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Quick and Long Energy
Chapter 7
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Glycolysis
To the electron transport chain
2 molecules ofpyruvate
Glucose
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From Glycolysis comes thePyruvates.
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Krebs Cycle
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Summary
In one turn of theKrebs Cycle:
3 CO2 (1 from right
before Krebs) Released when
we exhale
1 ATP (E for cellwork)
3 NADH (to ETC)
1 FADH2 (to ETC)
Water leaves andthen reenters so
we dont count it
For one Glucosemolecule how manytimes does theKrebs Cycle turn?
What are the totalsfrom the KrebsCycle for oneGlucose molecule?
6 CO2s
2 ATPs
6 NADHS
2 FADH2
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Cells cannot get enough oxygen
Build up of pyruvic acid and NADH and no oxygen to break it down
Cells begin fermentation
Lactic Acid fermentation Pyruvic acid + NADH lactic acid + NAD+
Get about 90 seconds of energy without having to useoxygen
HOWEVER, oxygen will be paid back double when you are
done (think heavy breathing) Occurs in muscle cells, and microorganisms, such as the
ones that turn milk into cheese and yogurt
Lactic acid causes muscle cramping and burning sensation
Oxygen is required to break down lactic acid and get it out
of body Alcohol fermentation
Pyruvic acid + NADH ethyl alcohol + NAD+ + CO 2
Occurs in yeast cells and other microorganisms, such asthe ones involved in the production of bread and wine
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Quick Energy 3 ways to obtain energy
ATP stored in muscles (glycogen) (short) ATP from lactic acid (short)
ATP from cellular respiration (long)
Cells initially have small amount of ATP from cell resp. and glycolysis
Think of running a 200 m sprint
Gun goes off
Muscles of runner contract, turning glycogen in muscle cells intoglucose, but this only provides for a few seconds of intenseactivity
You pass the 50m mark
most ATP the was initially stored is now gone
Muscle cells are producing ATP from lactic acid fermentation
This lasts about 90 seconds End of Race
Lots of lactic acid build up
Only way to get rid of lactic acid is a chemical pathway thatrequires oxygen
Thus, at the end of the race, you are breathing heavily and you
should follow an intense work out with a slow jog
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Long Term Energy for running long races or other endurance sports
Cellular respiration is the only way to get enough ATP to last the length of the race
Cellular respiration makes ATP more slowly than lactic acid fermentation Athletes must pace themselves
Glycogen an important molecule Carbohydrate
Polysaccharide (monosaccharide is glucose)
Muscle and liver cells store E as glycogen
Glycogen is broken down by the hormone Glucagon Glycogen break down is also stimulated by muscle contraction
When you work out, muscles contract and they can use energy stored in glycogen
Increase glycogen storage, increase the duration of exhaustive work your muscles can do
Stores of glycogen last about 15-20 minutes
After glycogen is used up, body starts to break down other molecules to get energy Fats and proteins
Fatty acids are broken down and carried to mitochondrial matrix and enter the membrane infragments as acetyl-CoA
Proteins are broken down into aa and the these modified aas are fed back into the Krebs cycle(NAD+ and FAD)
Aerobic exercise is good for weight control because it leads to break down of fats
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Training to Improve Function ofATP production
Anaerobic training
Increase levels of glycogen in muscle cellsand increase tolerance of lactic acid build
up Aerobic training
Increases size and number of mitochondriain muscle cells and increase delivery ofoxygen to muscle cells by improvingheart and lung efficiency