Download - Ma. Socorro C. Bernardino, M.D. FPOGS
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Ma. Socorro C. Bernardino, M.D. FPOGS
PREGNANT RHEUMATIC: Pre-natal and Post-natal Care
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“The management of cardiac disease during
pregnancy poses a double challenge.....”
(
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“...To ensure maternal survival but at the same time promote fetal well-
being and to allow a gestational period
sufficient for adequate fetal maturity.”
(
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• Management should be MULTIDISCIPLINARY–OB–Cardiologist–Anesthesiologist
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–Accurate diagnosis–Assessment of the severity–Degree of impairment –Evaluation of concomitant therapy
–Optimizing management • Pregnancy • Labor and Delivery
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– Preconceptional counseling– Hemodynamic changes during
pregnancy– Effects of Pregnancy on maternal
cardiac disease– Effect of Maternal cardiac disease on
pregnancy– General Measures for the care of
pregnant patients with heart disease
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• HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES IN NORMAL PREGNANCY
Non-pregnant Pregnant
Cardiac output (L/min) 4.3+-0.9 6.2 +- 1.0
Heart rate (beats/min) 71 +- 10 83 +- 10
Systemic vascularresistance (dyne.cm.sec) 1530+-520 1210 +-266
Pulmonary vascularresistance 119 +- 47 78 +- 22
Colloid oncotic pressure 20.8 +-1.0 18.0 +- 1.5(mmHg)
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• HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES IN NORMAL PREGNANCY
Non-pregnant Pregnant
Mean arterial pressure 86.4 +- 7.5 90.3 +-5.8
Pulmonary capillary wedgepressure (mmHg) 6.3 +- 2.1 7.5 +- 1.8
Central venous pressure 3.7 +-2.6 3.6 +-2.5
Left ventricular strokevolume 41 +- 8 48 +- 6
Clark et al, 1989
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• EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON MATERNAL CARDIAC DISEASE– Periods during pregnancy when the danger of
cardiac decompensation is great:
1. 12 – 16 weeks – start of hemodynamic changes in pregnancy
2. 28 – 32 weeks – hemodynamic changes of pregnancy peak and cardiac demands are at a maximum
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• DURING LABORsympathetic response to pain + uterine contractions
1. 300-500 ml blood injected into general circulation/contraction
2. Increase in systemic vascular resistance
increase stroke volume by 50%
Stress in CVS
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• DURING LABORDuring the second stage of labor, maternal pushing
decreases the venous return to the heart
decrease in cardiac output
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• AFTER DELIVERY AND PLACENTAL SEPARATIONSudden transfusion of blood from the lower extremities and the
utero-placental vascular tree to the systemic circulation
Large and abrupt increase in blood volume
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• EARLY SIGNS OF CARDIAC COMPROMISE– Starts at first trimester
– Peak at 20-24 weeks• CO reaches maximum
– Beyond 24 weeks • CO maintained at high levels
– Post-partum• CO only begins to decline
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“Intensive monitoring should be continued for at least 72 hours after delivery, preferably in a
high care or intensive care environment”
(Mulder BJM et al. Valvular heart disease in pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine 2003)
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• When an underlying valvular disease is present , its not surprising that signs and symptoms of cardiac failure do occur
“Following delivery the cardiovascular status of patient will normalize at 6-8
weeks post delivery”(Van Oppen ACA et al. A longitudinal study of the maternal
hemodynamics during normal pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1996; 88:40-6)
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– EFFECTS OF MATERNAL CARDIAC DISEASE IN PREGNANCY
– Pregnancy outcome is compromised by the presence of cardiac disease.
