drept civil-contracte speciale 1

7/18/2019 Drept Civil-contracte Speciale 1

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Drept civil. Contracte speciale - CURS UNIVERSITAR

Camelia Toader Drept civil. Contracte speciale - CURS UNIVERSITAR, ediia 3, ed. C.. !ec", an #$$%

Titlul I

Contractul de vnzare-cumprare

Capitol&l I - Introd&cere. Re'lementare le'al(. Noi&ne. Caractere )&ridice

Capitol&l II - Condiiile de validitate a contract&l&i de v*n+are-c&mp(rare

Capitol&l III - Eectele contract&l&i de v*n+are-c&mp(rare

Capitolul I

Introducere. Reglementare legal. Noiune. Caractere juridice

Seciunea 1

Noiuni generale despre contractul de vnzare-cumprare

. Introd&cere. Re'lementare. Dei n& este cel mai vec/i contract, v*n+area-c&mp(rarea 0emptio-venditio1 este, (r(2ndoial(, cel mai r(sp*ndit ast(+i, permi*nd des(&rarea vieii cotidiene a iec(rei persoane. S-a remarcat c/iar oe4pansi&ne a v*n+(rilor5 odat( c& creterea nivel&l&i de trai, a mo6ilit(ii persoanelor, a rec&l&l&i a&tar/iei (r(neti, alipsei de spai&.

V*n+area-c&mp(rarea este ar/etip&l contractelor7 pornind de la el, a&torii Cod&l&i civil i-a& orm&lat raionamentelepentr& ela6orarea drept&l&i com&n al o6li'aiilor. 8oate de aceea, el este i contract&l cel mai detaliat re'lementat,

Cod&l civil,care constit&ie drept&l com&n 2n materie, consacr*nd&-i &n 2ntre' titl& 2n Cartea a III-a 0Despre dieritelemod&ri prin care se do6*ndete proprietatea51, prin art. #9:-:$:. De aceea, i ponderea st&dierii acest&i contract 2npre+enta l&crare va i 2nsemnat(.

;n aaraCod&l&i civil,o serie de acte normative speciale re'lementea+( an&mite cate'orii de v*n+(ri, la care ne vomreeri pe parc&rs&l e4p&nerilor, dat( iind aplicarea lor recvent( 2n &ltimii ani. Este vor6a, de e4empl&, de v*n+area deloc&ine constr&ite din ond&rile stat&l&i, re'lementat( prinDecret&l-le'e nr. e'ea nr. %?=99#,re'im&lv*n+(rii imo6ilelor prev(+&te 2n >e'ea nr. #=99?7 v*n+area teren&rilor, re'lementat( prin Titl&l @ al >e'ii nr.#:=#$$?#7 v*n+area a&tot&rismelor olosite, c& reeriri 2n .B. nr.


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F. Car6onnier, Gle4i6le droit. Sociolo'ie de la vente, 8aris, 99#, p. 3$.#Anterior intr(rii 2n vi'oare a>e'ii nr. #:=#$$? 0H. . nr.


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antecontract c& privire la teren : . 8otrivit &nei interpret(ri ce s-a (c&t anterior, 2n lipsa &n&i te4t, termen&l de2nstr(inare5 olosit de le'i&itor ar tre6&i interpretat restrictiv, 2n sens&l c( se imp&ne orma a&tentic( doar dac( setransmite proprietatea as&pra &n&i teren, iar n& i 2n ca+&l constit&irii sa& transmiterii de+mem6r(mintelor drept&l&i deproprietate?. ;n pre+ent 2ns(, no&a le'e prevede 2n mod ormal, 2n art. # alin. 0#1, aceeai cerin( a ormei a&tentice i2n ca+&l constit&irii &n&i alt drept real as&pra &n&i teren prin acte )&ridice 2ntre vii a acestea se ada&'(, 2n ca+&l imo6ilelor, cerina 2ndeplinirii ormelor de p&6licitateimo6iliar(, pentr& opo+a6ilitatea a( de teri a 2nstr(in(rii=do6*ndirii.

a1 Dac( 6&n&l este determinat individ&al 0res certa1, transer&l propriet(ii i al risc&rilor pieirii l&i operea+( de 2ndat(.Acest l&cr& n& se poate 2nt*mpla 2n ca+&l 6&n&rilor determinate 'eneric, c*nd transer&l propriet(ii operea+( n&maid&p( individ&ali+are, prin c*nt(rire, m(s&rare, n&m(rare, operai&ni care se ac, de re'&l(, 2n moment&l pred(rii. Deaceea, p*n( la acest moment n& are loc nici transer&l risc&rilor pieirii ort&ite, c(ci 'enera non pere&nt, iar 2n ca+ de
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pierire p*n( la individ&ali+are, v*n+(tor&l va i in&t s( predea c&mp(r(tor&l&i 6&n&ri de aceeai cantitate i calitate c&cele pierite3.

Asem(n(tor 6&n&rilor de 'en se anali+ea+( v*n+area alternativ(, permis( deart. #9< alin. 0#1 C.civ.Ea const( 2naceea c( are ca o6iect do&( sa& mai m&lte l&cr&ri dintre care, la ale'erea cel&i 2ndrept(it, se va vinde doar &n&l, do&(sa& mai m&lte 0de pild(, v*nd trei pipe din colecia de +ece pe care o am1. De re'&l(, 2n practic(, ale'erea o acec&mp(r(tor&l, dar c&m pe 6&n( dreptate s-a o6servat :, este nevoie de o stip&laie e4pres( 2n acest sens, 2ntr&c*t, 2nca+ contrar, 2n temei&l art. $# C.civ., ale'erea va reveni v*n+(tor&l&i, ca de6itor al o6li'aiei. 8*n( la ale'ere n&operea+( transer&l drept&l&i de proprietate i nici al risc&l&i, astel c(, dac( piere &n&l din 6&n&rile alternativ prev(+&tein o6li'atione, de6itor&l 0v*n+(tor&l1 2l datorea+( pe cel(lalt.

61 a do&a condiie este ca 6&n&l s( e4iste. ;n ca+&l v*n+(rii de 6&n&ri viitoare, permis( de art. 9


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Dac( 2ns( transmisi&nea drept&l&i real operea+( prin voina indivi+ilor i mai ales prin contract, s-a p&s 2ntre6areadac( n& e4ist( incompati6ilitate 2ntre art. 93 C.civ. 0Conveniile n-a& eect dec*t 2ntre p(rile contractante51, careconsacr( eect&l relativ al contract&l&i i caracter&l a6sol&t al drept&l&i real transmis prin contract.

