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Recent advances in understanding ethanol coproducts nutrition in swine diets
Pedro E. Urriola, Dept. of Animal Sciences, University of MinnesotaMay 15, 2019
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Ethanol coproducts are always evolving
Process
Chemistry
Nutrients
Value
Application
Corn and corn processing
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Consumers and pork are changing too
Process
Chemistry
Nutrients
Value
Application
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Challenges for using distillers coproducts are numerous
Process
Chemistry
Nutrients
Value
Application
Corn and corn processing Pork and consumers
Nutrient variabilityCorn mycotoxins
Pork products:• New markets• Antibiotic use• Environmental impact
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Protection against change is knowledge
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Opportunities for distillers coproducts in diets for swine
Manage feeding cost
High protein distillers grains and synthetic amino acids
Higher quality distillers corn oil
No antibiotics ever
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Managing feed costRecent advances in understanding coproducts in swine diets
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A competitive source of energy and protein for managing diet cost
Price of DDGS was less than corn 52% of the time
Price/unit of protein < soybean meal99% of the time
80%
90%
100%
110%
120%
130%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
110%
Source: DTN DDG Weekly Update
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However, at greater inclusion rates DDGS decrease growth performance
Item Responses to DDGS
N ↑ ↓ =ADG 106 0 30 76
ADFI 106 10 29 67
G:F 106 7 28 71
• Approximately 3 out of 10 report less than expected performance
• The majority of experiments demonstrate a decrease in feed efficiency
Zeng et al. (2019)
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Dietary fiber(re) decreases carcass yield
717172727373747475
CSB WM DDGS WM+DDGS
Car
cass
yie
ld, %
Diets
Yield Additional
Wu et al. (2016)
Short space vs. long space
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African Swine Fever, what does it mean?Virus Soybean
MealDDGS
Seneca Virus A (surrogate for Foot and Mouth Disease Virus)
African Swine Fever VirusPorcine Sapelovirus (surrogate for Swine Vesicular Disease Virus)
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
Feline Calicivirus V (surrogate for Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus)
Porcine Circovirus Type 2
Porcine Reproductive and RespiratorySyndrome Virus
Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (surrogate for Pseudorabies Virus)
There is an estimation of loss 30%-35% of pigs in China alone: ~250M pigs
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African Swine Fever market change and opportunities ahead
Currently in 3 continents (15 countries)• China 97%• VietNam/Cambodia 1-2%• Europe:
• Belgium wild boars No domestic• Eastern Europe < 2%
200-300 million pigs~120 million US
https://www.cahfs.umn.edu/services-tools/cahfs-emerging-issues
↓ Soybean and canola meal? Distillers coproducts
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Causes of low growth of pigs fed DDGS
DDGS
Fiber
↓ NE ↓SID AA ↑ Thr
Heat
Lipid perox
AA bioaval
↑Leu
↓Ile ↓Leu
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In summary – best equations were
• GE = 4,583 + (50.6 × Ether Extract) – (0.12 × Particle Size)– Anderson et al. (2012) J. Anim. Sci. 90:1242-1254
• DE = -2,161 + (1.39 × GE) – (20.7 × NDF) – (49.3 × EE)– Anderson et al. (2012) J. Anim. Sci. 90:1242-1254
• ME = -261 + (1.05 × GE) – (7.89 × CP) + (2.47 × NDF) – (4.99 × EE)– Anderson et al. (2012) J. Anim. Sci. 90:1242-1254
Samples of DDGS with EE < 6% were 2/41
Urriola et al. (2014)
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The digestibility of fiber can be predicted using laboratory procedures
y = 0.1643x + 2.8959R² = 0.819
0102030405060708090
0 200 400 600
ATTD
of T
DF,
%
Asymptotic gas production (A), mL/g DM
Corn DDGS
Soybean hulls
Wheat straw
SBHDDGS
WS
Huang et al. (2017)
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Animal feed
WATER (67% diet+33% on farm) and ENERGY • Water footprint: 34 L /gm of
pork
Biofuels
Y Z
DDGS127 MMT
5MBu
5MBu
X
37 MMT
Fiber (1/3)Protein (1-3)
Manure
DDGS: 50% recalcitrant fiber
Environmental impact of feeding DDGS to pigsCurrently, nutrients are lost in manure. Can we increase the recovery?Can we decrease water use?