• Fetal Death – usually secondary to chronic severe or acute maternal deterioration
• Fetal morbidity – secondary to preterm delivery and fetal growth restriction > relative inability to maintain an adequate uteroplacental circulation
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– EFFECTS OF MATERNAL CARDIAC DISEASE IN PREGNANCY
• Fetal morbidity – secondary to preterm delivery and fetal growth restriction
• Frequency of effects is related to severity of functional impairment of the heart and severity of chronic tissue hypoxia
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THE LEVEL OF ANTEPARTUM CARE REQUIRED BY A PREGNANT WOMAN DEPENDS ON THEIR RISK CLASSIFICATION:
GENERAL MEASURES FOR THE CARE OF PREGNANT CARDIAC PATIENTS
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NEW YORK HEART ASSOCIATION (NYHA) CLASSIFICATION
FUNCTIONAL CLASS
DESCRIPTIONI No limitations of activities
No symptoms from ordinary activity
II Mild limitation of activityComfortable with rest or mild exertion
III Marked limitation of activityComfortable only at rest
IV Should be at complete rest, confined to bed or chairAny physical activity brings discomfortSymptoms occur at rest
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“A New York Heart Association functional class III or IV has been estimated to carry a
> 7% risk of mortality and a 30% risk of morbidity”
“ Although women in these functional classes should be counselled against childbearing, it is not infrequent that they are encountered in the prenatal clinic (or even in labor ward,
or at the theater door!”(Joubert IA and Dyer RA. Anaesthesia for the pregnant patient with acquired
valvular heart disease.Update in Anesthesia. Issue 19 2005 Article 9)
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FIVE RISK FACTORS PREDICATIVE OF POORMATERNAL AND OR NEONATAL OUTCOME• 1. Prior cardiac event
– heart failure, transient ischemic attack or stroke• 2. Prior arrythmia
– symptomatic brady or tachy arrhytmia requiring therapy• 3. New York functional > class II or the prescence of cyanosis• 4. Valvular or outflow tract obstruction
– Aortic valve area < 1.5 cm2 or mitral valve area < 2 cm2– Left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient > 30 mmHg
• 5. Myocardial dysfunction– Left ventricular EF < 40%– Restrictive or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
(Siu SC et al. Rik and predictors for pregnancy-related complications in women with heart disease. Circulation 1997;
96: 2789-94)
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COMPLICATIONS ASCRIBED TO VALVULAR HEART DISEASE– 1. Increased incidence of maternal
cardiac failure and mortality– 2. Increased risk of premature delivery– 3. Lower APGAR scores and low birth
weight– 4. Higher incidence of interventional
and assisted deliveries (Malhotra M et al. Maternal and fetal outcome in valvular heart disease.
International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2004;84:11-6)
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LOW Maternal and
Fetal Risk
HIGH Maternal and Fetal Risk
HIGH Maternal
Risk
HIGH Neonatal Risk
Asymptomatic aortic stenosis low mean outflow gradient (<50mmHg) with normal left ventricular function
Severe aortic stenosis with or without symptoms
Reduced left ventricular systolic function (LVEF <40%)
Maternal age <20 yr or >35 yr
Aortic regurgitation of NYHA class I or IIwith normal left ventricular syustolic function
Aortic regurgitation with NYHA class III or IV symptoms
Previous heart failure
Use of anticoagulant therapy throught pregnancy
Mitral regurgitation of NYHA class I or II with normal left vertricular systolic function
Mitral regurgitation with NYHA class III or IV symptoms
Previous stroke or transient ischemic attack
Smoking during pregnancy
Mild to moderate mitral stenosis (valve area >1.5cm2, gradient <5mmHg) without severe pulmonary hypertesion
Mitral stenosis with NYHA class II, III or IV symptoms
Multiple gestations
Mitral valve prolapse with no mitral regurgitation or with mild to moderate mitral regurgitation and with normal left ventricular systolic function
Aortic valve disease, mitral valve disease, or both, resulting in severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary pressure > 75% of systemic pressures)
Mild to moderate pulmonary valve stenosis
Aortic valve disease, mitral valve disease, or both, with left ventricular systolic dysunction (EF <40%)Maternal cyanosisNYHA class III and IV
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MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM APPROACH:
I. Primary care physician/high-risk pregnancy specialist
- monitor fetal condition and maternal cardiac function at frequent intervals in order to determine if the physiological changes elicited by pregnancy are exceeding the functional capacity of the heart
- use medications to limit the extent of changes and improve outcome.
GENERAL MEASURES FOR THE CARE OF PREGNANT CARDIAC PATIENTS
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MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM APPROACH:
II. Anesthesiologist- consulted early in pregnancy to
assess anesthetic risk of the patient- discuss pain control during labor and
delivery
GENERAL MEASURES FOR THE CARE OF PREGNANT CARDIAC PATIENTS
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MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM APPROACH:
III. Cardiologist- consult on a regular basis and be
available if primary care physicians sees signs of compromise
IV. Neonatologist- if fetus is affected by a congenital
heart disease
GENERAL MEASURES FOR THE CARE OF PREGNANT CARDIAC PATIENTS
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Patients who are otherwise healthy require little or no specific treatment usual obstetric recommendations and
monitoring. NYHA Class I or II
may need to limit strenuous exercise adequate rest, supplementation of iron and
vitamins low-salt diet regular cardiac and obstetric evaluations
NYHA Class III or IV may need hospital admission for bed rest
and close monitoring may require early delivery if there is
maternal hemodynamic compromise.
