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PERCEPTIONConcept Of Perception
Perception is the cognitive process involving
selecting,organising,and interpreting orattaching meaning to the events happening in
the environment.
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Features Perception is the intellectual process.
Perception is the basic cognitive or
psychological process. Different people perceive different things
according to their psychological and
intellectual behaviour.
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PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
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Perceptual Organization Perceptual organization deals with the
manner in which selected stimuli are
organized in order to make sense out ofthem. People organize the various stimuli
on the principles of figure-
ground,grouping,simplification and closure.
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Principles
Figure ground: People tend to organiseinformation on what is known as the figureground principle.In this more attention is paid to
phenomena which have been kept as figure andless attention is paid to phenomena kept inbackground.
Grouping: people have a tendency to groupseveral stimuli into recognisable pattern.peoplegenerally group various stimuli on the basis ofproximity or similarity.
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Proximity:The proximity or nearness principle
of grouping states that a group of stimuli that
are close together will be perceived as a wholeof parts or pattern of parts belonging together.
For eg. All employees working in a particular
department may be grouped together becauseof physical proximity.
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Similarity: The principle of similarity states
that the greater the similarity of the stimuli
greater is the tendency to perceive them as a
common group. For eg All the workers may
be perceived to have the same opinions about
the management because they are groupedtogether on the basis of similarity.
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Simplification: whenever people are
overloaded with information, they try to
simplify it to make it more meaningful andunderstandable.simplifaction makes the
things more understandable because the
perceiver has been to reduce the complexityby eliminating some of the things which are
less important.
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Closure: When faced with incomplete
information,people fill up the gaps
themselves to the information meaningful.For
eg When managers have to make promotion
decisions, they may not have complete
information about the suitability of anemployee for a higher position. In such cases,
they rely more on the past records of the
employee.
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INTERPERSONAL
PERCEPTION As we discussed perceptual selectivity and
perceptual organisation holds true for any
stimulus situation, persons or others. This
situation puts emphasis on interpersonal
perception in which the perceiver perceives
another person and the latter becomes a stimulus
for perception. There are certain factors whichinfluence the interpersonal perception.
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FACTORS OF IMPERSONAL
PERCEPTION ARE:
Factors in perceiver,
Factors in perceived,
Situational factors.
FACTORS IN PERCEIVER: the person tries to
perceive the other person according to his ownpersonality, his mental set,attribution,first
impression, halo effect and stereotyping.
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Personality: personality influences perception
because of two reasons:
The perceiver tries to project his personality
attributes in others known as projection.
The perceiver tries to fit his
attitudes,beliefs,expectations to reality known asthe process of selfulfilling prophecies.
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Mental set: The person tries to perceive the
other person according to his/her mental set
or given situation.Suppose you are
contestant in a track meet and are positioning
yourself in your starting blocks as you hear
the prepratory commands,Get ready,Getset.when you hear the command u take off at
once since you are already set.
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Attribution : Attribution is the process by whichindividuals interpret events as being caused by
particular aspects in the setting aroundthem.Attribution of causes for events influences
perception.For eg.:If a person is bypassed inpromotion,he may attribute the reason of his
bypassing in terms that others have beenpromoted not because of their ability butbecause of their being close with high ups.
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First impression:It is very common thatpeople evaluate on the basis of first
impression.The evaluation based firstimpression may be correct if it is based onadequate and significant evidence.Sincefirst impression evaluation is not based onadequate information,it may not be truereflection of people being perceived.
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Stereo typing: Stereotyping occurs when the perceiverperceives a person on the basis of characterstics of thegroup to which he belongs.The person is not perceived asan individual.For eg. There are certain stereotyping at theinternational level like: Americans are materialistics andambitious,Japanese are industrious etc.In perceptionindividuals belonging to a particular class are likely to be
perceived on the basis of characterstics of the class towhich they belong.
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FACTORS IN PERSON
PERCEIVED TWO SUCH FACTORS ARE MORE
COMMON:
Status of the person. Visibility of his traits.
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Status:The target person may be perceived
on the basis of his status and not on thebasis of his actual characterstics.Thus a
person having high status may be perceived
to have many desirable qualities as
compared to a person having low
status.This may not be true.
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Visibility of traits: There are many traits
which are not visible on surface,such as
Honesty,loyalty etc.In such cases
evaluation is to be made on the basis of
ones own experience which may not be
correct.
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SITUATIONAL FACTORS Situational factors also influence theperception.There may be structured of theplace indicating the characterstics of personoccupying it.Thus a person is likely to beperceived by a place. For eg.A person isperceived differently if he meets with other
in a five star hotel as compared to anordinary place.