Download - New Physics with Black Holes
New Physics with Black HolesJulien GRAIN
Aurelien BARRAU, Gaelle BOUDOUL
What PBHs say about “standard” physics and
cosmology
• Formation and evaporation• Constraints from anti-protons fluxes• Detection with anti-deuterons• Cosmological constraints
PBH could have formed in the early universe
• Standard mass spectrum in the early universe
• Example of a near critical phenomena
PBHcBH
BHBH MM
MMn
2*
2/5
*
)2( PBHcBH
BHBH MM
MMn
2*
2/5
*
)2(
cHMM cHMM
Black Holes evaporate• Radiation spectrum
• Hawking evaporation law
kGM
hcT
16
3
2
)(
M
M
dt
dM
stGeVTgM
stGeVTgM
11010
10101049
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stGeVTgM
stGeVTgM
11010
10101049
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sTBk
Q
eh
QM
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sTBk
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Direct antiprotons emission• Individual emission
• Convoluted with the mass spectrum today
dMdMdV
z)n(rd
dEdT
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,,22
dMdMdV
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,,22
dQdE
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h
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dEdt
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j EQ
jj
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)1(),( __
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dn=
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init
*2 MMM
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dn=
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3/13 3 )Mαt(M init 3/13 3 )Mαt(M init Initial spectrumInitial spectrum
Source flux
gM 1310 5 gM 1310 5
g]g[M 1313 10 5 ,10 g]g[M 1313 10 5 ,10
FL
UX
antiprotons kinetic energy (GeV)
g]g[M 1312 10 ,10 g]g[M 1312 10 ,10
g][MM Pl
12,10 g][MM Pl
12,10(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
main contribution for :
*1312 10.510 MM *
1312 10.510 MM
No influence of the details of the formation mechanismNo influence of the details of the formation mechanism
Let antiprotons propagate in the Milky Way
Drawing by D. Maurin
Diffusive halo with convection and nuclear reaction
Diffusive halo with convection and nuclear reaction
Galactic disc where sources areGalactic disc where sources are
Maurin, Taillet, Donato, Salati, Barrau, Boudoul, review article for “Research Signapost” (2002) [astro-ph/0212111]
Primary and secondary antiprotons
• Solve a diffusive equation for PBHs antiprotons AND secondary antiprotons coming from nuclear reaction on the ISM:
• And taking into account the diffusion in energy (tertiary contribution)
),,(1
),0,()(2),0,()(22
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_ EzrNr
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Kz
VErNzhErqzh cine
p
p-p interactionp-p interaction
p-He interactionp-He interaction
He-He interactionHe-He interaction
He-p interactionHe-p interaction
Top of the atmosphere fluxesExperimental data points
Secondary antiprotons flux : “standard” physics only
PBH antiprotons flux for different values of PBH’s density
A. Barrau, G. Boudoul et al., Astronom. Astrophys., 388, 767 (2002)
F.Donato, D. Maurin, P. Salati, A. Barrau, G. Boudoul, R.Taillet
Astrophy. J. (2001) 536, 172
Upper limit on the PBH density
33433 .105105 cmg )3(104 351 kpcLcmn )3(104 351 kpcLcmn
9104 PBH
9104 PBH
99%63%
Cosmological constrain:PBH fraction β
Antiprotons constrains
Barrau, Blais, Boudoul, Polarski, Phys. Lett. B, 551, 218 (2003)
Hypothesis: bump in the mass variance
cHMM cHMM
PBH is the only way to constrain small length scale in the primordial power spectrum
PBH is the only way to constrain small length scale in the primordial power spectrum
Detection of PBH:Antideuterons
evaporation
Secondary anti(D)
Window for detection
A. Barrau, G. Boudoul, et al. Astronom. Astrophys. 398, 403 (2003)
Future experiment like AMS or CREAM will measure the antideuteron flux Improvement ~ factor 10 insensitivity
Future experiment like AMS or CREAM will measure the antideuteron flux Improvement ~ factor 10 insensitivity
New physics with small Black Holes
• Gauss-Bonnet Black Holes at the LHC• Cosmic Gauss-Bonnet Black Holes
Gauss-Bonnet black holes at the LHC
We will see…
Let’s hope!!!
We will see…
Let’s hope!!!
