Flow
Contractual Relationship
Ownership / Property Border
Communication
Individual
domestic
charge
HO-SA-UCO
Distribution
Grid
EVC
FCM
SoC
Home
AppliancesPhysical Connection / Energy Flow
Contractual Relationship
C
P
Ownership / Property Border
FCM
Supplier Final Residential Customer
PR-CPM-CC PR-CPM-V2B
Distribution
Grid
Converters
Storage
Generation
EVC
SoC
Suppliers
or Market
Charging Station
Final Customer - EVESP
FCM
EVM
EMC
EV Owner1CPM
EVM
EVM
EVM
C
P
C
P
C
PEVC
SoC
Physical Connection / Energy Flow
Contractual Relationship
Ownership / Property Border
Communication
EV Owner2
HO-EVSA-CC
EVC
SoC
Supplier
EVM
EMC
Suppliers
or Market
EV OwnerEVS-A
Final Residential Customer
Home
Appliances
C
P
Physical Connection / Energy Flow
Contractual Relationship
Ownership / Property Border
Communication
Distribution
GridFCMU
nc
on
tro
lle
d a
nd
Co
ntr
olle
d
Ch
arg
ing
in
th
e s
ho
rt t
erm
Distribution
Grid
EVC
FCM
SoC
SupplierFinal Residential Customer
As EV Owner
Home
Appliances
Physical Connection / Energy Flow
Contractual Relationship
C
P
Ownership / Property Border
V2
G S
erv
ice
s
lon
g t
erm
HO-SA-V2H
PU-EVSA-V2G
EVC
FCM
SoC
Supplier Final Residential Customer
FCM EVM
EMC
Supplier
Or Market EV OwnerEV Aggregator
ISO
TSO
Distribution
Grid
Home
Appliances
C
P
Physical Connection / Energy Flow
Contractual Relationship
Ownership / Property Border
Communication
Metering Direction
Final Residential Customer
As EV Owner
Distribution
Grid
EVC
FCM
SoC
Supplier
Home
Appliances
Energy flow at
peak hours
Energy flow at
off-peak hours
C
P
Physical Connection / Energy Flow
Contractual Relationship
Ownership / Property Border
Communication
PR-CPM-EVSA-V2GHO-EVSA-V2G
Distribution
Grid
EVC
SoCEVM
EMC1
EV Owner1EVS-A1
EVC
SoCEVM
EVM
Suppliers
or Market
EMC2EV Owner2
EVS-A2
C
P
C
P
C
P
Physical Connection / Energy Flow
Contractual Relationship
Ownership / Property Border
Communication
ISO
TSO
Distribution
Grid
Converters
Storage
Generation
EVC
SoC
Suppliers
or Market
Charging Station
Final Customer - CPM
FCM
EVM
EMC
EV Owner1CPM
EVM
EVM
EVM
C
P
C
P
C
PEVC
SoC
Physical Connection / Energy Flow
Contractual Relationship
Ownership / Property Border
Communication
EV Owner2
ISO
TSO
Distribution
Grid
EVC
SoC
Suppliers
or MarketCommercial Building
Final Customer - CPM
EVM
EMC
EV OwnerCPM
EVMFCM
Electrical
Loads or DER
C
P
C
P
Physical Connection / Energy Flow
Contractual Relationship
Ownership / Property Border
Communication
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6. Energy management control principle for homes /buildings
Main objective of the control strategy is to minimise the total energy cost
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6. The Triple architecture
How to manage the buiding? • Electricity price forecasts • RES generation forecasts • Load forecasts • Deal with users behaviour • Provide services to grid and comunity
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6. The Any Place architecture
Home / building smart Metering platform
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CL (MV)DG STOR MV)
µG STOR (LV)CL (LV) EV
Hig
h V
olt
age
Med
ium
Vo
ltag
eLo
w V
olt
age
SCADA/DMS
EB
SSC
DTC
OLTC CAP (MV)
OLTCSTOR (DT)
HEMA Home Energy Manager
to control DER at the building level
SCADA/DMS – Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition /
Distribution Management System
SSC – Smart Substation Controller
DTC – Distribution Transformer
Controller
EB – Smart Meter
HEM – Home Energy Manager
DG – Distributed Generation
CL – Controllable Load
STOR – Storage Device
OLTC – On-Load Tap Changing
Transformer
CAP – Capacitor Banks
µG – Microgeneration
EV – Electric Vehicle
• Proposed Architecture
and Control Layers
7. Advanced Grid Architectures and Control Concepts Overall System Architecture
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• The role of the DSO is evolving and emerging with the development of the
smart grid concept and its associated technologies (smart metering,
intelligent sensors, Active NetZero Buildings)
• Consequently, DSOs will have to change their focus by developing new
business activities and diversifying their business model
• This is especially important since the change of the operational philosophy
into an active network management approach will enable overcoming the
challenges that arise form an increasing penetration of DER (specially at the
LV level)
• New Functionalities: – state estimation,
– forecasting tools (generation, load)
– Coordinated voltage control
– Predictive and prescriptive control solutions to be extended to the distribution grid (LV
included)
8. System Operator under SG paradigm - The New Role of the Distribution System Operator
20
New combined profiles need to taken into account
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9.Managing building resources in Island mode of operation
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Ac
tive
P
ow
er (W
)
Load PV WT EV
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
Vo
lta
ge
(V
)
Time (s)
Phase L1 Phase L2 Phase L3
247.2 V
215.7 V
Enable
PV
P-V
Droop
Enable
WT
P-V
Droop
EV
Charging
Enable
EV
P-V
Droop
Desables
WT e
PV
Droop
Load
Increase
Decrease
of MS
pow er
output
Increase
in MS pow er
output
Laboratorial tests
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10. Conclusions
• Microgrid: the building block for future power distribution system allowing to facilitate and take full advantage of DER (demand response, thermal loads and EV with renewable resources, storage) connected at LV and MV levels
• Buildings (Active NetZero Buildings with EV connected) will behave as a Microgrid
• The wide deployment of smart meters with enhanced capabilities (bidirectional communication, information storage and processing) as well as ICT creates the infrastructure for management of the distribution grid of the future
• NetZero Buildings integrated in communities of buildings forming large microgrids will allow LV grid islanding operation and will provide self healing capabilities and increase global resilience of the grid.