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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 1
Quantum Mechanics in Metric
Space: Results for DFT and CDFT
Irene D'Amico
Department of Physics
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 2
Jeremy Coe Department of Chemistry, University of Herriot-Watt, Edinburg, UK
Klaus Capelle Centro de Ciencias Naturais e Humanas, UFABC, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Vivian França Department of Physical Chemistry, UNESP, Araraquara Brazil
Paul Sharp Department of Physics, University of York, York, UK
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 3
General Motivation: Conservation Laws →
Metrics → New tool for understanding physics Conservation laws are a central tenet of our understanding
of the physical world and a fundamental tool for
developing theoretical physics
If we can deduce ‘natural metrics’ for the quantities related
to conservation laws, we have a new tool for
understanding these quantities
(and the related physical systems)
This may be useful when considering many-body systems,
often too complex when considered within the usual
coordinate space analysis.
Would many-body systems become ‘simpler’ when looked
at using metric spaces?
P. Sharp and I. D’Amico, PRB 89, 115137 (2014)
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 4
Outline
• Metric spaces
• From conservation laws to metric spaces
• Geometry of these metric spaces:
‘Onion shell’ geometry
• Wave functions, Particle densities, and Paramagnetic
currents as metric spaces
• Gauge invariance of metrics
• Hohenberg-Kohn theorem in metric space:
DFT and CDFT
• [Looking at approximations for v_xc in metric spaces:
some results for LDA & QI-related possibilities]
[if time allows…]
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 5
Metric space
• Metric space: it is possible to assign a
distance between any two elements of the
space
given any A, B, C in metric space M, we can
assign D(A,B) such that:
D(A,B)≥0, D(A,B)=0 if and only if A=B
D(A,B)=D(B,A) and
D(A,B)≤D(A,C)+D(C,B) (triangular inequality)
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Conservation Laws
↓
p-Norm
↓ Canonical Metric
↓ ‘Natural’ Metric
'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 6
{f} physical
functions
{f} physical
functions
{f} vector
space
{f} vector
space
P. Sharp and I. D’Amico, PRB 89, 115137 (2014)
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Conservation Laws → ‘Natural’ Metrics
'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 7
(4) (6)
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 8
Natural distance between any two
N-particle densities • it is derived from particle conservation
with the density corresponding to a N-particle
wave function given by
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 9
• with this distance the densities form a
metric space
• contrary to wave functions, the densities
are though NOT a vector space NOR a
Hilbert space.
• metric spaces give a structure to the
densities’ ensemble
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 10
Natural distance between any two
N-particle wave functions • it is derived from wave-function norm
• however discriminates
between wave functions which differ by a
global phase only.
• ≠ 0 for most
• This is unphysical,
it does not satisfy gauge invariance
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 11
We consider then the physically meaningful
classes {ΨeiΦ} and define the related distance
where the phase Φ is defined by
This restores the physically expected property
0 for any
It can be shown that is indeed
a distance. This metrics is gauge invariant.
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 12
Natural distance between any two
N-particle paramagnetic currents • the conservation of z-component of angular momentum
generates a metric for the paramagnetic current,
suggesting this to be the fundamental variable in the
presence of a magnetic field [CDFT?]
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Gauge invariance for
paramagnetic current metric
'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 13
Reference gauge such that [Lz,H] = 0, then in any gauge
Then in any gauge there is
the constant of motion:
where {m} are the eigenstates of Lz in the reference gauge.
and
The gauge-invariant paramagnetic current metric is then
~ ~ ~ ~
which reduces to the previous one when [Lz,H] = 0
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Geometry of these metric
spaces: ‘Onion Shell’ geometry • Conservation laws naturally build within the related
metric spaces a hierarchy of concentric spheres, or
‘onion shell’ geometry.
• center: zero function f(0)(x)≡0
• then Df (f, f(0))=|| f (x) ||p= p-norm
• but:
• and (conservation law)
• so for each c we get a sphere of radius
Df (f, f(0))=|| f (x) ||p= c1/p
'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 14
C31/p
C21/p
C11/p
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DFT:
{w-ftc’s ↔ densities}
in metric spaces
'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 15
D’Amico, Coe, França, Capelle PRL 106, 050401 (2011)
D’Amico, Coe, França, Capelle PRL 107, 188902 (2011)
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N-particle densities spheres:
centre ρ(0)(x)≡0 and radius
Dρ(ρ, ρ(0))=N
'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 16
Geometry of particle density and
wave functions metric space • Both spaces display a onion-shell geometry
Fock space stratifies in an
onion-shell geometry
Gauge invariance implies
only half sphere is occupied
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 17
Metric space for ground state
wave functions and densities • ground state (GS) particle densities, and
GS N-particle wave functions do NOT form
a vector space NOR a Hilbert space
• GS N-particle wave functions are a
metric space, (it follows from the same
definitions just discussed).
