dr. leonardo lidid a y cols. revista chilena de

Revista Chilena de Radiología. Vol. 17 Nº 3, 2011; 120-125.

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Dr. Leonardo Lidid A y cols.

Drs. Leonardo Lidid A(1), Sebastián Yévenes A(2), Fabiola Vargas P(2).

1. Assistant Professor of Radiology. West Campus, School of Medicine, University of Chile. San Juan Dios Hospital. Dipreca Hospital Staff.Santiago, Chile.2. Radiology Resident. West Campus, School of Medicine, University of Chile. San Juan de Dios Hospital.Santiago, Chile.

Abstract: Intrahepatic gas, in particular when located in the bile duct and in the portal vein, has distinctive morphological patterns especially evident on CT studies. This gas, however, may be found not only in these places, but also in the periportal space, a little known extension of the subperitoneal space; it may exhibit intra-hepatic distribution patterns similar to those already described, although with completely different pathological and diagnostic implications. For these reasons we decided to characterize this sign and its CT findings, along with its main differential diagnosis.Keywords: Bile ducts, Cystoides intestinalis, Intestinal perforation, Pneumatosis, Pneumoperitoneum, Portal system, Retroperitoneal space.

Resumen: El gas intrahepático, en particular el ubicado en relación con la vía biliar y la porta, tiene patrones morfológicos característicos especialmente evidentes en los estudios por tomografía computada. El aire,sin embargo, no solamente puede encontrarse en estos lugares, sino que también puede ubicarse en el espacio periportal; una extensión poco conocida del espacio subperitoneal, con patrones de distribución intrahepáticos similares a los ya descritos, pero con implicancias patológicas y diagnósticas completamente diferentes. Por estas razones se decide caracterizar este signo y sus hallazgos en TAC, así como sus principales diagnósticos diferenciales.Palabras clave: Cystoides intestinalis, Ductos Biliares, Espacio Retroperitoneal, Perforación intestinal, Pneumatosis, Pneumoperitoneo, Sistema portal.

Introduction Gas in the human body may exhibit many distribu-

tions, some normal, and some pathological. Concerning the latter, the intrahepatic gas, mainly the one located either in the bile duct or in the portal vein, presents a typical distribution pattern, particularly evident on CT studies. However, it may also have a very similar distribution and yet not being directly linked to what is commonly referred to as portal triad. Not only this gas but also other pathological processes may affect the periportal space, which implies an important range of differential diagnoses, usually ignored when assessing a CT study. In particular, lack of knowledge of this area appears to have greater importance when working in emergency care systems, especially in patients with acute abdominal pathology. These reasons have led us to fully describe this space, implications of presence

of air at this level, its main differential diagnoses, and its morphological appearance on axial CT studies. Periportal space

The Glisson capsule covers the liver surface as an extension of the peritoneum, except for the bare area. Glisson sheath corresponds to the por-tion of the capsule surrounding the intrahepatic portion of the hepatic portal system (Figure 1A). The portal triad, nerves, and lymphatics (Figure 1b) follow this path of connective tissue through the liver, becoming an extension of the subperitoneal space (subserosal) that comes from the gastrohepatic and hepatoduodenal ligaments (Figure 2a-b)(1-3).

At hepatic level, the Glisson sheath also continues to cephalic portion with the subperitoneal space of ligamentum teres and falciform ligament (Figure 1a).

Air in periportal space: Beyond the classic triad

Lidid L et al. Aire en el espacio periportal: más allá de la clásica tríada. Rev Chil Radiol 2011; 17 (3): 120-125.Correspondence to: Dr. Leonardo Lidid A.Mailing address: School of Medicine. West Campus. Universidad de Chile. Mail Box 33 052, 33. Santiago [email protected] Manuscript received June 3, 2011, Accepted for publication June 23, 2011.

Revista Chilena de Radiología. Vol. 17 Nº 3, año 2011; 120-125.

