dr. hoch...2/22/2017 1 rgpl 103 global cities: planning and development class time: mwf 1:25pm –...
TRANSCRIPT
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RGPL 103 Global Cities:Planning and Development
Class Time: MWF 1:25Pm – 2:15pmLocation: Pratt Auditorium
Dr. Hoch
Tenochtitlan (circa 700 AD)
Map of Tenochtitlan by L. Covarrubias, Painting from the Museo del Templo Mayor, Mexico City.
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Santa Domingo City Layout:
• Map of Santa Domingo City Plan published in 1805 showing the Colonial City center
Map of Santa Domingo City Plan (Dominican Republic)
Published in 1805 showing the Colonial City center
1713 ‐ Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
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1867 ‐ Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
ConnectivityFor cities to operate, there must be connectivity
• We can estimate connectivity by how well a city moves its:• People (transportation)• Energy (electric grid or gas pipelines)• Fresh water (from source to homes)• Waste water (sewerage)• Information (communications)• Garbage (logistics of flow from homes to ?)• Civil Services (Police, Firefighters, EMTs, etc.)• Financial power (capital investment)
• There must be adequate • internal connectivity – within the city itself, and • external connectivity – how the city interacts with other cities
• It is easiest to conceptualize this by thinking of Cities and the functions required for them to operate as series of flows that exist on a network
We commonly call this“Infrastructure”
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Location• This concept of flows and networks is a relatively new theory about how we can think about cities
• This theory has emerged over the last ~25 years
• The previous theory about how cities operated was based primarily on location
The location model relied on the relative placement of a human settlement in relation to other things
These things could be Natural things – like rivers, coastlines, or confluencesHuman things – like other settlements, roadways, railroads, or defensive spots
Boston, 1903USGS
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Transportation Advances and Change of Urban Form – The Contemporary City
• Major urban centers, like other urban centers around the world, exhibit three major elements:1. The Center City2. The Mature, Inner City3. The City Edge
Characteristics of the Commercial City
• Transportation / Technology System• foot or horse / water‐power
• ‘Walking City’ or ‘Pedestrian City’• minimal land use (consumes relatively small space)
• Physical layout of cities varied by geographic region and time of settlement
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Conceptual Models of City Form
• Attempts to generalize the amount and kind of development that occurs
Philadelphia1898, USGS
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1885
Oglethorpe Plan, Savannah GA
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Oglethorpe’s Idea
Savannah's Town Plan showing four cellular wards, each containing eight city blocks around a square
Four residential blocks in the corners, each split by a narrow lane, plus four smaller commercial blocks east and west of the square
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RGPL 103 Global Cities:Planning and Development
Dr. Hoch
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Earth’s Orbit Around Sun
152.5 Million Km 147.5 Mil. Km
SUNEARTH
AphelionJuly 6 (12:00)
PerihelionJan 3 (00:00)
Dates for 2010
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Earth Rotation
23 1/2°
Ecliptic Plane(Plane of earth revolution around sun)
Earth’s axis
N Pole
Northern Hemisphere Seasons
• Summer• North pole tilted toward Sun• Days are longer than the nights• Get more energy - higher temperatures
• Fall• Neither pole tilted toward the Sun• Days about equal with nights• Less energy than in the summer• Cooler temperatures
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Northern Hemisphere Seasons cont.