• GS N-particle densities are a metric
space (it follows from the same definitions
just discussed)
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 18
Hohenberg-Kohn theorem
• the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem establishes
a one-to-one mapping between GS
wavefunctions and their densities.
• It is at the core of Density Functional
Theory which allows to effectively
calculate the properties of realistic large
many-body systems
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 19
Metric spaces and Hohenberg-
Kohn (H-K) theorem
• We see then that H-K mapping is indeed
a mapping between metric spaces
• Since
the H-K theorem implies that GS wave
functions with nonzero distance are
mapped onto densities with nonzero
distance.
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 20
Metric spaces and Hohenberg-
Kohn (H-K) theorem • the H-K theorem implies that, the plot of
Dρ versus Dψ has a positive slope at the
origin
• It also guarantees that the origin is the
only point with Dρ =0, so distances
between densities are good to discriminate
between different quantum systems
• We will derive other properties using
numerical calculations
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 21
Family of GS’s
•Each family of GS’s
ψ1… ψM and related
densities are defined
by varying a single
system parameter.
•Distances are then
calculated between
the north pole
(reference state)
and the other states.
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 22
Hooke’s atom
all curves are almost linear
in a large range: when looking
at distances, the HK theorem
is a very simple mapping
similar results for
Helium series and
1D Hubbard model
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 23
C-DFT:
w-ftc’s ↔ {particle and
paramagnetic current densities}
in metric spaces
more at Paul Sharp’s poster
tomorrow afternoon
P. Sharp and I. D’Amico, PRB 89, 115137 (2014),
P. Sharp and I. D’Amico, preprint (2014)
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 24
Geometry of paramagnetic
current density metric space • all paramagnetic current densities with a z-
component of the angular momentum
equal to ± m lie on spheres of radius |m|.
• onion-shell geometry
• in general as |m| changes we
‘jump’ from one sphere to the
next even for the same N. |m3|
|m2|
|m1|
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 25
Systems
• magnetic Hooke's Atom and inverse
square interaction (ISI) systems
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Ground
State
Results:
Djp vs
Dρ and DΨ
'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
26
positive slope
piece-wise
linearity NO universality for
same number
of particles
GAPS!
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‘Band structure’
• We find a ‘band-gap’ structure’, i.e.
regions of allowed (`bands') and forbidden
(`gaps') distances, whose widths depend
on the value of |m|.
• It is induced by the application of a
magnetic field: now GS may correspond
to different, finite |m| and have finite jp
'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 27
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‘Band structure’ and C-DFT H-K Theorem • In contrast with DFT analysis, we find that GS currents
populate a well-defined, limited region of each sphere,
whose size and position display monotonic behaviour
with respect to the quantum number m.
• This regular behaviour is not at all expected, by the
CDFT-HK theorem
'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 28
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 29
Current work • Role of jp and ρ in
CDFT HK-like mapping Ψ↔{ρ,jp}
• Characterisation of approximations within Density
functional theory. We are currently characterising
LDA (one of the most used approximations within
density functional theory) in terms of metric spaces
and distances.
• Lattice-DFT: demonstration of: vext ↔ n
J. Coe, I. D’Amico, V. França, submitted (2014)
P. Sharp and I. D’Amico, preprint (2014)
J. Coe, I. D’Amico, V. França (alphabetical order)
in progress (2014)
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 30
‘QI’-related possibilities
Can metric space analysis provide new tools to
track the system dynamics?
e.g. :
fidelity is not a proper metric but still tries to track
‘distance’ between the wished and actual state.
Could using a proper metric provide a better
tools?
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• Postdoctoral position available:
Crossover between Quantum Information
and Density Functional Theory
• USP-S.Carlos
• For inquiry: [email protected]
'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 31
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'DFT meets QI',
December 2014
Irene D'Amico, UoY 32
Summary • Proposed a metric space formulation of
conservation laws (‘natural’ metrics)
• Demonstrated the onion shell geometry of these
metric spaces
• Shown that GS, their particle densities and current
densities form metric spaces
• use this to characterised the Hohenberg-Kohn
theorem in DFT and CDFT.
• Shown that in both DFT and CDFT the HK theorem
is strikingly simpler in metric spaces than in
coordinate spaces.
• Discussed some work in progress