Barrau, Grain & Alexeev Phys. Lett. B 584, 114-122
(2004)
Black Holes at the LHC ?Hierarchy problem in standard physics:
Two solutions:
Warped extra-dimensionnal geometries (RS)
Large extra dimensions
Harkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, Dvali Phys. Lett. B 429, 257 (1998)
Randall, Sundrum Phys. Rev. Lett 83, 3370 (1999)
Black Hole Creation
• Two partons with a center-of-mass energy moving in opposite direction
• A black hole of mass and horizon radius is formed if the impact parameter is lower than
From Giddings & al. (2002)
Precursor Works
• Computation of the black hole’s formation cross-section
• Derivation of the number of black holes produced at the LHC
• Determination of the dimensionnality of space using Hawking’s law
Dimopoulos, Landsberg Phys. Rev. Lett 87, 161602 (2001)
Giddings, Thomas Phys. Rev. D 65, 056010 (2002)
From Dimopoulos & al. 2001
Gauss-Bonnet Black Holes?
• All previous works have used D-dimensionnal Schwarzschild black holes
• General Relativity:
• Low energy limit of String Theory:
Gauss-Bonnet Black Holes’ Thermodynamic (1)
Properties derived by:
Cai Phys. Rev. D 65, 084014 (2002)
Expressed in function of the horizon radius
Boulware, Deser Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3370 (1985)
Gauss-Bonnet Black holes’ Thermodynamic (2)
Non-monotonic behaviour
taking full benefit of evaporation process
(integration over black hole’s lifetime)
The flux Computation (theory)
• Analytical results in the high energy limit
The grey-body factors are constant
• is the most convenient variable
Harris, Kanti JHEP 010, 14 (2003)
The Flux Computation (ATLAS detection)
• Planck scale = 1TeV
• Number of Black Holes produced at LHC derived by Landsberg
• Hard electrons, positrons and photons sign the Black Hole decay spectrum
• ATLAS resolution
The Results -measurement procedure-
• For different input values of (D,), particles emitted by the full evaporation process are generated
spectra are reconstructed for each mass bin• A analysis is performed
2χ
The Results-discussion-
• For a planck scale of order a TeV, ATLAS can measure the dimensionnality of space and the Gauss-Bonnet coupling constant –at least distinguish between the case with and the case without Gauss-Bonnet term.
Important progress in the construction of a full quantum theory of gravity
• The results can be refined by taking into account more carefully the endpoint of Hawking evaporation
• The statistical significance of the analysis should be taken with care
2χBarrau, Grain & Alexeev
Phys. Lett. B 584, 114 (2004)
Future Studies• Include a cosmological constant
Motivated by the AdS and dS/ CFT correspondences
• The same study for spinning black holes
More realistic, as black holes produced at LHC are expected to be spinning
Qualitatively equivalent but quantitatively different
Alexeyev, Popov, Barrau, Grain in preparation
Cai hep-ph/0311020 (2003)
EDGB cosmic black holes• 4-dimensionnal string theory
• Change in the metric function
2
24
4
2
RRRRRS
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ijij
ijklijklGB
GB
)sin( 222222
22 ddrdrdtds
Black hole minimal mass ~ few Planck massBlack hole minimal mass ~ few Planck mass
hhr 64inf hhr 64inf
Evaporation law and integrated relic flux
Hawking law
max
02
222
4
)(tan)(),1(
R
univ dRR
RR
c
RtzE
dEdt
NdF
max
02
222
4
)(tan)(),1(
R
univ dRR
RR
c
RtzE
dEdt
NdF
12117101.1 srmsJF12117101.1 srmsJF
Alexeyev, Barrau, Boudoul, Sazhin, Class. & Quantum Grav., 19, 4431 (2002)
Alexeyev, Barrau, Boudoul et al., Astronom. Lett., 28, 7, (2002)
Particle physics beyond the standard model with black
holes ?
A. Barrau & N. Ponthieu
Phys. Rev. D 69, 085010 (2004) , hep-ph/0402187
- To avoid entropy overproduction, an upper limit on Trh is obtainted with gravitinos- If cosmic-rays from PBHs are detected, it leads to an upper limit on the Hubble mass at reheating so it leads to a lower limit on Trh- Combining both lead to constrains on the gravitino mass
Lower limit on the gravitinoMass as a function of the PBHInduced anti(D) flux
Conclusion
Big black holes are fascinating…Big black holes are fascinating…
But small black holes are far more fascinating!!!But small black holes are far more fascinating!!!