S-a& de+voltat mai m&lte sisteme pentr& a re+olva aceast( pro6lem(. Astel, potrivit drept&l&i roman, se distin' do&(a+e prima a+( are doar eect&l de a crea 2ntre p(ri o6li'aii, 2n special o6li'aia pentr& 2nstr(in(tor de a constit&i sa&a transera &n drept real7 cea de-a do&a a+( este cea 2n care are loc transmiterea propri&-+is( prin tradii&nea l&cr&l&isa& printr-o alt( ormalitate. Acest sistem a ost prel&at de mai m&lte le'islaii moderne 0drept&l 'erman, drept&lelveian, drept&l olande+, drept&l 'recesc1 #3 contract&l n& d( natere dec*t o6li'aiei de a constit&i sa& de a transmite&n drept real7 pentr& eectiva transmitere este nevoie de &n act special, care )oac( 2n acelai timp rol de p&6licitate. ;n

aceste sisteme, scop&l p&6licit(ii imo6iliare n& este doar acela de a-i inorma pe teri, ci de a transmite drept&l real2ns&i 0sisteme reale de p&6licitate este proprietar cel care este 2nscris 2n cartea &nciar(7 ai carte, ai parte51.

8otrivit sistem&l&i de inspiraie rance+( 0prel&at i 2n drept&l 6el'ian, rom*n, spaniol, polone+ etc.1, contract&l areeect translativ de proprietate de la moment&l consim(m*nt&l&i p(rilor 0solo consens&1. ;ntr-&n asemenea sistemconsens&al, este indispensa6il( e4istena &n&i sistem de p&6licitate, pentr& ca terii neparticipani la 2nc/eiereacontract&l&i s(-i c&noasc( e4istena, iar eectele )&ridice pe care le'ea le rec&noate contract&l&i s( ie opo+a6ileterilor. Dei Cod&l civil instit&ie principi&l consens&alism&l&i, 2n ca+ de v*n+are imo6iliar( p(rile vor 2ntocmi &n actscris. Aa c&m oarte s&'estiv se reine 2ntr-o l&crare de reerin( pentr& drept&l civil #:, dei v*n+area este reali+at(2ntre p(ri prin acord&l de voine i independent de redactarea &n&i 2nscris, a( de teri 2ns(, drept&l de proprietatedo6*ndit de c&mp(r(tor n& este opo+a6il dec*t c& condiia de a i transcris Lart. #9? alin. 0#1M7 aceast( dispo+iie a le'iiace ca v*n+(rile de imo6ile s( ie 2ntotdea&na constatate prin acte scrise 0ie a&tentice, ie private15. ;ntr-adev(r,potrivitart. #9? alin. 0#1 C.civ.,2n materia v*n+(rii imo6ilelor, drept&rile care re+&lt( din contract&l perect dintre p(ri,

n& pot i op&se &nei tere persoane care ar avea i ar i conservat drept&ri as&pra imo6il&l&i v*nd&t, mai 2nainte detranscrierea act&l&i. Detaliile acest&i mod de a ace opo+a6ile 2nstr(in(rile a& ost re'lementate 2n Cod&l de proced&r(civil(,d&p( model&l >e'ii 6el'iene de la %? privind revi+&irea re'im&l&i ipotecar#?. ;n sistem&l c(rilor &nciare, careera re'lementat prin >e'ea nr. ? din # aprilie 93% pentr& &niicarea dispo+iiilor privitoare la c(rile &nciare,aplica6il 2n Transilvania, !anat i nord&l Holdovei 0sistem&l p&6licit(ii reale1, de inspiraie 'ermanic(, 2nscrierea 2ncartea &nciar( avea eect constit&tiv de drept&ri reale.

;n pre+ent, prin >e'ea nr. =99< a cadastr&l&i &nciar i a p&6licit(ii imo6iliare s-a instit&it 2n toat( ara sistem&l de2nscriere 2n cartea &nciar( a 2nstr(in(rilor de 6&n&ri imo6ile, c& eect de opo+a6ilitate a( de teri. Aadar, 2ntre p(ri,contract&l 2i prod&ce eecte (r( a i 2nscris, potrivit principi&l&i relativit(ii. Dar a( de teri, convenia devine opo+a6il(n&mai de la data 2nre'istr(rii cererii de 2nscriere la 6iro&l de carte &nciar( din cadr&l oici&l&i teritorial de cadastr& ip&6licitate imo6iliar( Lart. #? alin. 01 din >e'ea nr. =99e'ea prevede c( lipsa 2nscrierii 2n cartea &nciar( n&poate i invocat( de partea contractant( care a 2nstr(inat 0v*n+(tor&l1 i de s&ccesorii ei &niversali sa& c& titl&&niversal. De asemenea, 2n orma iniial(, le'ea prevedea c( n& a& calitatea de teri, deci n& pot invoca lipsa 2nscrieriido6*nditor&l &lterior care a c&nosc&t pe alt( cale despre e4istena 2nstr(in(rii, c/iar ne2nscrise #% , prec&m ido6*nditor&l c& titl& 'rat&it, c/iar de 6&n(-credin(, 2n acest &ltim ca+, c& e4plicaia c( 2n conlict&l dintre &n do6*nditor

c& titl& 'rat&it, care certat de l&cro captando, 2ncearc( s( p(stre+e &n olos 'rat&it i cel c& titl& oneros, care ca&t( s(evite o pa'&6(, tre6&ie s( ai6( prioritate &ltim&l#9.

;n no&a orm&lare a art. 3 alin. 01, 2n aara 2n'r(dirilor i e4cepiilor le'ale, se consider( e4act n&mai 2n olos&l aceleipersoane care, 2n virt&tea &n&i act )&ridic c& titl& le'al 0O1, a do6*ndit c& 6&n(-credin( &n drept real 2nscris 2n cartea&nciar(. Iar alin. 0#1 prevede c( do6*nditor&l este considerat de 6&n(-credin( dac( la data 2nre'istr(rii cererii de
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2nscriere a drept&l&i 2n olos&l s(&, n& a ost notat( nici o aci&ne prin care se contest( c&prins&l c(rii &nciare sa&dac( din titl&l transmi(tor&l&i i din c&prins&l c(rii &nciare n& reiese vreo neconcordan( 2ntre aceasta i sit&aia)&ridic( real(.

;n ca+&l 2n care contract&l de v*n+are-c&mp(rare a ost 2ntocmit i a&tentiicat 2n aa &n&i notar p&6lic, 6iro&l notarialva cere, din oici&, 2nscrierea 2n cartea &nciar( pe n&mele c&mp(r(tor&l&i a drept&l&i imo6iliar do6*ndit, potrivitdispo+iiilor>e'ii nr. 3


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:D. C/iric(, op. cit., p. :.?Qi 2n )&rispr&dena rance+( mai recent( sa decis c( re'&la 2nscris( 2n art. ?%3 C.civ.rance+ 0corespondent&l art.

#9? C.civ.rom*n1 instit&ie o norm( dispo+itiv(. ;n acest sens, a se vedea Cass. r., secia a 3a civil(, deci+ia din e'ii nr. 99=999 art. # din Titl&l VI al>e'ii nr. 99=999 privind &nele m(s&ri pentr& accelerarea reormei economice,prec&m i acces&l li6er la inormaiile 2nscrise c& privire la avi+ele de 'aranie.

