LIBRO GRAMATICA 2nd Semester

Camila Davis

TABLA DE CONTENTOS Imperfect Preterito

-Car , -Gar , -Zar Spock Cucaracha Snake/Snakey

Modal Adverbios Progressivo

Present Past

Futuro Irregular

Conditional

Superlative Formal Commands Prepositions Demonstratives

IMPERFECTPreterito Regulares AR ER/IR

Yo Aba Ia

Tu Abas Ias

El/ella/usted Aba Ia

Nosotros Abamos Iamos

Vosotros Abais Iais

Ustedes Aban Ian

Preterito Irregulares

IR SER VER

Yo iba era veia

Tu ibas eras veias

El/ella/usted iba era veia

Nosotros ibamos eramos veiamos

Vosotros ibais erais veias

Ustedes iban eran veian

EL PRETERITO (-CAR,-GAR,-ZAR)

-car , -gar , -zar *Spelling change in first person

CarGarzar

QUE

GUE

CE

EL PRETERITO (SPOCK)

HACE

R

IR

SER

DA

R

VE

R

FUIFUISTEFUEFUIMOSFUERON

IISTEIOIMOSIERON

HiceHicisteHizoHicimosHicieron

EL PRETERITO (CUCARACHA)

Andar Anduv- Estar Estuv- Decir Dij- Poder Pud- Traer Traj- e Poner Pus- iste QuererQuis- Conducir Conduj- o Saber Sup- Producir Produj- imos Tener Tuv- Traducir Traduj- isteis Venir Vin-

*ieron

* the “j” verbs do not have an “i” in the ustedes form

EL PRETERITO (SNAKE/SNAKEY)

Stem-changers in the preterite Only changes in 3rd person

Accent over the preterite ending on appropriate letter

Stems that end in a vowel: Change the I to y

(same rules apply when using as progressive preterite stem change)

SNAKE / SNAKEY CONT.

Dormir Dormí Dormimos Dormiste Durmió Dumerieron

Leer Leí Leimos Leiste Leyó Leyeron

MODAL VERBS

CONJUGATE & PAIR WITH AN INFINITIVE TO GET A NEW MEANING

IR + A + INFINITIVE (GOING TO DO

SOMETHING)

PODER + INFINITIVE (ABLE TO DO

SOMETHING)

QUERER + INFINITIVE (WANT TO DO

SOMETHING)

DEBER + INFINITIVE (SHOULD DO

SOMETHING)

NECESITAR + INFINITIVE (NEED TO DO

SOMETHING)

TENER QUE + INFINITIVE (TO HAVE TO DO

SOMETHING)

SOLER + INFINTIVE (TO BE ACCUSTOMED

TO)

CONECE + A (TO KNOW SOMEONE)

Examples:

LOS ADVERBIOS

Change to feminine Only 2nd uses mente

Example: Juan trabaja lenta y cuidadosamente

PROGRESSIVE TENSE

Ando/iendo/yendo

Use to say you are currently in the act of doing something

Esta comiendo fruta (she is eating fruit)

PAST PROGRESSIVE

To say someone was doing something Estaba hablando siempre

Why imperfect rather than the preterite?

Because an action that is progressive is alsocontinuous, and continuous actions require the imperfect.

FUTURE

To say you will do something Infinitive +

Example: Esta noche etudiaré I will study tonight

é

ás

á

emos

éis

án

FUTURE (IRREGULAR)

Decir Dir

Hacer Har

Poner Pondr

Salir Saldr

Tener Tendr

Valer Vendr

Poder Podr

Querer Querr

Saber Sabr

CONDITIONAL Used when something is wondered or that is

probably true (Describes a PAST action) Would, could, could have been, etc

Note: when "would" is used in the sense of a repeated action in the past, the imperfect is used.

EXAMPLES: El alumno dijo que estudiaría una hora más.

The student said that he would study one more hour. ¿Qué hora sería?

What time could it have been? Estaría en su casa.

He must have been at home. Estaríamos ocupados cuando llamaste.

We were probably busy when you called.

CONDITIONALS CONT. Uses:

To express speculation about the past To express the future from the perspective of the

past To express hypothetical actions or events which

may or may not occur To indicate what would happen were it not for

some certain specific circumstance For polite use to soften requests To ask for advice For reported speech To express what would be done in a particular

situation To express an action which is contrary to fact

Note: This last example uses a verb tense called the imperfect subjunctive (tuviera).

SUPERLATIVE

The extremes; the most or least of a certain quality (smallest , tallest, smartest)

El mas… El menos… Los mas… Los menos… La mas… La menos… Las mas… Las menos…

Example Maya es la chica mas intellegente en su clase.

FORMAL COMMANDS

The imperative form of a verb Formal commands are in Usd./Ustedes

form Put in “Yo” form Change to opp. Vowel

EXAMPLE:

Irr: TVDISHE

S

Comprar

Compro

Compre

PREPOSITIONS

Cerca (de) Entre

Delante (de) A la izquierda (de)

A la derecha (de)

Al lado (de)

Detras (de) Lejos

Only use de when a specific location

follows the expression

*Abajo Debajo (de) Encima (de)

*Arriba Dentro (de) Fuera (de)

*these are never followed by “de”

Prepositions are used to describe where things are located in comparison

to another object

DEMONSTRATIVES

Aqui

Este

Esta

Estos

Estas

Alli

Ese

Esa

Esos

Esas

Alla

Aquel

Aquella

Aquellos

Aquellas

• Used in place of the adjective and the noun• Adjectives = no accent• Pronouns = accent

• “Neuter Demonstratives”• Do not refer to a noun of a specific

gender• Esto – Eso - Aquello