Recent advances in understanding ethanol coproducts nutrition in swine diets

Pedro E. Urriola, Dept. of Animal Sciences, University of MinnesotaMay 15, 2019

Ethanol coproducts are always evolving

Process

Chemistry

Nutrients

Value

Application

Corn and corn processing

Consumers and pork are changing too

Process

Chemistry

Nutrients

Value

Application

Challenges for using distillers coproducts are numerous

Process

Chemistry

Nutrients

Value

Application

Corn and corn processing Pork and consumers

Nutrient variabilityCorn mycotoxins

Pork products:• New markets• Antibiotic use• Environmental impact

Protection against change is knowledge

Opportunities for distillers coproducts in diets for swine

Manage feeding cost

High protein distillers grains and synthetic amino acids

Higher quality distillers corn oil

No antibiotics ever

Managing feed costRecent advances in understanding coproducts in swine diets

A competitive source of energy and protein for managing diet cost

Price of DDGS was less than corn 52% of the time

Price/unit of protein < soybean meal99% of the time

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

130%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

Source: DTN DDG Weekly Update

However, at greater inclusion rates DDGS decrease growth performance

Item Responses to DDGS

N ↑ ↓ =ADG 106 0 30 76

ADFI 106 10 29 67

G:F 106 7 28 71

• Approximately 3 out of 10 report less than expected performance

• The majority of experiments demonstrate a decrease in feed efficiency

Zeng et al. (2019)

Dietary fiber(re) decreases carcass yield

717172727373747475

CSB WM DDGS WM+DDGS

Car

cass

yie

ld, %

Diets

Yield Additional

Wu et al. (2016)

Short space vs. long space

African Swine Fever, what does it mean?Virus Soybean

MealDDGS

Seneca Virus A (surrogate for Foot and Mouth Disease Virus)

African Swine Fever VirusPorcine Sapelovirus (surrogate for Swine Vesicular Disease Virus)

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

Feline Calicivirus V (surrogate for Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus)

Porcine Circovirus Type 2

Porcine Reproductive and RespiratorySyndrome Virus

Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (surrogate for Pseudorabies Virus)

There is an estimation of loss 30%-35% of pigs in China alone: ~250M pigs

African Swine Fever market change and opportunities ahead

Currently in 3 continents (15 countries)• China 97%• VietNam/Cambodia 1-2%• Europe:

• Belgium wild boars No domestic• Eastern Europe < 2%

200-300 million pigs~120 million US

https://www.cahfs.umn.edu/services-tools/cahfs-emerging-issues

↓ Soybean and canola meal? Distillers coproducts

Causes of low growth of pigs fed DDGS

DDGS

Fiber

↓ NE ↓SID AA ↑ Thr

Heat

Lipid perox

AA bioaval

↑Leu

↓Ile ↓Leu

In summary – best equations were

• GE = 4,583 + (50.6 × Ether Extract) – (0.12 × Particle Size)– Anderson et al. (2012) J. Anim. Sci. 90:1242-1254

• DE = -2,161 + (1.39 × GE) – (20.7 × NDF) – (49.3 × EE)– Anderson et al. (2012) J. Anim. Sci. 90:1242-1254

• ME = -261 + (1.05 × GE) – (7.89 × CP) + (2.47 × NDF) – (4.99 × EE)– Anderson et al. (2012) J. Anim. Sci. 90:1242-1254

Samples of DDGS with EE < 6% were 2/41

Urriola et al. (2014)

The digestibility of fiber can be predicted using laboratory procedures

y = 0.1643x + 2.8959R² = 0.819

0102030405060708090

0 200 400 600

ATTD

of T

DF,

%

Asymptotic gas production (A), mL/g DM

Corn DDGS

Soybean hulls

Wheat straw

SBHDDGS

WS

Huang et al. (2017)

Animal feed

WATER (67% diet+33% on farm) and ENERGY • Water footprint: 34 L /gm of

pork

Biofuels

Y Z

DDGS127 MMT

5MBu

5MBu

X

37 MMT

Fiber (1/3)Protein (1-3)

Manure

DDGS: 50% recalcitrant fiber

Environmental impact of feeding DDGS to pigsCurrently, nutrients are lost in manure. Can we increase the recovery?Can we decrease water use?