3 V*n+area ond&l&i de comer este privit( ca o v*n+are mo6iliar(, s&p&s( 2ns( 2nre'istr(rii 2n re'istr&l comer&l&i,potrivit art. # lit. a1 din >e'ea nr. #


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anterior 2nc/eierii contract&l&i, respectiv contract&ale, dac( vi+ea+( &tili+area, &ncionarea, monta)&l 6&n&l&ic&mp(rat1. Dei ri'&ros e4act( din p&nct de vedere teoretic, aceast( distincie tinde s( dispar(, 2n sens&l c( ar i vor6a2n am6ele ca+&ri de o o6li'aie de inormare &nic(, de nat&r( contract&al($.

>e'islaia special( privind protecia cons&matorilor conine dispo+iii am(n&nite privind c&prins&l o6li'aiei deinormare, care inc&m6( at*t prod&c(tor&l&i 0care tre6&ie s( inorme+e despre den&mire, cantitate, termen de 'aranie,principalele caracteristici te/nice i calitative, event&alitatea &nor risc&ri previ+i6ile, mod&l de olosire, manip&lare,depo+itare, despre contraindicaii, valoarea n&tritiv( a prod&selor alimentare pream6alate, ara prod&c(toare 2n ca+&lm(r&rilor din import1, c*t i v*n+(tor&l&i, care tre6&ie s( &rni+e+e c&mp(r(tor&l&i inormaii despre pre i desprecaracteristicile 6&n&l&i, astel c&m s&nt 2nscrise 2n doc&mentele te/nice care 2nsoesc prod&s&l, prec&m i indicaiile

necesare olosirii &tile i (r( risc&ri a 6&n&l&i c&mp(rat

. Desi'&r c( 2n ma'a+inele c& a&toservire, 2n care prindeiniie c&mp(r(tor&l 2i ale'e sin'&r 6&n&rile, e sarcina l&i s( solicite inormaii s&plimentare, dac( cele aiate peam6ala) n& i se par satis(c(toare.


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;n privina ormei, promisi&nea &nilateral( de v*n+are este o convenie consens&al(, p&t*nd i dovedit( c& orice mi)locde pro6(, 2n condiiile art. 9 i &rm. C.civ.

Henion(m, de asemenea, c(>e'ea nr. =99< permite, 2n art. :, notarea 2n cartea &nciar( a inteniei de a 2nstr(ina&n imo6il, 2nscriere ce se poate ace la cererea promitent&l&i-v*n+(tor, ca proprietar.

%. 8romisi&nea 6ilateral( de v*n+are-c&mp(rare n& este nici ea re'lementat( 2n Cod&l nostr& civil # 7 &tilitateaacesteia este 2ns( necontestat(, dovad( iind 6o'ata practic( )&diciar( e4istent( 2n materie. 8romisi&nea sinala'matic(este &n antecontract ##prin care am6ele p(ri, n&mite promitent-v*n+(tor i promitent-c&mp(r(tor, se o6li'( 0o6li'aii dea ace1 ca 2n viitor s( 2nc/eie contract&l de v*n+are-c&mp(rare 2n condiiile sta6ilite i c& 2ndeplinirea ormalit(ilor

prev(+&te de le'e. De pild(, p(rile convin ca 2n viitor, de re'&l( 2ntr-&n an&mit termen, s( se pre+inte la &n 6iro&notarial pentr& 2nstr(inarea=do6*ndirea drept&l&i de proprietate as&pra &n&i teren. recvent( aplicare practic( ac&nosc&t instit&ia antecontract&l&i d&p( restr*n'erea treptat(, 2ncep*nd c& anii Z?$, a circ&laiei )&ridice a imo6ilelor#3.

8rin antecontract&l astel convenit n& se transmite drept&l de proprietate. De aceea, 2n ca+&l 2nc(lc(rii o6li'aiei de aace as&mate, oricare dintre p(ri poate cere instanei ca 2n 6a+a art. $3 i art. $ C.civ. 0conorm principi&l&ie4ec&t(rii 2n nat&r( a o6li'aiilor i a repar(rii 2n nat&r( a pre)&dici&l&i1 s( pron&ne o /ot(r*re care s( in( loc decontract de v*n+are-c&mp(rare i care va avea caracter constit&tiv de drept&ri, oper*nd transer&l propriet(ii de ladata c*nd r(m*ne deinitiv( #: . Recent, prin art. ? alin. 0#1 din Titl&l @ al >e'ii nr. #:=#$$?, s-a prev(+&t, in terminis,posi6ilitatea instanelor de a pron&na /ot(r*ri )&dec(toreti care s( in( loc de contract de v*n+are-c&mp(rare #?av*ndca o6iect derivat &n teren, 2n ipote+a 2n care &na din p(rile antecontract&l&i n& 2i e4ec&t( o6li'aia de a ace.

8entr& admisi6ilitatea &nei atare aci&ni tre6&ie 2ns( s( ie 2ndeplinite an&mite condiii, i an&me s( e4iste &nantecontract vala6il 2nc/eiat #


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arv&n(, s&ma primit( 2n vederea v*n+(rii tre6&ie considerat( acont, adic( parte din pre, care, 2n ca+ de nereali+are av*n+(rii, &rmea+( s( ie restit&it 3.

Tot astel, cla&+a de arv&n( poate s( &ncione+e i ca o adev(rat( cla&+( penal(, prin care p(rile i4ea+( anticipatc&ant&m&l da&nelor-interese ce s&nt datorate 2n ca+&l nee4ec&t(rii o6li'aiilor as&mate prin convenia principal( pecare o 2nsoete. Nimic n& se op&ne 2ns( ca p(rile contractante s( prevad( restit&irea 2ntreit(5 a arv&nei, prevederileart. #9% C.civ.av*nd &n caracter s&pletiv, iar n& imperativ3%.

Dac( 2n contract s-a prev(+&t o cla&+( de de+icere 2n avoarea &neia sa& a am6elor p(ri, instana n& mai poatepron&na o /ot(r*re care s( in( loc de contract 39.

9. Drept comparat. Cele mai vec/i i s&6tile anali+e privind antecontractele s-a& semnalat 2n doctrina 'erman( i 2ncea italian( din secol&l al @I@-lea :$ antecontract&l este o convenie prin care p(rile se an'a)ea+( s( 2nc/eie 2n viitor&n contract7 d*nd natere &nei o6li'aii de a contracta, este el 2ns&i &n contract, care se deose6ete de simpla oert(sa& de simplele disc&ii, c/iar dac( acestea 2m6rac( orma scris( :. Ulterior, aceste preoc&p(ri a& av&t &n semniicativeco& i 2n Grana:#.

