SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE ENVIRONMENT 14.01 Define terms relating to science and technology and environmental science, natural resources, and conservation
GENERAL TERMS• Organism – any living thing
• Biological Science – the study of living organisms
• Cell – the basic building block of life
• Life span – the period of life of an organism
• Life process – a function or activity essential for the living condition
• Living condition – the presence of life processes in an organism
• Growth – the process of an organism increasing in size.
• Repair – the replacement of worn or damaged parts.
• Earth Science – a science the deals with the earth and the area surrounding it
• Evolution – the process of growth development and change
• Atmosphere - the air that surrounds the earth.
BASIC LIFE PROCESSES 14.02 – Describe basic life processes in relation to structures of living
organisms.
CELLS
• All organisms are made of cells, similar to a building being made of blocks
• A cell is the basic building block of life.
STRUCTURE
• Cell wall • Rigid cover that gives a cell shape and protects it
• Cell membrane• Thin structure that separates the cell from its surroundings and controls
movement of materials in and out of the cell. • What adjective describes the membrane?
• Nucleus• Controls cell functions
• Nucleoli• Bodies within the nucleus that contain protein and RNA
• Cytoplasm• Material inside the cell between the cell membrane and nucleus
LIFE SPAN• Stages of Life
• Beginning – when life begins• Growing – when young organisms grow quickly by increasing the number and
size of cells• Maturing – when an organism is fully developed
• Growth stops except for repair and replacement of cells • When reproduction occurs
• Declining – after maturity, when an organism begins to lose its ability to maintain itself.• Also called AGING
• Dying – when life processes stop. DEATH occurs.
• Life spans vary. Few minutes or hours to thousands of years, depending on organism.
LIFE PROCESSES
• Growth and Repair • Needed for an organism to mature and remain healthy• Assimilation
• The process of changing food substances into new living material• Growth
• The process of an organism increasing in size• Mitosis
• When cells divide to produce cells for growth and repair • Repair
• The replacement of worn or damaged parts.
LIFE PROCESSES• Food Acquisition and Use
• All organisms must have food • Metabolism – all the chemical reactions in
the body• Ingestion – process of animals taking in
food• Digestion – the process that changes food
into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the cells
• Absorption – transfer of nutrients from digestive system to bloodstream
• Elimination – the removal of an unabsorbed food remain from the body• Solid material = feces• Liquid material = urine
LIFE PROCESSES
• Digestive system types • Monogastric
• Stomach with one compartment, needs more concentrated foods
• Examples:• Birds, monkeys, and swine
• Ruminant • Stomach with multiple compartments,
has different forms• Enables animals to digest roughage • Examples
• Cow, sheep,
LIFE PROCESSES
• Movement• Means to change location through an outside factor or to move parts.
• Locomotion • The ability to move from one place to another
CIRCULATION
• Movement of metabolic material from one location to another in an organism
• Plants have Vascular systems • Xylem conducts water (H2O) and nutrients • Phloem conducts food from where it’s made to
throughout the plant.
LIFE PROCESSES• Respiration
• Two main functions• External respiration
• Exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) by an organism with its environment, often simply called breathing.
• Also called mechanical respiration
• Internal respiration• Occurs inside the organism and is the
movement of gasses across living tissues by diffusion
• In animals, it happens in the lungs.
LIFE PROCESSES
• Secretion• Process of releasing substances from a
living cell or glands • Examples:
• Tears from eyes• Saliva in the mouth
LIFE PROCESSES
• Sensations • The detection of a stimulus by an organism • Five senses
• Sight • Hearing • Touch• Taste• Smell
• Organisms respond to their environment based on information from their sensors.
LIFE PROCESSES
• Excretion • Removal of wastes from a cell or an organism • From kidneys = urine• From digestive system = feces
LIFE PROCESSES
• Reproduction • Process of forming new
individuals
• Most is by sexual means, involving a male and female
STRUCTURES OF LIVING ORGANISMS
• Multi-cellular organisms• All have many cells. Most have
millions of cells• Not all cells are alike• Cell specialization
• Cells are different so they can do specific functions
• Tissue • Group of cells that are alike
• Organs • A collection of tissues that work
together to perform certain functions
• Organ Systems• Organs working together to
perform an activity
STRUCTURES OF LIVING ORGANISMS
• Animal Structure• Made of many cells• Can move about• Get their food from other
sources (heterotrophic)
• Skeletal System • Part of the body made of
bones, etc. • Two types
• Vertebrates – animals with backbones • Examples: humans, deer
• Invertebrates – animals without backbones • Examples: insects, shrimp,
and earthworms.
STRUCTURES OF LIVING ORGANISMS
• Animal Structure• Vital Organ Systems – needed for an animal to live
• Muscular • Nervous• Circulatory• Respiratory• Excretory• Digestive• Reproductive
STRUCTURES OF LIVING ORGANISM
• Plant Structure • Vegetative parts work together to carry out life processes
• Roots • Anchor plant and take in water and nutrients
• Stems • Support plant and transport material
• Leaves • Make food by photosynthesis
• Reproduction • Sexually – seed formation in the flower • Asexually – using a plant part to produce another plant
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION14.03 – Classify living things by their scientific name and environmental
role
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
• Classified by their similarities and differences
• System shows the biological relationships and differences of organisms
• Major divisions or stages are:• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Species• Genus
• Divisions become more specific from kingdom to species
KINGDOM
• All organisms are classified into five kingdoms• Monera• Protista• Fungi• Plantae• Animalia
KINGDOM MONERA
• Monerans• Tiny one-celled organisms• Prokaryotic, meaning cells lack a nucleus• Examples are
• Bacteria • Blue-green algae
KINGDOM PROTISTA
• Protists • One-cell organisms • More advance than monerans• Examples
• Amoeba• Paramecia
KINGDOM FUNGI
• Fungi• More complex than monerans
and protists• Cannot make their own food,
but instead absorb it from their surroundings.
• Examples • Yeast• Mildew• Mushrooms
KINGDOM PLANTAE
• Plants
• Many (multi) celled organisms
• Make their food by photosynthesis
• Small examples are moss and duckweed
• Large examples are trees
• Cells have cell walls
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
• Animals
• Many multi-celled organisms
• About a million species
• Small examples are spiders and wasps
• Large examples are whales and elephants
• No cell walls in cells
• Food is obtained by eating plants and other animals.
• Can move about (locomotion). Plants cannot move about.
NOMENCLATURE
• System of names for organisms
• Binomial nomenclature (two names)
• Genus (first) and species (second)
• Written in italics, or underlined
• Used to prevent confusion with other organisms
• Used universally
• Examples • Sugar maple is Acer saccharum• Blue Spruce is Picea picaungens • Cardinal is Cardinalis cardinals• Human is Homo sapiens
NOMENCLATURE
• Additional classifications• Variety
• A way to separate plants that are similar, but not identical • Cultivar
• Specific group within a species that are different, but will breed true
• Example • Some flowers sometimes come in different colors within the
same species
• Breed• Species of animals with easily identifiable characteristics.
ENVIRONMENTAL ROLE CLASSIFICATION
• Different roles in the environment by organisms
• Producer• An organism that takes nutrients and energy
from non-living sources and makes them into food• Autotrophs• Plants
• Consumer • An organism that feeds on producers
• Heterotrophs• Animals
• Decomposer• Organism that breaks down the bodies of
dead plants and animals• Bacteria and mushrooms • All consumers are decomposers• Examples – buzzards, lions, and squirrels.