dr.€matthias€wirth · motivation,€activation€and performance optimal€performance...
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Dr. Matthias Wirth
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stress
personal constitution
strain
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very high
high
good
poorlow
mediumhigh
Motivati
on
Level of Activation
Person 2Person 1
Person 3
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Motivation, Activation andPerformance
optimal performance
Perf
orm
ance
Activationlow very high
good
poor
optimalactivation
overstrain
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Human information processingbasic principle
stimulus perception
processing
reaction
feedback
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Perception of informationCapacitiy of the senses
optical channel up to 107 bit/sauditory channel up to 1,5 x 106 bit/stactile channel up to 0,4 x 106bit/s
hands alone (0,2 106 bit/s = 50% )olfactory channel up to 15 46 bit/sgustatory channel up to 13 bit/s
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Conditions for errors:
•Flooding with stimuli on multiple perceptive channels•low SNR and high rate of incoming noise signals•intensity of stimuli near pain threshold•stimulus intensity below receptor threshold•Longer withdrawal of stimuli
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Attention
ConcentrationVigilance , AlertnessAnticipation, Distribution of Attention
Aspecte of attention
Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating onone aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. Attentionhas also been referred to as the allocation of processing resources
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Human information processingbasic principle
stimulus perception
processing
reaction
feedback
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Attention and Situational awareness
1. Where am I? 4dimensional (space + time)2. What is going on? Dynamic situational parameters/ forces (sensory/
cognitive) actual psychophysiological state/
emotions/ selfperception3. What do I want? Adjusting the intended plan the current situation4. What do I have to do? Organisation of planned actions and theirexecution
Defining SA:
The perception of elements in theenvironment within a volume ofspace and time, the comprehensionof their meaning and the projectionof their status into the near future.
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Attention and Situational AwarenessSATypes:
Level 1 Failure to correctly perceive•Data not available•Data hard to disriminate/detect•Failure to monitor/observe
•Misperception of data•Memory loss
Level 2 Failure to integrate/understand•Lack of or poor mental model•Use of incorrect mental model•Overreliance on default values
Level 3 Failure to project•Lack of or poor mental model•Overprojection of current trends
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Attention and SituationalAwarenessAttentional Resources are limited!
Focused: Spend time and cognitive resources on a specific task
Divided: Devote time and resources (timesharing) to a number of different andsometimes conflicting sources of information (i.e. Scan, control inputs, pedals,Failure to integrate/understand, talk, hear etc.)
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Errors in situation analysis2, 4, 6
n, n+2, n+4 ?
n, 2n, 3n ?
Solution:
Any combination of three numbers in ascending order!
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Model of decisionmaking
situationalanalysis selection
Background criteria
action
Generation of ahypothesis
generation ofalternativeactions
Operational memory
Longterm memory Risk assessment
Perc
eptio
n
Stimulus
Goals
dem
ands
Atte
ntio
n co
ntro
l
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Problems in decisionmaking
influence of personal expectations and goals intojudgementDistortion of informationReluctant, unwilling search for new informationthat may be contradictory to the currenthypothesisIgnorance toward newly emerged information
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Human information processingbasic principle
stimulus perception
processing
reaction
feedback
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Levels of Reactionsskill based behaviourrule based behaviourknowledge based behaviour
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FACTS
OPTIONS
RISKS & BENEFITS
DECIDE
EXECUTE
CHECK
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•Omission•Mistakes•Queuing•Filtering•Focalization of attention•Inability to integrate information from differentsources•Regression•Muscle tension, tremor, freezing•Escape•PostStressBehavior : i.e. rationalization
Human reactions to overstrain
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Significance of physical parameters forobjectifying mental strain
Parameter Muscular Strain Mental Strain
heart rate +++ +++
blood pressure ++ +++
elektrodermal activitiy ++ +
pupil dilation ++
breathing +++
body temperature +++ +
EEG + +++
EMG +++ ++
Tremor ++ ++
Adrenalin + ++
Cortisol ++
Thyroid hormones + ++
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Long term Effects of Mental Strain
Development of …new competencescoping strategiescompensation strategies
SatiationFatigueDepression/burnoutaversion…
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CategoriesCategoriesH1
Active Failure
active violation ofrules andprocedures
H2Passive Failure
H3Proficiency
Failure
H4Incapacitation
Subconscious errors,e.g.misunderstandings,lack ofcommunication
Training deficits Physical orpsychologicalfailure
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0
20
40
60
80
100
take off cruise inflight problem cruise appr/landing
incident zone
Perfomance demands
Individual Perfomance
Indi
vidu
al p
erfo
rman
ce
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The Heinrich RatioThe Heinrich Ratio
Fatal Accident 1
Nonfatal accidents 10
Reportable incidents 30
Unsafe acts 600
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Maintenance/Ramp Error Data
2030% of engine inflight shutdownsand 50% of enginerelated flightdelays/cancellations are caused bymaintenance error (Boeing, 1997)
48,800 nonairworthy aircraft aredispatched per year as a result ofmaintenance error (Marx, 1998)
Ramp accidents cost $22.5 Billionannually (Ramp Safety, Vol. 11:3)
2030% of engine inflight shutdownsand 50% of enginerelated flightdelays/cancellations are caused bymaintenance error (Boeing, 1997)
48,800 nonairworthy aircraft aredispatched per year as a result ofmaintenance error (Marx, 1998)
Ramp accidents cost $22.5 Billionannually (Ramp Safety, Vol. 11:3)
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OrganizationalFactors
UnsafeSupervision
Unsafe ActPreconditions
Latent Condition
Latent Condition
Latent Condition
Active FailureUnsafeActs
Failed orAbsent Defenses
ReasonReason’’ss ““Swiss CheeseSwiss Cheese””ModelModel
operational awareness situational awareness
Accident
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HumanFactorsAnalysis andClassificationSystem
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Human Factors Intervention Matrix(HFIX)
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