Corn

Pork

DDGS have high content of poorly digestible nutrients

0% 50% 100%

DDGSCorn

Water CP Fat SugarsStarch Fiber Other

Crystallinity decreases the degradation of corn fiberX-ray diffraction in DDGS of low and high digestibility

The greater crystallinity index, the less digestibility of fiber

010203040506070

0.02.04.06.08.0

10.012.014.0

DDGS1 DDGS8

ATTD

of N

DF,

%

Cry

tallin

ity in

dex,

%

CrI ATTD of NDFDDGS1: ATTD of

NDF=57.3%

DDGS8: ATTD of NDF=44.5%

Zeng et al. (2019) Report to the National Pork Board

Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) increases digestibility of energy in corn DDGS

36394364

0

5

10

15

20

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Untreated AFEXtreatedD

iges

tible

ene

rgy,

kca

l/kg

DM

Digestible energy, kcak/kg DMCrystallinity index, %

12%

17%

0% 0%0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

Cry

stal

linity

inde

x, %

AFEX

Zeng et al. (2019) NPB Report #17-036

Fermentation time, h

Gas

pro

duct

ion

mL/

g

0

100

200

300

400

0 20 40 60 80

Con E1 E2 E3E4 E5 E6 E7

T0.5 ≈ 16 h

Negligible impact of enzymes on in vitro fermentation of fiber in corn DDGS

Zeng et al. (2017) Report to the National Pork Board

Feeding high fiber diets and enzymes improves livability

96.09 96.49

97.75 97.61

y = -0.0002x + 3.944R² = 0.8462; P = 0.17

96

97

97

98

98

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000Pigs

pai

d in

full

valu

e, %

Dietary inclusion of xylanase, BXU/kgBoyd (2015) Leman Conference

Opportunities with proteinRecent advances in understanding ethanol coproducts nutrition in swine diets

Pigs require amino acids to make protein but not the other way around!

Protein Amino acids Muscle

Amino Acids

• Second most expensive after energy

• Primary limitation for lean growth

• 10 dietary indispensable or essential amino acids

• Conditional essential (Figure) Boisen, 2007

Digestible amino acid content varies among sources

SID Lysine, %

SID Methionine + Cystine, %

SID Threonine, %

SID Tryptophan, %

Low value*0.22

0.65

0.54

0.07

High value*0.92

1.42

1.63

0.25

Difference

0.70

0.77

1.09

0.18

*Values on a dry matter basis

Zeng et al. (2017)

Met: $2.85/kgLys HCl: $1.38/kgThr: $2.28/kgTrp: $10.00/kg

SID amino acid content can be accurately predicted • SID Lys, % = 0.816 ×

(Lys, % – 0.005) × NDF

• SID Met, % = 0.945 ×(Met, % – 0.002) × NDF

• SID Thr, % = 0.858 ×(Thr, % – 0.004) × NDF

• SID Trp, % = 0.827 ×(Trp, % – 0.001) × NDF

Between 3 and 40% of lysine in DDGS is destroyed during processing• Maillard reaction

– Cromwell et al., 1993; Fastinger and Mahan, 2006; Stein et al., 2006

– Unreactive Lys (0.32 to 3.25 g/kg; Pahm et al., 2006).

– Between 3 to 40% of total Lys is unreactive Lys.

Models to predict digestible amino acids from fluorescence

AA Model Adjusted R2

RMSE

Lys y~PC1…PC31 99.9 0.09

Met y~PC1…PC24 98.5 0.01

Thr y~PC1…PC30 99.8 0.01

Trp y~PC1…PC29 99.6 0.004

n = 37

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

380 430 480 530 580Wavelength, nm

Emis

sion

inte

nsity

, (y

= Em

L/R

ef)

Low digestibilityMedium digestibilityHigh digestibility

Urriola et al. (2017)

Amino acid quality of corn coproducts

• Objective:– To develop more accurate

measurement of amino acid bioavailability

Lysine

IngestedDigested

Excreted

Bioavailable

Amanda Palowski Edward Yang

HP-DDG Inclusion, %

ADG, kg/d

HP-DDG Inclusion, %

BCAA:Lys

Balance of amino acids is really important if not correct decreases value of corn coproducts

Effects of increasing SID Trp:Lys in 30% DDGS diets on growth performance

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.5

ADG* ADFI* G:F14.0% 15.0% 16.5% 18.0%

Grower-finisher (105 d)*Linear effect (P < 0.001)

Finisher (73 d)*Linear effect (P < 0.03)

Salyer et al. (2013)

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.0

ADG* ADFI* G:F*15.0% 16.5% 18.0% 19.5%

13%

DDGS

?Antibiotic residues in coproducts

Temperature during DDGS production degrade virginiamycin

70% degradation after 95 C at pH 4.5VM d-values (19.4 - 43.3 min) at 70-95 C

Walter et al. (2019)

Looking for opportunities

LandWater

Carbon

Farming

Antibiotics

Castration

Beta-agonists

Environmental constraints

Consumer demands Safety

WelfarePrejudice

Coproduct bioactive

compoundsGut health

Boar taint

Lean

Conclusions

• Valuable feed ingredient in diet for pigs

– Risk of reduced growth performance increases with increasing DDGS inclusion rates

• Risk needs to be minimized by:– Energy and amino acids use equations– Manage amino acid ratios

• New applications are emerging

Looking forward to seeing you at:

•Dates: September 14−17, 2019•Location: Saint Paul RiverCentre

80th September 18-19, 2019Mankato, MN