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Thus, the anatomical continuity of subperito-neal space allows for disease dissemination, both among intraperitoneal structures and bet-ween extra- and intraperitoneal regions(1,4,5). Among the pathological phenomena that may use the periportal route of spread, fluid (edema), blood, inflammatory processes (pancreatic exudates), tu-mor infiltrations (Figure 3), and air are included(1-3). The latter is often associated, but not limited, to per-forated viscus, mainly of the upper gastrointestinal segment (especially if recent); intrahepatic gas may

Figure 1. a) Glisson capsule and Glisson sheath. The diagram depicts the continuity of the Glisson sheath, which extends sorrouding the portal vein and its extension through the ligamentum teres and the falciform ligament (see Figure 3). b) Periportal space. The diagram illustrates the portal vein (blue) and the structures of the periportal region which include the hepatic artery (red), bile duct (green), lymphatics (white) and nerves (yellow). Interstitial connective tissue is not represented, but it corresponds to the space between these structures.

Figure 2. a) Anatomical relationship between the portal triad, gastric antrum and duodenal bulb. The gastric antrum and the duodenal bulb are attached to the lesser omentum. b) The liver and the various gastrointestinal tract segments are interconnected by ligaments and mesenteries. Between the liver and the stomach, gastrohepatic ligaments and the hepatoduodenal ligament are found. Subperitoneal space is the basis for the potential interconnection between retroperitoneum and peritoneal cavity. This complex interconnecting space is mainly composed of fatty tissue that contains nerve structures, vessels, and lymphatic tissue surrounded by serous layers which constitute the ligaments and mesenteries associated with the major abdominal organs and viscera. Therefore, it represents an important pathway for disease spread within the peritoneal cavity. The thick arrow in 2a) depicts the possible routes of air spread among the lesser omentum folds, dissecting the periportal space.

be observed in periportal location as well as in the liver fissure (by extension)surrounding the round ligament (Figure 4), and continuing through this pathway even to its umbilical insertion(1,3,6).

The gas, in this case, is located in the interstitial tissue that surrounds the portal vein, showing intra and extrahepatic distribution (Figure 5). However, both the bile duct and the portal vein by themselves may, under certain conditions, contain air and mimick the distribution of above-described findings, especially when there is little air.


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Figure 3. Patient with peritoneal carcinomatosis of unknown primary site with invasion of periportal space and ligamentum teres. More progressively cephalic slices. b) There is a carcinomatous mass compromising the interior of the lesser sac (arrowheads), ventral to the pancreas (wide arrows), and in c) it invades the hepatic hilum, involving the periportal space (black arrows); it communicates through this with the ligamentum teres (white arrows), which is better seen in b). Liver metastases (*).

Figure 4. Abdominal CT images of a patient aged 73, admitted with epigastric pain and vomiting of two weeks’ duration, secondary to perforated antral ulcer. a-b) Axial and sagittal reconstruction of perforated ulcer (white arrow), which determines communication of gastric lumen (*) to an extraluminal air collection (a) visualized regionally due to omentum with inflammatory phlegmon-like mass(e). A fluid collection (c) in the subserosal space of the lesser omentum (greater curvature) secondary to the above-described perforation is also seen. c-d) Axial reconstructions showing subperitoneal extension of the gas, seen both in the round ligament (white arrowhead) and in thickened periportal interstitial space [periportal edema] (black arrowheads). Initially, periportal free air was viewed as biliary air; however, the intraoperative cholangiogram (not shown) ruled it out. e) Detail of the left hepatic lobe showing a branch of the left portal vein (P), flanked by two hypodensities; the edematized periportal interstitium, partially dissected by air, can be observed(arrowhead).


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Portal venous gasPortomesenteric venous gas and its associated

finding, i.e., intestinal pneumatosis, represent signs traditionally associated with a poor prognosis since they generally indicate an acute intestinal injury, usually either ischemic or infectious. Nevertheless, anything altering the intestinal wall integrity and causing disrup-tion of the mucosal surface may cause these findings, which include pathological dilatation of bowel loops, intestinal ulcers, trauma, inflammatory bowel disease, and surgical procedures, among others. Likewise, there are a number of benign diagnoses that may be associated with this signology, so it is higly relevant to consider the clinical context of each individual patient(7,8). On CT scans, images of air-filled tubular structu-res may be observed; they ramify from the center toward the periphery of the liver, even to reach the capsule of this organ (Figure 6 ab) (8,9,10). Then, depending on its volume, the air tends to have an antigravitational distribution, predominantly in the left liver lobe. Associated findings such as pneumatosis intestinalis may also be observed (Figure 6 c-d)(7).