• Winter• North pole tilted away from the Sun• Days shorter than the nights• Get less energy-Cold temperatures
• Spring• Neither pole tilted toward the Sun• Days about equal to nights• More energy than winter- Warmer temperatures
Global regions
• Tropics (23 ½°N ‐ 23 ½°S)
• Low latitudes (30°N ‐ 30°S)
• Mid latitudes (30°N ‐ 60°N and 30°S ‐ 60°S )
• High latitudes (60°N ‐ 90°N and 60°S ‐ 90°S )
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Key positional relationships
•Tropic of Cancer - 23 1/2° N•Highest latitude in the Northern Hemisphere that the suns
vertical rays ever reach
•Tropic of Capricorn- 23 1/2° S•Highest latitude in the Southern Hemisphere that the suns
vertical rays ever reach
•Arctic circle- 66 1/2° N•24 hrs of daylight-summer solstice•24 hrs of darkness at winter solstice
•Antarctic circle- 66 1/2° S•24 hrs of daylight-winter solstice•24 hrs of darkness at summer solstice
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Circle of illumination
Equinoxes and Solstices (2010)
Day Date Sub‐solar Point
Summer solstice June 21 23 1/2° N
Autumnal equinox Sept 23 0°
Winter solstice Dec 21 23 1/2° S
Vernal equinox March 20 0°
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Equinox
Solstices
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Earth
1
3
1
1
= 100%
= 33.3%
SUN
Higher latitudes get LESSENERGY per unit of area
Solar Heating
Most of the Sun’s Energy is Received in the Equatorial Region of the Earth
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Global‐scale circulation system
• The equatorial and tropical regions receive far more solar energy than the midlatitudes and polar regions
• This heat energy is redistributed from warmer to colder areas by means of atmospheric air circulation (60%) and ocean currents (40%)
Hypothetical non‐rotating earth circulation
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Idealized global circulation
The global circulation model
Consists of three ‘cells’1) Tropical cell2) Midlatitude cell3) Polar cell
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Midlatitude and subtropical jet streams
Cross‐sectional view of jet streams
BLUE arrows and lines represent
areas or fronts of HIGH pressureand rotate clockwise
RED arrows and lines represent
areas or fronts of LOW pressureand rotate counter-clockwise
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Cyclic changes in upper air flow
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ITCZ World Map
Where is the world’s population?• Roughly 88 percent of the world’s population lives in the Northern Hemisphere, with about half north of 27 degrees north
• Taking the northern and southern hemispheres together, on average the world’s population lives 24 degrees from the equator
Bill Ra
nkin
CIA Factbook (2001)
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Urbanization Part 1Traditional Urbanization Patterns
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Some definitions…• Urban ‐ ? How do we define urban?
• Not rural?• Population density?
• US Census (2000) says:• core census block groups or blocks that have a population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile, and
• surrounding census blocks that have an overall density of at least 500 people per square mile
• Hinterland – The area surrounding a city that is influenced by said city more than any other city
• Megalopolis – A Greek word (combining the terms for great and city), first used in 1964 to describe the discontinuous urban complex of the north eastern seaboard of the USA
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Site and Situation • Pre‐globalization model for identifying where cities are and why
• Developed from Carl Saur’s, The Morphology of Landscape (1925)
• Urged the study of population and economic characteristics of a city in relation to it’s physical location.
• Settlements were interpreted by their physical environment.
Site and Situation
• Highly Descriptive
• 1925‐1950
• Later became known as ‘Morphologic’ studies
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• There are three ideal patterns that assist in the understanding of the location, size and spacing of cities…
• Linear pattern• Cluster pattern• Hierarchical pattern
‘Old Paradigm’ Location Patterns of Cities
Linear Pattern
• Cities aligned along a transportation route• (river, railroad, sea coast)• example:
• cities along the Ohio River• cities along the Erie Canal
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Cluster Pattern
• A cluster pattern of cities can occur where specialized resources exist, such as mineral extraction sites or resort locations
• example:• Pittsburgh (coal, iron ore)
Hierarchical Pattern
• A hierarchical city size and spacing pattern occurs in an agrarian (farming) area where the support base relies on the sale of goods and services to a surrounding, largely rural hinterland.
• Example:• Central Place Theory
• American Mid‐west• Chicago
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Boston, 1903USGS
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Railroad system of USA ~1860
Railroad system of USA ~1880
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USA Deforestation 1620 ‐ 1925
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Range• Refers to the ‘range of a good or service’
• Maximum distance that a consumer will generally travel to obtain a particular service or product.
• High‐order goods & services • expensive, infrequently purchased
• Low‐order goods & services• inexpensive, frequently purchased
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Philadelphia1898, USGS
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The colonial center was built on the foundations of Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec empire. The old city was on an island in Lake Texcoco. The lake was drained to prevent flooding as the city expanded.