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Bed rest/Activity restriction
Diet Modification – dietary salt restriction (4-6 g daily)
- limitation of fluid intake (1-1.5 l/day)
GENERAL MEASURES FOR THE CARDIAC PATIENT ANTEPARTUM:
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Prenatal visits – every 2 weeks until 28 weeks then weekly thereafter
Emphasis:1. Pulse rate check2. Presence of
palpitations
Lanoxin 0.25 mg tab ODMetoprolol – may cause fetal
growth restriction
GENERAL MEASURES FOR THE CARDIAC PATIENT ANTEPARTUM:
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Prenatal visits – 3. Signs of congestion
Furosemide 20 mg tab OD - may cause oligohydramnios
GENERAL MEASURES FOR THE CARDIAC PATIENT ANTEPARTUM:
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Prenatal visits – Fetal growth monitoring and status of amniotic fluid done with ultrasound
Instruction:Left lateral decubitus position
GENERAL MEASURES FOR THE CARDIAC PATIENT ANTEPARTUM:
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Antibiotic prophylaxis:
Pen V 250 mg cap BID or Erythromycin 250 mg cap BID
GENERAL MEASURES FOR THE CARDIAC PATIENT ANTEPARTUM:
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RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE:RHEUMATIC FEVER
Rheumatic fever seldom occurs for the first time young adults and usually preceeded by an episode during childhood (mean age 13)
Uncommon in western countries but still prevalent in developing countries
Women with a history of rheumatic fever should take daily penicillin before and throughout pregnancy
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RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE:RHEUMATIC FEVER
Acute rheumatic fever is managed similarly in pregnant and non-pregnant patients
Acute streptococcal infection mandates a full bactericidal dose for 10 days
Manifestations of pericarditis, symptoms of heart failure, cardiac murmurs and heart enlargement necessitates prompt suppression with prednisone and bed rest
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RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE:CHRONIC RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
Mitral stenosis:- the most common rheumatic heart lesion - one of the most dangerous in pregnant
women
Pregnancy hemodynamic burdens:1. Increase cardiac output2. Increase heart rate3. Expansion of blood volume4. Increase demand for oxygen
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RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE:CHRONIC RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
Mitral stenosis:- Critical pregnancy periods:
1. Latepregnancy-
Increased blood volume, CO and HR near term
2. During labor- further 10-15% increase in CO
augmented during uterine contractions resulting in autotransfusion of 300 to 500 ml of blood
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RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE:CHRONIC RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
Mitral stenosis:- Critical pregnancy periods:
3. Immediately after delivery- Increase in preload and blood
volume from the contracted uterus and release of aortocaval compression
- Elevated CO persists several days postpartum and gradually declines over a 2 week period
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mitral stenosis▪ increase in cardiac output with the increase in heart rate shortens the diastolic filling time and exaggerates the mitral valve gradient
Libby: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 8th ed.
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added volume load may result in symptoms of dyspnea and heart failure in women with impaired LV function and those with limited cardiac reserve
Stenotic valvular lesions are less well tolerated than regurgitant ones
increased heart rate associated with pregnancy reduces the time for diastolic filling, which can be extremely troublesome for many patients, especially those with MS
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exertional dyspnea and fatigue-1st symptoms of MS
decreased exercise capacityOrthopneaparoxysmal nocturnal dyspneapulmonary edemaatrial fibrillation, or an embolic eventRarely, patients may present with
hoarseness, hemoptysis or dysphagia
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Tocolytic agents that are positively chronotrophic are contraindicated
Magnesium sulfate
PRETERM LABOR:
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Both maternal and fetal outcomes are directly related to the severity of MS and the pre-pregnancy NYHA functional class
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intrauterine growth retardation low birth weight, prematurity fetal/neonatal death
has been estimated at approximately 33% in severe MS 28 % in moderate MS 14% in Mild MS
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Associated with 10% maternal mortality
Mortality rises to >50% in NYHA class III and IV
Mortality rises between 5-10% if with concomitant atrial fibrillation
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Many px w/ moderate to severe MS can be managed successfully with medical therapy w/c includes strict control of heart rate ,volume status and frequent monitoring
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Reduce Heart rate Beta Blockers or calcium Channel Blockers
▪ Metoprolol( beta blocker)-preferred beta blocker
▪ Atenolol-can cause IUGR,bradycardia and Death
▪ Digoxin-used in px w/AF for control of ventricular rate and is generally safe, well tolerated and has fewer side effects
Restriction of physical activityReduce left atrial pressure
Diuretics- caution must be exercised to avoiud uteroplacental hypoperfusion associared w/ use of diuretics
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“Severe symptomatic disease, threatening maternal or fetal well-being
is an accepted indication for either balloon vulvoplasty or valve
replacement”“ Valve replacement is usually undertaken
during 2nd trimester. Cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia carry
substantial risk for the fetus. Fetal bradycardia and death are not
uncommon”(Unger F et al . Standards and concepts in valve surgery. Report of the task force: European Heart
Institute (EHI) of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts and the International Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons (ISCTS). Indian Heart Journal 2000;52:237-44)
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Patients with severe mitral stenosis who develop decompensation during pregnancy should undergo percutaneous trans-mitral commissurotomy
Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty can be performed with few or no complications to the mother or the fetus and excellent clinical and hemodynamic results
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The “optimal time” appears to be between 20 and 28 weeks of gestation
Obstetric monitoring of the fetus during the procedure
Maternal functional class is an important predictive factor for maternal death.