;n privina stadi&l&i le'islaiei, s&nt de semnalat c*teva dispo+iii. Astel, 2n Italia, potrivit art. 3? C.civ.,antecontract&l, den&mit contratto preliminare, este n&l dac( n& 2m6rac( aceeai orm( pe care le'ea o prevede pentr&validitatea contract&l&i deinitiv.

;n Bermania se admite c( &n antecontract 0Vorvertra'1 care precede 2nstr(inarea &n&i imo6il tre6&ie 2nc/eiat 2n orm(

a&tentic( L[ 36 alin. 01M7 c& toate acestea, dac( acord&l &rmat de 2nscrierea 2n cartea &nciar( a& av&t loc, conin&t&lcontract&l&i este vala6il. Henion(m c( prel&*nd teoria c&lpa in contra/endo :3 , sol&iile )&rispr&denei i cele c*tevadispo+iii disparate de p*n( at&nci, >e'ea de moderni+are a drept&l&i o6li'aiilor 0intrat( 2n vi'oare la ian&arie #$$#1a introd&s, c& valoare de 'eneralitate, 2n [3 alin. 0#1 i 031 !B!, r(sp&nderea pentr& 2nceperea tratativelor sa& a &norcontracte preliminare asem(n(toare7 e4istena &nor asemenea raport&ri o6li'aionale precontract&ale poate cond&ce laacordarea da&nelor-interese 2n avoarea p(rii inocente, 2n ca+&l ne2nc/eierii contract&l&i :: . D&p( model&l 'erman aost ela6orat iCod&l civil al Beor'iei din an&l 99, care 2n aceast( materie a prel&at, 2n art. 3 alin. 031, dispo+iiacoresp&n+(toare din !B!:?. ;n 8olonia, antecontract&l este 2ncadrat 2n cate'oria contractelor n&mite, pentr& validitateal&i iind necesar(, s&6 sanci&nea n&lit(ii, preci+area termen&l&i :


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loc&ina pe care o oc&p( se p&ne 2n v*n+are 0art. % din .U.B. nr. :$=999 privind protecia c/iriailor i sta6ilireac/iriei pentr& spaiile c& destinaia de loc&ine1. Instit&ia n& este no&( 2n drept&l rom*nesc ?3i e4ist( i 2n alte le'islaii?:.

Hecanism&l se deose6ete de o v*n+are orat( proprietar&l n& este in&t s( v*nd(7 2n ca+&l 2n care 2ns( se /ot(r(tes( v*nd(, el este o6li'at de le'e s( acorde prioritate &nei an&mite persoane 0determinate sa& determina6ile1.

;n le'islaia noastr( act&al(, mai m&lte acte normative se reer( la drept&l de preempi&ne. Vom 2nt*lni astelre'lement(ri din domeni&l e4proprierii pentr& ca&+( de &tilitate p&6lic(, al 2nstr(in(rii loc&inelor, al prote)(riimon&mentelor istorice etc. ;ntr&c*t p*n( recent o aplicaie recvent( a drept&l&i de preempi&ne se 2nt*lnea 2n

domeni&l teren&rilor a'ricole, 2n raport c& principi&l temp&s re'it act&m, vom menine reeririle la dispo+iiile>e'ii nr.?:=99% ce re'lementa& &n asemenea drept. Astel c&m s-a mai amintit, prin eect&l a6ro'(rii acest&i act normativ 0deTitl&l @ al>e'ii nr. #:=#$$?1 de la intrarea 2n vi'oare a >e'ii privind reorma 2n domeniile propriet(ii i )&stiiei,v*n+area teren&rilor a'ricole se va p&tea ace li6er, (r( a i necesar( veriicarea inteniei altor persoane de a c&mp(rac& prioritate. Nimic n& se op&ne 2ns( ca pe cale convenional(, coproprietarii, vecinii sa& alte persoane interesate s(do6*ndeasc(, 2n raport c& proprietar&l teren&l&i, &n drept prioritar de c&mp(rare.

;ntr&c*t p*n( la #? i&lie #$$? drept&l de preempi&ne, 2n re'lementarea>e'ii nr. ?:=99%,(cea parte din ordinea dedrept, 2n ca+&l &nor liti'ii vi+*nd contracte de v*n+are-c&mp(rare 2nc/eiate anterior acestei date, vor tre6&i c&nosc&tei aplicate vec/ile re'lement(ri, pe care le pre+ent(m 2n cele ce &rmea+(.

.. >e'ea nr. ?:=99% privind circ&laia )&ridic( a teren&rilor prevedea, 2n art. ? i &rm., c( 2n ca+&l 2n care

proprietar&l &n&i teren a'ricol sit&at 2n e4travilan intenionea+( s(-l v*nd(, a& &n drept prioritar la c&mp(rarecoproprietarii, vecinii i arenda&l.

... Nat&r( )&ridic(. Giind prev(+&t 2n le'e, drept&l de preempi&ne, spre deose6ire de pact&l de preerin(, arenat&r( le'al(, iind instit&it printr-o norm( imperativ(. ;n m(s&ra 2n care s-a /ot(r*t s( v*nd( teren&l a'ricol sit&at 2ne4travilan, proprietar&l acest&ia este o6li'at s( respecte drept&l prioritar de c&mp(rare rec&nosc&t de le'e persoanelormenionate. Giind concep&t( ca o restr*n'ere a drept&l&i proprietar&l&i de a disp&ne li6er de 6&n&l s(&, re'lementareadrept&l&i de preempi&ne tre6&ie interpretat( restrictiv. Hai preci+(m c( drept&l de preempi&ne, asem(n(tor drept&rilorreale, este opo+a6il er'a omnes7 sanci&nea instit&it( de le'e 2n ca+&l nerespect(rii sale va interveni indierent de 6&nasa& rea&a-credin( a do6*nditor&l&i??.

..#. Domeni&l i condiiile de aplicare. 8otrivit le'ii, drept&l de preempi&ne are ca o6iect n&mai teren&rile a'ricolesit&ate 2n e4travilan.

;ntr&c*t, d&p( mod&l de re'lementare, re+&lt( c( se e4ercit( la pre e'al, 2nseamn( c( drept&l de preempi&ne sepoate e4ercita doar dac( 2nstr(inarea teren&l&i are loc prin v*n+are, n& i 2n alt mod, indierent dac( ar i vor6a decontracte c& titl& oneros 0renta via'er(, 2ntreinere, sc/im61 ori c& titl& 'rat&it. C&m pe 6&n( dreptate s-a o6servat 2nliterat&ra )&ridic(, de vreme ce n& e4ist( pre, drept&l de preempi&ne n& poate i rec&nosc&t, e4 le'e, nici 2n ca+&lad&cerii teren&l&i ca aport 2ntr-o societate civil( sa& comercial(?e'ii nr. ?:=99%,proprietar&l teren&l&i ce &rmea+( a iv*nd&t va 2nre'istra oerta de v*n+are ?9la consili&l local al localit(ii de la loc&l sit&(rii teren&l&i. Secretar&l consili&l&ilocal are o6li'aia ca 2n aceeai +i s( o aie+e la sedi&l prim(riei. As&pra acestei oerte tit&larii drept&l&i depreempi&ne tre6&ie s( se pron&ne 2n termen de :? de +ile de la aiare, ar(t*nd i pre&l oerit. Ca nat&r( )&ridic(,aceasta este o verita6il( oert( de c&mp(rare, ce &rmea+( re'&lile drept&l&i com&n. >e'ea prevede c(, dac( 2n acestinterval 2i e4ercit( mai m&li tit&lari drept&l, proprietar&l are drept&l de a ale'e pe &n&l dintre oertani


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contract&l&i c& &n ter la &n pre mai mic ori c/iar e'al c& cel prop&s de tit&lar&l drept&l&i de preempi&ne este an&la6il(Lart. : alin. 01 din >e'ea nr. ?:=99%M.