Figure 5. Male patient aged 48 with mesenteric ischemia, portal venous air, and subsequent perforated viscus, with subperitoneal air, and severe secondary pneumoperitoneu m. a-b) Axial CT sections showing gas extension through subperitoneal via, adjacent to the pancreas, to the splenic vein (white arrowheads) and through the gastrosplenic ligament (double barrel arrow). There is also cephalad spread of air through the hepatoduodenal ligament, adjacent to the common hepatic artery (black arrow head) and its own artery (thick arrow). There is also intraportal gas (arrow) secondary to ischemia. c) Coronal reconstruction that clearly illustrates the extension of gas via hepatoduodenal ligament (thick arrow) (compare with Figure 2a). Gas failed to dissect the intrahepatic fissure; portal air is observed here(arrows). There is also omental and retroperitoneal gas (arrowheads). Pancreatic head (P). Free fluid and pneumoperitoneum (*). Duodenum (D). Stomach (E). Lesser sac (T).

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Gas in the biliary tract (aerobilia)It refers to the accumulation of air in the biliary

tree secondary to multiple causes, being the most frequent ones surgical biliary-enteric anastomosis, spontaneous biliary-enteric fistulas, and incompe-tence of the sphincter of Oddi (commonly iatroge-nic, secondary to post ERCP sphincterotomy, and rarely due to non-iatrogenic causes, e.g., secondary to recent passage of stones, among others). Less common causes include infections (cholangitis), and bronchopleural fistula(9).

On CT studies, gas has a typical distribution on the Scout view (Figure 7 a) that correlates perfectly with its morphology in the axial slices, where it is dis-played as branches with air density that tend to have a more central location, converging in the common hepatic duct (due to centripetal flow of bile) (Figure 7 b-c), preferably occupying the left hepatic lobe, as described concerning air in the portal vein. Due to bile flow distribution, air in the periphery rarely extends to within 2 cm of the liver capsule (Figure 7d)(9,11,12).

Figure 6. Portal venous air. Same patient as in Figure 5. a) Scout view depicting pneumoperitoneum and portal venous air. It is hard to define if gas is actually located in the portal vein (white arrows). Usually, the radiographic image appears to be relatively nonspecific for this diagnosis, since it is often confused with aerobilia. Gas location is easier to be determined on axial slices. b). Axial computed tomography image showing the portal vein (P) with air (white arrows) reaching the capsule of the left hepatic lobe, pneumoperitoneum, and free fluid (*). c) Axial CT slices at a still more caudal level, showing pathological loop dilatation with parietal thickening, and pneumatosis. Note how intramural gas (arrows) is separated from the bowel lumen (L), which becomes more evident in d) due to its antigravitational position (arrow). Free subphrenic and interloop fluid and interloops are also observed.

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7d

Figure 7. A 45-year-old female patient with biliary-digestive bypass for recurrent pancreatitis secondary to anatomical variation of the choledochopancreatic duct junction. a) Scout View. Classical radiological image (simulating a “Y”) in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, corresponding to the common right and left bile ducts. Intrahepatic bile duct with air (black arrows) and common hepatic duct with air (white arrow) just before its distal anastomosis. b) Contrast CT scan axial cut showing biliary tract gas within 2 cm of the liver capsule (black arrows). The bile duct of the posterior aspect (white arrow) is dilated but with no air in its lumen (antigravitational distribution). Portal vein (arrowhead). c) Axial CT slice showing loop (top arrow) anastomosed to the common hepatic duct(thin arrow). Also, biliary duct air (black arrows), and drainage at the surgical site (broad arrow)may be observed. d) Axial section from another patient in which location of the air in biliary tract is more clearly seen (black arrows), separated from the portal vein (arrowhead). Incidentally, chronic liver damage and sequelar focal dilatation of the posterior region of the bile duct (without air) is seen (*).

Conclusions Periportal space is rather unknown as a region of

abdominal pathology. It is best understood if considered as an intrahepatic extension of the subperitoneal space (mesenteric and retroperitoneal spaces). Although periportal space may be affected by any process of subperitoneal spread, the presence of air at this level is highly suggestive of hollow viscus perforation, mainly of its upper gastrointestinal segment; it must be differentiated from its main differential diagnoses,

i.e., portal and biliary air, since its etiology and clinical outcome are completely different.

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