INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

AND CLASSIFICATION

What is Biology?

The study of living things.

Metric SystemKnow how to convert one type of unit into another.

KH

d

D

cm

“King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk”

0.00025625.6 cm = _______ KmHow did we get that?

K H D B D C M

0.000256

Meter - lengthLiter - volumeGram – massCelsius – Temperature

Graduated cylinder

Triple Beam Balance

Metric Ruler

Thermometer

Scientists develop an “If, then” statement.

Scientists must be able to TEST their

hypothesis

Steps of the Scientific Method

ObservationQuestion or ProblemHypothesisExperimentData AnalysisConclusionReport Findings

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (I.V.)

Normal Sun 1 Hr of Sun 2 Hrs of Sun 3 Hrs of Sun

Measuring plant height (growth) after 7 days.

Amount (Hrs) of Sun given to the plantsWhat “I” change in the experiment.

DEPENDENT VARIABLE (D.V.)

Normal Sun 1 Hr of Sun 2 Hrs Sun 3 Hrs of Sun

Measuring plant height (growth) after 7 days.

The height of the plants after 7 days.The “D”ata collected.

CONTROL

Normal Sun 1 Hr of Sun 2 Hrs of Sun 3 Hrs of Sun

Measuring plant height (growth) after 7 days.

Plant that got Normal Sun.Comparison Tool

Normal Sun 1 Hr of Sun 2 Hrs of Sun 3 Hrs of Sun

Measuring plant height (growth) after 7 days.

Things that are kept the same in the control group and the experimental group (gets I.V.) such as:

Soil, Amount of Water, Type of Plant, Size of Container, Temperature

CONSTANTS

Quantitative Data that is measured and numbers are obtained

ObservationsHint: Quantitative has an “N” for NUMBERS

Qualitative Data obtained using 5 senses

Observations

Biosphere = All areas of earth with lifeEcosystem = Living and non-living in an areaCommunity = Different species in an areaPopulation = Same species (organisms) in an areaOrganism = Group of organ systems make up thisOrgan system = Group of organs working togetherOrgan = Group of tissues working together Tissues = Group of cells working togetherCell = SMALLEST LIVING THING!!!

Molecules = Units that make up cells NOT LIVING

Bigg

est

Smal

lest

Must be able to reproduce and produce fertile offspring.

What is the main definition of a species?

• Made of at least one cell• Growth and Development• Obtain and Use energy• Homeostasis – Keep balance, stable

internal environment• Evolve• Adapt to its environment• Have genetic code (DNA)• Reproduce

8 Characteristics of Living Things

What is Taxonomy? System of classifying and naming

living thingsWho was the “Father of Taxonomy”?

Linnaeus

What 2 kingdoms did Linnaeus first recognize? Plant & Animal

How many taxons (levels) were

in his taxonomy system? 7

Name them from largest to smallestKingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

(King Phillip Came Over For Green Soup)

•What system did Linnaeus create to help name species?

Binomial NomenclatureHelped people talk about same living organism

•What 2 parts are in this naming system? Genus species

(scientific name)

•What language is used in names? Latin

Ursus arctosUrsus collarisUrsus beringianus

These animals belong to the same genus Ursus

DOMAINwas added to make 8 taxons in the MODERN system of classification

How many DOMAINS & KINGDOMS?

3 DOMAINS 6 KINGDOMSBACTERIA EUBACTERIA

ARCHAE ARCHAEBACTERIA

EUKARYA PROTISTA

FUNGI

PLANTAE

ANIMALIA

Why do we classify living things?Give 4 reasons

• Universal SystemCommon names are different in various locations around the world making it difficult to talk about an animal. Ex: puma, mountain lion, cougar

• Organizes living things• Easier to study living things• Looks at relationships (interactions)

Traditional classification is based on shared physical characteristics.

Evolutionary classification is based on evolutionary (ancestors) characteristics.

Molecular (clock) classification is based on DNA and time.

EVOLUTIONARY Classification uses derived characteristics to show evolutionary descent from a single ancestor. It uses a cladogram!

Hint:Looks like a hand and sounds like “clap”

What is a dichotomous key?

Lists paired choices (1.a or 1.b etc.) to lead you to the organism’s name.Be able to use one!!!!

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria belong to what group of organisms:

Prokaryotes

No Nucleus or

Membrane Bound Organelles

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia belong to what group of organisms:

Eukaryotes

Have a Nucleus and Membrane Bound Organelles

What are autotrophs?They make their own food (energy) mostly by photosynthesis (Plants, Some Protista, Some Archae, Some Bacteria)

What are heterotrophs?They must consume their food for energy(Animals, Fungi, Some Archae, Some Bacteria, Some Protista)

Fungi•Eukaryote•Heterotroph•Multicellular•Cell wall of chitin

What kingdom was first considered to be in the Plant Kingdom and then moved to a different one?

Extremophiles = bacteria that can live in extreme conditions

(hot, cold, salty)Kingdom = Archaebacteria

What is metabolism?

Process of gaining and using energy

Know the key points of the Classification of Living Things Chart that you were given in class and be able to use one to identify information from it.

Know the Laboratory Safety Rules that you were given at the beginning of the school year.

Know the parts of the microscope, magnifications, and field of view of the objective lenses.

ReviewYourIntro to Biology &ClassificationTestAnswers!