;n ipote+a 2n care 2n termen&l 0de dec(dere1 de :? de +ile nici &n&l dintre tit&larii drept&l&i de preempi&ne n& i-amaniestat voina de a c&mp(ra teren&l, proprietar&l este li6er s( 2nc/eie contract&l c& oricine i la orice pre. 8entr& aace dovada respect(rii drept&l&i de preempi&ne, le'ea prevede pentr& proprietar o6li'aia de a pre+enta, c& oca+iaa&tentiic(rii contract&l&i, &n 2nscris eli6erat de secretar&l prim(riei, ce atest( aiarea oertei de v*n+are.

Dac( oerta de v*n+are este acceptat( de &n&l dintre tit&larii drept&l&i de preempi&ne la &n pre convena6il pentr&proprietar, aceast( 2nele'ere are doar semniicaia &n&i antecontract de v*n+are-c&mp(rare, iar n& a &n&i contract

vala6il translativ de proprietate, 2ntr&c*t iind &n contract solemn, v*n+area-c&mp(rarea teren&rilor n& este vala6il2nc/eiat( dec*t din moment&l a&tentiic(rii Lart. # alin. 01 din >e'ea nr. ?:=99%M.

..?. Sanci&ni. 8otrivit art. : din le'e, 2nstr(inarea teren&l&i c& 2nc(lcarea drept&l&i de preempi&ne sesancionea+( c& n&litatea relativ( a contract&l&i astel 2nc/eiat. Ga( de caracter&l opo+a6il er'a omnes al drept&l&i depreempi&ne, spre deose6ire de re'im&l de drept com&n al aci&nii 2n an&la6ilitate, se admite c( ea poate i intentat( detit&lar&l drept&l&i de preempi&ne, dei acesta n& a ost parte 2n contract


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c/iria, permi*nd acest&ia s( se s&6ro'e 2n drept&rile c&mp(r(tor&l&i. 8entr& a da eicien( dispo+iiei, le'ea prevedec( proprietar&l este o6li'at s(-i notiice c/iria&l&i contract&l de v*n+are-c&mp(rare 2nc/eiat c& privire la loc&inaoc&pat( c& contract de 2nc/iriere.

Aceeai proced&r( se aplic( i pentr& ipote+a 2n care proprietar&l vinde loc&ina 2nainte de e4pirarea termen&l&iprev(+&t 2n contract&l de 2nc/iriere.

.?. >e'ea nr. 3:e'ea nr. #:=#$$?,2n acest ca+ e4ist( &n drept de preempi&ne reciproc pentr& dein(torii cl(dirii iniialei cei ai cl(dirilor ad(&'ate.

..>e'ea nr. :##=#$$ privind prote)area mon&mentelor istoriceinstit&ie i ea &n drept de preempi&ne. Articol&l :alin. 0:1 din le'e prevede c( mon&mentele istorice alate 2n proprietatea persoanelor i+ice sa& )&ridice de drept privat

pot i v*nd&te n&mai 2n condiiile e4ercit(rii drept&l&i de preempi&ne al stat&l&i rom*n, prin Hinister&l C&lt&rii iC&ltelor, pentr& mon&mentele istorice casate 2n 'r&pa A, sa& prin serviciile p&6lice deconcentrate ale Hinister&l&iC&lt&rii i C&ltelor, pentr& mon&mentele istrice clasate 2n 'r&pa !, ori al &nit(ilor administrativ-teritoriale, s&6sanci&nea n&lit(ii a6sol&te a v*n+(rii. Alineatele &rm(toare ale art. : re'lementea+( mod&l de e4ercitare a acest&idrept. Astel, proprietarii care intenionea+( s( v*nd( &n imo6il clasiicat ca iind mon&ment istoric a& o6li'aia de a2ntiina 2n scris direciile pentr& c&lt&r(, c&lte i patrimoni& c&lt&ral naional )&deene, respectiv a m&nicipi&l&i!&c&reti, care le vor transmite Hinister&l&i C&lt&rii i C&ltelor. De la data 2nre'istr(rii acestei 2ntiin(ri, c&r'e termen&lde #? de +ile prev(+&t de art. : alin. 01 pentr& e4ercitarea drept&l&i de preempi&ne pentr& stat. D&p( e4pirareaacest&i termen, le'ea prevede 2nceperea &n&i alt termen, de ? +ile, pentr& e4ercitarea drept&l&i de c(tre a&torit(ilep&6lice locale, 2n ipote+a 2n care stat&l n& i-a maniestat opi&nea de c&mp(rare.

.%. >e'ea nr. 39=#$$3 privind re'im&l mormintelor i operelor comemorative de r(+6oi # prevede c( 6&n&rile lacare se reer(, alate 2n proprietate privat(, pot ace o6iect&l circ&it&l&i civil, c& meninerea destinaiei. Articol&l 9 din

le'e re'lementea+(, la r*nd&l s(&, &n drept de preempi&ne. Astel, potrivit art. 9 alin. 0#1, imo6ilele pe care s&ntamplasate mormintele i operele comemorative de r(+6oi, alate 2n proprietatea persoanelor i+ice sa& )&ridice de dreptprivat, pot i v*nd&te n&mai 2n condiiile e4ercit(rii drept&l&i de preempi&ne al stat&l&i sa& al &nit(ilor administrativ-teritoriale, d&p( ca+, prin ici&l Naional pentr& C&lt&l Eroilor, s&6 sanci&nea n&lit(ii a6sol&te a v*n+(rii. Gac e4cepieimo6ilele c& destinaie de loc&in( pe care s&nt amplasate pl(ci comemorative.

8roprietarii, persoane i+ice sa& )&ridice, care intenionea+( s( v*nd( imo6ilele pe care s&nt amplasate morminte oriopere comemorative de r(+6oi vor 2ntiina 2n scris consili&l local al &nit(ii administrativ-teritoriale 2n a c(r&i ra+( seal( imo6il&l 2n ca&+( Lart. 9 alin. 031M.

