SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE ENVIRONMENT 14.01 Define terms relating to science and technology and environmental science, natural resources, and conservation

GENERAL TERMS• Organism – any living thing

• Biological Science – the study of living organisms

• Cell – the basic building block of life

• Life span – the period of life of an organism

• Life process – a function or activity essential for the living condition

• Living condition – the presence of life processes in an organism

• Growth – the process of an organism increasing in size.

• Repair – the replacement of worn or damaged parts.

• Earth Science – a science the deals with the earth and the area surrounding it

• Evolution – the process of growth development and change

• Atmosphere - the air that surrounds the earth.

BASIC LIFE PROCESSES 14.02 – Describe basic life processes in relation to structures of living

organisms.

CELLS

• All organisms are made of cells, similar to a building being made of blocks

• A cell is the basic building block of life.

STRUCTURE

• Cell wall • Rigid cover that gives a cell shape and protects it

• Cell membrane• Thin structure that separates the cell from its surroundings and controls

movement of materials in and out of the cell. • What adjective describes the membrane?

• Nucleus• Controls cell functions

• Nucleoli• Bodies within the nucleus that contain protein and RNA

• Cytoplasm• Material inside the cell between the cell membrane and nucleus

ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL

LIFE SPAN• Stages of Life

• Beginning – when life begins• Growing – when young organisms grow quickly by increasing the number and

size of cells• Maturing – when an organism is fully developed

• Growth stops except for repair and replacement of cells • When reproduction occurs

• Declining – after maturity, when an organism begins to lose its ability to maintain itself.• Also called AGING

• Dying – when life processes stop. DEATH occurs.

• Life spans vary. Few minutes or hours to thousands of years, depending on organism.

LIFE PROCESSES

• Growth and Repair • Needed for an organism to mature and remain healthy• Assimilation

• The process of changing food substances into new living material• Growth

• The process of an organism increasing in size• Mitosis

• When cells divide to produce cells for growth and repair • Repair

• The replacement of worn or damaged parts.

LIFE PROCESSES• Food Acquisition and Use

• All organisms must have food • Metabolism – all the chemical reactions in

the body• Ingestion – process of animals taking in

food• Digestion – the process that changes food

into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the cells

• Absorption – transfer of nutrients from digestive system to bloodstream

• Elimination – the removal of an unabsorbed food remain from the body• Solid material = feces• Liquid material = urine

LIFE PROCESSES

• Digestive system types • Monogastric

• Stomach with one compartment, needs more concentrated foods

• Examples:• Birds, monkeys, and swine

• Ruminant • Stomach with multiple compartments,

has different forms• Enables animals to digest roughage • Examples

• Cow, sheep,

LIFE PROCESSES

• Movement• Means to change location through an outside factor or to move parts.

• Locomotion • The ability to move from one place to another

CIRCULATION

• Movement of metabolic material from one location to another in an organism

• Plants have Vascular systems • Xylem conducts water (H2O) and nutrients • Phloem conducts food from where it’s made to

throughout the plant.

LIFE PROCESSES• Respiration

• Two main functions• External respiration

• Exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) by an organism with its environment, often simply called breathing.

• Also called mechanical respiration

• Internal respiration• Occurs inside the organism and is the

movement of gasses across living tissues by diffusion

• In animals, it happens in the lungs.

LIFE PROCESSES

• Secretion• Process of releasing substances from a

living cell or glands • Examples:

• Tears from eyes• Saliva in the mouth

LIFE PROCESSES

• Sensations • The detection of a stimulus by an organism • Five senses

• Sight • Hearing • Touch• Taste• Smell

• Organisms respond to their environment based on information from their sensors.

LIFE PROCESSES

• Excretion • Removal of wastes from a cell or an organism • From kidneys = urine• From digestive system = feces

LIFE PROCESSES

• Reproduction • Process of forming new

individuals

• Most is by sexual means, involving a male and female

STRUCTURES OF LIVING ORGANISMS

• Unicellular organisms• Carry out life within a single cell

STRUCTURES OF LIVING ORGANISMS

• Multi-cellular organisms• All have many cells. Most have

millions of cells• Not all cells are alike• Cell specialization

• Cells are different so they can do specific functions

• Tissue • Group of cells that are alike

• Organs • A collection of tissues that work

together to perform certain functions

• Organ Systems• Organs working together to

perform an activity

STRUCTURES OF LIVING ORGANISMS

• Animal Structure• Made of many cells• Can move about• Get their food from other

sources (heterotrophic)

• Skeletal System • Part of the body made of

bones, etc. • Two types

• Vertebrates – animals with backbones • Examples: humans, deer

• Invertebrates – animals without backbones • Examples: insects, shrimp,

and earthworms.

STRUCTURES OF LIVING ORGANISMS

• Animal Structure• Vital Organ Systems – needed for an animal to live

• Muscular • Nervous• Circulatory• Respiratory• Excretory• Digestive• Reproductive

STRUCTURES OF LIVING ORGANISM

• Plant Structure • Vegetative parts work together to carry out life processes

• Roots • Anchor plant and take in water and nutrients

• Stems • Support plant and transport material

• Leaves • Make food by photosynthesis

• Reproduction • Sexually – seed formation in the flower • Asexually – using a plant part to produce another plant

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION14.03 – Classify living things by their scientific name and environmental

role

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION

• Classified by their similarities and differences

• System shows the biological relationships and differences of organisms

• Major divisions or stages are:• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Species• Genus

• Divisions become more specific from kingdom to species

KINGDOM

• All organisms are classified into five kingdoms• Monera• Protista• Fungi• Plantae• Animalia

KINGDOM MONERA

• Monerans• Tiny one-celled organisms• Prokaryotic, meaning cells lack a nucleus• Examples are

• Bacteria • Blue-green algae

KINGDOM PROTISTA

• Protists • One-cell organisms • More advance than monerans• Examples

• Amoeba• Paramecia

KINGDOM FUNGI

• Fungi• More complex than monerans

and protists• Cannot make their own food,

but instead absorb it from their surroundings.

• Examples • Yeast• Mildew• Mushrooms

KINGDOM PLANTAE

• Plants

• Many (multi) celled organisms

• Make their food by photosynthesis

• Small examples are moss and duckweed

• Large examples are trees

• Cells have cell walls

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

• Animals

• Many multi-celled organisms

• About a million species

• Small examples are spiders and wasps

• Large examples are whales and elephants

• No cell walls in cells

• Food is obtained by eating plants and other animals.

• Can move about (locomotion). Plants cannot move about.

NOMENCLATURE

• System of names for organisms

• Binomial nomenclature (two names)

• Genus (first) and species (second)

• Written in italics, or underlined

• Used to prevent confusion with other organisms

• Used universally

• Examples • Sugar maple is Acer saccharum• Blue Spruce is Picea picaungens • Cardinal is Cardinalis cardinals• Human is Homo sapiens

NOMENCLATURE

• Additional classifications• Variety

• A way to separate plants that are similar, but not identical • Cultivar

• Specific group within a species that are different, but will breed true

• Example • Some flowers sometimes come in different colors within the

same species

• Breed• Species of animals with easily identifiable characteristics.

ENVIRONMENTAL ROLE CLASSIFICATION

• Different roles in the environment by organisms

• Producer• An organism that takes nutrients and energy

from non-living sources and makes them into food• Autotrophs• Plants

• Consumer • An organism that feeds on producers

• Heterotrophs• Animals

• Decomposer• Organism that breaks down the bodies of

dead plants and animals• Bacteria and mushrooms • All consumers are decomposers• Examples – buzzards, lions, and squirrels.