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INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
AND CLASSIFICATION
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What is Biology?
The study of living things.
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Metric SystemKnow how to convert one type of unit into another.
KH
d
D
cm
“King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk”
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0.00025625.6 cm = _______ KmHow did we get that?
K H D B D C M
0.000256
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Meter - lengthLiter - volumeGram – massCelsius – Temperature
Graduated cylinder
Triple Beam Balance
Metric Ruler
Thermometer
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Scientists develop an “If, then” statement.
Scientists must be able to TEST their
hypothesis
Steps of the Scientific Method
ObservationQuestion or ProblemHypothesisExperimentData AnalysisConclusionReport Findings
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (I.V.)
Normal Sun 1 Hr of Sun 2 Hrs of Sun 3 Hrs of Sun
Measuring plant height (growth) after 7 days.
Amount (Hrs) of Sun given to the plantsWhat “I” change in the experiment.
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DEPENDENT VARIABLE (D.V.)
Normal Sun 1 Hr of Sun 2 Hrs Sun 3 Hrs of Sun
Measuring plant height (growth) after 7 days.
The height of the plants after 7 days.The “D”ata collected.
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CONTROL
Normal Sun 1 Hr of Sun 2 Hrs of Sun 3 Hrs of Sun
Measuring plant height (growth) after 7 days.
Plant that got Normal Sun.Comparison Tool
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Normal Sun 1 Hr of Sun 2 Hrs of Sun 3 Hrs of Sun
Measuring plant height (growth) after 7 days.
Things that are kept the same in the control group and the experimental group (gets I.V.) such as:
Soil, Amount of Water, Type of Plant, Size of Container, Temperature
CONSTANTS
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Quantitative Data that is measured and numbers are obtained
ObservationsHint: Quantitative has an “N” for NUMBERS
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Qualitative Data obtained using 5 senses
Observations
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Biosphere = All areas of earth with lifeEcosystem = Living and non-living in an areaCommunity = Different species in an areaPopulation = Same species (organisms) in an areaOrganism = Group of organ systems make up thisOrgan system = Group of organs working togetherOrgan = Group of tissues working together Tissues = Group of cells working togetherCell = SMALLEST LIVING THING!!!
Molecules = Units that make up cells NOT LIVING
Bigg
est
Smal
lest
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Must be able to reproduce and produce fertile offspring.
What is the main definition of a species?
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• Made of at least one cell• Growth and Development• Obtain and Use energy• Homeostasis – Keep balance, stable
internal environment• Evolve• Adapt to its environment• Have genetic code (DNA)• Reproduce
8 Characteristics of Living Things
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What is Taxonomy? System of classifying and naming
living thingsWho was the “Father of Taxonomy”?
Linnaeus
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What 2 kingdoms did Linnaeus first recognize? Plant & Animal
How many taxons (levels) were
in his taxonomy system? 7
Name them from largest to smallestKingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
(King Phillip Came Over For Green Soup)
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•What system did Linnaeus create to help name species?
Binomial NomenclatureHelped people talk about same living organism
•What 2 parts are in this naming system? Genus species
(scientific name)
•What language is used in names? Latin
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Ursus arctosUrsus collarisUrsus beringianus
These animals belong to the same genus Ursus
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DOMAINwas added to make 8 taxons in the MODERN system of classification
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How many DOMAINS & KINGDOMS?
3 DOMAINS 6 KINGDOMSBACTERIA EUBACTERIA
ARCHAE ARCHAEBACTERIA
EUKARYA PROTISTA
FUNGI
PLANTAE
ANIMALIA
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Why do we classify living things?Give 4 reasons
• Universal SystemCommon names are different in various locations around the world making it difficult to talk about an animal. Ex: puma, mountain lion, cougar
• Organizes living things• Easier to study living things• Looks at relationships (interactions)
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Traditional classification is based on shared physical characteristics.
Evolutionary classification is based on evolutionary (ancestors) characteristics.
Molecular (clock) classification is based on DNA and time.
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EVOLUTIONARY Classification uses derived characteristics to show evolutionary descent from a single ancestor. It uses a cladogram!
Hint:Looks like a hand and sounds like “clap”
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What is a dichotomous key?
Lists paired choices (1.a or 1.b etc.) to lead you to the organism’s name.Be able to use one!!!!
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Eubacteria and Archaebacteria belong to what group of organisms:
Prokaryotes
No Nucleus or
Membrane Bound Organelles
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Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia belong to what group of organisms:
Eukaryotes
Have a Nucleus and Membrane Bound Organelles
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What are autotrophs?They make their own food (energy) mostly by photosynthesis (Plants, Some Protista, Some Archae, Some Bacteria)
What are heterotrophs?They must consume their food for energy(Animals, Fungi, Some Archae, Some Bacteria, Some Protista)
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Fungi•Eukaryote•Heterotroph•Multicellular•Cell wall of chitin
What kingdom was first considered to be in the Plant Kingdom and then moved to a different one?
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Extremophiles = bacteria that can live in extreme conditions
(hot, cold, salty)Kingdom = Archaebacteria
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What is metabolism?
Process of gaining and using energy
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Know the key points of the Classification of Living Things Chart that you were given in class and be able to use one to identify information from it.
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Know the Laboratory Safety Rules that you were given at the beginning of the school year.
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Know the parts of the microscope, magnifications, and field of view of the objective lenses.
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ReviewYourIntro to Biology &ClassificationTestAnswers!