Consiliile locale ale &nit(ilor administrativ-teritoriale vor transmite ici&l&i Naional pentr& C&lt&l Eroilor 2ntiinareaprev(+&t( la alin. 031, 2n termen de +ile de la primirea acesteia Lart. 9 alin. 0:1M.

8otrivit art. 9 alin. 0?1, termen&l de e4ercitare a drept&l&i de preempi&ne al stat&l&i este de 3$ de +ile de la data2nre'istr(rii 2ntiin(rii prev(+&te la alin. 031 la ici&l Naional pentr& C&lt&l Eroilor, iar conorm art. 9 alin. 0


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H. Costin, H. H&rean, V. Ursa, Dicionar de drept civil, Ed. Qtiiniic( i Enciclopedic(, !&c&reti, 9%$, p. $#.#D. Hacovei, H.S. Stri6lea, op. cit., p. #:.3 spe( devenit( cele6r( 2n Grana 0n& doar prin d&rata proces&l&i, din an&l 9# p*n( 2n an&l 9%1 a dat oca+ia

instanelor s( s&6linie+e c( eroarea as&pra s&6stanei l&cr&l&i v*nd&t vi+ea+( n& doar material&l din care esteconecionat, ci i calit(ile care in de a&tenticitate i de ori'inea 6&n&l&i. A ost admis( astel, prin deci+ia din 3decem6rie 9# a Tri6&nal&l&i 8aris 0menin&t( 2n e4ercitarea c(ilor de atac1, aci&nea v*n+(torilor, care a& 2ncasat &npre de #.#$$ ranci rance+i de la c&mp(r(tor 02n loc&l c(r&ia sa s&6stit&it, prin e4ercitarea drept&l&i de preempi&ne,Re&ni&nea m&+eelor naionale1 pentr& &n ta6lo& e4p&s apoi la H&+e&l >&vr& ca opera l&i Nicolas 8o&ssin. Hotiv&ladmiterii eroarea v*n+(torilor as&pra s&6stanei 6&n&l&i. A se vedea, pe lar', 2n Dallo+, 8aris, 9%, p. e Dallo+ nr. #3=#$$#, p. %e'ea nr. 9=9e'ea nr.

?%=9:,>e'ea nr. ?9=9:.8entr& alte e4plicaii de ordin istoric, a se vedea D. C/iric(, Consecinele modiic(rilorle'islative postrevol&0ionare as&pra circ&laiei imo6ilelor proprietate partic&lar(, Drept&l nr.


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#:;n acest sens, de pild(, a se vedea V. Stoica, Gl. !aias, E4ec&tarea silit( a antecontractelor de 2nstr(inare aimo6ilelor 2n condiiile a6ro'(rii art. # din Decret&l nr. ::=9?%,Drept&l nr. 3=99#, p. :7 Gr. Dea", op. cit., p. ##7C.S.F., deci+ia civil( nr. #


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:? A se vedea >. C/ant&ria, Das ne&e `ivil'eset+6&c/ Beor'ienes Ver/Wltnis +&m de&tsc/en !r'erlic/enBeset+6&c/, 2n A&6r&c/ nac/ E&ropa ? Fa/re Ha48lanc"Instit&t r 8rivatrec/t, Ed. F. !asedoK, U. Dro6ni', R.Ell'er, . opt, . Yt+, R. &lms, E.F. HestmWc"er, Ho/r Sie6ec", #$$, p. 9$3.

:oKit+sc/, T. Ne&sel, Der Vorvertra' im polnisc/en `ivilrec/t, 2n XiR nr. ?=#$$#, p.#9 i &rm.

:A se vedea T/. B&/l, Das sc/Keit+erisc/e 6li'ationenrec/t, 9 A&l, Sc/&lt/ess, `ric/, #$$$, art. #< alin. 0#1 R.:%8entr& o tratare mono'raic(, a se vedea H. Da'ot, >e pacte de pr\\rence, Ed. >itec, 8aris, 9%%. 8entr& drept&l

'erman, a se vedea [ ?$: i &rm. !B!.:9A se vedea D. C/iric(, 8act&l de preerin(, 2n R.D.C. nr. =999, p. #% i &rm.7 pentr& deose6irea a( de

contractele de ne'ociere c& cla&+a de re+erv( a 6&n&l&i, a se vedea F. Boicovici, Acord&l de principi&, Drept&l nr.

:=#$$#, p. ?%. De asemenea, a se vedea F. Boicovici, Sancionarea 2nc(lc(rii pact&l&i de preerin(, 8.R. nr. :=#$$%.?$C. aman'i&, I. Rosetti!(l(nesc&, Al. !(icoian&, Tratat de drept civil rom*n, vol. II, Ed. All, 99, p. ?:9.?Astel, prin deci+ia din < i&nie #$$, C&rtea de Casaie din Grana, secia I civil(, a respins aci&nea prin care &n&l

dintre asociai, care 2n &rm( c& 9 ani 2nc/eiase &n pact de preerin( c& asociat&l s(&, cer&se s( se constate n&litateapact&l&i 0pe care 2ntre timp 2l 2nc(lcase, v*n+*nd &n&i ter1. Instana s&prem( a rein&t do&( idei eseniale pentr&re'im&l )&ridic al pact&l&i de preerin( predeterminarea pre&l&i contract&l&i ce se va 2nc/eia event&al n& este denat&ra pact&l&i de preerin(7 stip&larea &n&i termen n& este o condiie de validitate a pact&l&i de preerin(. A se vedea2n R.T.D. civ. nr. =#$$#, c& comentarii de 8.. Ba&tier 0p. ?1 i F. Hestre, !. Ga'es 0p. %%1.

?#Etimolo'ic, termen&l provine din c&vintele latine prae 2nainte i emptio c&mp(rare.?3 8&rta n&mele, 2n vec/i&l drept rom*nesc, de protimisis. A se vedea D. Ale4andresco, 8rincipiile drept&l&i civil

rom*n, vol. IV, !&c&reti, 9#e'ii nr. %=99, a se vedea B/. !elei&, Drept&l de

preempi&ne re'lementat de>e'ea nr. %=99 a ond&l&i &nciar, Drept&l nr. #=99#, p. 37 D. C/iric(, Consecinelemodiic(rilor le'islative postrevol&ionare as&pra circ&laiei imo6ilelor proprietate partic&lar(, Drept&l nr. e'ea nr. #:=#$$?7.B. nr. 9


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ost menin&t.Articol&l # lit. e1 din >e'ea nr. 3:e'ea re'lementea+( &n drept de preempi&ne care se poate e4ercita de c(trestat, prin Hinister&l C&lt&rii, n&mai 2n ca+&l v*n+(rilor p&6lice ale &nor 6&n&ri mo6ile clasate 2n te+a&r. 8entr& detalii, ase vedea R. 8opesc&, op. cit., C&rs selectiv pentr& licen(, p. 3$3. Asem(n(tor, >e'ea nr.