Corn
Pork
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DDGS have high content of poorly digestible nutrients
0% 50% 100%
DDGSCorn
Water CP Fat SugarsStarch Fiber Other
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Crystallinity decreases the degradation of corn fiberX-ray diffraction in DDGS of low and high digestibility
The greater crystallinity index, the less digestibility of fiber
010203040506070
0.02.04.06.08.0
10.012.014.0
DDGS1 DDGS8
ATTD
of N
DF,
%
Cry
tallin
ity in
dex,
%
CrI ATTD of NDFDDGS1: ATTD of
NDF=57.3%
DDGS8: ATTD of NDF=44.5%
Zeng et al. (2019) Report to the National Pork Board
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Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) increases digestibility of energy in corn DDGS
36394364
0
5
10
15
20
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Untreated AFEXtreatedD
iges
tible
ene
rgy,
kca
l/kg
DM
Digestible energy, kcak/kg DMCrystallinity index, %
12%
17%
0% 0%0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Cry
stal
linity
inde
x, %
AFEX
Zeng et al. (2019) NPB Report #17-036
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Fermentation time, h
Gas
pro
duct
ion
mL/
g
0
100
200
300
400
0 20 40 60 80
Con E1 E2 E3E4 E5 E6 E7
T0.5 ≈ 16 h
Negligible impact of enzymes on in vitro fermentation of fiber in corn DDGS
Zeng et al. (2017) Report to the National Pork Board
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Feeding high fiber diets and enzymes improves livability
96.09 96.49
97.75 97.61
y = -0.0002x + 3.944R² = 0.8462; P = 0.17
96
97
97
98
98
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000Pigs
pai
d in
full
valu
e, %
Dietary inclusion of xylanase, BXU/kgBoyd (2015) Leman Conference
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Opportunities with proteinRecent advances in understanding ethanol coproducts nutrition in swine diets
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Pigs require amino acids to make protein but not the other way around!
Protein Amino acids Muscle
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Amino Acids
• Second most expensive after energy
• Primary limitation for lean growth
• 10 dietary indispensable or essential amino acids
• Conditional essential (Figure) Boisen, 2007
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Digestible amino acid content varies among sources
SID Lysine, %
SID Methionine + Cystine, %
SID Threonine, %
SID Tryptophan, %
Low value*0.22
0.65
0.54
0.07
High value*0.92
1.42
1.63
0.25
Difference
0.70
0.77
1.09
0.18
*Values on a dry matter basis
Zeng et al. (2017)
Met: $2.85/kgLys HCl: $1.38/kgThr: $2.28/kgTrp: $10.00/kg
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SID amino acid content can be accurately predicted • SID Lys, % = 0.816 ×
(Lys, % – 0.005) × NDF
• SID Met, % = 0.945 ×(Met, % – 0.002) × NDF
• SID Thr, % = 0.858 ×(Thr, % – 0.004) × NDF
• SID Trp, % = 0.827 ×(Trp, % – 0.001) × NDF
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Between 3 and 40% of lysine in DDGS is destroyed during processing• Maillard reaction
– Cromwell et al., 1993; Fastinger and Mahan, 2006; Stein et al., 2006
– Unreactive Lys (0.32 to 3.25 g/kg; Pahm et al., 2006).
– Between 3 to 40% of total Lys is unreactive Lys.
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Models to predict digestible amino acids from fluorescence
AA Model Adjusted R2
RMSE
Lys y~PC1…PC31 99.9 0.09
Met y~PC1…PC24 98.5 0.01
Thr y~PC1…PC30 99.8 0.01
Trp y~PC1…PC29 99.6 0.004
n = 37
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
380 430 480 530 580Wavelength, nm
Emis
sion
inte
nsity
, (y
= Em
L/R
ef)
Low digestibilityMedium digestibilityHigh digestibility
Urriola et al. (2017)
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Amino acid quality of corn coproducts
• Objective:– To develop more accurate
measurement of amino acid bioavailability
Lysine
IngestedDigested
Excreted
Bioavailable
Amanda Palowski Edward Yang
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HP-DDG Inclusion, %
ADG, kg/d
HP-DDG Inclusion, %
BCAA:Lys
Balance of amino acids is really important if not correct decreases value of corn coproducts
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Effects of increasing SID Trp:Lys in 30% DDGS diets on growth performance
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.5
ADG* ADFI* G:F14.0% 15.0% 16.5% 18.0%
Grower-finisher (105 d)*Linear effect (P < 0.001)
Finisher (73 d)*Linear effect (P < 0.03)
Salyer et al. (2013)
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.0
ADG* ADFI* G:F*15.0% 16.5% 18.0% 19.5%
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13%
DDGS
?Antibiotic residues in coproducts
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Temperature during DDGS production degrade virginiamycin
70% degradation after 95 C at pH 4.5VM d-values (19.4 - 43.3 min) at 70-95 C
Walter et al. (2019)
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Looking for opportunities
LandWater
Carbon
Farming
Antibiotics
Castration
Beta-agonists
Environmental constraints
Consumer demands Safety
WelfarePrejudice
Coproduct bioactive
compoundsGut health
Boar taint
Lean
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Conclusions
• Valuable feed ingredient in diet for pigs
– Risk of reduced growth performance increases with increasing DDGS inclusion rates
• Risk needs to be minimized by:– Energy and amino acids use equations– Manage amino acid ratios
• New applications are emerging
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Looking forward to seeing you at:
•Dates: September 14−17, 2019•Location: Saint Paul RiverCentre
80th September 18-19, 2019Mankato, MN
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