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Geometric plans dominate throughout Mexico City. The Federal neighborhood (above) evokes the radiating streets of Palmanova, a town designed by Vicenzo Scamozzi in Renaissance Italy.
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Nezahualcóyotl, or Ciudad Neza, is a municipality of one million people within Mexico City's metropolitan area. Its street plans follow a standardized layout
— public amenities with green space confined within mega‐blocks.
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Planners chose a repetitive style for their unfortunate clients in Fuentes de Aragón
(left).
This neighborhood is part ofEcatepec de Morelos (right),which — like Ciudad Neza — isa municipality within GreaterMexico City. The entire citydoesn't follow an extreme grid,but neighborhoods likeFuentes de Aragón arecommon.
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The rich and famous tend to prefer organic forms, and tend not to economize on water for their gardens. In the wealthy neighborhood of Jardines del
Pedregal (above), some houses have heliports.
Traditional, grid‐laytouts, don’t always work in the exploding cities of developing world— many urban planning approaches still try to impose these old ideas on newer cities. As a result, the urban poor are forced to endure living in areas that result in
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America 2050 ‘Megaregions’
An Urbanizing World…
• In 2006, the world went ‘urban’• Meaning, for the first time in human history, more people lived in urban places than in rural places
• 3.3 billion (2006) now live in urban agglomerations rather than rural areas
• Over the past 30 years, Earth has seen the most rapid land‐use changes due to human action
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‘Global’ City(sometimes called World Cities)
• The term first used in the 1960s to describe cities with the most influential financial command centers of the global economy
• Originally, the dominant Global/World Cities were:• New York City, USA• London, England• Tokyo, Japan
• Using an index of economic, political and cultural characteristics, cities are ranked
• There are more than one index ranking systems
Global Cities Characteristics ‐ Economic• Economic characteristics are usually weighted more so than other factors
• Economic characteristics are quantitative, which are easier to rank
• Some economic characteristics may include:• # of corporate headquarters for multinational corporations• Locations of major Labor Union power• Gross Domestic Product of City (Economic output value)
• GDP = private consump on + gross investment + government spending + (exports − imports)• Stock market indices (value of market capitalization)• Finance Capital Services (Banks, Investment firms, Accountancy firms, etc.)• Individual wealth
• Cost of living• # of millionaires / billionaires• Rate of poverty
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Arrows: world city linkages to Londonhttp://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/index.html
Bullets: the world according to GaWChttp://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/index.html
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Global Cities Characteristics ‐ Political
• Political characteristics are closely linked to economic characteristics
• Some political characteristics may include:• Influence on world affairs and policy• Headquarters for international organizations
• World Bank (WB) –Washington, DC• International Monetary Fund (IMF) –Washington, DC• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) – Brussels, Belgium
• Large population in center and in surrounding areas• Diverse demographic populations• Mobility• Expatriate populations
• residents that are temporarily or permanently residing• Quality of Life (many indicators – we will discuss later)
Global Cities Characteristics ‐ Cultural
• Cultural characteristics are more qualitative than quantitative
• Examples of Cultural characteristics are:• Name familiarity• Renowned and familiar cultural institutions
• Museums, orchestras, festivals, etc• World Heritage Sites
• Media Outlets with international reach• BBC – London, England / CNN – Atlanta, GA, USA / Al Jezeera – Doha, Qatar
• Major Professional Sports teams recognition• Centers of World Religions
• Islam – Mecca, Jerusalem• Christianity – Rome, Jerusalem• Judaism – Jerusalem
• The subject of or location of films, literature or even video games• Tourist destinations
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Global Cities Index• The Journal Foreign Policy ranked the top 30 global cities based on its own criteria, noting that;
• The Global Cities Index ranks cities' metro areas according to 25 metrics across five dimensions:
1. Business Activity – Value of capital markets / local GDP; number of Fortune 500’s
2. Human Capital – is it a magnet for diverse groups of people and talent
3. Information Exchange – How well news is dispersed about and to the world
4. Cultural Experience – Level of diverse attractions for residents and travelers
5. Political Engagement – degree to which a city influences global policy making
“the world’s biggest, most interconnected cities help set global agendas,weather transnational dangers, and serve as the hubs of global integration.They are the engines of growth for their countries and the gateways to theresources of their regions.
