Download - Libro gramatica 2nd semester
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LIBRO GRAMATICA 2nd Semester
Camila Davis
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TABLA DE CONTENTOS Imperfect Preterito
-Car , -Gar , -Zar Spock Cucaracha Snake/Snakey
Modal Adverbios Progressivo
Present Past
Futuro Irregular
Conditional
Superlative Formal Commands Prepositions Demonstratives
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IMPERFECTPreterito Regulares AR ER/IR
Yo Aba Ia
Tu Abas Ias
El/ella/usted Aba Ia
Nosotros Abamos Iamos
Vosotros Abais Iais
Ustedes Aban Ian
Preterito Irregulares
IR SER VER
Yo iba era veia
Tu ibas eras veias
El/ella/usted iba era veia
Nosotros ibamos eramos veiamos
Vosotros ibais erais veias
Ustedes iban eran veian
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EL PRETERITO (-CAR,-GAR,-ZAR)
-car , -gar , -zar *Spelling change in first person
CarGarzar
QUE
GUE
CE
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EL PRETERITO (SPOCK)
HACE
R
IR
SER
DA
R
VE
R
FUIFUISTEFUEFUIMOSFUERON
IISTEIOIMOSIERON
HiceHicisteHizoHicimosHicieron
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EL PRETERITO (CUCARACHA)
Andar Anduv- Estar Estuv- Decir Dij- Poder Pud- Traer Traj- e Poner Pus- iste QuererQuis- Conducir Conduj- o Saber Sup- Producir Produj- imos Tener Tuv- Traducir Traduj- isteis Venir Vin-
*ieron
* the “j” verbs do not have an “i” in the ustedes form
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EL PRETERITO (SNAKE/SNAKEY)
Stem-changers in the preterite Only changes in 3rd person
Accent over the preterite ending on appropriate letter
Stems that end in a vowel: Change the I to y
(same rules apply when using as progressive preterite stem change)
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SNAKE / SNAKEY CONT.
Dormir Dormí Dormimos Dormiste Durmió Dumerieron
Leer Leí Leimos Leiste Leyó Leyeron
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MODAL VERBS
CONJUGATE & PAIR WITH AN INFINITIVE TO GET A NEW MEANING
IR + A + INFINITIVE (GOING TO DO
SOMETHING)
PODER + INFINITIVE (ABLE TO DO
SOMETHING)
QUERER + INFINITIVE (WANT TO DO
SOMETHING)
DEBER + INFINITIVE (SHOULD DO
SOMETHING)
NECESITAR + INFINITIVE (NEED TO DO
SOMETHING)
TENER QUE + INFINITIVE (TO HAVE TO DO
SOMETHING)
SOLER + INFINTIVE (TO BE ACCUSTOMED
TO)
CONECE + A (TO KNOW SOMEONE)
Examples:
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LOS ADVERBIOS
Change to feminine Only 2nd uses mente
Example: Juan trabaja lenta y cuidadosamente
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PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Ando/iendo/yendo
Use to say you are currently in the act of doing something
Esta comiendo fruta (she is eating fruit)
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PAST PROGRESSIVE
To say someone was doing something Estaba hablando siempre
Why imperfect rather than the preterite?
Because an action that is progressive is alsocontinuous, and continuous actions require the imperfect.
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FUTURE
To say you will do something Infinitive +
Example: Esta noche etudiaré I will study tonight
é
ás
á
emos
éis
án
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FUTURE (IRREGULAR)
Decir Dir
Hacer Har
Poner Pondr
Salir Saldr
Tener Tendr
Valer Vendr
Poder Podr
Querer Querr
Saber Sabr
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CONDITIONAL Used when something is wondered or that is
probably true (Describes a PAST action) Would, could, could have been, etc
Note: when "would" is used in the sense of a repeated action in the past, the imperfect is used.
EXAMPLES: El alumno dijo que estudiaría una hora más.
The student said that he would study one more hour. ¿Qué hora sería?
What time could it have been? Estaría en su casa.
He must have been at home. Estaríamos ocupados cuando llamaste.
We were probably busy when you called.
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CONDITIONALS CONT. Uses:
To express speculation about the past To express the future from the perspective of the
past To express hypothetical actions or events which
may or may not occur To indicate what would happen were it not for
some certain specific circumstance For polite use to soften requests To ask for advice For reported speech To express what would be done in a particular
situation To express an action which is contrary to fact
Note: This last example uses a verb tense called the imperfect subjunctive (tuviera).
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SUPERLATIVE
The extremes; the most or least of a certain quality (smallest , tallest, smartest)
El mas… El menos… Los mas… Los menos… La mas… La menos… Las mas… Las menos…
Example Maya es la chica mas intellegente en su clase.
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FORMAL COMMANDS
The imperative form of a verb Formal commands are in Usd./Ustedes
form Put in “Yo” form Change to opp. Vowel
EXAMPLE:
Irr: TVDISHE
S
Comprar
Compro
Compre
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PREPOSITIONS
Cerca (de) Entre
Delante (de) A la izquierda (de)
A la derecha (de)
Al lado (de)
Detras (de) Lejos
Only use de when a specific location
follows the expression
*Abajo Debajo (de) Encima (de)
*Arriba Dentro (de) Fuera (de)
*these are never followed by “de”
Prepositions are used to describe where things are located in comparison
to another object
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DEMONSTRATIVES
Aqui
Este
Esta
Estos
Estas
Alli
Ese
Esa
Esos
Esas
Alla
Aquel
Aquella
Aquellos
Aquellas
• Used in place of the adjective and the noun• Adjectives = no accent• Pronouns = accent
• “Neuter Demonstratives”• Do not refer to a noun of a specific
gender• Esto – Eso - Aquello