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;n pl&s, s&nt ap(rate i interesele creditorilor so&l&i v*n+(tor, care ar p&tea i ra&dai prin 2nc/eierea &nor contractede v*n+are-c&mp(rare sim&late sa& ictive, prin care 2nstr(in(tor&l ca&t( s( s&stra'( an&mite 6&n&ri de la &rm(rireacreditorilor c/iro'raarie'ii nr. 3


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Aceeai sanci&ne credem c( este aplica6il( i 2n ca+&l 2nc(lc(rii interdiciei prev(+&te 2n art. :3 din >e'ea nr.%%=#$$$ privind e4ec&torii )&dec(toreti # este inter+is e4ec&torilor )&dec(toreti s( do6*ndeasc(, direct sa& prinpersoane interp&se, pentr& ei sa& pentr& alii, 6&n&ri ce a& (c&t o6iect&l activit(ii de e4ec&tare silit( 3.

1 cet(enii str(ini i apatri+ii n& pot do6*ndi drept&l de proprietate as&pra teren&rilor. 8otrivit art. :: alin. 0#1 te+a ado&a din Constit&ie 0revi+&it( 2n an&l #$$31, cet(enii str(ini i apatri+ii pot do6*ndi drept&l de proprietate privat(as&pra teren&-rilor n&mai 2n condiiile re+&ltate din aderarea Rom*niei la Uni&nea E&ropean( : i din alte tratateinternaionale la care Rom*nia este parte, pe 6a+( de reciprocitate, 2n condiiile prev(+&te prin le'e or'anic(, prec&mi prin motenire le'al(.

Interdicia constit&ional( anterioar( c& privire la str(ini i apatri+i de a do6*ndi proprietatea as&pra teren&rilor 2nRom*nia a ost 2nt(rit( prin art. 3 alin. 01 din >e'ea nr. ?:=99% ? . Interpret*nd aceast( interdicie, reinem c(nesocotirea ei se sancionea+( c& n&litatea a6sol&t( a contract&l&i 0ie el sincer sa& sim&lat1. Cerina cet(eniei se cerea i 2ndeplinit( la data 2nc/eierii contract&l&i de v*n+are-c&mp(rare 2n orm( a&tentic(.

8e de alt( parte, 2ntr&c*t instit&ie o 2n'r(dire, dispo+iiile le'ale 2n ca&+( tre6&ie interpretate restrictiv. Astel,persoanele i+ice care a& 0i1 cet(enia rom*n( pot do6*ndi drept&l de proprietate as&pra teren&rilor 2n Rom*nia, ieprin acte )&ridice inter vivos, ie pe cale de s&ccesi&ne, le'al( sa& testamentar( e'ii nr. #:=#$$?,cet(enii str(ini i apatri+ii,prec&m i persoanele )&ridice str(ine pot do6*ndi drept&l de proprietate as&pra teren&rilor 2n Rom*nia 2n condiiileprev(+&te de le'ea special(5. 6serv(m o interesant( evol&ie a voinei le'i&itor&l&i, care, 2n re'lementarea acesteipro6leme, a trec&t de la orm&la ne'ativ( Ln& pot do6*ndi 0...15 art. : alin. 0#1 te+a a II-a din Constit&ia din 997art. : din >e'ea nr. ?:=99%Mla cea po+itiv( Lpot do6*ndi 0...1 n&mai 2n condiiile 0...15 art. :: alin. 0#1 te+a a II-a dinConstit&ia revi+&it( 2n #$$37 respectiv pot do6*ndi 0...1 2n condiiile prev(+&te de le'ea special(5 art. 3 din Titl&l @ al>e'ii nr. #:=#$$?M.8entr& respectarea art. 3 alin. 031 lit. m1 din Constit&ie,o asemenea le'e va tre6&i s( ie &naor'anic(#.

'1 persoanele insolva6ile n& pot c&mp(ra 6&n&ri imo6ile care se v*nd prin licitaie p&6lic( 0 art. ?3? C.proc.civ.1##. ;nprivina v*n+(rii prin licitaie p&6lic( a 6&n&rilor mo6ile, art. ::: C.proc.civ. #3 prevede c( d&p( ad)&decare,

c&mp(r(tor&l este o6li'at s( dep&n( de 2ndat( 2ntre'&l pre 02n n&merar, prin ordin de plat( sa& orice alt instr&mentle'al de plat(1. Ca atare, 2n principi&, pro6lema solva6ilit(ii n& se p&ne.
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21/236

;n acest sens, a se vedea Gr. Dea", op. cit., p. 39. Acest principi&, potrivit c(r&ia prin e4cepie, actele 2nc/eiate deminor prod&c eecte o6li'atorii a( de am6ele p(ri, este consacrat i 2n drept&l en'le+. Astel, art. 3 din Sale o BoodsAct 99 se reer( la 'oods s&ita6le to t/e condition in lie o t/e minor 0...1 and to /is act&al re&irements at t/e timeo t/e sale and deliverP5, 2nele'*nd&se prin acestea /rana, 2m6r(c(minte, medicamente, asi'&rarea loc&inei. Seconsider( i 2n )&rispr&den( c( ap(rarea circ&it&l&i civil tre6&ie s( predomine 2n ca+&l &nor asemenea acte de mic(importan(. ;n mod asem(n(tor se pre+int( l&cr&rile i 2n drept&l rance+. A se vedea . Yt+, E&ropWisc/esVertra'srec/t, vol. I, F.C.!. Ho/r 08a&l Sie6ec"1, T6in'en, 99%$ din 9 i&lie #$$$1. 8entr& &n comentari&, C.E. !*rsan, Domeni&l de aplicare aldirectivelor e&ropene reeritoare la re'lementarea interdiciei discrimin(rii 2n drept&l civil 02n lim6a 'erman(1, A.U.!. nr.#=#$$.

3

A se vedea B/. !elei&, op. cit., ed. a VIIa, revi+&it( i ad(&'it( de H. Nicolae, 8. Tr&c(, #$$, nr. #aK ,prepared 6P t/e Commission on E&ropean Contract >aK, Ed. le >ando b &'/ !eale, l&Ker >aK International,#$$$, p. #$$. Articol&l 3#$? prevede c( repre+entat&l poate an&la contract&l 2nc/eiat de repre+entant, dac( e4ist( &nconlict de interese pe care ter&l le c&notea sa& n& p&tea s( le i'nore7 alin. 0#1 prevede c( se pre+&m( e4istena &n&iconlict de interese dac( repre+entant&l a 2nc/eiat act&l c& sine 2ns&i sa& prin d&6l( repre+entare7 sanci&nea n& esteaplica6il( dac( el 0repre+entat&l1 a consimit la act&l astel 2nc/eiat ori dac( repre+entant&l la inormat despre conlicti na ridicat o6iecii 2ntr&n termen re+ona6il.