Global Cities Index (Top 10 of 65)
Rank City Rank by Population Rank by GDP
1 New York 6 22 London 28 53 Tokyo 1 14 Paris 20 65 Hong Kong 31 146 Chicago 25 47 Los Angeles 12 38 Singapore 38 239 Sydney 43 2410 Seoul 22 19
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/node/373401
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‘Global City Regions’ • As Global Cities grow, more territory around them is;
• Converted from agricultural land to urban and sub‐urban uses • This is land‐use change!
• Densely populated with additional people moving there from the countryside• This is population / demographic change!
• Transformed from local places to urban agglomeration• This is political AND cultural change
• Global City Regions are defined as: a new metropolitan form characterized by sprawling polycentric networks of urban centers clustered around one or more ‘historic’ urban cores
• Particular emphasis is given here to City Regions of more than 1 million people in the contiguous urbanized area
• These are becoming known as ‘Mega Cities’
http://gecon.yale.edu/
http://gecon.yale.edu/large-pixeled-contour-globe
Global Population• Currently estimated to be 6,870,100,000
• The highest growth rate observed was during the 1950s, 60s and 70s, peaking in 1963 at 2.2%
• US Census Bureau Projections show a steady decline in population growth rate
• UN projections show a rise in growth rate
US Census Bureau Total Global Population United Nations Developing vs. Developed
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The World’s most Populated City Regions
Rank Metropolitan area Country Population
1 Tokyo Japan 32,450,000
2 Seoul South Korea 20,550,000
3 Mexico City Mexico 20,450,000
4 New York City United States 19,750,000
5 Mumbai India 19,200,000
6 Jakarta Indonesia 18,900,000
7 São Paulo Brazil 18,850,000
8 Delhi India 18,600,000
9 Osaka‐Kobe‐Kyoto Japan 17,375,000
10 Shanghai People's Republic of China 16,650,000
Trends in population growth in Developing World• The world’s human population has increased nearly fourfold in the past 100 years
• Each day 200,000 more people are added to the world food demand
• It is projected to increase from 6.7 billion (2006) to 9.2 billion by 2050– It took only 12 years for the last billion to be added, a net increase of nearly 230,000 new people
each day, who will need housing, food and other natural resources
• The largest population increase is projected to occur in Asia, particularly in China, India and Southeast Asia, accounting for about 60% and more of the world’s population by 2050
• The rate of population growth, however, is still relatively high in Central America, and highest in Central and part of Western Africa.
– In relative numbers, Africa will experience the most rapid growth, over 70% faster than in Asia
– In sub‐Saharan Africa, the population is projected to increase from about 770 million to nearly 1.7 billion by 2050
UN population Division, 2007
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What is the cause of such population growth in Developing World?
• Intensified globalization• Resulting in rapid urban‐industrial capitalism
• Clustering of producers and consumers results in urban agglomeration economies
• This process leads to greater productivity and technological innovation
• Thus, resulting in a snowball effect that stimulates urban industrial expansion
• While there are many positives, the negatives spill over creating societal challenges and environmental consequences
Population Pyramids
• A population pyramid is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population
• also called age‐sex pyramid
• It typically represents a country or region of the world, and normally forms the shape of a pyramid
Males Females
Three general kinds of Population Pyramids
1. Stationary2. Expansive3. Constrictive
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Expansive Pyramid
• A steady upwards narrowing shows that more people die at each higher age band
• This type of pyramid indicates a population in which there is a:
• high birth rate• high death rate• short life expectancy
• This is the pattern of a economically developing country
Stationary Pyramid
• A population pyramid showing an unchanging pattern of fertility and mortality
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Constrictive Pyramid
• A population pyramid showing lower numbers or percentages of younger people
• The country will have a graying population which means that people are generally older