resp disorders
TRANSCRIPT
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Respiratory Infections
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Restrictive Disease: loss of lung compliance due to
scarring of the lung.
Compliance: the ability of the lungs tostretch during a change in volumerelative to an applied change inpressure.
Lung tissue replaced with scar tissueand air pockets.
Symptoms: Shortness of breath andcoughing
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome:
Restrictive Neonatal infants, lungs not
fully developed
The disease is mainlycaused by a lack of aslippery, protectivesubstance called surfactant,which helps the lungsinflate with air and keepsthe air sacs from collapsing.This substance normallyappears in mature lungs.
Causes Rapid labor, diabetes in
mother, C-section, deliverycomplications, multiplebabies
Tests: blood gasanalysis, chest x-ray,testing for infection.
Treatment: breathing
machine, given warmmoist oxygen.
Symptoms: Bluish color skin, brief
stops in breathing,decrease urine output,
grunting, nasal flaring,swollen arms and legs,rapid breathing shallowbreathing
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Obstructive Disease
category of respiratory diseasecharacterized by airway obstruction.
Also known as COPD (chronic obstructivepulmonary disease)
Symptoms: Coughing, Wheezing,sputum
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Bronchial Asthma:O
bstructive Allergic reaction to foreign substance.
Walls of bronchioles swell because thecells lining the respiratory tubessecrete abnormally large amounts ofmucus and the smooth muscle in thetube.
Diameter of the tube reduced.
Difficulty breathing, wheezing, oftencoughing.
Treatment: Often epinephrine, drugs that relax the
smooth muscle- opening passageways.
Steroid inhalers
Factors that trigger asthma: Foods, dust, animal dander, mold
spores, pollutants, smoke, changes inweather, emotional disturbances.
Expiration is usually more painful thaninspiration. Reason: During inspiration lungs are
expanded widening the passageways.Expiration reduces the diameter ofpassageways.
http://www.kidshealth.org/misc/movie/cc/how-asthma-affects.html
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Pneumonia:
Obstructive
Inflammation of the lungscaused by bacteria infectionor virus.
May be primary or secondary. Most commonly caused by
the pneumococcus bacterium. Lobar pneumonia Symptoms: cough,
sharp pains, bloodstreaked or brownsputum, high fever withchills, increased pulse,and respiration.
Bronchial pneumonia Same as lobar but:
appears gradually, rarelyfatal.
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Emphysema:O
bstructive Cause: initial (some bronchitis)prolonged irritation or repeated injuryto the bronchial tubes (smoke, dust/powders, pollutants), injury due toviral or bacterial infection.
Symptoms: shortness of breath,
chronic cough ( barrel-chestedbecause of trapped air can cause totalincapacitation).
Characterized by an abnormal increasein size and eventual destruction, of thebronchioles and alveoli.
Can lead to enlargement of the rightventricle (causes increased resistance
to blood flow). Flow imbalance may result. Irreversible tissue damage. Treatment: Keep disease from
progressing.
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Lung Cancer Incontrollable growth of
abnormal cells derivenutrients from normalcells.
Cause death of normalcells by crowding themout carcinoma
Most common formamong males.
Arise from epithelial
cells, connective tissuecells, and blood cells. Cells may produce
masses that obstructpassages.
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Tuberculosis: Obstructive and
Restrictive Caused by bacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Atypical types may be caughtfrom cattle and birds.
Symptoms:
Early: loss of energy, poorappetite, loss of weight, andfever
Late: cough, purulentsputum, fever, night sweats,hemorrhage from lungs
Diagnosis: using chest X-ray Contraction is affected by
living conditions. Treatment: antibiotics Multi drug resistant TB
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Rhinitis Viral infection of the
upper respiratory tract.
AKA Hay Fever
Result from dust,
dander, pollen About 20 varieties.
Last 7-14 days
Treatment: Fluids, bed rest, aspirin,
analgesics Symptoms:
Blood streaked mucus,fever over 103
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Croup: obstructive Caused by bacteria or
virus. Inflammation and
swelling of the larynxand epiglottis.
Symptoms: blueness:cyanosis, barking cough,fever, mucus production,increase in respirationrate.
Treatment: suction to
remove mucus, oxygen,water vapor, antibiotics,viral not accompanied byfever.
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Pneumothorax (Collapsed Lung)
A collapsed lung refers to acondition in which the spacebetween the wall of the chestcavity and the lung itself fillswith air, causing all or aportion of the lung to
collapse.
Inflated lung: intrapleuralpressure is less thenintrapulmonary pressure.
Collapsed lung: intrapleuralpressure is rising or becomes
equal to or greater thanintrapulmonary.
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WetPleurisy
Wet Pleurisy Pleura inflamed due to
infection, injury or tumor. May be a complication of lung
disease (pneumonia or TB).
Symptoms Cough, fever, chills, sharp,
sticking pain that is worse oninspiration.
Fluid in pleura cavityincreased.
Less likely to cause painbecause there is no chaffing.
May develop into purulentpleurisy.
Treatment: Antibiotics, heat application,
bed rest Physician may strap chest to
restrict movement.
Dry Pleurisy Pleura inflamed due to
infection, injury or tumor. May be a complication of lung
disease (pneumonia or TB).
Symptoms Cough, fever, chills,
sharp, sticking pain thatis worse on inspiration.
2 layers of the pleura becomecongested and swollen andrub against each other with agrating effect.
More painfully than wetpleurisy.
Only the outer layer causespain.
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Pleurisy
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Influenza Acute, contagious viraldisease.
Symptoms: fever, headache,muscle aches. Most frequent symptoms:
headache, pain in legs, lowerback and abdominal muscles.
Cough, dryness or soreness inthroat, nasal drainage.
Type A cause majorepidemics, leads to cyclicepidemics.
Infection of the epithelium inthe upper and middle portion
of the reparatory tract.(Trachea mostly involved) Complications Transferred by direct contact.
Treatment: no specific,aspirin for pain, codeine forcough, fluids and rest.
Can be prevented byinoculation with influenzavaccine.