Libby: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 8th ed.
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Anticoagulation with Warfarin or Heparin can be considered for px with severe left atrial dilatation and Severe MS despite the presence of sinus rhythm, because of the hypercoagulable state of pregnancy
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PREGNANT RHEUMATIC: Labor and Delivery
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Labor and delivery in lateral decubitus position
Continuous monitoring with pulse oximetry
Control of rate of IV fluid administration to 75 cc/hr
Adequate pain relief (epidural narcotics)
GENERAL MEASURES FOR THE CARDIAC PATIENT IN LABOR:
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Antibiotic prophylaxis Short Vaginal delivery with excellent
anesthesiaCesarean section per obstetric
indications Invasive monitoring if neededMedical therapy optimization of
loading conditionsPrevention and treatment of
pulmonary edema
GENERAL MEASURES FOR THE CARDIAC PATIENT IN LABOR:
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Recommended antibiotic prophylaxis for high-risk women undergoing genitourinary or gastrointestinal procedures
Category Drug and dosage
High-risk patient Ampicillin, 2 g IM or IV, plus gentamicin sulfate (Garamycin), 1.5 mg/kg IV 30 min before procedure; ampicillin, 1 g IV, or amoxicillin (Amoxil, Trimox, Wymox), 1 g PO 6 hr after procedure
High-risk patient who has penicillin allergy Vancomycin HCl (Vancocin, Vancoled), 1 g IV over 2 hr, plusgentamicin sulfate, 1.5 mg/kg IV 30 min before procedure
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• EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA– Desirable for vaginal delivery– Performed using small increments of
local anesthetic to achieve T8-T10 level
• GENERAL ANESTHESIA – Best option for NYHA class III and IV– Avoid atropine, pancuronium,
meperidine, ketamine
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Shortening of the second stage of labor and assisted vaginal delivery is strongly recommended
Cesarean section are performed for Obstetrics indications
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CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS IN PREGNANCY:
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ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS
contraindicated in pregnancy▪ abnormal renal development in the fetus ▪ oligohydramnios and intrauterine growth
retardation
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BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKERS
▪ been used extensively during pregnancy for treatment of arrhythmias, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and hypertension
▪ cross the placenta but are not teratogenic
▪ demonstrated to cause fetal growth retardation
▪ be associated with neonatal bradycardia and hypoglycemia
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CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS▪used to treat both arrhythmias and hypertension
▪ limited data regarding use▪Most experience probably exists with verapamil, and no major adverse fetal effects have been recorded
▪Diltiazem and nifedipine have also been used, but studies are limited.
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DIGOXIN ▪used during pregnancy for many decades
▪cross the placenta▪no adverse effects with its use have been reported
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DIURETICS▪ most commonly furosemide▪ treat congestive heart failure during pregnancy and treatment of hypertension.
▪ may cause reduction in placental blood flow and have a detrimental effect on fetal growth.
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WARFARIN▪ contraindicated in the first trimester of pregnancy
▪ crosses the placenta and may cause fetal embryopathy
▪ third trimester (about labor and delivery)▪ immature fetal liver does not metabolize warfarin as rapidly as the mother's liver
▪ reversal of anticoagulation in the fetus may take up to 1 week because of the immature fetal liver
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POST NATAL CARE:
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Counseling on contraception Permanent sterilization after delivery
discussed during prenatal visits Surgical management prior to the next
pregnancy
Libby: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 8th ed.
Postnatal Care:
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failure rate of approximately 15 pregnancies/100 woman-years of use
use of a barrier method depends on how critical it is for the woman to avoid pregnancy, compliance and the ability to use a condom correctly.
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Combination estrogen-progesterone oral preparations
▪ increased risk of venous thromboembolism, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease
▪ congenital heart disease who have cyanosis, atrial fibrillation or flutter, mechanical prosthetic heart valves, or a Fontan circulation should avoid estrogen-containing preparations
▪ impaired ventricular function from any cause or with a history of any prior thromboembolic
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Progesterone-only contraceptives
There is a paucity of data about adverse effects of progesterone agents on the cardiovascular system, but probably these are safe for most women with heart disease
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fluid retention and irregular menstruation
cardiovascular contraindications are the same as those for progesterone
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performed laparoscopically or via a laparotomy
tenuous cardiac hemodynamics▪ risk of cardiac instability = cardiac anesthesia may be preferable
tubal sterilization has been accomplished with the use of an intrafallopian plug inserted endoscopically
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