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;n practic(, a se vedea C.S.F., secia civil(, deci+ia nr. #9=99#,2n !.F. 99$99#, p. :9?.
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22/236

;n acest sens, a se vedea Gr. Dea", op. cit., p. 3#.

#

H. . nr. ??9 din $ noiem6rie #$$$.

3

alt( incapacitate de a c&mp(ra 0de apt, mai lar'(, de do6*ndire prin acte 2ntre vii1 a ost instit&it( de art. # alin. 0#1din >e'ea nr. ?:=99% privind circ&laia )&ridic( a teren&rilor 02n pre+ent, a6ro'at(1. 8otrivit le'ii, proprietatea &nciar( ado6*nditor&l&i n& p&tea dep(i #$$ /a teren a'ricol 2n ec/ivalent ara6il, de amilie 0amilie, 2n sens&l acestei interdicii,2nseamn( soii si copiii nec(s(torii, dac( 'ospod(resc 2mpre&n( c& p(rinii1. ;n anali+a acestei interdicii, sa ar(tat 0R.8opesc&, op. cit., p. 3$e'ea nr. #:=#$$?1,limita era de $$ /a de amilie, s&6 aceeaisanci&ne.

:

8otrivit Ane4ei VII a Tratat&l&i de aderare a Rom*niei la Uni&nea E&ropean( 0H. . nr. :


23/236

C.C., Deci+ia nr. :%=#$$3 0H. . nr. 3 din # mai #$$31. 8reci+(m c( prin ac&is com&nitar se 2nele'e acel setde re'&li, principii politice, deci+ii )&dec(toreti pe care at*t statele mem6re, c*t i statele candidate la aderare tre6&ies( le respecte, de nat&r( a asi'&ra &ncionarea mecanismelor i or'anelor Com&nit(ii. A se vedea i E.S. T(n(sesc&,Comentari& la Deci+ia C&riiConstit&ionale menionat(, 2n C.F. nr.


24/236

poate i 2ns( dierit( 2n privina s&port(rii risc&rilor, dac( prin convenie p(rile s-a& 2neles c( operai&nea are caracteraleatori&, ca+ 2n care c&mp(r(tor&l, declar*nd c( 2i as&m( risc&l nereali+(rii l&cr&l&i viitor, n& mai poate pretindeda&ne de la v*n+(tor.

%. ;n al doilea r*nd, l&cr&l tre6&ie s( ie 2n circ&it&l civil. Cod&l civil instit&ie aceast( cerin( at*t printr-&n te4t alat 2npartea 'eneral( a drept&l&i o6li'aiilor art. 9e'ea nr. #?=#$$ aadministraiei p&6lice locale sa& 2n >e'ea nr. %#=#$$$ privind prote)area patrimoni&l&i c&lt&ral naional mo6il1.Dispo+iii privind 6&n&rile proprietate p&6lic( conin, 2n aar( de >e'ea nr. #3=99%, i alte acte normative speciale,c&m ar i >e'ea nr. $=99< 0>e'ea apelor1, >e'ea nr. %?=#$$3 0>e'ea minelor1, >e'ea nr. #3%=#$$: 0>e'eapetrol&l&i1,.U.B. nr. $?=#$$ privind rontiera de stat a Rom*niei%.

Tot inaliena6ile s&nt i corp&l &man i elementele acest&ia Lart. #< alin. 0#1 din Constit&ie,Titl&l VI din>e'ea nr.9?=#$$< privind reorma 2n domeni&l s(n(t(iiM7 drept&rile morale ale a&tor&l&i &nei creaii literare, artistice, tiiniicesa& te/nice97 drept&l de &+&r&ct, &+ i a6itaie 0art. ?3:, art. ?, art. ?3 C.civ.1.

;n le'islaia rom*n( a& e4istat i e4ist( 2nc( instit&ite norme de inaliena6ilitate temporar(, )&stiicate tot de protecia&n&i interes 'eneral. Astel, prin >e'ea nr. 9=99$ $ 02n pre+ent, a6ro'at(1 a ost inter+is( temporar 2nstr(inareateren&rilor prin acte 2ntre vii 7 apoi, prin>e'ea nr. %=99 a ond&l&i &nciar s-a instit&it interdicia ca timp de $ anide la 2nscrierea propriet(ii, teren&l 2n privina c(r&ia s-a constit&it drept&l de proprietate s( ie 2nstr(inat prin acte 2ntrevii7 la el,>e'ea nr. #=99? pentr& re'lementarea sit&aiei )&ridice a &nor imo6ile c& destinaia de loc&ine trec&te 2nproprietatea stat&l&i, permi*nd c/iriailor 2n an&mite condiii s( c&mpere loc&inele, a inter+is 2nstr(inarea acestoratimp de $ ani#. ;n aceste &ltime do&( ipote+e, o6li'aia de a n& 2nstr(ina se consider( a i propter rem 3, 2n sens&l

c( 6&n&l este lovit de inaliena6ilitate, indierent dac( 2n interval&l celor $ ani a a)&ns, prin s&ccesi&ne, 2n proprietatea&nei alte persoane. Sanci&nea 2nstr(in(rii 6&n&l&i imo6il 2n disc&ie este n&litatea a6sol&t( a v*n+(rii-c&mp(r(rii0sincere sa& de'/i+ate1:.

>e'ea nr. $=#$$, rep&6licat(, inter+ice, 2n art. # alin. 0?1, s&6 sanci&nea n&lit(ii a6sol&te, 2nstr(inarea,concesionarea, locaia de 'esti&ne, asocierea 2n participai&ne, ipotecarea, locai&nea, prec&m i orice 2nc/iriere sa&s&62nc/iriere 2n 6eneici&l no&l&i c/iria, sc/im6area destinaiei, 'revarea s&6 orice orm( a 6&n&rilor imo6ile teren&rii=sa& constr&cii notiicate potrivit prevederilor acestei le'i, p*n( la sol&ionarea proced&rilor administrative i, d&p(ca+, )&diciare.

Aceeai le'e inter+ice, 2n art. :3 alin. 0#1, 2nstr(inarea 2n orice mod a imo6ilelor do6*ndite 2n 6a+a >e'ii nr. #=99?,p*n( la sol&ionarea deinitiv( i irevoca6il( a aci&nilor orm&late de persoanele 2ndrept(ite.

Hai e4ist( i alte acte normative care instit&ie interdicii temporare de 2nstr(inare, incl&siv prin v*n+are, a an&mitor6&n&ri, aparin*nd an&mitor persoane, s&p&n*nd&-le, event&al, o6inerii &nor a&tori+aii, c&m ar i >e'ea nr. ?=99e'ea nr. ::=#$$ privind 2niinarea,or'ani+area i &ncionarea A'eniei Naionale de Inte'ritate 0H. . nr. 3?9 din #? mai #$$1M7 Decret&l-le'e nr.e'ea nr. %?=99# privind v*n+area c(tre pop&laie a loc&inelor i a altor spaii constr&ite din ond&rile
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